MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS

CHAPTER 15
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Content:

▪ Double Integrals ▪ Triple Integrals ▪ Double Integral as Volume ▪ Triple Integral

as Volume ▪

 Double Integrals

THEOREM: If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous throughout the rectangular region 𝑅: 𝑥𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑏 ,

𝑦𝑎 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦𝑏 , then
𝑦𝑏 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑏 𝑦𝑏
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑎 𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑎 𝑦𝑎

Fubini’s Theorem says that double integrals over rectangles can be calculated as iterated
integrals. Thus, we can evaluate a double integral by integrating with respect to one variable at
a time.

Examples. Evaluate the following.

1 4 2 𝜋
1. ∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ ∫ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−1 0 −1 0
1 2
= ∫ 𝑥𝑦 2 ]40 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑦 cos 𝑥]𝜋0 𝑑𝑦
−1 −1
1 2
= ∫ 𝑥(4)2 − 𝑥(0)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑦 cos 𝜋 − (−𝑦 cos 0) 𝑑𝑦
−1 −1
1 2
= ∫ 16𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−1 −1

= 8𝑥 2 ]1−1 = 𝑦 2 ]2−1
= 8(1)2 − 8(−1)2 = (2)2 − (−1)2
=0 =3

2. ∬(4 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑦3
= ∫ 4𝑦 − + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥𝑦 3
= ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 − + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
3

1
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
ln 3
4. ∬ 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝐴 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ln 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ ln 3 =∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
ln 3 ln 2
=∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑦 ]ln
0
3

0 0
= −𝑒 − ln 3 − (−𝑒 0 )
ln 3
=∫ 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 ]ln 2
0 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑒 ln 3
−1
+1
0
ln 3 1
=− +1
=∫ 𝑒 ln 2−𝑦 − 𝑒 0−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
0
2
ln 3 =
=∫ 2𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
0

 Triple Integrals
Triple integrals have the same algebraic properties as double and single integrals.

Examples. Evaluate the following.

3 2 1
1. ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦𝑧)2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0 0

3 2 1 3
2 2 2
8 2
= ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 =∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0 0 9
3 2 1 3
𝑥3 2 2 8𝑧 3
=∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑧 ] 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ]
0 0 3 0
27 0
3 2
1 2 2 =8
=∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0 3
1 3 2 2
3
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑧 ] 𝑑𝑧
0 9 0

−cos(𝑥𝑦𝑧)
2. ∭ 𝑦𝑧 2 sin(𝑥𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∬ 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑦𝑧

= ∬ −𝑧 cos(𝑥𝑦𝑧) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑧 sin(𝑥𝑦𝑧)
=∫ + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑧
𝑥𝑧
sin(𝑥𝑦𝑧)
=∫ + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑧
𝑥
cos(𝑥𝑦𝑧)
= + 𝐶𝑦𝑧 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑥2𝑦

2
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
Exercise 15.1 Evaluate the following.
1 1 2 0 1
1. ∫ ∫ 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
−1 0 0 −1 0
1 2 1 1 𝑦−𝑥
𝑥
2. ∫ ∫ 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 1 0 𝑥 0
𝑧 1+2𝑦
3. ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 8. ∭(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐)2 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑏𝑑𝑐
0 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 9. ∫ ∫ ∫ cos(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
4. ∬ cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 0 0 0
𝜋/4 ln sec 𝑡 2𝑠
𝑥𝑦 3
5. ∬ 2 𝑑𝐴, 10. ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑠𝑑𝑡
𝑥 +1 0 0 −∞

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2

3
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
 Double Integral as Volume

Double Integral can be used to find the volume of a solid under a plane. To simplify the
discussion, we will always use the xy-plane as the base of the solid. The volume is expressed
as
𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑥1

Illustration:

Find the volume of the prism whose base is the triangle in the xy-plane bounded by the x-axis
and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 1 and whose top is the plane 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦.

Sol’n.

For discussion, the figure is shown below. From the figure above, the limits for 𝑥 and 𝑦
The top plane is defined by the equation can be determined. For 𝑥, the boundary is
𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦. from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1. For 𝑦, the boundary is
from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑥. Also, 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
Hence,
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥 1
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑥1 0 0

Because the upper limit of 𝑦 is a variable, it

should be integrated first. So the volume of
the solid is
1 𝑥
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 𝑥
𝑦2
= ∫ 3𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0

The bottom part is a triangle and it lies on the 𝑥

𝑥2
xy-plane. = ∫ 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑦
0 2
The coordinates of the top triangle is
1
identified by substituting the values of x and 3𝑥 2 𝑥 3
y in the equation 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦. = − ]
2 2 0

How to identify the limits? First, graph the xy- 3 1

plane. = −
2 2

=2

4
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
Example. Give what is required.

1. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 20 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 and the xy-
plane, in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 and −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.

Sol’n.

It can be expressed as
1 2
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ (20 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−1 0

First, integrate with respect to the inner variable. Then, integrate with respect to the outer
variable.

1 2 1 2
2 3
∫ ∫ (20 − 3𝑥 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 20𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
−1 0 −1 0
1
= ∫ 40 − 8𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−1

= 40𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 ]1−1
= 80

The result is the volume of the solid under the plane (𝑥, 𝑦) = 20 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦.

5
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
 Triple Integral as Volume

Solving volume using double integral is limited only on solids with vertical sides (sides
parallel to z-axis), as shown in the previous examples. In Triple Integral, solving volumes of more
complex solids (figures below) is possible.

The volume is expressed as

𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑧1 𝑦1 𝑥1

where 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 1

Examples. Give what is required.

1. Find the volume of the rectangular box shown below.

First, let’s try to solve the volume of a common shape, a rectangular box as shown. The
volume of the box can be computed using the volume formula for a rectangular box.

Using triple integral to solve for volume,

2 2 1
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0 0
2 2
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥]10 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
= ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2
= ∫ 𝑦]20 𝑑𝑧
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑊𝐻 0
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
= (1)(2)(2) = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑧
0
= 4 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
= 2𝑧]20
= 2(2)
= 4 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

However, if the solids have no existing volume formula, integration is used to find the
volume.

6
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
2
2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑥 , and the xy-plane.

Sol’n.

The volume is From the figures, we can identify the limits

for each variable. For 𝑥, the limits can be
𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑥2 identified by observing the first figure. It is
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 from 𝑥 = −√𝑦 to 𝑥 = √𝑦.
𝑧1 𝑦1 𝑥1

To identify the limits or boundaries, For 𝑦, the limits can be identified from the
first, graph the functions in xy-plane, first or second figure. For this example, the
yz-plane, and xz-plane. second figure is used where limits are in
terms of the variable . Hence, it is from
For the xy-plane, let 𝑧 = 0 to all 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑧.
equations. So at 𝑧 = 0, the given
equations will become 𝑦 = 1 and For 𝑧, the second and third figure can be
𝑦 = 𝑥2. used. It is from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1.

Hence, the volume is

1 1−𝑧 √𝑦
𝑉=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0 −√𝑦

Take note that the outermost integral has

For the yz-plane, let 𝑥 = 0 to all no limits involving variables.
equations. So at 𝑥 = 0, the given
equations will become 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 and Therefore, the volume is
𝑦 = 0.
1 1−𝑧 √𝑦
𝑉=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0 −√𝑦
1 1−𝑧
𝑦
=∫ ∫ 𝑥]√−√𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
1 1−𝑧
=∫ ∫ 2√𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
For the xz-plane, let 𝑦 = 0 to all 0 0

equations. So at 𝑦 = 0, the given 4 3/2 1−𝑧

1
equations will become 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑥 = =∫ 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑧
0 3 0
0.
1
4
=∫ (1 − 𝑧)3/2 𝑑𝑧
0 3
1
8
=− (1 − 𝑧)5/2 ]
15 0
8
=
15

7
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DIFFERENTIAL and INTEGRAL CALCULUS
CHAPTER 15
Exercise 15.2 Find the volume of the following. Decide whether to use single integral, double
integral, or triple integral. Draw the figure in xy-plane, xz-plane, and yz-plane.

1. The solid bounded by the functions 4. The parallelepiped shown below.

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, and
𝑧 = 0 as shown below.

2. The solid shown below. 5. The solid bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 =

0, 𝑦 = 4, and the plane 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 6.

3. The wedge bounded by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4,

and the planes 𝑧 = −𝑦 and 𝑧 = 0.