Rotary Instruments Part 2

Rotary instruments in oprerative
dentistry
Dr. /Reham M. Attia

Modifications in Bur Design
Because of introduction of handpieces with

high speed ranges, many modifications have
been made in design of bur. Since cutting
efficiency of carbide burs increase with increase
in speed, the larger diameter carbide burs have
been replaced by small diameter burs.
Others modifications in bur design are as

following:
❑ Reduced number of crosscuts: Since at high
speed, crosscuts tends to produce rough
surface, newer burs have reduced number of
crosscuts.
❑ Extended head lengths: Burs with extended
head length have been introduced so as to
produce effective cutting with very light
pressure.
❑ Rounding of sharp tip corners: Sharp tip

corners of burs produce sharp internal
angles, resulting in stress concentration.
Burs with round tip corners produce
rounded internal line angles and thus
lower stress in restored tooth.
Cutting Efficiency of Bur
Factors Affecting Cutting

Efficiency of Bur
• Rake angle and blade angle:

✓ The more positive rake angle of the blade of the bur, the
more thinner of the blades, more effective during cutting
but on other hand there is shorter of the life span of bur .
✓ As a result, greater possibility the bur blades will be
curved, flattened, or even fractured during cutting
✓ Positive rake angle can be used with tungsten carbide
burs where there is greater hardness and strength of the
material
• Clearance space : important for cutting

efficiency
• Number of blades: No. of blades (teeth) in a

bur is usually limited to 6-8. As no. of blades
decreased – magnitude of forces at each
blade increases and thickness of chip
removed by each flute increases.
Construction of burs with fewer teeth leads
to increased space between bur blades which
decrease the clogging tendency.
End cutting or side cutting bur: According

to particular task, choice of bur can be end
cutting, side cutting or combination of both. For
example, it is preferred to make entry to enamel
by end cutting bur, while for making
preparation outline, use side cutting bur
Neck diameter of bur: If neck diameter of

bur is large, it may interfere with accessibility
and visibility. But if diameter is too thin, it will
make bur unable to resist the lateral forces
Spiral angle: Burs with smaller spiral

angle have shown better efficiency at high
speeds.
Linear surface speed: Within the

limit, faster the speed of cutting instrument,
faster is the abrasive action and more
efficient is the tooth cutting instrument.
• Application of load: Load is force

exerted by operator on tool head. Normally
for high speed instruments, load should
range between 60 and 120 gm and for low
rotational speeds, it should range between
1000 and 1500 gm. Cutting efficiency
decreases when load is applied.
Concentricity and runout: the

average clinically acceptable runout is 0.023
mm. Increase in run out causes increase in
vibrations of the bur and excessive removal of
tooth structure
• Lubrication: Lubricant/coolant applied to

tooth and bur during cutting increases the
cutting efficiency and decreases the rise in
temperature during cutting.
• Design of flute ends: there are two types

of flute ends:
Star cut design: Here the flutes come together
in a common point at the axis of bur.
Revelation design: Here the flutes come
together at two junctions near diametrical
cutting edge. It has better efficiency in direct
cutting
• Visual contact with bur head: For

efficient tooth cutting, it is mandatory to
maintain visual contact with bur head
while working.
Heat Generation
Heat Generation:
Heat Generation:
Dull tools and heat generation

Heat Generation
Heat Generation
The frictional heat generated during operative

procedures will be dissipated through
• The tool.
• The surrounding atmosphere.
• The formed chip.
• The tooth.
Heat Generation
Types of coolants:
❑ Water
❑ Air
❑ Water-air spray
Heat Generation
Heat Generation
Function of Coolant
• Control the temperature at the cut surface of the tooth.
• Keep the working field clean.
• Improve visibility.
• Clean the tool and prevent its clogging with debris.
• Lubricate the tooth surface and hence make the cutting
easier and more rapid.
• Decrease the need of local anesthesia.
Heat Generation
Function of Coolant
• Control the temperature at the cut surface of the tooth.
• Keep the working field clean.
• Improve visibility.
• Clean the tool and prevent its clogging with debris.
• Lubricate the tooth surface and hence make the cutting
easier and more rapid.
• Decrease the need of local anesthesia.
Abrasive Instruments
The head of these instruments consists of small

angular particles of a hard substance held in a
matrix of softer material called as the binder.
Different materials used for a binder are
ceramic, metal, rubber, shellac, etc.
.
Abrasive instruments can be divided into:
• Diamond abrasives
• Other abrasives
Factors Influencing the Abrasive

Efficiency and Effectiveness
• Size of the abrasive particles: Abrasive nature is
directly proportional to size of abrasive particle.
Rapid removal of material occurs with coarse grit
burs compared to medium or fine grit burs .
• Shape of the abrasive particles: the abrasive
particles with irregular shape show more efficiency
because they present a sharp edge .
• Hardness of the abrasive particle: the hardness of the

abrasive particles should be more than the hardness of
the surface on which it is to be used.
• Clogging of the abrasive surface: Clogging of the
spaces between the particles by grinding debris
decreases efficiency.
• Pressure: Excessive pressure causes the loss of
diamonds, thus, decrease their cutting efficiency
Recent Advances
Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Preparation and Caries Removal :
• Fiberoptic handpiece
• Smart prep burs
• Chemical vapors deposition (CVD) diamond burs
• Fissurotomy burs.
• Air abrasion
• Hydroabrasion
• Laser
Recent Advances

Preparation and Caries Removal
Fiberoptic handpiece
Recent Advances

Smart prep burs

Recent Advances
Recent Advances
Recent Advances
Recent Advances

Preparation and Caries Removal :
Chemical vapors deposition (CVD)
diamond burs
Recent Advances
The CVD diamond-coated bur was attached to

an ultrasonic handpiece and used for the initial
access
Recent Advances
▪ This system uses mechanical oscillations that

promote a uniform and conservative wear on
the tooth, and is more silent than the
conventional bur.
▪ Moreover, the bur is cooled by a water stream

avoiding excessive heat and consequent pulpal
damage
Recent Advances

Fissurotomy burs
Recent Advances

Air abrasion
Recent Advances
Recent Advances

Hydro abrasion
Recent Advances

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Rotary instruments in oprerative

Dr. /Reham M. Attia

Modiﬁcations in Bur Design

Because of introduction of handpieces with

Others modifications in bur design are as

❑ Rounding of sharp tip corners: Sharp tip

Factors Affecting Cutting

• Rake angle and blade angle:

• Clearance space : important for cutting

• Number of blades: No. of blades (teeth) in a

End cutting or side cutting bur: According

Neck diameter of bur: If neck diameter of

Spiral angle: Burs with smaller spiral

Linear surface speed: Within the

• Application of load: Load is force

Concentricity and runout: the

• Lubrication: Lubricant/coolant applied to

• Design of flute ends: there are two types

• Visual contact with bur head: For

Dull tools and heat generation

The frictional heat generated during operative

The head of these instruments consists of small

Abrasive instruments can be divided into:

Factors Influencing the Abrasive

• Hardness of the abrasive particle: the hardness of the

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Smart prep burs

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

The CVD diamond-coated bur was attached to

▪ This system uses mechanical oscillations that

▪ Moreover, the bur is cooled by a water stream

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

Recent Advances in Methods of Cavity

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