Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Hearing Conservation in 8 Primary Iron and Steel Companies in South Africa
Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Hearing Conservation in 8 Primary Iron and Steel Companies in South Africa
Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Hearing Conservation in 8 Primary Iron and Steel Companies in South Africa
Induced Hearing Loss and
Hearing Conservation in 8 Primary Iron
and Steel Companies in South Africa
Presenters: Dr Odette Abrahams
Gabriel Mizan
Background
Noise:
“Sound that is undesirable, either because it
annoys, distracts or interferes with those
hearing it or because it has the potential to
damage the hearing mechanism of those
exposed to it”
SA Dept of Mineral and Energy (2000)
Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
“Cumulative, permanent loss of hearing that
develops gradually after months or years of
exposure to high levels of noise”
• Commonest compensable occupational disease
globally
• One of the major avoidable causes of permanent
hearing impairment worldwide
• WHO estimated that occupational NIHL costs
approximately 0.2% to 2% of the GDP of
developed nations
Factors Affecting Employees
Susceptibility to NIHL
• Intensity of the noise (dB)
• Temporal pattern of the noise (continuous, intermittent)
• Spectral pattern of the noise (frequency content)
• Duration of exposure
• Individual susceptibility to noise (age , ear infection, certain
medication)
Statutory Requirements
• NIHL Regulations, promulgated under the OHSAct 85 of 1993
‐ require the employer to implement HCP when workers
are exposed to noise rating limit > 85 dB (A)
• Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act No
130 of 1993
‐ compensable at or above PLH of 10 % as per Schedule 3
• Circular Instruction 171 provides further guidance
on compensation of employees
The Study
NIOH was commissioned by the DoL to investigate
noise exposure levels and NIHL in the primary Iron
and Steel in South Africa
• Iron and Steel industry in one of the largest employers
in SA with approximately 55 000 employees
• South Africa is the 21st largest crude steel producing
in the world (7.6 m tonnes /year)
• Iron and Steel manufacturing is one of the noisiest
industries and NIHL is common
Study Objectives
1. To verify the current designation of noise zones as
described in companies’ occupational hygiene
reports
2. To verify workers’ noise exposure levels by taking
spot area measurements and personal noise
exposure (dosimetry)
3. To analyse and audit current hearing conservation
practices
4. Based on company records, to determine the extent
of NIHL diagnosed by the companies over the past
decade
Study Objectives
5. To verify records of current hearing threshold levels
of workers by independently conducting
audiometric testing
6. To compile recommendations for improvement of
existing hearing conservation practices that can be
implemented in the South African iron and steel
industry
7. Based on best practices and expert advice, to
develop a standard inspector checklist for noise in
the iron and steel industry
Methodology
Methodology
Cross sectional survey in 8 major iron and steel companies across SA
Company Type of industry No of permanent No of contract
employees employees
Company A Primary steel plant 7000 6808
• Medical Record Review
• Review of NIHL
• Audiometric verification
Response Rate
Company Response rate Response rate Response rate
in the chosen in the NIHL for audiometric
department employees retesting
Company A 100% 100% 56.7%
Company B 100% 100% 66.7%
Company C 100%a 89%
Company D Not ascertainedb
a Employee records were available but not all were reviewed due to time constraints.
b Employees’ consent for review of records was only concluded during the survey and hence a random sample
could not be obtained.
Findings
Company Policy on Hearing Conservation
Programme
A B C D E F G H
Exposure Assessment / Noise
Risk Assessment + ---- + + + + ---- +
Identification of employees at
+ ---- + + + + ---- +
risk
Noise Monitoring & Assessment
+ + + + + + ---- +
Noise Control + ---- + + + + ---- +
Employee Training & Education
+ + + + + + ---- +
Baseline& Periodic Audiometric
Testing + + + + + + ---- +
Assessment of Noise exposure
Area measurements:
• 78% of measurements in the Iron & Steel
Industry departments exceeded the 85 dB
(A) limit
Personal noise dose measurements:
• 68% of exposures exceeded 85 dB (A)
Factory
Average Noise level dB(A) per Department
Steel Coke plant Galvanizing
Production & &cutting & Temper
BOF area Cold Mill Mill Sinter Plant
A 84 86 92 94 98
Off line
(Recycle) Melt Shop Mills
Area Noise
B 94 94 102
C
Corex&Midrex Mill
87 88
Hot Strip Basmnt Melt Shop
90 95 Measurements
Small parts Fettling &
& Core VW
QC Shop Sand Plant Production Foundry & Prod
D 81 94 94 102 102
Hille Mille,
Foundry Heavy & Foundry Morgan & Wheel Pl
Ball Forge Medium Melt Shops DRI Pl. & HCBP
H 85 93 95 96 103
Noise Measurements ‐ Area
The distribution of 406 area noise measurements in
dB(A):
10
20 <85
60 >85 & <90
145
>90 & <95
>95 & <100
75 >100 & <105
>105
96
MSOffice5
Noise Measurements ‐ Dosimetry
The distribution of 127 personal noise dose
measurements in dB(A):
<85
4
20 30
>85 & <90
>90 & <95
29
>95 & <100
44
>100
Slide 21
MSOffice5 The cake slice for <85 is too large there should be less than half.
, 2012/10/18
Percentage area and personal noise measurements
>85dB(A) at eight Iron and Steel factories
100
90
Percentage >85 dB(A)
80
70
60
Area noise
50
40 Personal
30 noise dose
20
10
A B C D E F G H
Factory
Noise Control Practices
• Reusable ear‐plugs, ear‐muffs and
custom‐made HPDs were used
• Noise control engineering options were
not used to their fullest advantage
Double glazed noise refuge control room
Information and Training
• All companies had an information and training programme
conducted by health & safety officers or SAQA accredited
trainers
• Training within the 1st year of employment and on moving
to a noisy department with > 85dB(A)
• Training was initially done at induction and then annually in
6 of 8 companies
Information and Training
• 43 out of 111 (39%) workers interviewed could
not remember when last trained on noise
• 96% of workers interviewed understood the
health risk related to noise
• 39% of workers could not demonstrate how to fit
their HPDs correctly
• 27% of the workers were concerned about noise
in their work environment
• 11% reported problems with their hearing
Medical Surveillance
All 8 companies conducted baseline,
periodical and exit audiograms
Baseline Audiometric Testing
98% 97% 98%
100%
93% 93%
Baseline done in accordance with
90% 86%
80%
68% 69%
70%
Instructiion 171
60%
50%
40%
32% 32%
30%
20% 14%
7% 7%
10%
2% 3% 2%
0%
A B C D E F G H
Yes No
Companies
Periodic Audiometric Testing
100% 100% 100% 100%
98%
100%
% Compliance with frequency of periodic
89%
90%
80%
audiometric testing
72%
70%
60%
50%
40%
28%
30%
20%
11%
10%
2%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
A B C D E F G H
yes No Companies
Periodic Audiograms: Evidence of PLH shift
90%
84%
Evidence of threshold shift from baseline on
80%
70%
periodic audiogram
60%
48%
50% 46%
Yes
40% 36% 37% No
32%
28%
Unclear
30%
20% 17%
14%
10%
10%
0% 0%
0%
A B C D E F G H
Companies
Recorded Actions Following Evidence of
Hearing Decline
Evidence of Nothing Test was repeated Diagnostic
More training The employee was
threshold shift : recorded in the after no exposure audiogram was
was done relocated
no of employees medical file to noise done
E 21 76% 15% 9% 0 0
7
Incidence/1000/year
5
4.1
4
3 2.4
A B C D E F G Ha
Companies
Ha Calculated over from 2008 for Company
Recorded Actions Following NIHL Diagnosis
Other than referral
No. of
Referred for More for compensation,
Company employees Relocation Dismissed
compensation training no evidence of other
with NIHL
actions
Audiograms for comparison 16 20 20 19 24 21 20 12
Concordant 8 0 4 0 2 2 4 0
10‐19 dB difference 3 3 10 7 11 14 14 6
20‐29 dB difference 5 7 6 9 8 3 2 4
30‐39 dB difference 0 4 0 1 3 1 0 2
>40 dB difference 0 6 0 2 0 1 0 0
Limitations
• Industrial action affected response rate
adversely
• OH measurements could not be done of
every activity
• Incomplete medical records
• Extent of NIHL‐ company records of cases
over the past 10 years were used
(underestimation)
• Reliance on companies to provide cases
of NIHL (validation)
• Only permanent employees
Limitations
Audiometric verification
• Currently no reference body for audiometric
testing in the workplace
• No gold standard testing facility
• Measured repeatability rather than of validity
• External provider chosen based on calibrated
equipment and a national footprint
• Many factors affect repeatability however this
indicates that a review of quality assurance and
testing procedures by in‐house testers is
required
Conclusion
• All companies included in this survey had
areas of noise exposure above the legislated
level of 85dB(A) which put a number of
employees at risk of developing NIHL
• Difference between the companies lies in the
effective implementation of the hearing
conservation programme
• Highlights the need for proper implementation
of hearing conservation practices known to be
effective and establishment of effective
monitoring and evaluation systems
Good Practices:
Policy and procedures
• Written health and safety policies are available
(7/8)
• Hearing conservation related matters
Ø reported
Ø discussed by employees during toolbox talks and in
committee meetings (8/8)
• Proactive hearing conservation programmes
demonstrated noticeable outcomes (2/8)
• Managers seen to be committed to the noise
conservation programme (4/8)
Good Practices
Assessment of Noise Exposure
• Assessments re‐done after major changes made in
work systems and machinery (8/8)
• Records of these were made available to Safety
Representatives and Safety Committee (8/8)
• Recommendations in reports were practical and
actioned according to a plan in line with hierarchy of
control (5/8)
Good Practices:
AIA Survey reports and recommendations
• AIAs were used in the noise exposure
assessments (8/8)
• Reports were available and repeated on the
average every 24 months (6/8)
Good Practices:
Noise Control Practices
• Good general maintenance of machinery,
equipment and tools led to less noise (3/8)
• Custom made HPDs were provided to selected
employees, notably those with early decline in
hearing or based in areas with very high noise
exposure (5/8)
• Signage and noise zoning is implemented (8/8)
• SOPs on noise control were available (4/8)
Good Practices: Information and Training
• Specialised noise training sessions
• Training content was in line with the appropriate
medical surveillance programme
• Training records were kept (4/8)
• Refresher training was conducted annually (3/8)
• Information and training programmes delivered by
competent persons (8/8)
• Strategies in place to increase uptake of training
with objective means (tests) to evaluate
effectiveness of training (4/8)
• Incentive schemesfor employees who (1/8):
Ø completed training
Ø show evidence of understanding information
Good Practices:
Medical Surveillance
• Occupational Medicine & Occupational Hygiene
services share information and updates on noise
exposure levels (2/8)
• Baseline and periodical audiograms are done in
accordance with SANS 10083 (5/8)
• Software is utilised to analysis aggregated
audiometric results of audiometric testing in order
to identify any trends suggesting review of
workplace controls (2/8)
• Documentation of noise exposure &
management’s intention for each employee with
results that need to be acted upon (3/8)
Good Practices:
Medical Surveillance
• Individual employee audiogram analysed by
OHP and OMP to identify permanent or
temporary threshold shift (8/8)
• Early intervention by clinic staff on hearing
loss before 10PLH is reached (some
companies action is taken at 5PLH ) (4/8)
• OM staff give feedback to Occupational
Hygiene and Safety services and employee
representatives (2/8)
Good Practices:
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
• Employees diagnosed with NIHL who showed
a 10 PLH were appropriately referred for
diagnostic audiograms and subsequently
submitted for compensation (8/8)
• Health and Safety Representatives were
involved in the assessment of the employee
(5/8)
• Audiometric testing done on all employees
exposed to noise exceeding 85 dB(A) (8/8)
Recommendations:
Policy and Procedures
All companies should have a policy and an SOP on NIHL
Policy should detail:
• Responsibilities of stakeholders : Health and Safety
team, occupational hygienists or contracted AIA,
occupational clinic staff, training department, supervisors
and employees
• Noise Evaluation and Surveillance Procedures ‐ in noise
areas, measure noise exposure
• Noise Control Practices ‐ Engineering and administrative
controls, HPDs (types, selection, issuing , use &
maintenance )
Recommendations:
Policy and Procedures
The policy should detail:
• Medical Surveillance ‐Audiometric Testing
and an action plan for remedial measures
• Training Program
• Record Keeping
• Program Evaluation
• Main company policy can be customized to
meet local needs at of multiple sites
• HCP should be the same for both permanent
and contracted employees
Recommendations:
Noise Control Practices
All workers must be involved in noise control
• Health and Safety Reps must be involved in the
implementation of noise control
• Workers involved in the selection of hearing
protectors to improve ‘buy‐in’
• Training and supervision of workers including
contractors in the correct wearing of HPDs (e.g.
earplugs) in noise zones
Recommendations:
Information and Training
Training should be regular, practical,
evaluated and given by a competent
person to both permanent and
contracted employees
Recommendations:
Medical Surveillance
• Good communication between the OH
and the medical staff
• Action lines prior to the employee
having compensable hearing loss
• Systems to ensure that regular
audiograms as appropriate
• Well‐preserved medical files
• Aggregated audiogram should be
communicated to multi‐disciplinary
team
Recommendations:
Audiometric verification
• Level of professional conduct should be
maintained in terms of certification and
calibration of quipment used and staff
performing testing
• Quality assurance programmes for
audiometry are imperative
Recommendations:
Noise Induced Hearing Loss
• Workers with a PLH deterioration of more
than 10% require a diagnostic audiogram
and formal referral for compensation
• A specific formal written plan to be in
place for employees who have
compensable hearing loss to prevent
further worsening of their condition.
Acknowledgements
• Department of Labour
• The staff in all facilities who supplied us
with all the information that was needed,
arranged for our visit and availed
themselves to handle our queries and
clarify other issues as we went through files
in such a gracious and professional manner.
Thank You