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AVIAN MEDICINE:
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION

BRANSON W. RITCHIE, DVM, PhD

Assistant Professor, Avian and Zoologic Medicine
Department of Small Animal Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia

GREG J. HARRISON, DVM

Director, The Bird Hospital
Lake Worth, Florida
President, Harrison’s Bird Diets
Omaha, Nebraska

LINDA R. HARRISON, BS
President, Wingers Publishing, Inc.
Former Editor, Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians
Lake Worth, Florida
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I HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Conversions
Psittaciformes
Various Species
Columbiformes
Galliformes
Anseriformes
Ratites

II CLASS AVES:
A LIST OF ORDERS, COMMON
AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES APPENDIX
III DETERMINATION
OF METABOLIC SCALING

Avian Medecine : Principles and Application,

B.W. Ritchie, G.J Harrison and L.R. Harrison (Eds.)
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I
Hematology and Biochemistry

CONVERSIONS
Conversion Factors: SI Units/ Gravimetric Units

To convert To convert
Analyte Multiply by Multiply by
From To From To
Albumin g/dl g/l 10.0 g/l g/dl 0.1
Ammonia µg/dl µmol/l 0.5871 µmol/l µg/dl 1.7
Bilirubin mg/dl µmol/l 17.1 µmol/l mg/dl 0.059
Calcium mg/dl mmol/l 0.25 mmol/l mg/dl 4.0
Chloride mEq/l mmol/l 1.0 mmol/l mEq/l 1.0
Chloride mg/dl mmol/l 0.272 mmol/l mg/dl 3.5
Cholesterol mg/dl mmol/l 0.02586 mmol/l mg/dl 38.7
Corticosterone µg/dl nmol/l 28.9 nmol/l mg/dl 0.0346
Cortisol µg/dl nmol/l 27.59 nmol/l mg/dl 0.0362
Creatinine mg/dl µmol/l 88.4 µmol/l mg/dl 0.0113
Globulin mg/dl g/l 10.0 g/l mg/dl 0.1
Glucose mg/dl mmol/l 0.05551 mmol/l mg/dl 18.0
Insulin µU/ml pmol/l 7.175 pmol/l µU/ml 0.1296
Iron µg/dl µmol/l 0.1791 µmol/l µg/dl 5.58
Lead µg/dl µmol/l 0.04826 µmol/l µg/dl 20.72
Magnesium mEq/l mmol/l 0.5 mmol/l mEq/l 2.0
Magnesium mg/dl mmol/l 0.4114 mmol/l mg/dl 2.43
Phosphate (inorganic) mg/dl mmol/l 0.3229 mmol/l mg/dl 3.097
Potassium mEq/l mmol/l 1.0 mmol/l mEq/l 1.0
Pressure mmHg Pa (pascal) 0.1333 Pa (pascal) mmHg 7.5
Progesterone ng/dl nmol/l 0.032 nmol/l ng/dl 31.25
Protein g/dl g/l 10.0 g/l g/dl 1.0
Sodium mEq/l mmol/l 1.0 mmol/l mEq/l 1.0
Thyroxine µg/dl nmol/l 12.87 nmol/l µg/dl 0.0777
Triglycerides mg/dl mmol/l 0.01129 mmol/l mg/dl 88.5
Urea mg/dl mmol/l 0.167 mmol/l mg/dl 6.0
Urea nitrogen (BUN) mg/dl mmol/l 0.7140 mmol/l mg/dl 1.4
Urea nitrogen (BUN) mg/dl mmol urea/l 0.3670 mmol urea/l mg/dl 2.72
Uric acid mg/dl mmol/l 59.48 mmol/l mg/dl 0.0168

With the increasing exchange of knowledge between the United eases) while European journals use the SI system (Avian Pathology).
States, Europe and other parts of the world with regard to avian clinical Until the SI system is used in all scientific papers and handbooks
chemistry, it is imperative that a uniform system of units be used to conversion factors are indispensable.
avoid confusion. The World Health Assembly recommended the Inter-
national System of Units (SI, Systeme International d’Unites) for the This table is not complete and further information may be obtained
health professions in 1977. The SI is the result of many decades of from: Units, Symbols and Abbreviations. London, Royal Society of
international efforts to develop a universally acceptable system. In Medicine Services, 1988, ISBN 0905958780.
many countries and many scientific journals, the use of the SI system
is mandatory. It seems that the SI has gained more acceptance in In the American veterinary literature the units of weight, temperature
European countries than in the USA. Many American veterinary and pressure used are often different from SI (derived) units and
journals still use conventional units (Journal of the Association of Avian therefore conversion factors for these quantities will also be given.
Veterinarians) or a mixture of conventional and SI units (Avian Dis-

Avian Medecine : Principles and Application,

B.W. Ritchie, G.J Harrison and L.R. Harrison (Eds.)
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1331
HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY PSITTACIFORMES

PSITTACIFORMES
Reference Values for Selected Psittacine Species

Parameter Budgerigar African Grey Parrot Amazon Parrot Cockatoo Macaw

TP g/100ml 2.0-3.0 2.6-4.9 3.3-5.3 2.8-4.3 2.5-4.4
Ca mg/100ml 6.4-11.2 7.0-9.5 7.5-9.7 7.6-8.9 6.8-9.9
P mmol/l 0.9-1.9 1.0-5.2 0.8-3.4 1.0-3.6 1.3-4.8
Uric acid mg/100ml 3.0-8.6 3.1-7.0 1.3-5.6 3.5-9.3 2.9-8.5
Crea mg/100ml 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4
AST U/l 55-154 28-200 35-200 32-180 45-125
ALT U/l 5-20 2-21 4-13 5-12 5-15
LDH U/l 154-271 105-420 65-420 130-353 65-400
CK U/l 54-252 71-408 64-322 27-253 39-384
AP U/l 54-326 24-94 93-311 32-171 25-152
Amyl U/l 187-582 211-519 106-524 276-594
Glu mg/100ml 254-399 224-308 221-300 209-318 230-326
Chol mg/100ml 172-286 217-330 181-310 108-200
Trig mg/100ml 109-271 51-140 59-200 67-125
K mmol/l 2.2-3.7 2.2-3.5 2.1-3.3 2.1-4.5
Na mmol/l 139-159 146-167 127-158 133-160
Cl mmol/l 95-144 110-128 97-127 97-126

Kodak Ektachem®-25°C
Hochleithner M: Reference values for selected psittacine species using a dry chemistry system. J Assoc Avian Vet 3(4):207-209, 1989.

Reference Values in Psittaciformes

Parameter African Grey Parrot Amazon Parrot Cockatoo Macaw

Urea mmol/l 0.7-2.4 0.9-4.6 0.8-2.1 0.3-3.3
Creatinine µmol/l 23-40 19-33 21-36 20-59
Uric acid µmol/l 93-414 72-312 190-327 109-231
Urea:Uric acid ratio 2.4:15.6 4.4:33 2.7:8.9 5:28
Osmolality mOsm/kg 320-347 316-373 317-347 319-378
Sodium mmol/l 154-164 149-164 152-164 150-175
Potassium mmol/l 2.5-3.9 2.3-4.2 3.2-4.9 1.9-4.1
Ca mmol/l 2.1-2.6 2.0-2.8 2.2-2.7 2.2-2.8
Glucose mmol/l 11.4-16.1 12.6-16.9 12.8-17.6 12.0-17.9
AST U/l 54-155 57-194 52-203 58-206
ALT U/l 12-59 19-98 12-37 22-105
GGT U/l 1-3.8 1-10 2-5 <1-5
LDH U/l 147-348 46-208 203-442 66-166
CPK U/l 123-875 45-265 34-204 61-531
Bile acids µmol/l 18-71 19-144 23-70 25-71
TP g/l 32-44 33-50 35-44 33-53
Albumin:Globulin ratio 1.4:4.7 2.6:7.0 1.5:4.3 1.4:3.9

Recommendations of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry Enzymes 30°C

Lumeij JT, Overduin LM: Plasma chemistry reference values in psittaciformes. Avian Pathol 19:235-244, 1990.

Avian Medecine : Principles and Application,

B.W. Ritchie, G.J Harrison and L.R. Harrison (Eds.)
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1332
APPENDIX SECTION I

Serum Biochemical Methods (37°C) Used in Determining Hematology Values for Juvenile Eclectus Parrots
Reference Values in Psittaciformes
30-day 90-day All
Parameter
Parameter Method Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean(SD)
Albumin Modified Doumas Method (Bovine Standard) RBC 1.95 (0.28) 3.22 (0.51) 2.69 (0.67)
(x 106/µl)
ALP Mod. Bowers and McComb
HB 8.83 (1.15) 15.42 (2.38) 12.46 (3.01)
ALT Mod. IFCC
(g/dl)
AST Mod. IFCC
HCT 33.7 (4.4) 53.8 (3.0) 43.8 (8.4)
T. Bili Mod. Walters and Gerarde (%)
BUN Mod. Talke and Schubert MCV 174 (25) 169 (27) 166 (26)
Calcium Mod. Connerty and Briggs (fl)
Chloride Mod. Schoenfeld and Lewellen MCH 43.9 49.1 (9.9) 45.5 (10.7)
(pg)
Cholesterol Enzymatic Method
MCHC 261.(2.5) 28.7 (4.1) 27.7 (5.0)
CK Mod. Oliver and Rosalki (g/dl)
Creatinine Kinetic Jaffe WBC 18500 (6900) 10900 (3700) 13700 (6300)
GGT Mod. Szasz (cells/µl)
Glucose Trinder Glucose (Gilford Reagent) WBC 17000 (6000) 10500 (4000) 13500 (6000)
LDH Mod. Wacker Est (cells/µl)
Phosphorus Mod. Daly and Ertingshausen BANDS 0.2 (1.1) 0.4 (0.9) 0.5 (1.5)
(%)
Total CO2 Enzymatic PEPC
HET 62.8 (7.7) 52.1 (10.2) 53.9 (11.4)
Total Protein Mod. Biuret (%)
Triglyceride Mod. Fossati and Prencipe LYMPH 30.4 (6.3) 40.8 (10.4) 39.5 (11.5)
Uric Acid Mod. Fossati (%)
Sodium Ion Selective Electrode MONO 5.5 (3.0) 5.2 (2.7) 5.0 (2.7)
Potassium Ion Selective Electrode (%)
EOS 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.4) 0.1 (0.3)
From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 4(4):222, 1990. (%)
BASO 1.2 (1.0) 1.5 (1.0) 1.1 (1.0)
(%)
Serum Biochemical Values for Juvenile Eclectus Parrots
BAND # 34 (188) 48 (111) 70 (221)
(cells/µl)
30-day Mean 90-day Mean
Parameter All Mean (SD) HET # 11800 (5400) 5900 (2800) 7700 (4800)
(SD) (SD)
(cells/µl)
NA (mEq/L) 141 (2) 154 (3) 148 (6)
LYMPH # 5500 (2100) 4200 (1200) 5100 (2000)
K (mEq/L) 2.9 (1.0) 2.7 (0.6) 2.8 (0.7) (cells/µl)
CL (mEq/L) 105 (3) 115 (3) 111 (5) MONO # 930 (520) 532 (331) 639 (428)
CA (mg/dl) 9.5 (0.5) 9.1 (0.4) 9.3 (0.4) (cells/µl)
PHOS (mg/dl) 7.9 (0.8) 5.7 (0.9) 6.8 (1.2) EOS # 0 9 (43) 8 (44)
UREA (mg/dl) 1.5 (2.3) 2.0 (3.1) 1.7 (2.4) (cells/µl)
CREAT (mg/dl) 0.3 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) BASO # 209 (199) 175 (158) 152 (169)
(cells/µl)
UA (mg/dl) 0.8 (0.9) 3.9 (1.5) 2.0 (1.6)
HET: LYMPH 2.2 (0.8) 1.4 (0.6) 1.6 (0.8)
CHOL (mg/dl) 181 (43) 300 (69) 268 (80) (ratio)
GLUCOSE (mg/dl) 249 (16) 265 (19) 258 (18)
PP (Refrac) 2.8 (0.6) 3.9 (0.6) 3.5 (0.8)
LDH (IU/L) 235 (145) 268 (70) 228 (101) (g/dl)
AST (IU/L) 85 (21) 216 (47) 140 (58)
From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 4(4):223, 1990.
ALT (IU/L) 4 (3) 7 (3) 4 (3)
ALP (IU/L) 421 (85) 565 (217) 489 (159)
GGT (IU/L) 5 (2) 2 (1) 4 (2)
CK (IU/L) 555 (164) 643 (262) 616 (472)
TP (g/dl) 2.6 (0.4) 2.9 (0.4) 2.9 (0.5)
ALB (g/dl) 1.2 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 1.3 (0.3)
GLOB (g/dl) 1.3 (0.3) 1.6 (0.3) 1.5 (0.3)
A:G (ratio) 0.9 (0.1) 0.8 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2)
ALB (Elect) (g/dl) 1.8 (0.5) 2.1 (0.4) 2.2 (0.4)
GLOB (Elect) (g/dl) 0.7 (0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 0.8 (0.2)

From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet, 4(4):224, 1990.

Avian Medecine : Principles and Application,
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1333
HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY PSITTACIFORMES

Hematology Values for Juvenile Cockatoos Hematology Values for Juvenile Umbrella Cockatoos

30-day Mean 90-day Mean 30-day Mean 90-day Mean

Parameter All Mean (SD) Parameter All Mean
(SD) (SD) (SD) (SD)
a b n n
RBC # 196.(0.22) 2.84 (0.49) 2.53 (0.63) RBC #(x 106/µl) 1.98 (0.51) 2.75 (0.49) 2.54
(x 106/µl) HB (g/dl) 7.9 (1.64) n
14 (0.92) n
11.6
HB (g/dl) 8.12 (0.83)a 14.04 (1.23)c 11.43 (2.90) HCT (%) 29.5 (5.65)n 46.9 (2.92)n 39.3
HCT (%) 30.1 (2.8)a 47.6 (4.1)c 39.7 (9.0) MCV (fl) 151 (25.6)n 175 (28.5)n 158.0
MCV (fl) 155 (17)a 172 (28)b 160 (23) MCH (pg) 35.3 (10.03)n 51.9 (8.57)n 43.6
a
MCH (pg) 38.9 (11.7) 49.0 (12.9)b 43.8 (10.8) MCHC (g/dl) 21.8 (10.5) n
29.9 (1.1)n 27.0
MCHC (g/dl) 24.6 (7.9)a 28.5 (6.2)bc 27.2 (6.1) WBC # (cells/µl) 20311 (5717)s 10238 (3368)n 16567.0
a
WBC# (cells/µl) 13700 (7400) 10000(2800)b 12900(6300)
WBC Est (cells/µl) 19190 (5127)s 10500 (3184)n 16412.0
a b
WBC Est 13200 (6700) 10400 (2800) 13100 (5900) n n
BAND (%) 1 (2.57) 1.93 (2.76) 1.31
(cells/µl)
ab ab HET (%) 58.4 (11.4)s 50 (9.7)n 54.1
BAND (%) 1.3 (2.3) 1.3 (2.3) 1.3 (2.3)
a b LYMPH (%) 34.4 (11.5)n 41.2 (9.9)n 38.1
HET (%) 54.8 (9.7) 49.0 (8.1) 50.8 (11.7)
a b MONO (%) 5.77 (3.1)n 5.29 (3.27)n 5.35
LYMPH (%) 36.4 (8.1) 43.6 (8.4) 41.2 (11.9)
a bc EOS (%) 0(0.14)n 0.07 (0.27)n 0.02
MONO (%) 6.9 (3.4) 4.9 (3.4) 5.8 (3.4)
BASO (%) 0.45 (1.05)n 1.43 (0.94)n 1.03
EOS (%) 0 (0) 0 (0.2) 0 (0)
BAND # (cells/µl) 185 (331)n 192 (368)n 202.0
BASO (%) 0.6 (0.9)ac 1.2 (1.1)b 0.9 (1.1)
a HET # (cells/µl) 12041 (4993)s 4465 (2595)n 8917.0
BAND # 150 (275) 130 (290)a 160 (325)
s n
(cells/µl) LYMPH # (cells/µl) 6893 (2581) 3663 (2076) 5695.0
HET # (cells/µl) 7800 (5000)a 4400 (2200)b 6500 (4500) MONO # (cells/µl) 1118 (624)s 492 (529)n 843.0
LYMPH # 4900 (2600)a 3900 (2000)a 4900 (2500) EOS # (cells/µl) 0 (0)n 0 (0)n 0.00011
(cells/µl) BASO # (cells/µl) 83 (181)n 137 (135)n 143.0
MONO # 880 (530)a 440 (450)a 690 (525) HET: LYMPH (ratio) 1.83 (1.05) n
1.33 (0.54) n
1.64
(cells/µl)
PP Est (Refrac) 2.69 (0.71)s 4.26 (0.55)n 3.56
EOS # (cells/µl) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) (g/dl)
BASO # 67 (130)a 115 (130)a 100 (140)
(cells/µl) s = Mean is statistically different (P<0.05) from the same parameter in all juvenile
cockatoos.
HET: LYMPH 1.6 (0.6)a 1.2 (0.4)b 1.4 (0.8) n = Mean is not statistically different (P<0.05) from the same parameter in all
(ratio) juvenile cockatoos.
From: Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(1):20, 1991.
PP Est 2.3 (0.5)a 4.0 (0.8)b 3.2 (0.9)
(Refrac) (g/dl)

a,b,c = Values for parameters are statistically different (P<0.05) when letters are
different.
From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(1):20, 1991.

Avian Medecine : Principles and Application,

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APPENDIX SECTION I

Serum Biochemical Values for Juvenile Cockatoos Serum Biochemical Values for Juvenile Umbrella Cockatoos

30-day Mean 90-day Mean 30-day Mean 90-day Mean

Parameter All Mean (SD) Parameter All Mean
(SD) (SD) (SD) (SD)
a c s n
NA (mEq/l) 139 (3) 150 (3) 145 (6) NA (mEq/l) 139 (1.78) 149 (2.33) 145
K (mEq/l) 4.0 (0.8)a 3.1 (0.4)b 3.6 (0.7) K (mEq/l) 4.23 (0.57)n 3.13 (0.44)n 3.54
CL (mEq/l) 105 (4)a 115 (4)c 110 (6) CL (mEq/l) 107 (2.8)s 115 (3.2)n 111
a ab s n
CA (mg/dl) 9.2 (0.6) 9.5 (1.0) 9.6 (0.7) CA (mEq/l) 9.64 (0.39) 9.43 (1.28) 9.77
PHOS (mg/dl) 7.0 (0.6)a 5.1 (1.0)c 6.1 (1.1) PHOS (mg/dl) 6.5 (0.44)s 4.7 (0.87)n 5.55
UREA (mg/dl) 1.6 (1.9)a 2.6 (2.5)b 2.0 (2.2) UREA (mg/dl) 1 (1.78)n 1.94 (2.41)s 1.61
CREAT (mg/dl) 0.31 (0.06)a 0.42 (0.07)ab 0.4 (0.1) CREAT (mg/dl) 0.34 (0.07)n 0.33 (0.04)s 0.37
UA (mg/dl) 1.2 (0.9)a 5.1 (1.8)c 2.9 (2.3) UA (mg/dl) 0.83 (0.36)s 4.95 (1.68)n 2.73
CHOL (mg/dl) 165 (32)a 350 (122)b 251 (105) CHOL (mg/dl) 180 (37.1)s 427 (70.3)s 291
GLU (mg/dl) 247 (20)a 249 (29)a, b 253 (24) GLU (mg/dl) 244 (18.03)n 236 (28.24)s 244
LDH (U/l) 393 (348)a 367 (218)a 371 (285) LDH (U/l) 326 (394)n 341 (174)n 325
AST (U/l) 98 (54)a 195 (73)c 143 (79) AST (U/l) 84 (17.7)n 187 (39.2)n 136
ALT (U/l) 2 (2)a 3 (3)ab 2 (3) ALT (U/l) 1.8 (1.7)n 2.69 (1.58)n 2.11
ALP (U/l) 593 (202)a 478 (167)c 579 (239) ALP (U/l) 426 (100)s 404 (104)s 440
a ac n
GGT (U/l) 2.35 (1.75) 2.79 (1.54) 2.55 (1.67) GGT (U/l) 1.95 (1.73) 2.81 (1.33)n 2.66
CK (U/l) 595 (205)a 368 (156)b 510 (235) CK (U/l) 629 (193)n 395 (115)n 517
a b s
TP (g/dl) 2.2 (0.4) 3.1 (0.6) 2.8 (0.7) TP (g/dl) 2.47 (0.41) 3.25 (0.59)n 3.03
ALB (g/dl) 0.8 (0.2)a 1.2 (0.3)b 1.1 (0.3) A:G (ratio) 0.6 (0.1) 0.62 (0.08) 0.64
a
GLOB (g/dl) 1.3 (0.4) 1.9 (0.4)b 1.7 (0.5) PRE ALB (g/dl) 0.43 (0.12)n 0.49 (0.13)n 0.45
A:G (ratio) 0.6 (0.2)ab 0.6 (0.1)b 0.6 (0.2) ALB (Elect)(g/dl) 1.27 (0.27)s 1.86 (0.35)n 1.69
a b n
PRE ALB (g/dl) 0.4 (0.1) 0.5 (0.2) 0.5 (0.2) ALPHA GLOB 0.17 (0.05) 0.29 (0.19)n 0.26
ALB (Elect) (g/dl) 1.1 (0.3)a 1.7 (0.5)bc 1.5 (0.5) (g/dl)
ALPHA GLOB 0.2 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.2)c 0.2 (0.1) BETA GLOB 0.39 (0.16)n 0.34 (0.14)n 0.38
(g/dl) (g/dl)
BETA GLOB 0.3 (0.2)a 0.3 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.1) GAMMA GLOB 0.23 (0.06)n 0.31 (0.11)n 0.29
(g/dl) (g/dl)
GAMMA GLOB 0.2 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.1)b 0.3 (0.1) s = Mean is statistically different (≥) from the same parameter in all juvenile
(g/dl) cockatoos.
n = Mean is not statistically different (≤) from the same parameter in all juvenile
a,b,c = Values for parameters are statistically different (P) when letters are cockatoos.
different. From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(1):22, 1991.
From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(1):23, 1991.

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HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY PSITTACIFORMES

Hematology Values for Juvenile Macaws Hematology Values for Juvenile Blue and Gold Macaws

30-day Mean 30-day Mean 90-day Mean

Parameter 90-day Mean (SD) All Mean (SD) Parameter All Mean (SD)
(SD) (SD) (SD)
a c an cn
RBC# 1.9 (0.3) 3.7 (0.5) 2.9 (0.8) RBC #(x 106/µl) 1.9 (0.3) 3.5 (0.4) 2.7 (0.7)
(x 106/µl) HB (g/dl) 7.9 (0.9) an
15 (0.9) cs
11 (2.9)
HB (g/dl) 7.7 (0.9)a 15.4(1.0)c 12.3(3.3) HCT (%) 30 (2.7)an 48 (2.0)cs 40 (7.7)
HCT (%) 30.9(3.3)a 49.5(2.5)c 41.7(8.4) MCV (fl) 163 (27)an 137 (14)bn 149 (22)
MCV (fl) 165.5(25.4)a 137(19.2)c 149 (24.7) MCH (pg) 43 (7.1)an 41 (3.7)an 38 (13)
a
MCH (pg) 41.7 (6.1) 42.8(5.8)a 42.3 (6.2) MCHC (g/dl) 26 (1.6) an
31 (1.4)cn 25 (9.5)
MCHC (g/dl) 25.1 (1.9)a 31.1(1.3)b 28.7 (2.9) WBC # 19200 (5600)an 16600 (4300)bn 18928 (5561)
ab
WBC (cells/µl) 19300 (8300) 17700 (4900)b 19200 (6900) (cells/µl)
WBC Est 17700 (5100)ab 18300 (4500) ab 18600 (5880) WBC Est 18300 (5600) 16800 (4300) 18300 (5600)
(cells/µl) (cells/µl)
BANDS (%) 0.8 (1.6)a 0.3(1.2)a 0.6 (1.7) BAND (%) 0.36 (1.3)an 0 (0)an 0.12 (0.7)
a ab an
HET (%) 58.9 (11.1) 53.9 (9.4) 55.3 (10) HET (%) 57 (11.6) 48 (11)an 52 (10)
LYMPH (%) 33.8(9.7)a 41.6 (9.6)bc 39.0 (10) LYMPH (%) 37 (10)an 47 (11)cn 42 (10)
MONO (%) 5.9 (3.3)a 3.6 (2.0)b 4.4 (2.9) MONO (%) 5.3 (2.9)an 3.8 (2.2)an 4.3 (2.7)
EOS (%) 0 (0)a 0.1 (0.2)a 0 (0.2) EOS (%) 0 (0)an 0 (0)an 0 (0)
a ab an an
BASO (%) 0.7 (0.9) 0.6 (1.2) 0.5 (1.0) BASO (%) 0.9 (1.1) 1.1 (1.7) 0.9 (1.3)
BANDS # 134 (344)a 59(230)a 110 (313) BANDS # 0.36 (1.3)an 0 (0)an 0.12 (0.7)
(cells/µl) (cells/µl)
HET # 10200 (7600)ab 9400 (4000)bc 10100 (5800) HET # (cells/µl) 11000 (4600)
an
8100 (3000)an 10000 (3800)
(cells/µl) LYMPH # 7000 (2600)an 7700 (2600)bn 8000 (3100)
LYMPH # 5500 (3100)a 7000 (2500)b 6800 (3200) (cells/µl)
(cells/µl) MONO # 949 (498)an 639 (421)an 756 (446)
MONO # 910 (643)a 627 (418)b 750 (545) (cells/µl)
(cells/µl) EOS # (cells/µl) 0 (0)an 0 (0)an 0 (0)
a a
EOS # 0 (0) 9.3 (51) 4.6 (35) an an
BASO # 194 (245) 156 (256) 154 (229)
(cells/µl)
(cells/µl)
a ab
BASO # 115 (190) 75 (165) 91 (175)
HET: LYMPH 1.75 (0.85)an 1.19 (0.77)an 1.38 (0.69)
(cells/µl) (ratio)
HET: LYMPH 2.0 (1.0)ab 1.4 (0.6)bc 1.6 (0.8) PP Est (refrac) 1.87 (0.2)an 3.62 (0.5)cn 2.86 (0.8)
(ratio) (g/dl)
a c
PP (refrac) 1.8 (0.40) 3.5 (0.4) 2.9 (0.8)
(g/dl) a,b,c = Values for parameters are statistically different (P<0.05) when letters are
different.
a,b,c = Values for parameters are statistically different (P<0.05) when letters s = Mean is statistically different (P<0.05) from the same parameter in all juvenile
are different. macaws.
From Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(3):159, 1991. n = Mean is not statistically different (P<0.05) from the same parameter in all
juvenile macaws.
From: Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(3):159, 1991.

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APPENDIX SECTION I

Serum Biochemistry Values for Juvenile Macaws Serum Biochemical Values for Juvenile Blue and Gold Macaws

30-day Mean 90-day Mean 30-day Mean 90-day Mean

Parameter All Mean (SD) Parameter All Mean (SD)
(SD) (SD) (SD) (SD)
a c an cn
NA (mEq/L) 137 (1.4) 151.1 (2.5) 145 (6.2) NA (mEq/l) 136 (1.25) 150 (2.44) 142 (6.07)
K (mEq/L) 3.3 (0.5)a 2.7 (1.0)b 2.9 (0.8) K (mEq/l) 3.20 (0.49)an 2.20 (0.15)bn 2.71 (0.64)
CL (mEq/L) 101 (4)a 112 (3)c 106 (5.5) CL (mEq/l) 98.8 (2.31)as 111 (1.90)cn 104 (5.37)
a b an bn
CA (mg/dl) 9.5 (0.5) 10 (0.5) 9.9 (0.5) CA (mg/dl) 9.7 (0.24) 10.2 (0.25) 10 (0.47)
PHOS (mg/dl) 7.3 (0.6)a 5.6 (0.6)c 6.5 (1.0) PHOS (mg/dl) 7.2 (0.64)an 5.6 (0.50)cn 6.6 (0.85)
UREA (mg/dl) 1.0 (1.7)a 3.4 (2.2)c 2.4 (2.3) UREA (mg/dl) 1.2 (1.78)an 2.5 (2.07)an 1.9 (2.18)
a a an
CREAT (mg/dl) 0.4 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) CREAT (mg/dl) 0.3 (0.06) 0.4 (0.07)bn 0.4 (0.07)
UA (mg/dl) 0.6 (0.4)a 3.9 (1.2)c 2.3 (2.1) UA (mg/dl) 0.6 (0.4)an 3.4 (0.9)bn 1.9 (2.5)
CHOL (mg/dl) 119 (37.2)a 231 (48.9)c 165 (62.0) CHOL (mg/dl) 114 (30)an 251 (64)cn 164 (66.6)
GLU (mg/dl) 264 (32)a 290 (27)b 281 (30) GLUCOSE 266 (33)an 299 (22)bn 288 (31)
LDH (U/l) 131 (75) a
114 (55) a
138 (84) (mg/dl)

AST (U/l) 84-(17)a 127 (36)b 104 (31) LDH (U/l) 136 (69)an 97 (21)an 144 (98)
an
ALT (U/l) 3 (2) a
4 (2)a
3 (2) AST (U/l) 88 (19) 127 (18)bn 101 (24)

ALP (U/l) 1072 (346) a

786 (276) b
970 (397) ALT (U/l) 3 (2)an 4 (2)abn 4 (3)

GGT (U/l) 2.0 (1.0) a

1.2 (1.2) b
1.8 (1.2) ALP (U/l) 1225 (300)as 950 (315)cs 1200 (390)
CK (U/l) 596 (330)ab 442 (280)b 550 (312) GGT (U/l) 2.0 (0.9)an 0.9 (0.9)bn 1.7 (1.2)
an
TP (g/dl) 1.7 (0.3) a
3.0 (0.3) c
2.6 (0.6) CK (U/l) 498 (162) 330 (85)an 540 (267)
ALB (g/dl) 0.7 (0.2)a 1.4 (0.2)c 1.2 (0.3) TP (g/dl) 1.7 (0.2)an 2.9 (0.4)bn 2.5 (0.7)
an
GLOB (g/dl) 0.8 (0.4) a
1.5 (0.4) c
1.3 (0.6) ALB (g/dl) 0.7 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2)bn 1.2 (0.3)

A:G (ratio) 0.7 (0.4) a

0.9 (0.1) b
0.8 (0.3) GLOB (g/dl) 0.8 (0.3)an 1.4 (0.5)bn 1.3 (0.6)
PRE ALB (g/dl) 0.2 (0.1) a
0.5 (0.1) c
0.3 (0.1) A:G (ratio) 0.8 (0.1)an 0.9 (0.1)an 0.8 (0.2)

ALB (Elect) 1.0 (0.3) a

1.8 (0.3) c
1.5 (0.4) PRE ALB (g/dl) 0.2 (0.1)an 0.5 (0.1)cn 0.3 (0.1)
an bn
(g/dl) ALB (Elect) (g/dl) 1.0 (0.3) 1.8 (0.3) 1.5 (0.4)
ALPHA GLOB 0.2 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.1) ALPHA GLOB 0.2 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.1)
(g/dl) (g/dl)
BETA GLOB 0.3 (0.1)a 0.4 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.2) BETA GLOB 0.3 (0.1)a 0.4 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.2)
(g/dl) (g/dl)
GAMMA GLOB 0.2 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.2)a 0.3 (0.1) GAMMA GLOB 0.2 (0.1)a 0.3 (0.2)a 0.3 (0.1)
(g/dl) (g/dl)

a,b,c = Values for parameters are statistically different (P<0.05) when letters are a,b,c = Values for parameters are statistically different (P<0.05) when letters are
different. different.
Clubb SL, et al: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(3):159-160, 1991. s = Mean is statistically different (P<0.05) from the same parameter in all juvenile
macaws.
n = Mean is not statistically different (P<0.05) from the same parameter in all
juvenile macaws.
From Clubb SL: J Assoc Avian Vet 5(3):161, 1991.

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HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY VARIOUS SPECIES

VARIOUS SPECIES
The Determination of Several Enzymes of Blood Plasma in Different Bird Species

Species AST ALT LDH AP

Green-cheeked Amazon Parrot 107.96 ± 22.66 9.15 ± 2.34 266.54 ± 75.03 122.3 ± 51.68
Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot 130.48 ± 19.75 15.9 ± 4.3 244.42 ± 76.32 129.48 ± 24.48
African Grey Parrot 63.23 ± 14.46 9.77 ± 3.33 209.19 ± 33.66 47.6 ± 14.12
Budgerigar 101.89 ± 15.2 14.96 ± 4.48 104.7 ± 28.43 194.12 ± 62.92
Homing Pigeon (Male) 46.01 ± 10.94 18.12 ± 3.51 65.51 ± 27.92 196.48 ± 56.35
Homing Pigeon (Female) 33.29 ± 11.44 16.95 ± 2.37 105.3 ± 60.32 225.07 ± 98.96

Monotest Boeringer Mannheim, Temperature not specified. From Baron HW: Vet Diss, München, 1980.

Uric Acid Concentrations in Blood Plasma Normal Hematologic and Biochemical

Values in Toucans Cornelissen H.
Species Uric Acid in mmol/l
Parameter Value
Budgerigar 0.284 ± 0.056
RBC (103/mm3) 2.5-4.5
Blue-fronted Amazon Parrot 0.54 ± 0.057
WBC 103 /mm3) 4.0-10.0
Green-cheeked Amazon Parrot 0.280 ± 0.052
PCV (%) 45-60
African Grey Parrot 0.315 ± 0.088
Buffy Coat (%) 0-1
Pigeon 0.239 ± 0.029
Hets (%) 35-65
Eagle 0.514 ± 0.044
Lymphs (%) 25-50
Goshawk 0.498 ± 0.050
Basos (%) 0-5
Common Buzzard 0.526 ± 0.049
Eosins (%) 0-4
Urica-quant®, Boeringer Mannheim. From Baumann CR: Vet Diss, München, Thromb present
1980.
Calcium (mg/dl) 10-15
Glucose (mg/dl) 220-350
LDH (U/l) 200-400
Protein Electrophoresis in Raptors AST (U/l) 130-330

American Montagu’s TP (g/l) 30-50

Parameter Red Kite Barn Owl UA (mg/dl) 4-14
Kestrel Harrier
Albumin 1.6 ± 0.5 1.6 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.31 1.6 ± 0.6 Iron (µg/dl) <350
Alpha 1 0.26 ± 0.14 0.06 ± 0.06 0.50 ± 0.13 0.43 ± 0.24 TIBC (µg/dl) <550
Alpha 2 0.22 ± 0.12 0.06 ± 0.06
Beta 0.21 ± 0.16 0.33 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.06 0.18 ± 0.07
Gamma 0.43 ± 0.24 0.58 ± 0.12 0.29 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.06
A:G Ratio 1.50 ± 0.73 1.34 ± 0.29 1.95 ± 0.37 1.95 ± 0.38

Hernandez, M. Blood chemistry in raptors. Proc European Assoc Avian Vet

1991, 411-419.

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APPENDIX SECTION I

Reference Values from Various Species Blood Chemistry in Canary Finches

Cuban Blue & Parameter Mean Value SD P2.5-P97.5

Captive Quaker Hyacinth
Parameter Amazon Gold Ca (mg/dl) 7.99 1.84 5.1-13.4
Bald Eagle Parrots Macaw
Parrot Macaw
P (mg/dl) 3.28 1.21 1.6-5.6
AST (U/l) 101 ± 4.7 201 ± 79 197-297 87-160
Na (mmol/l) 139.2 8.18 125-154
ALT (U/l) 10.1 ± 1.5 0-21 99-263
Cl (mmol/l) 108.88 8.85 93-123
AP (U/l) 41 ± 21 219-823 162-580
K (mmol/l) 3.58 0.69 2.7-4.8
CK (U/l) 32.9 ± 1.9 217 ± 130 260-563
Gluc (mg/dl) 345.88 30.27 291-391
LDH (U/l) 120 ± 7.2 237 ± 155 183-664 62-89
Trig (mg/dl) 184.78 55.46 120-312
Cholinesterase 663 ± 32
Crea (mg/dl) 0.48 0.25 0.1-1
Creatinine 0.3-0.5 0.3-0.5
(mg/dl) NH3 (mmol/l) 221.18 110.42 87-467
ALT (U/l) 11.58 7.92 2-30
Uric acid 2.8 ± 1.5 4-10.1 3.4-10.4
(mg/dl) AST (U/l) 98.93 34.73 45-170
Cholesterol 139-202 88-109 LDH (U/l) 1582.63 325.72 1580-1816male
(mg/dl) 1300-1632female
Glucose 251 ± 43 286-332 255-324 AP (U/l) 265.05 79.62 146-397
(mg/dl) Chol (mg/dl) 165.45 44.52 110-286
TP (g/dl) 3.9 ± 0.7 3.8-5.0 3.3-5.6 2.7-3.6 Amyl (U/l) 481.78 141.84 277-787
Sodium 149 ± 7 138-153 144-152 CK (U/l) 302.1 106.94 177-556
(mEq/l)
TP (g/dl) 2.84 0.75 2.0-4.4
Potassium 2.7 ± 0.7 5.0-10.4 2.3-6.2
Uric (mg/dl) 8.93 3.31 4.3-14.8
(mEq/l)
Calcium 9 ± 0.7 8.8-12.3 Kodak Ektachem®-25°C. From Schöpf A, Vasicek L: Proc Europ Assoc
(mg/dl) Avian Vet, Vienna, 1991, pp 437-439.
Ionized 4.6-6.2
Calcium
(mg/dl)
Phosphor 2.0 ± 0.9 1.9-2.6
(mg/dl)
Iron (µg/dl) 79-135
BUN (mg/dl) 1.7 ± 2.0 1-5
Bilirubin 0.1-0.2
(mg/dl)

See references 12, 18, 23, 60, 67 from Chapter 11.

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HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY COLUMBIFORMES

COLUMBIFORMES

Plasma Chemistry Reference Values for Racing Pigeons Blood Cells of Domestic Pigeons

Parameter P2.5-P97.5 Type Cell Number

Sodium (mmol/l) 141-149 Erythrocytes (x 1012/l) 3.1-4.5
Potassium (mmol/l) 3.9-4.7 Leukocytes (x 109/l) 13.0-22.3 morning<evening
Calcium (mmol/l) 1.9-2.6 Heterophils (x 109/l) 4.3-6.2
Magnesium (mmol/l) 1.1-1.8 Eosinophils (x 109/l) 0.1-0.3
Inorganic phosphorus (mmol/l) 0.57-1.33 Basophils (x 109/l) 0.1-0.5
Chloride (mmol/l) 101-113 Lymphocytes (x 109/l) 10.9-12.2
Plasma iron (µmol/l) 11-33 Monocytes (x 109/l) 0.4-1.1
Iron binding capacity (µmol/l) 30-45 Thrombocytes (x 109/l) 7.0-27.0
Osmolality (mOsm/kg) 297-317 Hemoglobin (mmol/l) 8.1-9.9
Glucose (mmol/l) 12.9-20.5 Hematocrit (vol %) 42.5
Creatinine (µmol/l) 23-36
Urea (mmol/l) 0.4-0.7
Uric acid (µmol/l) 150-765
Urea:Uric acid (ratio) 1.8 ± 1.8 (mean ± sd)
CPK (U/l) 110-480
AP (U/l) 160-780
AST (U/l) 45-123
ALT (U/l) 19-48
GLDH (U/l) 0-1
LDH (U/l) 30-205
Bile acids (µmol/l) 22-60
GGT (U/l) 0-2.9
Total protein (g/l) 21-33
Albumin:Globulin (ratio) 1.5-3.6
Prealbumin (g/l) 1-4
Alpha globulin (g/l) 2-3
Beta globulin (g/l) 3-6
Gamma globulin (g/l) 1-3

Thyroxine before and 16 h after stimulation with 2 U/kg TSH, 6-35/100-300 nmol/l
Corticosterone before and 90 min after stimulation with 250 µg/kg ACTH,
0.2-1.24/2.22-11.2 µg/dl
Recommendations of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry, Enzymes 30°C.
From: Lumeij JT: PhD Thesis, Utrecht University, 1987.

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APPENDIX SECTION I

Plasma Enzyme Activities from Clinically Normal Domestic Pigeons Vogel C.

Breed LDH MDH AST ALT AP CPK

Racing Pigeon (Male)* 161.4 ± 6.6 85.7 ± 21.9 29.3 æ 9.4 5.8 ± 1.9 47.0 ± 36.3 27.8 ± 13.8
Racing Pigeon (Female)* 121.2 ± 36.2 67.4 ± 14.6 26.7 ± 8.3 5.7 ± 1.7 41.0 ± 13.8 19.1 ± 3.3
Cologne Tumbler (Male)* 142.9 ± 20.1 103.0 ± 0.1 26.4 ± 11.6 6.2 ± 1.5 43.0 ± 1.4 40.5 ± 7.1
Cologne Tumbler (Female)* 119.2 ± 12.2 100.2 ± 19.0 24.8 ± 4.3 5.9 ± 1.4 36.1 ± 0.1 30.9 ± 15.6
Modenas (Male)* 155.6 ± 29.4 83.6 ± 26.3 64.1 ± 15.4 36.1 ± 4.3 6.1 ± 1.4 41.9 ± 9.0
Modenas (Female)* 147.2 ± 49.0 35.6 ± 0.6 6.0 ± 2.8 40.0 ± 12.7
Lynx (Male)** 105.3 ± 60.3 105.6 ± 19.7 33.3 ± 11.4 16.9 ± 2.4 225.1 ± 99.0 24.4±3.9
Lynx (Female)** 65.3 ± 32.5 78.7 ± 9.6 46.1 ± 10.9 18.1 ± 3.5 196.5 ± 56.4 32.4±11.9

* mU/ml
** U/l

Blood Parameters for Non-domestic Pigeons Vogel C.

Parameter Rock Pigeon Eastern Turtle Dove

Erythrocytes (106/mm3) 3.7 3.0-4.1
PCV (%) 50.0
Hb (g %) 16.5 13.9
Leukocytes (mm3) 11.1
Heterophils (%) 39.0 17.9
Lymphocytes (%) 53.0 70.8
Monocytes (%) 5.0 4.9
Eosinophils (%) 1.0 2.6
Basophils (%) 2.0 3.8
Thrombocytes (mm3) 19.1

GALLIFORMES
Hematology of Selected Gallinaceous Birds, Differential Schales C., Schales K.

Species Heterophils (%) Lymphocytes (%) Monocytes (%) Basophils (%) Eosinophils (%)
Domestic Fowl 19.8-32.6 45.0-75.0 8.1-16.5 1.7-4.3 1.5-2.7
Domestic Turkey 43.4 50.6 1.9 3.2 0.9
Pheasant 48.0 34.0 8.0 10.0 1.0
Guineafowl 43.5 36.2 8.4 4.5 7.4
Common Quail 33.8-50.0 40.0-46.0 1.0-2.0 0.8-3.0 1.0-4.0
Japanese Quail 20.8-52.0 40.0-73.6 1.0-2.7 0.2-3.0 1.0-4.3

Note: In both, Curassows and Guans, hemolysis occurs in EDTA tubes. It is not known whether or not this in vitro hemolysis exists in other gallinaceous birds.
From: Gylstorff I: Handbuch der Geflügelphysiologie, 1983, pp 280-393; Wallach JD, Boever WJ: Diseases of Exoic Animals, 1983, pp 830-889.

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HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY GALLIFORMES

Hematology of Selected Gallinaceous Birds, Blood Parameters Schales C., Schales K.

Species RBC (106/ml) PCV (%) Hb (g %) MCV (µm3) WBC (103/ml)

Domestic Fowl 2.2-3.3 24-43 8.9-13.5 120-137 19.8-32.6
Domestic Turkey 2.3-2.8 36-41 10.3-15.2 129 23.5-26.8
Pheasant 2.2-3.6 28-42 8.0-18.9 104-150
Guineafowl 1.7-2.8 39-48 11.4-14.9 15.5
Peafowl 2.1 33-41 12.0
Common Partridge 1.8-3.3 28-34 7.4-11.8 117-155
Rock Partridge 2.6 37 11.1
Bobwhite Quail 3.4-5.4 38 11.6-15.8
Common Quail 3.8-5.4 40-53 12.9-15.8 16.2-24.0
Japanese Quail 3.3-4.1 37-46 10.7-15.8 19.7-25.0
Chachalaca 2.7 35-45

RBC = Red blood cells, PCV = Packed cell volume, hematocrit, Hb = Hemoglobin, MCV = Mean cell volume (erythrocytes), WBC = White blood cells
From Gylstorff I: Handbuch der Geflügelphysiologie, 1983, pp 280-393; Gylstorff I, Grimm F: Vogelkrankheiten, 1987; Vollmerhaus B, Sinowatz F: Anatomie der Vögel,
1992, pp 159-175.

Blood Chemistry of Selected Gallinaceous Birds

Total Protein Albumin Globulin Creatine Uric Acid Glucose Cholesterin Ca P Na K

Species
(g %) (g %) (g %) (mg %) (mg %) (mg %) (mg %) (mg %) (mg %) (mEq/l) (mEq/l)
Domestic Fowl 3.3-5.5 1.3-2.8 1.5-4.1 0.9-1.8 2.5-8.1 227-300 86-211 13.2-23.7 6.2-7.9 131-171 3.0-7.3
Domestic 4.9-7.6 3.0-5.9 1.7-1.9 0.8-0.9 3.4-5.2 275-425 81-129 11.7-38.7 5.4-7.1 149-155 6.0-6.4
Turkey
Pheasant 6.9 5.2 1.7 2.3-3.7 335-397 164-172
Guineafowl 3.5-4.4 2.9-5.1 149-157
Common Quail 3.4-3.6 180 1.4
Bobwhite Quail 14.1-15.4
Japanese Quail 1.2-1.9
Peafowl 1.8-3.7 273-357 154-162
Rock Partridge 2.5-4.2 270-312 145-163
Chachalaca 3.7-7.9 235-345 158-164

From Gylstorff I: Handbuch der Geflügelphysiologie, 1983, pp 280-393; Gylstorff I, Grimm F: Vogelkrankheiten, 1987; Vollmerhaus B, Sinowatz F: Anatomie der Vögel,
1992, pp 159-175.

Dimension of Erythrocytes in Galliformes

Long Diameter Short Diameter Thickness Sedimentation Rate of Erythrocytes of Selected Gallinaceous
Species Birds (mm) Tubes Slanted
(µm) (µm) (µm)
Domestic Fowl 10.7-13.0 6.5-7.9 2.4-3.8
Species 10 min 30 min 60 min 120 min
Domestic Turkey 15.0-15.5 7.0-7.5
Domestic Fowl 0.80-1.35 2.06-5.30 3.86-10.5 7.0-18.05
Pheasant 10.6-11.0 4.0-6.8
Pheasant 17.2 32.6
Guineafowl 12.0 6.0
Peafowl 12.5 7.0 Sturkie P: Avian Physiology, 1986, pp 102-121.
Common Quail 11.2 6.2
Rock Partridge 11.3 6.4

From: Gylstorff I: Handbuch der Geflügelphysiologie, 1983, pp 280-393; Sturkie

P: Avian Physiology, 1986, pp 102-121.

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APPENDIX SECTION I

ANSERIFORMES
All tables in this section compiled by Olsen J.

Leukocyte Percentages in Adult Mallards during Different Reproductive States (Mean ± SD)*

Reproductive
Lymphoctyes Heterophils Basophils Monocytes Eosinophils
State
Females
PE 60 ± 1.4 35 ± 1.5 2.2 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.15
EL 58 ± 3.0 37 ± 3.0 3.2 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.30
INC 62 ± 1.5 33 ± 1.7 3.0 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 0.2 0.2 ± 0.07
MOLT 68 ± 2.1 28 ± 2.4 2.1 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.08
PR 57 ± 1.6 37 ± 1.4 3.2 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.06
Males
PE 58 ± 1.8 36 ± 1.9 3.4 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.18
EL 59 ± 3.0 36 ± 3.1 2.6 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.18
INC 66 ± 1.4 29 ± 1.4 2.2 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.17
MOLT 67 ± 1.9 27 ± 2.0 2.9 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.10
PR 54 ± 1.6 38 ± 1.5 3.6 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.3 0.4 ± 0.10

* PE (Pre-egg laying); EL (Laying); INC (Incubating); MOLT (Molting); PR (Postreproductive). Males were classified in the same reproductive state as the female with
whom they were paired until they began the post-reproductive molt.
Modified from: Fairbrother A, O’Loughlin D: J Wildl Dis 26(1):78-82, 1990.

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1343
HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY ANSERIFORMES

Hematology of Selected Anseriformes (Mean±SD)

Species RBC PCV (%) Hg (g/dl) MCV (µ3) MCH (µg) MCHC (%) RBC size WBC Heterophil Lymph Monocytes Basophil Eosinophil
(106/mm3) (µ) (103/mm3) x103/mm3 x103/mm3 x103/mm3 x103/mm3 x10 3/mm3
American 2.78 ± 0.22 40.24 ± 4.21 12.96 ± 1.36 144.68 ± 46.60 ± 3.00 32.23 ± 1.16 19.70 ± 6.60 4.86 ± 1.37 13.03 ± 1.53 1.46 ± 0.99 0.16 ± 0.15 0.22 ± 0.16
Black Duck 9.96

Wood Duck 2.79 ± 0.28 45.54 ± 3.41 14.95 ± 1.22 164.24 ± 54.08 ± 6.74 32.99 ± 3.7 23.58 ± 5.72 8.45± 2.59 13.28 ± 1.77 1.05 ± 0.68 0.41 ± 0.23 0.51 ± 0.06
14.43
Canvas-back* 2.5-2.6 51.4-53.0 6.6x12.7
2.61-3.51 46.3-60.4 13.8-18.1 165-209 47-63 28-31
2.61 ± 0.4 47.0 ± 6.2 15.2 ± 2.0
Red Head 2.78 ± 0.3 44.0 ± 7.1 13.5 ±1.8

Lesser Scaup* 2.4-2.5 56.5 -58.0 7.5x13.0

2.45 ± 0.13 57.1 ± 3.1
2.84 47.0 16.0

Greater Scaup 2.27 ± 0.7 43.0 ± 1.4 15.9 ± 2.0

Ring-necked 2.50 49.1

Duck* 2.54 47.0 14.3

Bufflehead* 2.6-2.7 53.9-54.7

2.64 54.3
Ruddy Duck 2.30 ± 0.3 43.0 ± 3.4 14.6 ± 1.7

Canada Goose* 1.6-2.6 38-58 145-174 28-29 6.9x13.2 13.0-18.5 23.0-42.8 47.8 5.1 2.4 1.9
2.15-2.82 41.7-56 12.7-19.1 168.1-229.5 53.7-70 27.6-34.7
Aleutian Can- 2.6±0.4 42±3 (M)13.48±2.01 (M)32±5.4 (M)5.2±0.8
ada Goose** (F)12.8±1.81 (F)30.6±3.9 (F)4.6±0.7

Snow Goose
white phase 2.24 45.7 14.5
2.25 46 14.0 20.1±4.71 7 12.3 0.2 0.1 0.5
blue phase
Nene Goose** 2.6±0.2 46±2 (M)15.25±0.74 (M)32.5±2.7 (M)5.6±0.3
(F)15.72±0.60 (F)34.7±1.7 (F)6.3±0.5
Embden 2.6±0.3 38±3 (M)12.30±2.23 (M)32.2±6.4 (M)5.0±0.9
Goose** (F)10.49±1.22 (F)29.0±2.9 (F)4.2±0.7

Tule White- 2.9±0.2 43±2 (M)14.76±1.54 (M) 34.6±1.2 (M)4.9±0.4

fronted Goose** (F)15.43±0.76 (F) 35.6±0.6 (F)5.6±0.4

Trumpeter 41.6±2.6 32.6-36.4

Swan

* Variations in reference values have resulted from different studies. See Chapter 46, Anseriformes.61,62,78,79,100,113
**(M) male, (F) female.

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1344
APPENDIX SECTION I

Serum Chemistry Values of Selected Anseriformes (Mean ± SD)

Aleutian Tule White-

American Canada Nene Embden Canvas- Lesser Ringneck Trumpeter
Canada fronted Bufflehead
Black Duck Goose* Goose** Goose** back Scaup Duck Swan
Goose** Goose**
Total Protein 4.32±0.42 5.36±0.27 4.80±0.7 4.4±0.4 4.4±0.7 4.4±1.0 3.6-6.8 4.2-4.5 3.2-4.0 3.6-4.1 4.5±0.49
(g/dl) 4.26±0.13 4.2-4.6

Albumin (g/dl) 3.10±0.36 2.18±0.13 2.1±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.5±0.2 2.08 1.89 1.68 1.72
3.04±0.30 1.53±0.05 2.0±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.9±0.7
Globulin (g/dl) 1.21±0.52 2.8±0.6 2.7±0.3 2.6±0.5

A/G ratio 2.71±0.77 0.76±0.13 0.64±0.08 0.71±0.09

Glucose (mg/dl) 175.83±26.5 219.5±12.39 210±31 221±28 185±10 230±31 180-549

320.33±28.4 236±41 249±30 192±12 215±43
Calcium (mg/dl) 9.22±0.27 10.2±0.7 10.1±0.6 10.0±0.6 10.1±0.6
10.57±0.69 10.4±0.5 10.3±0.4 10.5±0.5 10.8±1.8
Phosphorus 3.23±1.15 2.8±0.9 3.6±0.6 2.4±0.7 3.3±1.3
(mg/dl) 2.9±0.6 3.4±0.8 2.4±0.7 3.5±0.7

Sodium (mEq/l) 142±4 146±5 146±3 140

Chloride (mEq/l) 105±4 112±23 99±4 101

Potassium 3.4±0.6 3.3±0.6 2.5±0.4 3.1

(mEq/l)
Uric acid (mg/dl) 6.05±0.59 8.3±2.3 10.8±1.0 8.0±1.6 7.5±1.9
5.75±0.39
Creatinine 0.8±0.3 0.9±0.2 0.8±0.2 0.8
(mg/dl)
Blood urea 1.49±0.36 3±2 3±1 2±1 4±1
nitrogen (mg/dl)
AAT 55.9±29.7 75±19 98±18 45±17 106±62
(U/l) 18.6±8.2

ALP 20.9±11.7 72±43 78±44 33±8 33±14

(U/l) 131.8±36.7

LDH 312.8±83.5 301±80 361±196 256±68 659±319

(U/l) 244.7±81.8

GGT 2±3 1±1 2±2 1

(U/l)
SGPT 43±11 50±9 37±7
(U/l)
SGOT 75±17 104±15 40±13 125±82
(U/l) 76±21 89±19 49±18 91±39

Amylase (U/l) 570±184 454±201 824±32 653

Total Bilirubin 0.20±0.07 0.51±0.30 0.12±0.04 0.19±0.14

(mg/dl)
Iron µg/dl 234±72 276±90 261

Total lipids (g/dl) 1.43±0.18 1.38±0.67 1.69±0.64 1.45±0.48

Triglyceride 258±60.83 151±28 215±51 163±42

(mg/dl) 145.2±25.37

Total cholesterol 239.25±9.91 172±28 134±14 230±33 123±24 260 - 366

307±30.9 172±29 130±10 233±23 162±94

* Line 1 = spring; Line 2 = fall

**Line 1 = male; Line 2 = female
Modified from references: 15,27,32,61,75,79,111

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1345
HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY ANSERIFORMES

Serum Chemistry and Enzyme Values, Non-reproductive Adult Mallards

Male Female
Assay
Mean SD Mean SD
TPR (g/dl) 3.8 0.7 4.2 0.5
ALB (g/dl) 1.5 0.4 1.7 0.2
GLU (mg/dl) 185.0 47.0 215.0 34.0
AMY (U/l) 2631.0 630.0 2766.0 684.0
CHE (U/l) 794.0 249.0 812.0 197.0
ALT (U/l) 26.3 8.0 29.9 9.9
AST (U/l) 16.2 4.3 15.8 4.7
GGT (U/l) 7.7 4.2 8.0 4.8
ALP (U/l) 26.3 8.0 44.2 22.7
LDH (U/l) 199.0 83.0 147.0 80.0
CA (mg/dl) 9.4 1.9 9.8 1.1
MG (mEq/l) 1.8 0.4 1.8 0.3
PHOS (mg/dl) 2.9 1.0 3.0 1.0
UA (mg/dl) 4.0 1.3 4.5 1.8
CRN (mg/dl) 0.25 0.08 0.28 0.07
BITO (mg/dl) 0.16 0.05 0.16 0.04
BIDI (mg/dl) 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.01

Modified from: Fairbrother A: J Wildl Dis 26(1):67-77, 1990.

Abbreviations for Anseriforme Appendix Table

TPR (total protein), ALB (albumin), GLU (glucose), AMY (amylase), CHE (cholinesterase),
ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phos-
phatase), LDL (lactic dehydrogenase), CA (calcium), MG (magnesium), PHOS (phospho-
rus), UA (uric acid), CRN (creatinine), BITO (total bilirubin), BIDI (direct bilirubin).

Serum Chemistry and Enzyme Values for Adult Female Mallards of Differing Reproductive States

Pre-egg laying Egg laying Incubating Molt

Assay
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
TPR (g/dl) 5.6 2.9 6.3 1.2 4.4 0.6 4.5 1.2
ALB (g/dl) 2.0 0.3 2.3 0.2 1.6 0.2 1.7 0.2
GLU (mg/dl) 238.0 21.0 258.0 51.0 211.0 53.0 199.0 30.0
AMY (U/l) 3058.0 527.0 3821.0 741.0 2700.0 626.0 2346.0 1012.0
CHE (U/l) 1337.0 280.0 1563.0 592.0 1002.0 266.0 894.0 219.0
ALT (U/l) 31.0 10.3 34.2 19.4 30.6 13.1 41.1 17.1
AST (U/l) 18.0 3.4 23.7 6.7 22.1 7.4 22.6 12.6
GGT (U/l) 19.8 19.8 199.6 283.0 7.5 4.7 20.8 36.9
ALP (U/l) 63.6 56.8 124.9 56.7 34.3 15.8 36.0 18.1
LDH (U/l) 165.0 50.0 177.0 57.0 215.0 107.0 268.0 2.2
CA (mg/dl) 14.0 4.1 21.9 5.6 10.3 2.0 10.6 4.2
MG (mEq/l) 2.3 0.5 3.6 0.8 1.6 0.3 1.6 0.5
PHOS (mg/dl) 4.6 1.7 8.1 2.4 3.7 1.0 4.1 2.2
UA (mg/dl) 5.2 1.1 9.1 5.1 5.5 1.7 4.9 1.7
CRN (mg/dl) 0.34 0.06 0.33 0.15 0.42 0.15 0.33 0.08
BITO (mg/dl) 0.23 0.08 0.43 0.28 0.20 0.11 0.21 0.05
BIDI (mg/dl) 0.07 0.04 0.15 0.22 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.01

Modifed from: Fairbrother A, O’Loughlin D: J Wildl Dis 26(1):78-82, 1990.

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1346
APPENDIX SECTION I

Serum Chemistry and Enzyme Values for Adult Male Mallards of Differing Reproductive States

Pre-egg laying Egg laying Incubating Molt

Assay
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
TPR (g/dl) 4.6 0.6 4.5 0.8 4.2 0.5 3.9 0.8
ALB (g/dl) 1.8 0.2 1.6 0.2 1.7 0.3 1.5 0.3
GLU (mg/dl) 234.0 33.0 233.0 32.0 199.0 26.0 185.0 29.0
AMY (U/l) 3123.0 583.0 2869.0 614.0 3203.0 785.0 2991.0 748.0
CHE (U/l) 1326.0 344.0 1380.0 399.0 984.0 470.0 983.0 452.0
ALT (U/l) 34.6 9.4 35.8 13.1 27.6 12.1 28.4 19.2
AST (U/l) 17.3 4.0 20.5 8.0 20.8 15.7 18.1 8.1
GGT (U/l) 8.5 7.6 10.6 12.6 9.3 6.0 16.5 36.0
ALP (U/l) 40.2 25.3 44.1 44.8 38.4 48.0 35.3 44.2
LDH (U/l) 168.0 66.0 219.0 107.0 263.0 203.0 202.0 152.0
CA (mg/dl) 10.9 1.0 11.0 1.9 9.9 1.0 9.3 2.2
MG (mEq/l) 2.0 0.2 2.0 0.4 1.8 0.4 1.8 0.9
PHOS (mg/dl) 3.7 0.9 3.6 0.9 2.8 0.5 3.1 1.4
UA (mg/dl) 5.2 1.2 5.2 1.5 5.7 1.9 4.7 2.3
CRN (mg/dl) 0.35 0.08 0.36 0.10 0.34 0.12 0.30 0.12
BITO (mg/dl) 0.22 0.09 0.20 0.09 0.18 0.04 0.20 0.08
BIDI (mg/dl) 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.05

Modified from: Fairbrother A: J Wildl Dis 26(1):67-77, 1990.

Serum Chemistry and Enzyme Values for Juvenile Mallards

Age 5 days Age 18 days Age 42 days Age 58 days

Assay
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
TPR (g/dl) 3.4 0.6 4.3 1.3 4.0 0.8 3.2 1.0
ALB (g/dl) 1.4 0.2 1.5 0.3 1.6 0.4 1.4 0.4
GLU (mg/dl) 239.0 54.0 215.0 93.0 189.0 27.0 186.0 45.0
AMY (U/L) 3230.0 760.0 3984.0 1297.0 3005.0 302.0 2395.0 699.0
CHE (U/L) 1423.0 696.0 984.0 559.0 827.0 253.0 818.0 248.0
ALT (U/L) 21.3 9.1 30.5 10.5 26.1 7.0 23.9 7.1
AST (U/L) 22.3 7.4 88.5 54.1 9.4 5.1 17.4 5.7
GGT (U/L) 1.2 2.8 4.6 3.6 5.3 5.7 6.1 3.6
ALP (U/L) 411.0 89.0 386.0 194.0 217.0 32.0 185.0 47.0
LD-L (U/L) 425.0 153.0 629.0 251.0 169.0 70.0 233.0 83.0
CA (mg/dl) 13.0 10.3 9.6 1.7 10.9 1.6 8.4 1.8
MG (mEq/L) 2.8 0.8 1.8 0.7 2.0 0.2 1.6 0.5
PHOS (mg/dl) 7.9 2.8 7.6 1.3 6.2 1.3 5.0 1.7
UA (mg/dl) 12.2 5.4 10.9 3.8 4.0 0.7 4.0 1.8
CRN (mg/dl) 0.47 0.42 0.55 0.65 0.28 0.10 0.21 0.11
BITO (mg/dl) 0.40 0.11 0.43 0.31 0.20 0.0 0.17 0.05
BIDI (mg/dl) 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.02

Modified from: Fairbrother A: J Wildl Dis 26(1):67-77, 1990.

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HEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY RATITES

RATITES
Hematological and Biochemical Values for Ratites Stewart J.

Ostrich Emu Cassowary

Parameter
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
WBC (x 103/µl) 5.5 1.9 18.0 4.5
Heterophils (%) 62.6 7.6 77.7 25.8
Lymphocytes 34.1 7.0 19.7 10.4
(%)
Monocytes (%) 2.8 1.3 2.4 2.4
Eosinophils 0.3 0.5
(%)
Basophils (%) 0.2 0.5
PCV (%) 32.0 3.0 50.8 3.7
RBC (x 106/µl) 1.7 0.4 2.1 0.3
Hb (g/dl) 12.2 2.0 14.5 0.5
MCV (fl) 174.0 42.0 245.0 41.0
MCHC (g/dl) 33.0 5.0 28.5 1.6
MCH (pg) 61.0 16.0 70.0 11.5
Total protein 3.7 0.7 4.2 0.5 6.1 0.5
(g/dl)
Osmolality 286.0 49.0
(mOsm/kg)
Glucose 250.0 70.0 158.0 22.0 208.0 47.4
(mg/dl)
Triglycerides 90.0 45.0 325.0 591.0 180.0 72.0
(mg/dl)
Cholesterol 97.0 45.0 104.0 31.0 80.0 16.0
(mg/dl)
BUN (mg/dl) 2.4 0.6 2.5 0.9 9.3 0.6
Uric acid 8.2 2.7 4.7 2.0 6.0 0.6
(mg/dl)
Calcium 9.2 2.4 10.5 1.3 11.4 0.2
(mg/dl)
Phosphorus 4.8 1.2 5.4 1.0 5.0 0.1
(mg/dl)
Sodium 147.0 34.0 149.0 2.1
(mEq/l)
Potassium 3.0 0.8 4.1 1.0
(mEq/l)
Chloride 100.0 16.0 108.0 0.0
(mEq/l)
Magnesium 2.2 0.8 2.3 0.3
(mEq/l)
ALP (U/l) 575.0 248.0 84.0 44.0
ALT (U/l) 2.0 1.7 15.4 4.3 80.0 21.0
AST (U/l) 131.0 31.0 104.0 24.0 698.0 532.0
GGT (U/l) 1.5 2.9 4.4 3.4
LDH (U/l) 1565.0 660.0 240.0 91.0 1060.0 516.0
CK (U/l) 688.0 208.0 264.0 170.0

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II

Class Aves:
A List of Orders, Common and Scientific Names

APTERYGIFORMES Black-winged Lovebird Agapornis taranta Australian King Parrot Alisterus Fig parrots
Kiwi Apteryx sp. Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis fischeri scapularis Desmarest’s Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris
Grey-headed Lovebird Agapornis canus Barraband’s Parrot Gypopsitta desmarestii
STRUTHIONIFORMES Lilian’s (Nyassa) Lovebird Agapornis barrabandi Double-eyed Fig Parrot Opopsitta
Cassowary Casuarius spp. lilianae Black Parrot Coracopsis nigra diophthalma
Emu Dromiceius novaehollandiae Masked Lovebird Agapornis personatus Blue-bonnet Psephotus haematogaster Edward’s Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris
Greater Rhea Rhea americana Red-faced Lovebird Agapornis pullarius Blue-winged Parrot Neophema edwardsii
Lesser Rhea Pterocnemia pennata Rosy-faced Lovebird Agapornis chrysostoma Salvadori’s Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris
Ostrich Struthio camelus roseicollis Bourke’s Parrot Neopsephotus bourkii salvadorii
Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus
TINAMINIFORMES Macaws Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius Pionus parrots
Tinamou Eudromia spp. Blue and Yellow (Gold) Macaw Ara Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstuus
Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus
Bustard (Houbara) Chlamydotis ararauna Bronze-winged Parrot Pionus
Elegant Parrot Neophema elegans
undulata Buffon’s Macaw Ara ambigua Golden-shouldered Parrot Psephotus chalcopterus
Green-winged Macaw Ara chloroptera Dusky Parrot Pionus fuscus
GRUIFORMES Hyacinth Macaw Anodrohynchus
chrysopterygius
Blue Crane Tetrapteryx paradisea Great-billed Parrot Tanygnathus Plum-crowned Parrot Pionus
hyacinthinus megalorhynchos tumultuosus
Brolga Grus rubicunda
Illiger’s Macaw Ara maracana Green Rosella Platycercus caledonicus Red-billed Parrot Pionus sordidus
Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina
Military Macaw Ara militaris Green-winged King Parrot Alisterus Scaly-headed Parrot Pionus
Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo
Red-shouldered Macaw Diopsittaca chloropterus maximiliani
Hooded Crane Grus monacha
noblis Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus White-capped Parrot Pionus senilis
Manchurian Crane Grus japonensis
Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Hawk-headed Parrot Deroptyus White-headed Parrot Pionus seniloides
Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis
Yellow-collared Macaw Ara auricollis accipitrinus
Sarus Crane Grus antigone Poicephalus parrots
White-naped Crane Grus vipio Conures Kakapo Strigops habroptilus
Brown-headed Parrot Poicephalus
Australian Conure Enicognathus Mulga Parrot Psephotus varius
RALLIFORMES Night Parrot Geopsittacus occidentalis
cryptoxanthus
ferrugineus Cape Parrot Poicephalus robustus
Coot (European) Fulica atra Northern Rosella Platycercus venustus
Blue-crowned Conure Thectocercus Jardine’s Parrot Poicephalus guilielmi
Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema
CHARADRIIFORMES acuticaudatus
chrysogaster Meyer’s Parrot Poicephalus meyeri
Sanderling (eroliinae) Crocetha ulba Brown-throated Conure Eupsittula Niamnian Parrot Poicephalus crassus
pertinax Paradise Parrot Psephotus pulcherrimus
Turnstone Arenaria interpres Red-bellied Parrot Poicephalus
Cactus Conure Eupsittula cactorum Pennant’s Rosella Platycercus elegans
rufiventris
LARIFORMES Dusky-headed Conure Eupsittula Pileated Parrot Pionopsitta pileata
Ruppell’s Parrot Poicephalus rueppellii
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus weddellii Princess Parrot Spacthopterus
Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus
ridibundus Finsch’s Conure Psittacara finschi alexandrae
Yellow-faced Parrot Poicephalus flavifrons
Herring Gull Larus argentatus Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Red-capped Parrot Purpureicephalus spurius
Kittiwake (Black -legged) Rissa tridactyla Green-cheeked Conure Pyrrhura Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus Lories
molinae haematonotus Black-capped Lory Lorius lory
ALCIFORMES Green Conure Psittacara holochlora Red-winged Parrot Aprosmictus Black Lory Chalcopsitta atra
Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle erythropterus Blue-streaked Lory Eos reticulata
Maroon-bellied Conure Pyrrhura
Regent Parrot Spathopterus Cardinal-Lory Chalcopsitta cardinalis
SPHENISCIFORMES frontalis
anthopeplus
Fairy Blue (Little) Penguins Eudyptula minor Mitred Conure Psittacara mitrata Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus
Nanday Conure Nandayus nenday Ringneck Parrot Barnardius zonarius Dusky Lory Pseudeos fuscata
Humboldt penguin Spheniscus
Painted Conure Pyrrhura picta Scarlet-chested Parrot Neophema Duyvenbode’s Lory Chalcopsitta duivenbodei
humboldti
Patagonian Conure Cyanoliseus splendida Ornate Lory Trichoglossus ornatus
Jackass Penguin Spheniscus demersus
patagonus Short-tailed Parrot Graydidascalus Purple-bellied Lory Lorius
PELECANIFORMES Peach-fronted Conure Eupsittula aurea brachyurus hypoinochrous
Brandt’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax Pearly Conure Pyrrhura perlata Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Purple-naped Lory Lorius domicella
penicillatus Slender-billed Conure Enicognathus Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta Rainbow-Lory Trichoglossus
White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus leptorhynchus pachyrhyncha haematodus
Sun Conure Aratinga solstitialis Timor Red-winged Parrot Aprosmictus Red Lory Eos bornea
COLUMBIFORMES White-eyed Conure Psittacara jonquillaceus Violet-necked Lory Eos squamata
Turquoise-Parrot Neophema pulchella
Pigeons leucophthalma
Vasa Parrot Coracopsis vasa greater
Yellow-streaked Lory Chalcopsitta
Crowned (Blue) Pigeon Goura cristata sintillata
Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica
Parakeets Western Rosella Platycercus icterotis
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula Lorikeets
Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphabs noblis
eupatria Amazon parrots Goldie’s Lorikeet Psitteuteles goldiei
Rock-Pigeon (Racing, King) Columba livia Blue-fronted Amazon Amazona aestiva Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla
Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula
Tooth-billed Pigeon Didunculus Cuban Amazon Amazona leucocephala Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus
roseata Biswas
strigirostris Festive Amazon Amazona festiva chlorolepidotus
Blyth’s Parakeet Psittacula caniceps
Wood-Pigeon Palumbus palumbus Green-cheeked Amazon Amazona Varied Lorikeet Psitteuteles versicolor
Derbyan Parakeet Psittacula derbiana
viridigenalis
Doves Grey-cheeked Parakeet Brotogeris
Hispaniolan Amazon Amazona ventralis Cockatoos
African Collared Dove Streptopelia pyrrhoptera
Lilac-crowned Amazon Amazona finschi Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus
roseogrisea Monk (Quaker) Parakeet Myiopsitta
Mealy Amazon Amazona farinosa Blue-eyed Cockatoo Cacatua
Collard (African) Dove Streptopelia monachus
Moustached Parakeet Psittacula Orange-winged Amazon Amazona ophthalmica
roseogrisea Ducorps’s Cockatoo Cacatua ducorps
alexandria amazonica
Emerald Dove Chalcophabs indica Galah Eolophus roseicapillus
Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris Puerto Rican Amazon Amazona vittata
Galapagos Dove Nesopelia galapagoensis Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon
jugularis Red-spectacled Amazon Amazona pretrei
Luzon Bleeding-heart Galliculomba fimbriatum
Red-fronted (Kakariki) Parakeet Red-lored Amazon Amazona autumnalis
luzonica Glossy Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Tucuman Amazon Amazona tucumana
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura Goffin’s Cockatoo Cacatua goffini
Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Vinaceous Amazon Amazona vinacea
Zenaidura Lesser Sulfur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua
Yellow-fronted (Kakariki) Parakeet White-fronted Amazon Amazona
Namaqua Dove Oena capensis sulphurea
Plain-breasted Ground Dove Cyanoramphus auriceps albifrons
Black-headed Caique Pionites Yellow-lored Amazon Amazona Little (Slender-bill) Corella Cacatua
Columbigallina minuta sanguinea
Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur melanocephalus xantholora
White-bellied Caique Pionites Yellow-crowned Amazon Amazona Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris
PSITTACIFORMES leucogaster ochrocephala Mitchell’s Cockatoo Cacatua leadbeateri
Yellow-billed (Jamacian) Amazon Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus
Lovebirds Parrots Amazona collaria Red-vented Cockatoo Cacatua
Black-cheeked Lovebird Agapornis African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus Yellow-shouldered Amazon Amazona haematuropygia
nigrigenis Amboina King Parrot Alisterus barbadenis Red-tailed Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus
Black-collared Lovebird Agapornis amboinensis Yellow-faced Amazon Amazona xanthops magnificus
swindernianus

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CLASS AVES: A LIST OF ORDERS, COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Salmon-crested Moluccan Cockatoo Kelp (Patagonian) (Lesser) Goose Crested (Patagonian) Duck Lophonetta Tribe Oxyurini (Stiff-Tailed Ducks)
Cacatua moluccensis Chloephaga hybrida specularioides Black-headed Duck Heteronetta
Sulfur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita Magellan (Lesser) (Upland) Goose Falkland Flightless Steamer-Duck atricapilla
White Umbrella Cockatoo Cacatua alba Chloephaga picta Tachyeres brachypterus Blue-billed (Australian) Duck Oxyura
Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus Orinoco Goose Neochen jubatus Flying Steamer Duck Tachyeres australis
Kaka Nestor meridionalis Paradise (New Zealand) Shelduck patachonicus Lake (Argentine) (Ruddy) (Blue-billed)
Kea Nestor notabilis Casarca variegata Grey Duck (New Zealand) Anas Duck Oxyura vittata
Radjah Shelduck (Moluccan) superciliosa Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa
ANSERIFORMES (Black-Backed) Radjah radjah Hawaiian Duck (Koloa) Anas wyvilliana Masked Duck Oxyura dominica
Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga Laysan Teal Anas laysanenis
Subfamily Anseranatinae Musk Duck Biziura lobata
rubidiceps Magellanic Flightless Steamer-Duck Ruddy Duck (North American) Oxyura
Tribe Anseranatini Ruddy Shelduck Casarca ferrugina Tachyeres pteneres jamaicensis
Cuban (Black-billed) Whistling (tree) South African (Cape) Shelduck Casarca Mallard (Northern) (Domestic) Duck White headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala
Duck Dendrocygna arborea cana (Anas platyrhynchos)
Eyton’s (Plumed) (Grass) Whistling Duck Spur-winged (Gambian) Goose Marbled Teal Marmaronetta RAPTORS
Dendrocygna eytoni Plectropterus gambensis angustirostris American Kestrel (Sparrow Hawk)
Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna Meller’s Duck Anas melleri Tinnunculus sparverius
bicolor Tribe Cairinini (Perching Ducks) Philippine Duck Anas luzonica Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Javan (Lesser) Whistling Duck African (South) Black Duck Melananas Pink-eared (Zebra) Duck Barn Owl Tyto alba
Dendrocygna javanica sparsa Malacorhynchus membranaceus Common (European) (Rock) Kestrel
Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata African Pygmy Goose Nettapus auritus Salvadori’s Duck Salvadorina Tinnunculus tinnunculus
Northern Black-bellied (Red-billed) American (Baldpate) Wigeon Mareca waigiuensis Common Buzzard Buteo buteo
Whistling Duck Dendrocygna americana Spot-billed (Indian) Duck Anas Eagle Owl Bubo bubo
autumnalis Australian Shoveler Spatula rhynochotis poecilorhyncha Eastern Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura
Spotted Whistling Duck Dendrocygna Australian Wood Duck (Maned Goose) European Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus
Torrent (Chilean) Duck Merganetta
guttata Chenonetta jubata armata Forest Eagle Owl Bubo nipalensis
Wandering (East Indian) Whistling Duck Bahama (Lesser) (Northern
Yellow-billed (South African) Duck Anas Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
Dendrocygna arcuata White-Cheeked) Pintail Paecilonetta
undulata Goshawk Accipiter gentilis
White-Backed(African) Whistling Duck bahamensis Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
Thalassornis Baikal Teal Nettion formosum Tribe Aythya (Pochards) Grey Eagle Buzzard Geranoaetus
White-faced Whistling Duck Blue-winged (Prairie) Teal Spatula Australasian (White-Eye) (Hardhead) melanoleucus
Dendrocygna viduata discors Pochard Aythya australis Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus
Brazilian (Lesser) Teal Amazonetta Baer’s Pochard (Siberian White-Eye)
Leuconotus Little Owl Athene noctua
brasiliensis Aythya baeri
Long-eared Owl Asio otus
Brown (Chillian) Pintail Dafila georgica Canvasback Aythya valisineria
Tribe Anserini Brown (New Zealand) Teal Nettion Common (Ferruginous)( White-Eyed)
Merlin (Pigeon) Hawk Aesalon
(Swans and True Geese) columbarius
aucklandicum Pochard Aythya nyroca
Bar-headed Goose Eulabeia indica Peregrine Falcon Hierofalco peregrinus
Cape (South African) Shoveler Spatula European (Eurasian) Pochard Aythya
Barnacle Goose Branta leucopis Prairie Falcon Hierofalco mexicanus
capensis ferina
Bewick’s Swan Olor bewickii Red Kite Milvus milvus
Cape Teal Nettion capense Greater (European) Scaup Aythya marila
Black-necked Swan Sthenelides Red-necked Falcon Chiquera chiquera
Chestnut Teal Nettion castaneum Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis
melancoryphus Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus
Chiloe Wigeon Mareca sibilatrix Madagascan (White-Eye) Pochard Aythya
Black Swan Chenopis atrata Saker Falcon Hierofalco cherrug
Cinnamon (Northern) Teal Spatula innotata
Brent (Russian) (Dark-Bellied) Brant Screech Owl Megascops asio
cyanoptera New Zealand Scaup (Black Teal) Aythya
bernicla Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus
Common (European Green-Winged) Teal novaeseelandiae
Canada (Atlantic) Goose Branta Snowy Owl Nyctea scandiaca
Nettion crecca Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa
South American Black-collared Hawk
canadensis Common (Northern ) Shoveler Spatula caryophyllace
Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba (Fishing Buzzard) Busarellus
clypeata Red-Crested Pochard Netta rufina
Emperor Goose Philacte canagica nigricollis
Common (Northern) Pintail Dafila acuta Redhead Duck Aythya americana
Freckled (Monkey) Duck Stictonetta Striped Owl Asio clamator
Cotton (Indian) Pygmy Goose (Cotton Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris
naevosa Tengmalm’s Owl Aegolius funereus
Teal) Nettapus coromandelianus Rosy-bill (Rosybilled) Pochard Metopiana
Graylag (Domestic) Goose (Western) Ural Owl Strix uralensis
(albipennis) peposaca
Anser anser European (Eurasian) Wigeon Mareca Southern (South American) Pochard CICONIIFORMES
Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser penelope Phaeoaythia erythrophtalma Black Stork Ciconia nigra
erythropus Falcated Duck Eunetta falcata Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
Mute Swan Cygnus olor Gadwall (Gray Duck) Chaulelasmus Greater Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos
Nene (Hawaiian) Goose Branta streperus Tribe Somteria (Eiders) dubius
sandvicensis Garganey Querquedula querquedula Common (European) Eider Somateria
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
Pink-footed Goose Ansewr Green Pygmy Goose Nettapus pulchellus mollissima
Hermit Ibis Geronticus eremita
brachyrhynchus Grey Teal (East Indian) Nettion King Eider Somateria spectabilis
Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus
Red-breasted Goose Rufibrenta ruficollis gibberifrons Spectacled (Fischer’s) Eider Somateria
Night Heron (Black-Crowned) Nycticorax
Ross’s Goose Chen rossii Hartlaub’s Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii fischeri
nicticorax
Snow (Lesser) (Blue) Goose Chen Hottentot Teal Punanetta hottentota Steller’s Eider Polysticta stelleri
Striated Heron Butorides striatus
caerulescens Knob-billed (Old World Comb) Duck
Swan Goose Anser cynoides
Tribe Merginia (Sea Ducks) White Stork Ciconia ciconia
Sarkidiornis melanotos Auckland Island Merganser Mergus Yellow-crowned Night Heron Nyctanassa
Trumpeter Swan Olor buccinator Madagascan (Bernier’s) Teal Nettion violacea
australis
Western (Yellow-billed) Bean Goose Anser bernieri Barrow’s Goldeneye Glaucionetta
fabalis Mandarin Duck Dendronessa islandica
GALLIFORMES
Whistling Swan Olor columbianus galericulata Brush-Turkey Alectura lathami
Black (European) Scoter Melanitta nigra
White-fronted (European) Goose Anser Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata
albifrons Red (Argentine) Shoveler Spatula
Brazilian Merganser Mergus octosetaceus Numidinae
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani
Whooper Swan Olor cygnus platalea Common (European) Goldeneye Domestic Guineafowl Numida meleagris
Red-billed Pintail Paecilonetta
Sub-Family Antinae erythrorhyncha
Glaucionetta clangula forma domestica
Goosander (Curasian) Mergus merganser Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris
Tribe Tadornini Ringed Teal Callonetta leucophrys Harlequin (Atlantic) Duck Histrionicus Plumed Guineafowl Guttera plumifera
Silver (Northern) (Versicolor) Teal
(Shelducks and Sheldgeese) Punanetta versicolor
histrionicus Vulturine Guineafowl Acryllium
Abyssinian Blue-winged Goose Hooded Merganser Lophodytes vulturinum
South American (Chilean Speckled) Teal
Cyanochen cyanopterus cucullatus
Nettion flavirostre Pavoninae
Andean Goose Chloephaga melanoptera Labrador Duck Camptorhynchus
White-winged Wood Duck Asarcornis Congo Peafowl Afropavo congensis
Ashy-headed Goose Chloephaga labradorius
scutulatus Green Peafowl Pavo muticus
poliocephala Long-tailed (Oldsquaw) Duck Clangula
Wood Duck (North American) (Carolina
Australian Shelduck Casarca hyemalis Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus
Duck) Aix sponsa
tadornoides Red-breasted (Common) Merganser
Meleagridinae
Cape Barren (Cereopsis) Goose Cereopsis Tribe Anatini (Dabbling Ducks) Mergus serrator
Common Turkey Meleagris gallopavo
novaehollandiae American (North) Black Duck Anas Scaley-sided (Chinese) Merganser Mergus
squamatus Domestic Turkey Meleagris gallopavo
Common (European) Shelduck Tadorna fulvigula
Smew Mergellus albellus forma domestica
tadorna Blue (Mountain) Duck Hymenolaimus
Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata Oscillated Turkey Meleagris ocellata
Crested Shelduck Pseudotadorna malacorhynchos
cristata Bronze-winged (Spectacled) Duck White-winged (European) (Velvet) Scoter
Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus Speculanas specularis Melanitti fusca

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1350
APPENDIX SECTION II

Argusianinae Odontophorinae Black-throated Grass-(Parson-)Finch Mynah (Hill) birds Gracula religiosa

Bronze-tailed Peacock-Pheasant Bobwhite Quail Colinus virginianus Poephila cincta Nutmeg Mannikin (Spice-Finch) (Spotted
Polyplectron chalcurom California Quail Callipepla californica Blackbird (Common) Merula merula Munia) (Rice-bird) Lonchura
Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata Gambel’s Quail Callipepla gambelii Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata punctulata
Great Argus Argusianus argus Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda
Grey Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron Blue Waxbill (Angola Cordon-bleu) melpoda
bicalcaratum Tetraoninae Uraeginthus angolensis Painted Firetail Emblema picta
Palawan Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix Broad-tailed (Long-tailed) Paradise Pekin Robin Leiothrix lutea
emphanum Blue Grouse Dendragapus obscurus Whydah Steganura interjecta Pied wagtail Motacilla alba
Common Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Pin-tailed Parrot-Finch Erythrura
Phasianinae Hazelhen (Common) Tetrastes bonasia Brown Tree-Creeper Climacteris prasina
Bar-tailed Pheasant Calophasis humiae Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus cupido picumnus Purple Grackle Quiscalus quiscula
Blue-eared Pheasant Crossoptilon Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus Bushlark (Horsfield’s, Cinnamon) Red (hooded) Siskin Spinus cucullatus
auritum Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Mirafra javanica Red-breasted Flycatcher Erythrosterna
Brown-eared Pheasant Crossoptilon Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Canary Serinus canaria parva
mantchuricum Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina Red-capped Manakin Pipra mentalis
Bulwer’s Wattled Pheasant Lophura phasianellus Cardinal (Creasted) Paroaria coronata Red-cheeked (Cordon-blue) Blue Waxbill
Bulweri Spruce Grouse Falcipennis canadensis Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Uraeginthus bengalus
Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichii Willow Ptarmigan (-Grouse) Lagopus Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcierii
Common (Ring-necked) Pheasant lagopus Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Red Wattlebird Anthochaera
Phasianus colchicus Chatham Islands Robin (-Flycatcher) carunculata
Copper Pheasant Graphephasianus Cracidae Miro traversi Red-winged Pytilia (American Aurora
soemmeringii Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuetti Common Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula finch,Crimson-winged Waxbill) Pytilia
Elliot’s Pheasant Calophasis ellioti Common Piping Guan Aburria pipile Common Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis phoenicotera
Golden Pheasant Chrysolophus pictus Great Curassow Crax rubra Common Raven Corvus corax Rock Robin Petroica archboldi
Lady Amherst’s Pheasant Chrysolophus Guinea Turaco Tauraco persa Cowbird Molothrus aeneus Rook (European) Corvus frugilegus
amherstiae Helmeted (Northern) Curassow Pauxi Crested Lark Galerida cristata Rothschild’s (Bali) Myna Leucospar
Mikado Pheasant Calophasis mikado pauxi Crested Oropendola Psaracolius rothschildi
Reeve’s Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii Lady Ross’s Turaco Musophaga rossae decumanus Rufous-sided Towhee Pipilo
Salvadori’s Pheasant Lophura inornata Purple-crested Turaco Tauraco Crimson Finch Neochmia phaeton erythrophthalmus
Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi porphyreolophus Cuban (Grassquit) Finch Tiaris canora Rufous-tailed Weaver Histurgops
Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera Razor-billed Curassow Mitu mitu Cutthroat Finch Amadina fasciata ruficauda
Swinhoe’s Pheasant Lophura swinhoii Wattled Curassow Crax globulosa Diamond Firetail (Diamond Sparrow) Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope
White-crested Turaco Tauraco Stagonopleura guttata Silvereye Zosterops lateralis
Lophophorinae leucolophus Double-barred Finch Stizoptera Siskin (Euroasian) Spinus spinus
Himalayan Monal Lophophorus bichenovii Sky-lark Alauda arvensis
impejanus UPUPIFORMES Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus
Hoopoe Upupa epops European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis
Pucrasiinae Starling (Common) Sturnus vulgaris
CAPRIMULGIFORMES European Robin Erithacus rubecula Superb Lyrebird Menura
Koklass Pucrasia macrolopha
Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet Collocalia Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca novaehollandiae
Ithagininae unicolor Glossy (Superb) Starling Lamprospreo Swainson’s (Olive-backed) Thrush
Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno superbus Catharus ustulatus
Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides Golden-collared Manakin Manacus Tree Sparrow (Eurasian) Passer
Gallinae mvitellinus montanus
Domestic Fowl Gallus gallus PASSERIFORMES Golden-headed Manakin Pipra Ultramarine Grosbeak Cyanoloxia
formadomestica African Silverbill Euodice cantans erythrocephal cyanea
Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus American Bare-eyed Thrush Planesticus Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus
nudigenis Gouldian Finch Chloebia gouldiae Violaceous Euphonia Euphonia violacea
Tragopaninae American Goldfinch Spinus tristis Great Tit Parus major
Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra Waxwing (Bohemian) Bombycilla
American Tree-Sparrow Spizella arborea Green Avadavat Stictospiza formosa garrulus
Ptilopachinae Antbirds and gnateaters Formicariidae Green Catbird Ailuroedus crassirostris Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris
Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus Apostle-bird Struthidea cinerea Greenfinch Carduelis chloris Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena
Ashey (Brown-eared) Bulbul Hemixos Greenfinch Chloris chloris White-rumpted Canary Ochrospiza
Perdicinae flavala Grey-headed Wheatear Oenanthe moesta leucopygia
Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen Hawaiian Crow Corvus tropicus White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia
Chinese Bamboo Partridge Bambusicola Avadavat (Strawberry-Finch, Red Munia) Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes albicollis
thoracica Amandava amandava Hooded Siskin Spinus magellanicus Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina
Chukar Partridge Alectoris chukar Barn-Swallow Hirundo rustica House Sparrow Passer domesticus Yellow-backed (Orange-winged) Pytilia
Common Partridge Perdix perdix Bearded Manakin Manacus manacus Jackdaw Coleus monedula (Red-faced Waxbill) Pytilie afra
Common Quail Coturnix coturnix Bengalese (Society) Finch Lonchura Java Sparrow (Rice Bird) Padda Yellow-tufted (Helmeted) honeyeater
Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus domestic) oryzivora Lichenostomus melanops race
himalayensis Birds of Paradise Paradisaeidae Large-billed Seed Finch (Suriname Finch, cassidex
Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica Black (Pied) (Pied Bell-Magpie) Twa twa’s) Oryzoborus crassirostris Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata
Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica Currawong Strepera graculina Long-tailed (Shaft-tailed) Grass-Finch
Painted Quail Coturnix chinensis Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe Poephila acuticauda
Redlegged Partridge Alectoris rufa hispanica Magpie Pica pica
Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina Melba Finch (Grey-naped Pytilia) Pytilia
Roulroul (Crested Wood Partridge) novaehollandiae melba
Rollulus roulroul Black-faced Babbler Turdoides melanops Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos

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1351
DETERMINATION OF METABOLIC SCALING

III

Determination of Metabolic Scaling

Step-by-step Technique for Determining Metabolic Scaling Harrison G.

One may determine the quantity of an enteral nutritional product for a bird from information supplied in Chapter 15. This mathematical calculation
requires a scientific calculator. The following is offered to assist one not familiar with such calculations.

Required Data and Formulas To determine the quantity of enteral nutrient required:
BMR = K(Wkg 0.75) = Basic Metabolic Rate. 1. Multiply the calculated BMR by 1.5.
K = a theoretical constant for kcal required per 24 hours and varies 2. This number is the MER in kcal per day.
with the species of bird. K is 129 for passerines and 78 for non-pas-
serines. 3. Determine the total kcal/day of nutrients required, by multiplying
the MER by the stress factor (see Table 15.4).
MER = 1.5 X BMR = Metabolizable Energy Requirement.
4. Determine the mls/day of enteral nutrient to use (see Table 15.5)
Wkg is the weight of the bird in kg. by dividing the value determined in line 3 by the Calories (kcal)/ml
in the enteral formula selected.
To determine the BMR: a. Example: ISO cal contains 1 kcal/ml. The value determined in
1. Divide the bird’s weight in grams by 1000 to determine the Wkg. line 3 would be divided by 1 and the resulting number would be
the ml/day of this product that the patient should receive.
2. With this number entered in the calculator, press the yx function
key. b. Example: ISO cal HCN contains 2 kcal/ml. The value deter-
3. Input 0.75. Then push =. mined in line 3 would be divided by 2 and the resulting number
would be the ml/day of this product that the patient should
4. Multiply the number determined in step 3 by the K value for the bird
receive.
(78 if it is a psittacine bird).
5. This number is the BMR for the patient in kcal/day. 5. The volume of enteral formula/feeding is determined by dividing
the total number of mls required (answer from line 4) by the number
of feedings per day (generally four to six).

Avian Medecine : Principles and Application,

B.W. Ritchie, G.J Harrison and L.R. Harrison (Eds.)