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HVAC Module 04 Cooling Load 2020

(1) Calculate heat gains through the roof, walls, windows, doors, and floors using the U-values and CLTD/GLF values. (2) Determine infiltration heat gain based on construction tightness. (3) Calculate internal heat gains from occupants, lights, and appliances. (4) Use the latent factor curve to determine total cooling load from sensible and latent loads. The example provides the necessary information to follow the ASHRAE cooling load calculation procedure and determine the sensible, latent, and total cooling loads for the house.

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Ziad El Samad
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© © All Rights Reserved
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163 views

HVAC Module 04 Cooling Load 2020

(1) Calculate heat gains through the roof, walls, windows, doors, and floors using the U-values and CLTD/GLF values. (2) Determine infiltration heat gain based on construction tightness. (3) Calculate internal heat gains from occupants, lights, and appliances. (4) Use the latent factor curve to determine total cooling load from sensible and latent loads. The example provides the necessary information to follow the ASHRAE cooling load calculation procedure and determine the sensible, latent, and total cooling loads for the house.

Uploaded by

Ziad El Samad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4: Space Cooling Load

Residential
ASHRAE Cooling Load Temperature
Difference Method (CLTD)
Cooling Load

Cooling loads:
§ through structural components
§ through windows
§ by infiltration
§ due to occupants and appliances
Cooling Load

§ through structural components


§ through windows
§ by infiltration
§ due to occupants and appliances
HEAT GAIN BY MODE
The space heat gain classifications are the basis for our cooling
load estimation method

Mode of Entry

The modes of heat gain may be subdivided as follows :

(1) Solar radiation through transparent surfaces (Glass)


(2) Heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs
(3) Heat conduction through interior partitions, ceilings, and floors
(4) Heat generated within the space by occupants, lights, and appliances
(5) Energy transfer as a result of ventilation and infiltration of outdoor air
(6) Miscellaneous heat gains.
Types of Residence
} Single-Family Detached } Multifamily Buildings

} Other Categories
Many buildings do not fall into either of the above categories. Critical to the
designation of a single-family detached building is the exposure of both east
and west walls. Therefore, some multifamily structures should be treated as
single-family detached when the exposed surfaces are oriented in a particular
way. Examples include duplexes or apartments with either exposed east, west,
and south walls or exposed east, west, and north walls, with or without a roof;
and apartments, town houses, with only east and west or north and south
exposed walls
Outdoor Design conditions

Range of DB is the
Lancaster will have difference between the
about 35 hours (0.4% average maximum and
*8760 hours/100) at average minimum for
38.5°C or higher. The the warmest month
mean coincident wet
bulb temperature is
19.1°C
Indoor Swing Temperature
Hour-by-hour load calculations, allowing for
a swing in indoor temperature results in lower
peak loads.
Because the indoor temperature does swing,
such an allowance gives a more reasonable
equipment capacity.

The tables in this chapter are based on an


assumed indoor temperature swing of no more
than 1.5 °C on a design day, when the residence is
conditioned and the thermostat is set at 24 °C.
CLTD/GLF
CLTD and GLF values all include the effect of

(1) time lag in conductive heat gain through opaque


exterior surfaces
(2) time delay by thermal storage in converting radiant
heat gain to cooling load.
This simplification allows cooling loads to be
calculated manually; thus, when data are available and
are appropriately used, the results are acceptable thus
making this method popular for instruction.
Hourly Outdoor Temperature : Daily Range
• The hourly outdoor temperature is usually assumed to vary in an
approximately sinusoidal fashion (up & down between the outdoordesign
temperature and a minimum temperature, equal to the daily range
subtracted from the outdoor design temperature. The hourly outdoor
temperature is given by

td = design dry bulb temperature, °C


DR = daily range, °C
X = percentage % of daily range, from Table A dividedby 100

A
Cooling Load Temperature Difference
The CLTD method uses a set of parameters to easily compute the
various envelope loads that affect the space.
The basic concept is to transform all the loads into easy-to-use formula
that equate the various heat transfer modes (Conduction, Radiation and
Convection) into an equivalent temperature difference TD that we will
call CLTD or Cooling Load Temperature Difference.
So the basic formula for the heat flux Q through an element of the
envelope:

Q= Area x U-factor x CLTD


Area being the area (m2) of the element of the envelope that captures the
heat, U-factor being a parameter that is a function of the construction of
this element of the envelope.
Calculating U-factor values
First, we have to establish the U-factor of each type of structural element
For walls and roofs the U-factor is a function of the construction method of
each wall and roof. We talk about the different layers used to make the
wall. Each layer has a certain thermal resistance R. The sum of the thermal
resistance of each layer equals the total thermal resistance of the wall called
Σ R.
The formula is Σ R = Rsi + R1 + …..+ Rn+ Rso
0 to n being the layers composing the wall or roof and these are taken from
different references

U-factor = 1/ Σ R
External Cooling Loads : Roof, Wall, Partitions
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) combines
the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor
and and considers thermal capacity of the wall construction

– q= UA(CLTD) in Watts
– U=Overall heat transfer coefficient W/(m2·K)
– A=Area of roof or wall m2
– CLTD= Cooling load temperature difference
tabulated for walls and flat roofs in Tables 1 & 2
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through
Structure for Residential
Cooling Load Due to Heat Gain Through
Structure for Residential
External Cooling Loads:GLF Residential
qglass/window area =A(GLF)
External Cooling Loads:GLF Residential
External Cooling Loads:GLF Residential
Cooling Load Due to Infiltration
• The data in Tables 7 and 8 showing space air changes per hour (ACH)
apply to both single- and multifamily housing
• Construction may be defined as follows:
• Tight: Good multifamily construction with close-fitting doors,
windows, and framing is considered tight. New houses with full
vapor retarder, no fireplace, well-fitted windows, weather

• Medium: Medium structures include new, two-story frame


houses or one-story houses more than 10 years old with average
maintenance, average fit windows and doors ,

• Loose: Loose structures are poorly constructed single- and


multifamily residences with poorly fitted windows and doors.
Examples include houses more than 20 years old, of average
maintenance,
Cooling Load Due to Infiltration
Cooling Load Due to ventilation
Residential air-conditioning systems may introduce outdoor air,
although it is not a code requirement in most localities. Positive
ventilation should be considered, however, if the anticipated
infiltration is less than about 0.5 ACH. When positive means of
introducing outdoor air are used, controls, either manual or
automatic, should be provided, and an energy recovery device
should be considered.
Internal Cooling Loads
Occupants, Lights, Equipment
Even though occupant density is low, occupancy loads
should be estimated
Sensible heat gain per sedentary occupant is 67 W
For bedrooms, the total number of occupants to be based on
two persons for the first bedroom, plus one person for
each additional bedroom.
The occupancy load should then be distributed equally
among the living areas because the maximum load occurs
when most of the residents occupy these areas

To prevent gross oversizing, the number of occupants


should not be overestimated min = 4 m2 / person
Internal sources of Heat Gain
Appliances & Lights
§ Appliance loads are concentrated mainly in the kitchen and
laundry areas. Based on contemporary living conditions in single-
family houses, a sensible load of 470 W should be divided
between the kitchen and/or laundry and the adjoining service rooms.
A sensible utility load of 470 W may be added if the
House contains additional continuously operating appliances
Such as computers, TVs and other electrical appliances

§ For multifamily units, the sensible heat gain values should be


about 350 W.

Lighting load is calculated based on illumination brightness levels


(L, M, H) and based on lamps type (INC, CFL or LED)
Low lighting = 16 W/m2 , Medium = 20 W/m2, High = 25 W/m2
Lighting factors : INC x 1, CFL x 0.5, LED x 0.3
Latent Factor
Homes usually have cooling loads with an SHF greater than
0.77 and latent factors LF less than 1.3
So Figure 1 may be used to estimate the total cooling
load by reading LF as a function of the design humidity ratio
and airtightness.

If the humidity ratio is less than 0.01, set LF = 1.0


Then qtotal = qsensible
Latent Factor
Summarized Calculation Method
Example 1
} A single-family detached house (Figure 2) is located in the
south central United States at 36°N latitude.
} Roof construction. Conventional roof-attic-ceiling combination,
vented to remove moisture with 150 mm of fibrous batt
insulation and vapor retarder [U = 0.28 W/(m2·K)].
} Wall construction Frame with 100 mm face brick, 90 mm
. batt insulation, 19 mm polystyrene sheathing, and 13
fibrous
mm gypsum wallboard [U = 0.34 W/(m2·K)]. Ceiling height is
2.8 m throughout.
} Fenestration Clear double glass, 3 mm thick, in and out.
}
.Assume closed, medium-color venetian blinds. The window
glass has a 600 mm overhang at the top.
Example 1
} Solid core doors with all-glass storm doors [U = 1.82 W/(m2·K)].
} Outdoor design conditions. Temperature of 35 °C dry bulb with a 11 K daily range
and a humidity ratio of 0.0136 kg vapor/kg dry air (23.7 °C wet bulb).
} Indoor design conditions. Temperature of 24 °C dry bulb and 60% RH.
Occupancy. Four persons, based on two for the master bedroom and one for each
} additional bedroom. Assigned to the living room.
} Appliances. Assume 470 W, assign 50% to the living room, and assign 50% to the
kitchen and utility rooms.
} The construction of the house is considered medium.
Find the sensible, latent, and total cooling load

}
Example 1

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