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    Spatial Data: Prepared by Md. Akram Ullah Lecturer Fims, Nstu

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    C. R. Paramasivam GL, Remote Sensing
    The document discusses spatial data and the two main types - raster and vector data. Spatial data identifies geographic locations of features and boundaries on Earth. Raster data uses a grid cell structure to represent features, while vector data represents them using points, lines and polygons.

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    Spatial Data: Prepared by Md. Akram Ullah Lecturer Fims, Nstu

    Uploaded by

    C. R. Paramasivam GL, Remote Sensing
    22 views19 pages
    The document discusses spatial data and the two main types - raster and vector data. Spatial data identifies geographic locations of features and boundaries on Earth. Raster data uses a grid cell structure to represent features, while vector data represents them using points, lines and polygons.

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    lecturespatialdataakram-171019133408

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    The document discusses spatial data and the two main types - raster and vector data. Spatial data identifies geographic locations of features and boundaries on Earth. Raster data uses a grid cell structure to represent features, while vector data represents them using points, lines and polygons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views19 pages

    Spatial Data: Prepared by Md. Akram Ullah Lecturer Fims, Nstu

    Uploaded by

    C. R. Paramasivam GL, Remote Sensing
    The document discusses spatial data and the two main types - raster and vector data. Spatial data identifies geographic locations of features and boundaries on Earth. Raster data uses a grid cell structure to represent features, while vector data represents them using points, lines and polygons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Spatial Data

     Prepared By
     Md. Akram Ullah
    Lecturer
    FIMS,NSTU
    Spatial data

    The data or information that identifies the


    geographic location of features and
    boundaries.
    On earth, such as natural and constructed
    features like Ocean, lake, pond etc.
    Spatial data is usually stored as coordinate
    and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
    IN GIS THEARE ARE TWO BASIC
    IN GIS THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SPATIAL
    SPATIAL DATA TYPESTYPES
    DATA

    RASTER VECTOR
    DATA DATA
    Vector Data
    Vector data provide a way to represent real world features within
    the GIS environment. A vector feature has its shape represented
    using geometry. The geometry is made up of one or more
    interconnected vertices. A vertex describe a position in space
    using an x, y and optionally z axis. In the vector data model,
    features on the earth are represented as:
    • points
    • lines / routes
    • polygons / regions
    • TINs (triangulated irregular networks)
    Vector Data

    This system of recording features is based on the interaction


    between arcs and nodes, represented by points, lines and
    polygons. A point is a single node, a line is two nodes with an arc
    between them, and a polygon is a closed group of three or more
    arcs. With these three elements , it is possible to record most all
    necessary information.
    Polygons

    Points

    Lines
    Vector Data

    Advantages
    • accurately representing true shape and size
    • representing non-continuous data (e.g., rivers, political boundaries, road
    lines)
    • Vectors can store information
    About topology
    • A vector data model uses points stored by their
    real (earth) coordinates and so requires a precise
    coordinate system. Geographic Coordinate
    System Latitude/Longitude Cartesian Coordinate
    Systems X,Y Coordinate system
    Vector Data

    Disadvantages:
    • The location of each vertex needs to be stored explicitly.
    • Vector data must be converted into a topological structure.
    • This is often processing intensive and usually requires
    extensive data cleaning.
    • Updating or editing of the vector data requires re-building of
    the topology.
    Vector Data
    Vector Data
    Raster Data
    Raster Data – cell –based data such as aerial imagery and digital
    elevation models. Raster data is characterized by pixel values.
    Basically, a raster file is a giant table, where each pixel is assigned
    a specific value from 0 to 255. The meaning behind these values
    is specified by the user – they can represent elevations,
    temperature, hydrology and etc.
    Impact of resolution
    1-14

    90m resolution

    10m resolution

    *Storage space increases Portraying large areas at


    by the square of the high precision is
    resolution problematic
    Advantages:
    • Raster is the best way to store continuously changing values
    such as elevation, slope.
    • Analysis faster and more flexible then vector for many
    application.
    • Rapid computations ("map algebra") in which raster layers are
    treated as elements in mathematical expressions
    Raster analysis functions

    Distance Interpolation

    Density

    Least cost path

    Viewshed
    Buffers
    Raster Data
    Disadvantages:
    • It is especially difficult to adequately represent linear features
    depending on the cell resolution.
    • Network linkages are difficult to establish.
    • Processing of associated attribute data may be cumbersome if
    large amounts of data exists.
    • Raster maps inherently reflect only one attribute or
    characteristic for an area.
    • Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not conform to
    high-quality cartographic needs.
    1-18

    Vector model
    Raster model
    GIS data models
    Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Management © Dr. Saiful Islam, IWFM, BUET

    Sources for GIS data


     Analog maps
     Aerial photographs
     Satellite image
     Ground survey with GPS
     Reports and publications

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