Psychrometrics e Thermal Comfort
Psychrometrics e Thermal Comfort
Building Science
Fall 2013
Lecture 5: September 23, 2013
Finish psychrometrics and thermal comfort
HVAC thermodynamic and psychrometric processes
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Twitter: @built_envi
Scheduling/deliverables
Graduate students blog post #3 is due today
HW 3 (psychrometric chart) is due Monday September 30th
I will miss Mondays lecture on 9/20
AAAR conference in Portland, OR
Last time
Finished solar radiation
Isolar
Sol-air temperatures
Building energy balance
Introduced Psychrometrics
Todays objectives
Revisit Psychrometrics
Human thermal comfort
Lines of constant RH
Saturation
Curve
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Humidity Ratio
W 10.7 g/kgda
(i.e., 0.0107)
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Humidity Ratio
W 10.7 g/kgda
(i.e., 0.0107)
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d
Enthalpy
h 58 kJ/kgda
Humidity Ratio
W 10.7 g/kgda
(i.e., 0.0107)
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d
Enthalpy
h 58 kJ/kgda
Specific Volume
v 0.875 m3/kgda
Humidity Ratio
W 10.7 g/kgda
(i.e., 0.0107)
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d
Enthalpy
h 58 kJ/kgda
Specific Volume
v 0.875 m3/kgda
Relative
Humidity
40%
Humidity Ratio
W 10.7 g/kgda
(i.e., 0.0107)
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!x $
pw
w
! =# & =
" xws %T ,P pws
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Humidity ratio, W
The humidity ratio, W, is ratio of the mass of water vapor
to mass of dry air in a given volume
We use W when finding other mixture properties
Note 1: W is small (W < 0.04 for any real building conditions)
Note 2: W is sometimes expressed in grains/lb where 1 lb = 7000
grains (try not to ever use this)
UNITS
mw MWw pw
pw
pw
kgw
W=
=
= 0.622
= 0.622
[
]
mda M da pda
pda
p ! pw kgda
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ps
ps
Ws = 0.622
= 0.622
pda
p ! ps
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Degree of saturation,
The degree of saturation, (dimensionless), is the ratio of
the humidity ratio W to that of a saturated mixture Ws at the
same T and P
Note that and are not quite the same
Their values are very similar at lower temperatures but may differ a
lot at higher temperatures
!W $
=# &
"Ws %T ,P
!
=
1+ (1! ! )Ws / (0.6295)
!=
1! (1! ) pws / p
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Specific volume,
The specific volume of moist air (or the volume per unit mass
of air, m3/kg) can be expressed as:
RdaT
RdaT (1+1.6078W )
v=
=
p ! pw
p
v " 0.287042(T + 273.15)(1+1.6078W ) / p
If we have we can also find moist air density, (kg/m3):
mda + mw 1
!=
= 1+W
V
v
)
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Enthalpy, h
The enthalpy of a mixture of perfect gases equals the sum of
the individual partial enthalpies of the components
Therefore, the enthalpy (h) for moist air is:
h = hda +Whg
h = enthalpy for moist air [kJ/kg]
hg = specific enthalpy for saturated water vapor (i.e., hws) [kJ/kgw]
hda = specific enthalpy for dry air (i.e., hws) [kJ/kgda]
Some approximations:
hda ! 1.006T
hg ! 2501+1.86T
h ! 1.006T +W (2501+1.86T )
*where T is in C
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Note:
These constants are only for SI units
IP units are different
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W=
2501+1.86T ! 4.186Twb
W=
@T =30C
pws
= 0.622
p ! pws
@T =15C
kgw
1.7057
= 0.622
= 0.01065
101.325!1.7057
kgda
!W $
=# &
"Ws %@T =30C
Need the saturation humidity ratio @ T = 30C:
Ws@T =30C
pws
= 0.622
p ! pws
Ws@T =30C
kgw
4.2467
= 0.622
= 0.02720
101.325! 4.2467
kgda
W 0.01065
=
=
= 0.39
Ws 0.02720
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pw
!=
pws
From previous:
1.7057
!=
= 0.40 = 40%
4.2467
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Solution: Enthalpy
h ! 1.006T +W (2501+1.86T )
*where T is in C
kJ
h ! 1.006(30) + (0.01065)(2501+1.86(30)) = 57.4
kg
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v ! 0.287042(T + 273.15)(1+1.6078W ) / p
v ! 0.287042(30 + 273.15)(1+1.6078(0.01065)) / (101.325)
m3
v ! 0.873
kgda
1
1
kg
! = 1+W =
1+ 0.01065 = 1.157 3
v
0.873
m
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W=
where:
wb
2501+1.86T ! 4.186Twb
T = 30C
Twb = ?C
= 0.01065
pws
Ws@T =? = 0.622
wb
p ! pws
@Twb =?
Procedure:
Guess Twb, calculate pws for that T, calculate Ws for that T
Repeat until W calculated based on those values (and original T) in
equation above is equal to actual W (0.01065 in our case)
Twb = 20.1C
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Wet BulbTemp
Twb 65.0 F
Dry BulbTemp
T 100 F
Dew PointTemp
Tdew 40.0 F
Humidity Ratio
W 0.0058
Enthalpy
h 30 Btu/lbm
Relative
Humidity
13%
Specific Volume
v 14.23 ft3/lbm
Psychrometric software
Psych and Psychpro
Very popular psych chart and analysis software
I think at least one of these is in the AM 217 lab
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PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES
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q!
sens
! (T
= mc
p
exit
!T
inlet
) = V! !c (T
p
exit
!T
inlet
q!lat = m! wh fg
q!lat = rate of latent heat Xfer [Btu/hr or ton or W]
q!lat is positive for humidification processes
m! w = rate of evaporation/condensation [lbm/hr or kg/s]
h fg = enthalpy of vaporization [Btu/lbm or J/kg]
also called latent heat of vaporization
(h fg = 2260 kJ/kg for water)
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h/W = ~6.5
SHR ~ 0.6
h
2
W
1
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q!sens
q!sens
"h
SHR =
=
!
q!total q!sens + q!latent
"W
Here is a process
with an SHR 0.4
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h/W = ~7
SHR ~ 0.65
h
1
W
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Sensible cooling
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h1 76 kJ/kg
h2 66 kJ/kg
h -10 kJ/kg
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h = 42 76
= -34 kJ/kg
1
SHR ~ 0.75
20
0.012
10
0.010
AC on
0
6 PM
AC off
7 PM
Hour
Temp - before coil
W - before coil
Temperature, C
30
0.008
8 PM
Temp - after coil
W - after coil
60
AC on/off
Before coil
61
RH, %
80
60
40
20
AC on AC off
0
18
19
hod
RH - before coil
20
RH - after coil
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Mixing of airstreams
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Mixing of airstreams
T3 =
m! da1T1 + m! da2T2
m! da1 + m! da2
W3 =
m! da1W1 + m! da2W2
m! da1 + m! da2
h3 =
m! da1h1 + m! da2 h2
m! da1 + m! da2
3
1
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-2
cold
cool
-1
+1
+2
+3
hot
The environment is considered acceptable when: -0.5 < PMV < 0.5
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PMV
72
Q! + W! = MAskin
where
M = rate of metabolic energy production per surface area of skin (W/m2)
Askin = total surface area of skin (m2)
(work, W, is typically neglected)
Btu
W
1 met = 18.4
= 58 2
2
h ! ft
m
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8 0.6
!
$
1.1!10
vair
4
Tr = #(Tglobe + 273) +
(Tglobe ! Tair )& ' 273
0.4
#"
&%
!D
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Operative temperature?
The operative temp is basically the average value between
the air temperature and the mean radiant temperature,
adjusted for air velocity effects:
Next time
No class next Monday
Turn in your HW to our TA Liz (place in her box)
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