District Cooling Best Practice Guide: First Edition
District Cooling Best Practice Guide: First Edition
District Cooling Best Practice Guide: First Edition
COOLING
BEST
PRACTICE
GUIDE
FIRST EDITION
Published to inform, connect
and advance the global
district cooling industry
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
iii
iv
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Overview and Structure of the Guide
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
7
7
7
8
3. Business Development
3.1 District Cooling as a Utility Business
3.1.1 Engineering design
3.1.2 Organizational design
3.2 Marketing and Communications
3.2.1 Positioning
3.2.2 Customer value proposition
Value proposition summary
Building chiller system efficiency
Structuring the cost comparison
Communicating with prospective customers
3.3 Risk Management
3.3.1 Nature of district cooling company
3.3.2 Capital-intensiveness
3.3.3 Will visions be realized?
3.3.4 District cooling company risks
Stranded capital
Temporary chillers
vi
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
Construction risks
Underground congestion
Community relations
General construction issues
Revenue generation risks
Inadequate chilled-water delivery
Delays in connecting buildings
Metering
Reduced building occupancy
3.4 Rate Structures
3.4.1 Capacity, consumption and connection rates
Capacity rates
Consumption rates
Connection charges
Regional rate examples
3.4.2 Rate structure recommendations
Capacity rates
Connection charges
Initial contract demand
Rate design to encourage optimal building design and operation
3.5 Performance Metrics
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
26
26
26
27
27
vii
viii
27
29
29
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
38
38
38
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
42
42
42
42
43
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
52
53
53
53
54
55
55
55
56
57
58
58
58
58
59
59
59
59
59
61
62
62
62
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
67
67
67
68
68
69
69
69
69
70
70
ix
70
71
71
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
74
75
75
75
76
76
76
76
76
77
78
79
79
80
80
81
82
83
83
83
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
88
90
90
90
90
91
91
91
91
xi
92
92
92
92
92
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
95
95
95
95
95
95
96
96
96
96
96
97
98
99
99
100
101
101
101
102
102
106
106
106
106
106
106
107
108
xii
108
108
110
110
110
110
111
111
113
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
122
122
123
123
123
124
124
124
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
129
129
129
130
130
130
130
130
131
131
131
132
132
133
133
133
134
135
136
136
137
137
10. Commissioning
140
Appendix
A Abbreviations and Definitions
B Conversion Factors
C Arc Flash
A-1
B-1
C-1
Tables
Table 2-1
Table 2-2
Table 3-1
Table 5-1
Table 5-2
Table 5-3
Table 5-4
Table 5-5
Table 6-1
Table 6-2
Table 7-1
Table 7-2
Table 7-3
Table 7-4
Table 7-5
Table 7-6
Table 7-7
Table 7-8
Table 7-9
Table 7-10
Table 7-11
Table 7-12
Table 8-1
Table 8-2
Table 8-3
Table 8-4
Table 8-5
Table 8-6
Table 8-7
Table 8-8
Table 9-1
Figures
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-4
Figure 2-5
xiii
Figure 2-6
Figure 2-7
Figure 3-1
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Figure 5-1
Figure 5-2
Figure 5-3
Figure 5-4
Figure 5-5
Figure 5-6
Figure 5-7
Figure 5-8
Figure 5-9
Figure 5-10
Figure 5-11
Figure 5-12
Figure 5-13
Figure 5-14
Figure 6-1
Figure 6-2
Figure 6-3
Figure 6-4
Figure 6-5
Figure 6-6
Figure 6-7
Figure 6-8
Figure 6-9
Figure 6-10
Figure 6-11
Figure 6-12
Figure 6-13
Figure 7-1
Figure 7-2
Figure 7-3
Figure 7-4
Figure 7-5
Figure 7-6
Figure 7-7
Figure 7-8
Figure 7-9
Figure 7-10
Figure 7-11
Figure 7-12
Figure 7-13
Example of time-of-day power rates compared with power demand, per New England Hourly
Electricity Price Index
Annual electric energy consumption savings with district cooling
Examples of Middle East district cooling rates
Design dry-bulb and mean-coincident wet-bulb temperatures for selected Middle East cities (ASHRAE
0.4% design point)
Design wet-bulb and mean-coincident dry-bulb temperatures for selected Middle East cities (ASHRAE
0.4% design point)
Example peak-day load profiles for various building types
Illustrative peak-day load profile for district cooling serving mixed building types
Illustrative district cooling annual load-duration curve
Effect of increased delta T on LMTD of cooling coils
Paths for potential utility integration
Expected coil performance over the design flow range for typical coil
Decoupled direct ETS connection
Simplified direct ETS connection
Indirect ETS connection (with combined HEX control valves)
Indirect ETS configuration (with dedicated HEX control valves)
Plate-and-frame heat exchanger installation
Plate-and-frame heat exchanger (courtesy Alfa Laval)
HEX surface area vs. "approach"
Importance of critical customer design
Pressure-dependent globe valve
Common control-valve characteristics
Pressure-independent control valve (courtesy Flow Control Industries)
Submetering system via fixed wireless
Submetering system with an RF handheld terminal
Impact of delta T on hydraulic profile
Variable primary flow
Traditional primary-secondary system
All variable primary-secondary system
Distributed primary-secondary system
Thermal storage tank used for maintaining static pressure in system
Weld-end ball valve
Weld-end butterfly valve
Direct-buried valve with mechanical actuation
Direct-buried valve with hydraulic actuator
Sluice plate hot tap
Example of estimated average ground temperatures at various depths
Distribution system supply-water temperature rise for example system at part load
Single-effect absorption cycle (courtesy York/Johnson Controls)
Engine-based CHP with electric and absorption chillers (courtesy York/Johnson Controls)
Turbine-based CHP with electric and steam-turbine-drive chillers
Load-leveling potential with thermal energy storage
Lift in single and series-counterflow chillers
Enclosure premiums above open drip-proof
Inverter-duty motor cost premium
Motor efficiency
Refrigerant environmental impact comparison
Counterflow cooling tower
Crossflow cooling tower
Chiller and tower kW/ton vs. ECWT
Rate of power change for chillers and cooling towers
xiv
Figure 7-14
Figure 7-15
Figure 8-1
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3
Figure 8-4
Figure 8-5
Figure 8-6
Figure 8-7
Figure 8-8
Figure 8-9
Figure 8-10
Figure 8-11
Figure 8-12
xv