Metalurgi I – TL184309

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I

Disusun oleh

Ahmad Fath Aziz Nugraha 02511940000076

I Gusti Firmansyah Kurniawan 02511940000140
Dewi Puspa Ningrum 02511940000143

Dosen Pembimbing
Budi Agung Kurniawan, S.T.M.Sc

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MATERIAL METALURGI

Fakultas Teknologi Industri dan Rekayasa Sistem
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya 2020
 LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MATERIAL ITS

TEKNIK MATERIAL DAN METALURGI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI
DAN REKAYASA SISTEM
INSTITUT TENOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
Sukolilo , Surabaya 60111Telp. (+6231) 5943645 , 5997026 , 70800753
Fax. (+6231) 5943645 , 5997026
E-mail :material@its.ac.id

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 LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I

Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Mata Kuliah
Program Studi S-1 Departemen Teknik Material
Fakultas Teknologi Industri dan Rekayasa Sistem
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

OLEH :
Ahmad Fath Aziz Nugraha 02511940000076
I Gusti Firmansyah Kurniawan 02511940000140
Dewi Puspa Ningrum 02511940000143

Koordinator
Praktikum Metalurgi I

Muhammad Afdhel Refialdi

NRP. 02511740000107

Menyetujui,

Dosen Pengampu
Mata Kuliah

Budi Agung Kurniawan, S.T.M.Sc

NIP. 197604102002121002

SURABAYA
2020

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 PREFACE
Thank God for his blessing, because we can complete the practice report of Metallurgy 1 course
on time and correctly. Let us also not forget to thank the lecturers Budi Agung Kurniawan S.T.
and Mr. M.Sc of the "Metallurgy 1" course, as well as the metallurgical laboratory graders who
guided our group to complete this practice and report.

Through the implementation of practicum courses, students can understand Metallurgy 1.

Where to develop students knowledge, not only through theoretical learning, but also through
practical activities to build a deep understanding of theoretical knowledge.

This "Metallurgy 1" practicum report is based on the results of practical internship materials.
The report includes all the materials in the "Metallurgy 1" practical activities, which consists of
three materials, namely tensile test, hardness test and impact test.

We realize that this report is far from perfect. therefore, we apologize and will accept all input
given for the perfection of this report. Lastly, we hope this report can be of use to both readers and
writers.

Surabaya, 28th December 2020

Group 40

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 ABSTRACT
Impact testing is a method used to determine the strength, hardness and ductility of materials.
Therefore, impact testing is widely used in the field of testing the mechanical properties of
materials. In order to evaluate the resistance of materials to brittle fracture, it is necessary to test
and consider the dynamic factors that may affect brittle fracture, including tensile speed, notch,
plate thickness, residual stress, etc. The steel strip AISI 1045 treats each sample differently. The
purpose of the experiment is to explain the principle of the impact test, describe the difference
between Charpy and Izod methods, and describe the fracture mode and the value of the determined
temperature impact test result. The material used in this test method is a strip steel 1045. The test
standard is the ASTM E23 standard. After using ASTM E23 to prepare the material and perform
the actual operation, there will be such results. For example, the lower the impact strength of the
material, it will become brittle, and the higher the impact strength of the material, it will become
ductile. Sample strip 1045 without treatment impact strength value is 1.23 Kgm/mm2, the impact
energy is 107.19 Kgm, and the brittle fracture is 47.5%. Then, for the strip sample steel 1045, the
impact strength value of dry ice is 0.52 Kgm/mm2, the impact energy is 50.35 Kgm, and the brittle
fracture is 100%. Finally, the impact strength of the sample strip steel 1045 in boiling water is 1.33
Kgm/mm2, the impact energy is 114.87 Kgm, and the brittle fracture is 0%. Temperature used in
untreated samples; dry ice specimens, boiling water specimens, such as 29.6°C; -26.4°C; 73.6°C.
The temperature of the material will affect its impact strength. If the temperature of the material
decreases, the grains of the material will be very tight, so there is no room for elastic deformation
And the impact strength is small so it is brittle. At the same time, when the temperature rises, the
crystal grains of the material will be stretched and the occurrence of deformation will increase,
and the impact strength will become larger and larger. So it is ductile.

Keywords: Brittle, Ductile, Impact.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ....................................................................................................... I
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... IV
TABLE OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................... V
TABLE OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. VI
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1
I.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................1
I.2 EXPERIMENT PROBLEM ................................................................................................1
I.3 EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................1
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................3
II.1 STEEL ................................................................................................................................3
II.1.1 DEFINITION OF STEEL ...............................................................................................3
II.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON STEEL ...................................................................3
II.2 STEEL STRIP ....................................................................................................................3
II.3 IMPACT TEST...................................................................................................................4
II.4 CHARPHY METHOD .......................................................................................................4
II.5 IZOD METHOD .................................................................................................................5
II.6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ........................................................................................5
II.7 TRANSITION CURVE ......................................................................................................6
II.8 DUCTILE AND BRITTLE FRACTURE ..........................................................................7
II.8.1 DEFINITION DUCTILE AND BRITTLE FRACTURE ..............................................7
II.8.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DUCTILE AND BRITTLE FRACTURE ......................7
CHAPTER III EXPERIMENTAL METHODS ......................................................................9
III.1 FLOWCHART ..................................................................................................................9
III.2 EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS AND MATERIALS .............................................................9
III.2.1 MATERIALS .................................................................................................................9
III.2.2 TOOLS ...........................................................................................................................9
III.3 TABLE OF TREATMENT............................................................................................. 10
III.4 TESTING STANDARD .................................................................................................. 10
III.5 TRIAL PROCEDURE .................................................................................................... 10
III.6 EXPERIMENTAL SCHEME ........................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................... 13
IV.1 DATA ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 13
IV.1.1 TABLE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULT .................................................................. 13
IV.1.2 IMPACT ENERGY CALCULATION........................................................................ 13
IV.1.3 IMPACT STRENGTH CALCULATION ................................................................... 13
IV.1.4 FRACTURE PERCENTAGE ..................................................................................... 14
IV.1.5 FATT AND TEMPERATURE-ENERGY CURVE.................................................... 14
IV.1.6 TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY IMPACT EFFECT................................................ 15
IV.1.7 IMPACT STRENGTH ................................................................................................ 15
IV.1.8 FRACTURE PATTERN .............................................................................................. 16
IV.1.9 FATT CURVE ............................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 19
V.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 19
V.2 SUGGESTION.................................................................................................................. 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. VII
SPECIMEN OF IMPACT TEST ....................................................................................... VIII

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 TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure II.1 Simple Beam Key-hole Notched Charpy Type .........................................................5
Figure II.2 Contilever Beam Izod Type ......................................................................................5
Figure II.3 Ductile and Brittle Transition Curve Scheme ............................................................7
Figure II.4 Ductile Fracture........................................................................................................8
Figure II.5 Brittle Fracture .........................................................................................................8
Figure III.1 The Flowchart Of Tensile Test ................................................................................9
Figure III.2 Specimen Dimensions and Notch Shape Variations Based On ASTM E23............ 10
Figure III.3 Experimental Scheme Of Impact Test ................................................................... 11
Figure IV.1 Fatt and Temperature-Energy Curve...................................................................... 14
Figure IV.2 Fracture Pattren ..................................................................................................... 16

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 TABLE OF TABLES
Table III.1 Treatment of Impact Test Specimen ....................................................................... 10
Table IV.1 Experimental Data and Result................................................................................. 13

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.1 Background
Recently, the demand for metal materials is increasing. Steel is one of the most sought-after
metal materials today, especially as a basic material for construction products (such as buildings,
automobiles, etc.). The existence of this metal is very important in life, so we will always be able
to see the quality of the metal that will be processed into finished products, and conduct research
and innovation to make the quality of this metal better, so that it can be used effectively it. better.
In each metal, the metal itself has different metal mechanical properties. Examples of mechanical
properties are stiffness (stiffness), ductility, toughness, tensile (tensile test) and Brinell hardness
(hardness).
The notch hit test or so-called impact test is a test used to determine the resistance of metals to
impact loads and to determine the sensitivity of metals to notches. Steel used for large building
materials often causes shocking tingling sensations, such as sudden breaking of pressure vessels
and cranes. This is due to the brittleness not seen in the tensile test, and the result is very dangerous.
Impact testing is very necessary and important in a series of engineering tests, because it is
necessary to find out one of the mechanical properties of the material, that is, the toughness of the
material, so that we can predict the effect or what unexpected impact will actually be experienced
after the material is obtained. Design dynamic testing (ie, tactical hit testing) requires impact
testing. As a student of the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, it is strongly
recommended that you understand this test and understand its mechanism so that we can later
discover whether there are embrittlement symptoms in the metal.

I.2 Experiment Problem

The problem formulation in the impact test experiment is as follows.
1. How to determine the resistance of a metal to shock or sudden loads on untreated steel strip,
boiling water and dry ice?
2. How to determine the sensitivity and resistance of metals due to notches in untreated steel strips,
boiling water and dry ice?
3. How do you know the temperature against the impact resistance of untreated steel strips, boiling
water, and dry ice?

I.3 Experiment Objective

The objectives of the experiment in the impact test experiment are as follows.
1. To find out how to determine the resistance of a metal to shock or sudden loads on untreated
steel strips, boiling water and dry ice.
2. To determine the sensitivity and resistance of the metal due to the notch on the steel strip without
treatment, boiling water and dry ice.
3. To determine the temperature against impact resistance of untreated steel strips, boiling water
and dry ice.

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DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MATERIAL ITS

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 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
II.1 Steel
II.1.1 Definition of Steel
Steel is an iron-carbon alloy and may contain about 1.7%. There is another considerable
concentration of alloying elements, there are thousands of alloys with different compositions or
heat treatments. Mechanical properties are sensitive to carbon content, which is usually less than
1.0% by weight. According to the carbon concentration, some of the more common steels are
divided into low carbon, medium carbon and high carbon types. According to the concentration of
other alloying elements, there are sub-categories in each group. In addition to carbon and a small
amount of manganese, ordinary carbon steel only contains other impurities. For alloy steel, more
alloying elements are deliberately added at a certain concentration.
(Callister, 2014)

II.1.2 Classification of Carbon Steel

Based on the amount of at least a lot of carbon, carbon steel is classified into 3, namely:
A. Low Carbon Steel
Among the most numerous types of steel, it is classified as low carbon. It usually contains less
than about 0.25 wt% C and does not respond to heat treatments aimed at forming martensite;
strengthening is done by cold working. The microstructure is composed of ferrite and pearlite.
They have extraordinary ductility and toughness; in addition, they are machineable, weldable, and
have the lowest manufacturing cost of all steels. Applications include body parts, structural shapes
(such as I-beams, ducts and angles), and sheets used in pipes, buildings, bridges and cans.
B. Medium Carbon Steel
The carbon concentration of medium carbon steel is between about 0.25 and 0.60% by weight.
These alloys can be heated by austenitizing, quenching and then tempering to improve their
mechanical properties. They are most commonly used under tempered conditions and have slightly
tempered martensite. Ordinary medium carbon steel has low hardness and can only succeed by
heat treatment of very thin sections and a very fast cooling rate. The addition of chromium, nickel
and molybdenum improves the heat treatment capabilities of these alloys, resulting in various
strength-ductility combinations. These heated alloys are stronger than mild steel, but at the expense
of ductility and toughness. Its applications include wheels and railways, gears, crankshafts and
other engine parts, as well as high-strength structural components that require high strength, wear
resistance and toughness.
C. High Carbon Steel
High-carbon steel is usually the hardest, strongest and least ductile carbon steel, and the carbon
content is usually between 0.60 and 1.4% by weight. They are almost always used under harsh
conditions, so they are particularly wear-resistant and able to withstand sharp cutting edges. Tool
steels and molds are high-carbon alloys, usually containing chromium, vanadium, tungsten and
molybdenum. These alloying elements combine with carbon to form very hard and wear-resistant
carbides (such as Cr23C6, V4C3 and WC). Table 11.3 lists some tool steel components and their
applications. This steel is used as forming and forming material as well as cutting and forming
tools for high-strength knives, razors, hacksaw blades, springs and cables.
(Callister, 2014)

II.2 Steel Strip

Strip steel is a kind of steel in the form of elongated steel plates, usually used for civil
construction, construction purposes and product manufacturing. This type of steel is classified as
low carbon steel, low carbon steel with a carbon content of up to 0.30%. The largest category of

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 LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MATERIAL ITS

this type of steel is flat floor products (sheets or strips) that are usually used under cold forming
and annealing conditions.
(ASM Handbook, 1993)
Steel belts also have some characteristics and advantages that make them often selected to
support the construction process. First, strip steel is easy to shape due to its low carbon
composition, and therefore tends to soften the texture. Secondly, it is corrosion resistant, so strip
steel is usually used in shipbuilding. Third, it is strong and durable. Fourth, because the steel belt
is easy to shape, it can save time and money, so the processing process is fast.
(Wiguna, 2015)
The components contained in this type of steel have extremely low high carbon content, less
than 0.10% C and up to 0.4% Mn. For plates and cross-sections of rolled steel structures, the
carbon content can be increased to about 0.30%, and the Mn height can reach 1.5%.
Common uses are in auto body panels, lead plates, and wire products. For plates and
applications for stamps, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plates to use in building contours.
(ASM Handbook, 1993)

II.3 Impact Test

Impact testing is a test that measures the resistance of a material to shock loads. This is what
distinguishes impact testing from tensile and hardness testing where the loading is carried out
slowly. Impact testing is an effort to simulate the operating conditions of materials that are often
found in transportation or construction equipment where the load does not always occur slowly
but comes suddenly. Example of deformation of a car bumper at the time of an accident. The
purpose of the impact test is to determine the ductility or brittleness of a material (specimen) to be
tested by the sudden loading of the object to be tested statically. There are two kinds of impact
testing, namely as follows.
(Callister, 2014)
Although the toughness of a material may be obtained by the area under the stress-strain
diagram, the impact test will give an indication of the relative toughness. Generally, notch-type
specimens are used for impact tests. Two general ; types of notches are used in bending impact
tests, the keyhole notch and the V notch. Two types of specimens are used, the Charpy and the
Izod.
The ordinary impact machine has a swinging pendulum of fixed weight which is raised to a
standard height depending upon the type of specimen tested. At that height, with reference to the
vise, the pendulum has a definite amount of potential energy. When the pendulum is released, this
energy is converted to kinetic energy until it strikes the specimen. some of the energy of the
pendulum will be used to rupture the specimen so that the pendulum will rise to a height lower
than the initial height on the opposite side of the machine. The weight of the pendulum times the
difference in heights will indicate the energy, usually in foot-pounds, absorbed by the specimen,
or the notched impact strength. From the description of the test, it is apparent that the notched-bar
impact test does not yield the true toughness of a material but rather its behavior with a particular
notch. The results are useful, however, for comparative purposes. The notched-bar test is used by
the aircraft and automotive industries, which have found by experience that high impact strength
by test generally will give satisfactory service where shock loads are encountered.
(Avner, 1974)

II.4 Charphy Method

The Charpy specimen is placed in the vise so that it is a simple beam supported at the ends.
The ordinary impact machine has a swinging pendulum of fixed weight which is raised to a
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5
standard height depending upon the type of specimen tested. At that height, with reference to the
vise, the pendulum has a definite amount of potential energy. When the pendulum is released, this
energy is converted to kinetic energy until it strikes the specimen. The Charpy specimen will be
hit behind the V notch.
(Callister, 2014)

Figure 2.1 Simple beam V-notched Charpy type

Figure II.1 Simple Beam Key-hole Notched Charpy Type

(Callister, 2014)

II.5 Izod Method

The Izod specimen is placed in the vise so that one end is free and is therefore a cantilever
beam. The ordinary impact machine has a swinging pendulum of fixed weight which is raised to
a standard height depending upon the type of specimen tested. At that height, with reference to the
vise, the pendulum has a definite amount of potential energy. When the pendulum is released, this
energy is converted to kinetic energy until it strikes the specimen. the Izod specimen, placed with
the V notch facing the pendulum, will be hit above the V notch.
(Avner, 1974: 43)

Figure II.2 Contilever Beam Izod Type

(Avner, 1974: 43)

II.6 Mechanical Properties

Many materials, when in service, are subjected to forces or loads; examples include the
aluminum alloy from which an airplane wing is constructed and the steel in an automobile axle. In
such situations it is necessary to know the characteristics of the material and to design the member
from which it is made such that any resulting deformation will not be excessive (Sari, 2018) and
fracture will not occur which is called mechanical properties. The mechanical behavior of a
material reflects the relationship between its response or deformation to an applied load or force.
Key mechanical design properties are strength, hardness, ductility, stiffness and toughness.
(Callister, 2014)
 LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK MATERIAL ITS

The mechanical properties of materials are ascertained by performing carefully designed

laboratory experiments that replicate as nearly as possible the service conditions. Factors to be
considered include the nature of the applied load and its duration, as well as the environmental
conditions. It is possible for the load to be tensile, compressive, or shear, and its magnitude may
be constant with time, or it may fluctuate continuously. Application time may be only a fraction
of a second, or it may extend over a period of many years. Service temperature may be an important
factor.
Mechanical properties are of concern to a variety of parties (e.g., producers and consumers of
materials, research organizations, government agencies) that have differing interests.
Consequently, it is imperative that there be some consistency in the manner in which tests are
conducted and in the interpretation of their results. This consistency is accomplished by using
standardized testing techniques.
(Callister, 2014)
Toughness is a mechanical term that may be used in several contexts. For one, toughness (or
more specifically, fracture toughness) is a property that is indicative of a material’s resistance to
fracture when a crack (or other stress-concentrating defect) is present. Because it is nearly
impossible (as well as costly) to manufacture materials with zero defects (or to prevent damage
during service), fracture toughness is a major consideration for all structural materials.
Another way of defining toughness is as the ability of a material to absorb energy and
plastically deform before fracturing. For dynamic (high strain rate) loading conditions and when a
notch (or point of stress concentration) is present, notch toughness is assessed by using an impact
test.
For the static (low strain rate) situation, a measure of toughness in metals (derived from plastic
deformation) may be ascertained from the results of a tensile stress–strain test. It is the area under
the σ–ε curve up to the point of fracture. The units are the same as for resilience (i.e., energy per
unit volume of material). For a metal to be tough, it must display both strength and ductility.
(Callister, 2014)
Impact resistance is often erroneously referred to as impact strength, when in fact it is not
about strength at all. Strength refers to a force, and impact resistance is an energy it is the energy
required to break the sample in two or more pieces. Like elongation to break. impact resistance is
sensitive to any particles, voids or other inhomogeneities that act as flaws. Stresses concentrate
around filler particles. The larger the particle and the more sharp the edges, the greater the stress
concentration. As impact takes place, the stress concentration exceeds the strength of the polymer
and failure occurs in the form of microcracks, which then rapidly spread and eventually lead to
macroscopic failure. For fillers with poor adhesion to the polymer impact leads to de-wetting and
formation of a void around the filler particle. In some brittle polymer poorly bonded
filler[combinations this void formation actually helps impact resistance: for example in the case
of fine, well dispersed, stearic acid-coated calcium carbonate in PP homopolymer or in PVC.
(De Armitt, 2017)

II.7 Transition Curve

Ductile to brittle transition is defined in relation to broken energy. Brittle fracture is a fracture
energy low and ductile fracture is an energy broken high. Ductile to brittle transition curve note
the effect of temperature on fracture energy. The impact energy generally decreases with each
other decrease in temperature with the yield strength increased. Temperature transition is the
indicating temperature transition changes to the fracture type of a material when tested at different
temperatures.
 LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I
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Figure II.3 Ductile and Brittle Transition Curve Scheme

This phenomenon is related to the vibrations of the atoms of the material at different
temperatures. At room temperature the vibration is in equilibrium and then it will be high when
the temperature is raised. This atomic vibration acts as an obstacle to the movement of dislocations
when an external shock / impact deformation occurs. With the higher the vibration, the movement
of the dislocation becomes relatively difficult so that it requires a greater energy to break the test
object. On the other hand, at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, the atomic vibrations are
relatively small so that when the material is deformed, the movement of the dislocations becomes
easier and the specimen becomes more easily broken with a relatively lower energy.
(Zuhaimi, 2016: 35)

II.8 Ductile and Brittle Fracture

II.8.1 Definition ductile and brittle fracture
Fracture is the separation of a body under stress into two or more parts. The failure is
characterized as either brittle or ductile. Ductile fracture occurs after considerable plastic
deformation prior to failure. The failure of most polycrystalline ductile materials occurs with a cup
and cone fracture associated with the formation of a neck in a tensile specimen. Brittle fracture
generally involves rapid propagation of a crack with minimal energy absorption and plastic
deformation.
(Avner, 1964)

II.8.2 Differences between ductile and brittle fracture

For metals, two fracture modes are possible: ductile and brittle. Classification is based on
the ability of a material to experience plastic deformation. Ductile metals typically exhibit
substantial plastic deformation with high energy absorption before fracture. However, there is
normally little or no plastic deformation with low energy absorption accompanying a brittle
fracture.
The mode of fracture is highly dependent on the mechanism of crack propagation. Ductile
fracture is characterized by extensive plastic deformation in the vicinity of an advancing crack.
Furthermore, the process proceeds relatively slowly as the crack length is extended. Such a crack
is often said to be stable— that is, it resists any further extension unless there is an incre`ase in the
applied stress. In addition, there typically is evidence of appreciable gross deformation at the
fracture surfaces (e.g., twisting and tearing). However, for brittle fracture, cracks may spread
extremely rapidly, with very little accompanying plastic deformation. Such cracks may be said to
be unstable, and crack propagation, once started, continues spontaneously without an increase in
magnitude of the applied stress.
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(Callister, 2014)
Below is the picture of ductile and brittle fracture:

Figure II.4 Ductile Fracture

Figure II.5 Brittle Fracture

 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
III.1 Flowchart
Below is the flowchart of the impact test

Start

Study of Literature

Without Boiling Water

Dry Ice
Treatment

Impact test with Charpy

Method

Data Analysis

Conclusion

Finish

Figure III.1 The Flowchart Of Tensile Test

III.2 Experimental Tools and Materials

III.2.1 Materials
Below are the materials needed for the experiment :
Steel strip………………………………………………………………………………….(1 piece)

III.2.2 Tools
Below are the tools needed for the experiment
1. Impact test machine…….………………………………………………………………(1 piece)
2. Pemanas (Heater)…….…………………………………………………………………(1 piece)
3. File………………………………………………………………………………….…..(1 piece)
4. Clamp……………………………………………………...............................................(1 piece)
5. Thermometer……………………………………………………………………………(1 piece)

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III.3 Table of treatment
The treatment table on the impact test practicum is as follows :

Table III.1 Treatment of Impact Test Specimen

No Material Temperature (oC) Information
-20 Dry Ice
1 Strip steel 100 Boiling Water
25 Without treatment

III.4 Testing standard

The testing standards and specimen for this experiment used ASTM E23. The picture of
specimen and variation using ASTM E23

Figure III.2 Specimen Dimensions and Notch Shape Variations Based On ASTM E23

III.5 Trial Procedure

The experimental procedure used in hardness testing with AISI 1045 steel specimens is as
follows:
1. Prepare the specimen based on testing standard ASTM E23.
2. Making notch based on testing standard ASTM E23.
3. Condition the test specimen in accordance with the temperature variations determined by
conditioning time about 30 minutes.
4. Place the test specimen on the anvil and the notch shall be positioned in the middle direction,
hit the pendulum.
5. Increase pendulum or load.
6. Take off the pendulum until the pendulum hits the specimen.
7. Record the amount of energy used to break the test specimen into the needle manual scale.
8. Observe the fracture section of the specimen and describe it (sketched) on the report to identify
the type of break.
9. Make a impact test modul
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III.6 Experimental Scheme
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Figure III.3 Experimental Scheme Of Impact Test

1. Preparation of specimens without treatment and hot water.
2. Dry ice specimen preparation.
3. Determine the starting angle of the impact test.
4. Impact testing.
5. Observation of specimens without treatment.
6. Observation of dry ice specimens.
7. Observation of hot water specimens
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 CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
IV.1 Data Analysis
IV.1.1 Table of experimental result
Below is the table of experimental result that has been done,

Table IV.1 Experimental Data and Result

Without
Test Object Dry Ice Hot Water
Treatment
Length (l), mm 55 55 55
Thickness (a), mm 8 8 8
Thickness (b) mm 10 10 10
Area (A), mm2 80 80 80
Temperature (T), oC 29.6 -26.4 73.6
Initial Angle (α) 140 140 140
Final Angle (β) 92 115 89
Impact Energy,
107.19 50.35 114.87
Kgm
Impact Strength,
1.23 0.52 1.33
Kgm/mm2
Information,
a = height of section below notch (mm)
b = sample width (mm)
A = cross-sectional area under the notch (mm2)

IV.1.2 Impact Energy Calculation

Impact energy is energy from the potential energy of the pendulum, which is converted
into kinetic energy. The release energy of the pendulum can be seen from the initial height and
final height of the pendulum, and the distance between the swing point and the notch and the
pendulum. The equation of impact energy is as follows, its calculation and the following table.
! = # % & (()*+ − ()*- )
Where,
w= 166.6 N
L= 0.88 m
E= Impact Energy (Kgm)

Without Treatment :
! = (166.6 × 0.88(cos 92 − cos 140)) = 107.19 Kgm

Dry Ice :
! = (166.6 × 0.88(cos 115 − cos 140)) = 50.35 Kgm

Hot Water
! = (166.6 × 0.88(cos 89 − cos 140)) = 114.87 Kgm

IV.1.3 Impact Strength Calculation

Impact strength is the ability of a material to accept a sudden load. The form of the equation
is as follows, the calculation and also the table below.

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! − 8,65
A=
F
Without Treatment :
107.19 − 8.65
A= = 1.23 NOP/PPR
80

Dry Ice :
50.35 − 8.65
A= = 0.52 NOP/PPR
80

Hot Water :
114.87 − 8.65
A= = 1.33 NOP/PPR
80

IV.1.4 Fracture percentage

Fracture percentage can be calculated with the formula below with additional information
for Ao (cross-sectional area under the notch) and A presenting area data from the experiment.
F
%UVW(XYVZ = × 100%
F[
Without Treatment :
38
%UVW(XYVZ = × 100% = 47.5%
80

Dry Ice :
80
%UVW(XYVZ = × 100% = 100%
80

Hot Water :
0
%UVW(XYVZ = × 100% = 0%
80

IV.1.5 Fatt and Temperature-Energy Curve

Below is the Fatt and Temperature-Energy curve based on the data that has been calculated

Figure IV.1 Fatt and Temperature-Energy Curve

IV.2 Discussion
This impact test experiment was carried out on strip steel with variations in specimen
temperature. The first specimen is strip steel with 29.6 ℃ Temperature, the second is strip steel
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with a temperature of -26.4 ℃ and the third is strip steel and the third specimen is steel with a
temperature of 73.6 ℃. In the first experiment using a specimen with a room temperature of 29.6 ℃
with dimensions of 8 mm high and 10 mm wide. This specimen had an initial angle of 140 ° after
impact testing and an end angle of 92 °. In addition, there was also an impact energy of 107.19
Kgm, and an impact strength of 1.23 Kg.m.mm-2.
In the second experiment, it was placed on dry ice until the specimen reached a temperature
of -26.4 ℃. The dimensions of the specimen are 8 mm high and 10 mm wide and the initial angle
of the pendulum is 140 °. After impact testing, the final angle was 115 °. In addition, there was
also an impact energy of 50.35 Kgm, and an impact strength of 0.52 Kg.m.mm-2.
In the third experiment, it was placed in Boiling water until the specimen reached a
temperature of 73.6 ℃. The dimensions of the specimen are 8mm high and 10mm wide with a
pendulum starting angle of 140 °. After impact testing, a final angle of 89 ° was obtained. In
addition, it also obtained an impact energy of 114,87 Kgm, an impact strength of 1.33 Kg.m.mm2.

IV.1.6 Temperature on Energy Impact Effect

In this impact test experiment, the impact values obtained from highest to lowest order
(boiling water, without treatment and dry ice) are 114.87 Kgm, 107.19 Kgm and 50.35 Kgm. In
this experiment, it is proved that temperature has an effect on the toughness of the material. Every
atom in a solid material is vibrating very rapidly about its lattice position within the crystal. In a
sense, these atomic vibrations may be thought of as imperfections or defects. At any instant of
time, not all atoms vibrate at the same frequency and amplitude or with the same energy. At a
given temperature, there exists a distribution of energies for the constituent atoms about an average
energy. Over time, the vibrational energy of any specific atom also varies in a random manner.
With rising temperature, this average energy increases, and, in fact, the temperature of a solid is
really just a measure of the average vibrational activity of atoms and molecules. At room
temperature, a typical vibrational frequency is on the order of 1013. Because of the increasing
temperature causes to increase the impact energy, so the more impact energy the specimen have,
the more ductile the specimen. For the lower temperature, it causes the energy impact to be lowered
so the materials will be more brittle.
(Callister, 2014)
On a large loading and on continuously for a long time then there will be fatigue, where
one of them subject to temperature. Effect of temperature against fatigue similar to influence
temperature against maximum tensile strength where the fatigue strength is highest at low
temperature and decreases gradually with increasing temperature. At room temperature fatigue
processes include slippage between crystals and initiation of surface cracks followed by crack
propagation transcrystalline and at high temperatures will occur in the cavity grain boundaries
grow interconnect eventually broken or failed.
(Callister, 2014)

IV.1.7 Impact Strength

After the impact energy value is obtained, the strength value that can be calculated from
the point in the experiment is that the impact strength is from highest to lowest, that is, boiling
water, the value of without treatment and dry ice is 1.33 Kg.m. mm-2, 1.23 Kg.m.mm-2 and 0.52
Kg.m.mm-2. There are two factors that affect the impact strength, namely the impact energy and
the size of the sample.
The impact energy and the size of the sample are proportional to the impact strength, so
the higher the impact energy obtained, the higher the impact strength. Conversely, the smaller the
energy obtained, the lower the impact strength. In terms of size, this value is inversely proportional
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to the impact strength, so the wider the size, the smaller the impact strength. Conversely, the
smaller the size, the greater the value of impact strength.
(Zuchry, 2012)

IV.1.8 Fracture Pattern

Figure IV.3a Figure IV.3b Figure IV.3c

Figure IV.2 Fracture Pattren
Fracture modes of untreated and boiling water samples Have the same characteristics. Due
to material tearing and plastic deformation, the surfaces of these two cracks have depressions. The
shape of the fractured specimen is not as flat as the brittle specimen. There are fiber lines on the
surface of the fracture, which absorb light and look very dark. Then crack The growth is slow and
depends on the load. Finally, the breaking point is longer. When observed, the untreated and
boiling water treated samples were characterized by ductile fracture. In addition, in the case of
ductile fracture, secondary cracks can explain Crack deflection occurs as more energy is absorbed,
resulting in better toughness. So we can conclude that the untreated and boiling water specimen
have ductility properties and those materials are figure IV.3a and figure IV.3b. Figure IV.3a is the
boiling water specimen because it is the most ductile and figure IV.3b is the without treatment
specimen.
The fracture pattern in dry ice treated specimens is characterized by the appearance of
grainy, shiny, flat, and reflective surfaces. Second, it hardly affects near the breaking point. From
the fracture surface and almost no plastic deformation. Then, the breaking time is faster than
untreated boiling water. Finally, the fault is relatively perpendicular to the impact test. When the
characteristics of brittle fracture are observed and adapted, the dry ice samples will have brittle
fracture. In this case, it can be concluded that the dry ice-treated samples are brittle. The figure
IV.3c is the dry ice treated specimen because it is the most brittle

IV.1.9 Fatt Curve

According to the impact test conducted by practitioners, the results are listed in Table IV.1.
The following figure is a graph of the relationship between the energy absorbed by the test object
and the influence of temperature on the test object before the impact test: As can be seen from
Figure IV.1, the test object at a temperature of 29.6°C and -26,4°C And 73.6°C, after the impact
test, energy will be generated. The absorption is 107.19 Kgm, 50.35 Kgm and 114.87 Kgm,
respectively. This means that the test object with the greatest energy impact is the Hot water-
treated test object, and the lowest is the dry ice-treated test object. In theory, the higher the
temperature of the test object, the greater the energy absorbed than the test object.
It can be seen from Figure IV.1 that the brittle fracture percentage of samples with
temperature, untreated, dry ice treated and boiling water treated samples is 47.5%. 100%; 0%.
From the fracture percentage we know that the most ductile materials is the boiling water treated
specimen and the untreated specimen is ductile too because it does not fractured all the way. The
dry ice treated specimen is the most brittle because it has a very high fracture percentage.
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Temperature transition is the range of temperature that when a specimen have the temperature in
the range of temperature transition, the brittle/ductile transition occurs because some materials
development plastic zone is temperature dependant. The temperature transition range is 25°C-
35°C. High-temperature samples can absorb higher energy, because high-temperature samples
have relatively high ductility, so they require a lot of energy to break. One of the main functions
of Charpy and Izod tests is to determine whether a material undergoes a ductile to brittle transition
(if so) as the temperature decreases, and to determine the temperature range in which the material
occurs. The ductile to brittle transition is related to the temperature dependence of the measured
impact energy absorption. These transitions are represented by the curves in Picture IV.1. At higher
temperatures, CVN energy is relatively large, corresponding to ductile fracture mode, the
temperature is lowered so the impact energy drop suddenly In a relatively narrow temperature
range, below this temperature range, the energy has a constant but small value, that is, the fracture
mode is very brittle.
(Callister, 2014)
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 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
V.1 Conclusion
From the experiment that has been done, we can conclude that:
1. Impact strength determined the resistance of a material to a sudden load or force. The higher the
impact strength, the more ductile it is. The lower the impact strength, the more brittle the materials.
Specimen steel AISI 1045 without treatment impact strength value is 1.23 Kgm /mm², the impact
energy is 107.19 Kgm, and Brittle fracture is 47.5%. Then, for the AISI 1045, dry ice has impact
strength The value is 0.52 Kgm /mm², the impact energy is 50.35 Kgm, and the brittle fracture is
100%. At last, The impact strength of test bar steel 1045 in hot water is 1.33 Kgm /mm², and the
impact energy is 114.87 Kgm, and the brittle fracture is 0%.
2. Due to the gap, the grain size can improve the sensitivity and resistance of the metal. Therefore,
since the material is brittle, the notch sensitivity is higher. Since the material is ductile, less notch
sensitivity.
3. The temperature of the material will affect its impact strength. If the temperature of the material
is lowered, the grains of the material will be very compact, so there is no room for elastic
deformation and the impact strength is also very small. At the same time, when the temperature
increases, the grains of the material will be stretched and the occurrence of deformation will
increase, and the impact strength will also increase.

V.2 Suggestion
To minimize the errors and increase the better test result that we get from the experiment, the
suggestion are:
1. Practicioner has to prepare the specimen better to minimize the error image or data that we get
from the experiment
2. More precise at looking the data or processing the data so we have less errors and be more
careful when doing the experiment

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Avner, S. H. (1974). Introduction to physical metallurgy (Vol. 2, pp. 481-497). New York:
McGraw-hill.
Callister, W. D. (2014). Materials science and engineering an introduction. John Wiley.
Miracle, D. B., Donaldson, S. L., Henry, S. D., Moosbrugger, C., Anton, G. J., Sanders, B. R., ...
& Scott Jr, W. W. (2001). ASM handbook (Vol. 21, pp. 107-119). Materials Park, OH: ASM
international.
Rothon, R., & DeArmitt, C. (2017). Fillers (including fiber reinforcements). In Brydson's Plastics
Materials (pp. 169-204). Butterworth-Heinemann.
Zuhaimi, Z. (2016). Kekuatan impak baja ST 60 di bawah temperatur ekstrim. Jurnal Polimesin,
14(2), 33-40.

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