VIESSMANN - Technical Guide Steam Boilers

Technical guide
Steam boilers
1
Contents
7 Foreword
9 Introduction
11 A Utilising steam
12 History of steam generation
15 B What is steam?
16 Wet steam, saturated steam, superheated steam
18 B.1.2 Thermal capacity

19 B.1.3 Application areas
Contents
21 C Components of a steam boiler system
24 Steam boilers
26 C.1 Steam boilers

32 C.1.1 Boiler equipment
38 C.1.2 Multi-boiler system
41 C.1.3 Steam boiler in standby mode
42 C.1.4 Waste heat boilers
44 Economiser (ECO)
46 Steam superheaters (SH)
48 Combustion system
49 C.4.1 Combustion air

49 C.4.2 Liquid fuels
50 C.4.3 Gaseous fuels
51 C.4.4 Dual fuel burner
52 C.4.5 Wood combustion
54 Water treatment
58 C.5.1 Chemical water treatment (CWT)

59 C.5.2 Osmosis systems
60 C.5.3 Thermal water treatment (TWT)
64 Condensate management / treatment
65 C.6.1 Low pressure condensate

65 C.6.2 High pressure condensate
66 C.6.3 Condensate treatment
67 C.6.4 Sampling cooler
69 C.6.5 Dosing corrective chemicals
70 Pumps
71 C.7.1 Feedwater pumps & control

73 C.7.2 Condensate pumps
74 System-dependent thermal equipment
75 C.8.1 Mixing cooler

75 C.8.2 T.D.S. expander and lye cooler
75 C.8.3 Exhaust vapour condenser
76 C.8.4 Feedwater cooler
76 C.8.5 Feedwater preheater
78 Pipework system
80 Flue system
2/3
82 Internal system demand
83 C.11.1 Internal power demand

83 C.11.2 Internal thermal power demand
84 Insulation of pipes, tanks etc.
85 C.12.1 Thermal insulation

85 C.12.2 Protection against the formation of condensate
86 Control system
87 C.13.1 Main functions
88 Rules and regulations
88 C.14.1 Legal framework
93 D Component layout
96 Steam boiler selection
96 D.1 Steam boiler selection

98 D.1.2 Selection of the boiler pressure level
99 D.1.3 Waste heat boilers
102 Product range
103 D.2.1 Steam boilers

104 D.2.2 Flame tube temperature monitoring (FTTM)
105 D.2.3 Economiser (ECO) operation
106 D.2.3.1 ECO output
108 D.2.3.2 Amortisation Economiser (AECO)
110 D.2.3.3 Utilising condensing technology
113 D.2.3.4 Superheater (SH) operation
116 D.2.3.5 Pressure / heat maintenance – steam boiler
118 Combustion systems
119 D.3.1 Variable-speed combustion air fan

120 D.3.2 O2 control
121 D.3.3 Amount of fuel / fuel demand
122 D.3.4 Combustion air, supply air ducts
125 D.3.5 Acoustic emissions from monoblock / duoblock burners
128 Water treatment
129 D.4.1 Total deaeration system

130 D.4.2 Partial deaeration system
132 D.4.3 Chemical water treatment system (CWT softening system)
136 D.4.4 Function description – reverse osmosis system (RO)
139 D.4.5 Water analysis, general explanations
Contents
142 Condensate management
143 D.5.1 Function description of open vented condensate systems

144 D.5.2 Function description of sealed unvented condensate systems
150 Pumps
151 D.6.1 Feed pumps – criteria for design and operation

160 D.6.2 Condensate pumps – criteria for sizing and operation
162 Sizing the thermal equipment
163 D.7.1 Mixing cooler

168 D.7.2 T.D.S. expander
171 D.7.3 Exhaust vapour condenser
174 D.7.4 Feedwater cooler
180 D.7.5 Sampling cooler
182 Pipework
183 D.8.1 Pipework

188 D.8.2 Specifications – materials, welding work
196 D.8.3 Pipework calculations and sizing
210 D.8.4 Strength, expansion, support spans, clearances, routing / mountings
219 D.8.5 Notes on design engineering of selected pipework systems
219 D.8.5.1 Steam pipes / steam distributors
224 D.8.5.2 Condensate pipes and systems
226 D.8.5.3 Boiler lye and blow-down lines
227 D.8.5.4 Feedwater – softened water – drinking water
229 D.8.5.5 Exhaust vapour, waste steam and discharge pipes
232 D.8.5.6 Fuel lines
233 D.8.5.7 Waste water and floor drainage systems
236 Flue system
237 D.9.1 Planning and design information for connection pieces

239 D.9.2 Sizing the flue system
240 D.9.3 Chimney connection and design
242 D.9.4 Common flue system, merging of flue gas flows
244 D.10.1 Internal electrical system demand

248 D.10.2 Internal thermal system demand
253 E Requirements and regulations
254 Basic requirements and regulations for the licensing procedure
254 E.1.1 Licensing procedure according to Section 13 of the [German]

Health & Safety at Work Act
265 E.1.2 Overview of German licensing procedures
268 E.1.3 Overviews and summary of application documents and their compilation
271 E.1.4 Overviews for compiling the application documents
4/5
272 Principle requirements and regulations for the installation of steam boilers
273 E.2.1 Installation of category IV land-based steam boilers

273 E.2.2 Installation of category III land-based steam boilers (TRD 802)
274 E.2.3 Steam boiler system installation room
277 E.2.4 Acoustic emissions
278 E.2.5 Transportation and handling
279 E.2.6 Earthquake protection
283 F Operation
284 Operating modes
284 F.1.1 Operating modes

286 F.1.2 Standards and regulations governing operation
287 F.1.3 Inspection intervals for boilers according to the Pressure Equipment Directive
293 G Appendix
Technical data collection and tables
294 [A 1] Standard circuit diagram; other diagrams

can be found in the cover inside pocket
296 [A 2.1] Thermal insulation of pipes
297 [A 2.2] Contact protection insulation
298 [A 3] Technical Guide on water quality – extract
302 [A 4] Sketch of steam boiler container system
304 [Tb. 1.0] SI units / conversion table
305 [Tb. 1.1] 1. Conversion table – BTU / BHP / KW / t/h
306 [Tb. 2.0] Steam table (saturation state)
309 [Tb. 2.1] Properties of superheated steam
313 [Tb. 2.2] Properties of saturated steam
314 [Tb. 2.3] Enthalpy/Entropy
315 [Tb. 3.0] Internal pipe roughness
316 [Tb. 3.1] Pipe friction factor / Reynolds number
317 [Tb. 4.0] Pressure drop in steam pipes
318 [Tb. 4.1] Pressure drop in steam pipes – example
319 [Tb. 5] Conversion for the units of water hardness
320 [Tb. 6] Re-evaporation in condensate expansion
311 [Tb. 7] Pipe cross section for given steam parameters – example
322 [Tb. 8] Pressure drop in water pipes for a particular flow rate – example
323 [Tb. 9] Flow velocities (standard values)
324 [Tb. 10] Steam boiler inspection checklist
325 Literature references
326 Keyword index
336 Imprint
Introduction
6/7
Foreword
The global energy situation is characterised In selecting the subjects to be covered, we
by finite natural gas and mineral oil reserves, have given priority to planning and engineering
simultaneously increasing consumption and reliability in the layout of steam boilers and
significant price increases. Furthermore, ever their components. After all, proper planning
increasing CO2 emissions are heating up the and professional design are fundamental
atmosphere, leading to dangerous climate prerequisites, not only for the trouble-free
change. This forces us to handle energy and efficient operation of a steam boiler
responsibly. We need greater efficiency system, but also for the safety of people and
and increased use of renewable energy the environment.
sources. As the largest consumer of energy,
the industrial sector can make a significant I am convinced that this planning manual
contribution towards essential energy will be of welcome assistance to everyone
savings and CO2 reduction through the use of involved in the design of industrial steam
innovative and efficient heating technology. generation systems. I wish every success to
all those who use it.
The comprehensive product range from
Viessmann includes system solutions for Dr Martin Viessmann
every type of energy source, which minimise
consumption of resources for convenient
heat provision and reliable steam supply, and
help protect the environment by reducing
CO2 emissions. Whether it be steam boilers
with integrated economisers and downstream
condensing heat exchangers for oil or gas
combustion, or wood-burning (biomass) steam
boilers for generating process steam with
downstream economisers, Viessmann has the
suitable solution.
The integration of heat recovery systems

requires precisely coordinated individual
components to achieve maximum efficiency
and to keep costs under control. This must be
based on proper system planning. Viessmann
began with the development and production
of powerful boilers for generating steam
several decades ago and can therefore call
on extensive experience. We would like you
to benefit from this experience through this
compact planning manual.
Introduction
Vitomax production plant,

Mittenwalde
8/9
Introduction
This steam manual is intended as a supplement to such literature as the "steam" technical
series and the sales folder for steam industrial systems, with a focus on the design and
sizing of steam generation systems powered by the fuels oil, gas and wood (biomass), as
well as waste heat boilers up to a generator output of 75 t/h.
The manual must therefore be considered In spite of thorough checking, we cannot

as a "guideline" for the approach to be taken completely rule out errors in the content or
in seeking a conclusive generator concept printing errors that have been overlooked.
on the basis of Viessmann-specific "main Viessmann expressly accepts no liability for
components". System and heating engineers, such mistakes. As a consequence, Viessmann
planners and production engineers will be accepts no responsibility for the correctness of
able to use this manual in conjunction with statements made in this publication. Likewise,
the aforementioned technical brochures as an Viessmann accepts no liability for any material
additional reference work. damage, personal injury or financial loss arising
from the use of this manual.
10/11
A Utilising steam
The aim of this manual is to explain the principles of steam generation in steam boilers
and describe the layout of components in a steam boiler system.
The properties of steam differ considerably Where reference is made to standards and
from those of the more frequently utilised heat legislation, we refer exclusively to European
transfer medium, i.e. water. Consequently, regulations. By way of example, German
we must first turn to some fundamental regulations are also taken into consideration,
considerations regarding the medium "steam" but these cannot necessarily be applied to
and steam generation. We will then introduce other countries.
the individual components of a steam boiler
system and provide information on its design,
installation and operation.
This manual only deals with the generation of

steam and does not address the subject of
"hot water boilers". The contents relate to "land-
based steam", in other words the stationary
generation of steam, and consciously
exclude the features associated with mobile
generation, e.g. on board ships.
11 A Utilising steam

A.1 Objectives
History of steam generation

Steam has been known to man since the first utilisation of fire. It occurred then as it does
now, unintentionally on quenching the fireplace with water or during cooking.
First considerations regarding the technical Denis Papin is credited with the practical
utilisation of steam are attributed to execution of the pressure cooker (circa 1680).
Archimedes (287 to 212 BC), who designed a This first pressure vessel was already
steam canon. equipped with a safety valve, after a prototype
exploded during initial experiments.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 to 1519) made first
calculations on the subject, according to The utilisation of the steam engine from circa
which an 8 kilogram ball would be propelled 1770 made it essential to take a closer look at
1250 metres when fired from such a canon. the process medium water, both theoretically
and in practical terms.
12/13
Fig. A.1-1 Visualisation of boiler house
Practitioners included James Watt and

Carl Gustav Patrik de Laval, who both
became wealthy men as a result of marketing
their machines.
B.1 What is steam?
14/15
B What is steam?
In the context of this manual, we are not dealing with mixtures of air and steam, but
exclusively with dry steam generated in sealed unvented systems (steam boilers).
Note
Steam arises from the liquid or solid phase due
to evaporation or sublimation1). In the physical
sense, steam is gaseous water. The pressures
referred to in this
Over time, the evaporation of water generates manual are exclusively
a dynamic equilibrium where the same positive pressures,
number of particles are transferring from the unless explicitly
liquid or solid phase into the gaseous phase as stated otherwise.
are reverting from the gas. At this point, steam
is saturated.
How many particles switch from one phase to

another is largely dependent on the pressure
and temperature of the system in question.
15 B What is steam?
18 B.1.2 Thermal capacity
19 B.1.3 Application areas
1) Sublimation: direct transition

of a material from the solid to
the gaseous state without prior
transformation into a fluid.
B.1 Foreword
Wet steam, saturated steam, superheated steam

Water evaporates at constant pressure on application of heat. Steam, on the other hand,
condenses on cold surfaces to form the finest droplets.
Fig. B.1–1 Properties diagram

At this point, the steam consists of a mixture
of fine droplets and gaseous, invisible water.
Liquefying ice Critical isotherms
under pressure This mixture is referred to as wet steam
(Fig. B1.1-1 and B1.1-2).
221.2 Critical
point
Above the critical point, steam and liquid
water can no longer be distinguished from one
another in terms of density, which is why this
Melting point state is referred to as "supercritical". This state
1 is irrelevant to the application of steam boilers.
Normal
Pressure [bar]
0.006 boiling point

Triple point
0.01 100 374.15

Temperature [°C]
Density ̖ at 100 °C and 1.01325 bar: 0.598 kg/m3 ; specific thermal capacity: cp= 2.08 kJ/(kg·K); thermal
conductivity: >0.0248 W/(m·K); triple point: 0.01 °C ฬ 273.165 K at 0.00612 bar; critical point: 374.15 °C at 221.2 bar
16/17
Fig. B.1.1–1 Properties diagram
Water Wet steam Steam
Boiling the
tank content
Heat supply
Convection inside
the steam boiler
x=0 x>0 x = 0.2 x = 0.8 x<1 x=1
e.g.: x = 0.8 means: 80 % of the water is available as steam Wet steam, superheated steam,
saturated steam
From a chemical viewpoint, supercritical The borderline between wet and superheated
water has particularly aggressive properties. steam is referred to as "saturated steam" or
Below the critical point, steam is therefore occasionally also as "dry steam" to differentiate
"subcritical" and in equilibrium with liquid it from wet steam. Most tabular values
water. If it is heated further in this range concerning steam relate to this state
following complete evaporation of the liquid (see chapter G2, table 2).
to a temperature above the associated
evaporation temperature,"superheated steam"
is created. This form of steam contains no
water droplets whatsoever and, as far as
physical characteristics are concerned, it is
also a gas and invisible.
Fig. B.1.1–2 T-s diagram

400
Critical point
x = Percentage by mass, steam [%]
300
200
x = 40 %
x = 60 %
%
x
x=
=
20
0%
10
80
x=
=
%0
%
x
100
0
Evaporation heat: 2250 kJ/kg
Temperature [°C]
–100
–200
–273
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Eutropy [kJ/(kg · K)] In the T-s diagram, the range of wet
steam extends to the critical point at
Changes in state of water at 100 °C and 1 bar pressure 374 °C and 221.2 bar
B.1.2 Thermal capacity To evaporate the contents of a saucepan, a
Fig. B.1.2–1 Pressure cooker
considerable period of time is required for heat
The benefit of steam as a heat transfer absorption via the hob or hotplate.
medium is its considerably higher thermal The energy transferred during this period
capacity compared with water (Fig. 3). For serves exclusively to evaporate the water; the
equal mass and temperature, the thermal temperature of the water or steam remains
capacity or enthalpy of steam is more than constant (100 °C at standard pressure)
6-times greater than that of water. (Fig. B.1.2-2).
The reasons for this lie in the substantial This results in a substantial advantage for
energy required to evaporate water, which steam as a heat transfer medium:
is then contained in the steam that has Compared with water, only one sixth of the
been created and is released again upon mass needs to be moved to transfer the same
condensation. This behaviour is well known amount of heat (Fig. B.1.2-3).
from boiling water, for example (Fig. B.1.2-1).
Fig. B.1.2–2 Evaporation characteristics

Temperature
Boiling temperature
Boiling
x=0 x = 1 Time
Fig. B.1.2–3 Thermal capacity
Wärmeinhalt Wasserdampf: 2675,4 kJ

(1 kg, 100 °C, 1 bar)
Wärmeinhalt Wasser: 417,5 kJ

(1 kg, 100 °C)
Wärmeinhalt [kJ]
18/19
Fig. B.1.3–1 Steam boiler system
Slovenia/ Novo Mesto,

pharmaceutical production
B.1.3 Application areas Typical applications for stationary steam

generation:
Steam is used in many industrial processes as Steam turbines,
an energy source and as a medium for carrying Steam heating systems (thermal energy
chemical substances. transfer medium),
Chemical processes: as an energy source
Typical application areas are, amongst others, and a carrier of reagents,
the paper and building material industry, Food processing industry (fruit juice
refineries, the pharmaceutical industry and production, breweries, pasta and cheese
processing of food on an industrial scale. production, dairies, large bakeries); also
Steam drives turbines for the generation for sterilising,
of power, vulcanises rubber products and Fertilizer industry,
sterilises packaging. Vulcanising rubber products,
Pharmaceutical industry for sterilisation
The generation of steam for industrial purposes and as a carrier of therapeutic
purposes and its "handling" differ significantly agents,
in some points from conventional heat Building materials industry,
generation in heating technology using water Paper industry,
as the heat transfer medium. Refineries (cracking crude oil),
Wood processing (wood forming),
In particular, high pressure steam generation Generation of a vacuum by displacing air
in the higher output range requires special and subsequent condensation.
equipment for the systems concerned.
StoVerotec Deutschland in Germany,
Vitomax 200-HS, 4t/h, 16 bar
20/21
C Components of a steam boiler system

Steam generation requires a wide range of thermal equipment aside from the steam
boiler for preparing the feedwater or recovering energy, as well as pumps, burners
and other fittings.
In contrast to hot water boilers, steam steam boiler. Furthermore, burners, fittings
boilers are continuously supplied with "fresh" and pumps are required to provide the steam
feedwater. So that the constituents of water, boiler with the necessary energy. The interplay
such as calcium, magnesium, oxygen and between all of these components forms a
carbon dioxide, do not permanently damage steam boiler system.
the steam boiler over the course of time with
pitting corrosion or limescale deposits, for The main components of a steam boiler
example, appropriate measures must be taken system are described in the following chapter.
to remove substances that are harmful to the
21 C Components of a steam boiler system
24 Steam boilers
26 C.1 Steam boilers

32 C.1.1 Boiler equipment
38 C.1.2 Multi-boiler system
41 C.1.3 Steam boiler in standby mode
42 C.1.4 Waste heat boilers
44 Economiser (ECO)
49 C.4.1 Combustion air

49 C.4.2 Liquid fuels
50 C.4.3 Gaseous fuels
51 C.4.4 Dual fuel burner
52 C.4.5 Wood combustion
54 Water treatment
58 C.5.1 Chemical water treatment (CWT)

59 C.5.2 Osmosis systems
60 C.5.3 Thermal water treatment (TWT)
65 C.6.1 Low pressure condensate

65 C.6.2 High pressure condensate
66 C.6.3 Condensate treatment
67 C.6.4 Sampling cooler
69 C.6.5 Dosing corrective chemicals
70 Pumps
71 C.7.1 Feedwater pumps & control

73 C.7.2 Condensate pumps
75 C.8.1 Mixing cooler

75 C.8.2 T.D.S. expander and lye cooler
75 C.8.3 Exhaust vapour condenser
76 C.8.4 Feedwater cooler
76 C.8.5 Feedwater preheater
22/23
78 Pipework system
80 Flue system
83 C.11.1 Internal power demand

83 C.11.2 Internal thermal power demand
85 C.12.1 Thermal insulation

85 C.12.2 Protection against the formation of condensate
86 Control system
87 C.13.1 Main functions
88 C.14.1 Legal framework

C.1 Steam boilers
Vitomax 200-HS; 3.8 t/h,

13 bar in Belgium Steam boilers
There are different types of steam boiler. Starting with kettles for boiling water to steam
engines and stationary steam boiler systems for industrial purposes or steam boilers in
power stations for generating power.
Viessmann only manufactures steam boilers

in the low and high pressure ranges up to
30 bar for the generation of saturated or
superheated steam, which are described in
the following text.
24/25
3 Vitomax 200-HS, type M235

C.1 Steam boilers
Fig. C.1–1 Thermal capacity (enthalpy) of steam

C.1 Steam boilers
A steam boiler is a sealed unvented vessel

Heat content water steam: 2777.0 kJ designed for the purpose of generating
(1 kg, 180 °C, 10 bar)
steam at a pressure higher than atmospheric
pressure. "Confining" the steam increases
the pressure and consequently the boiling
Heat content water steam: 2675.4 kJ
(1 kg, 100 °C, 1 bar) temperature. This also increases the energy
content of the generated steam (Fig. C.1-1).
Heat content [kJ] The various boiler types can be differentiated

either by their design, combustion system or
fuel type.
Aside from their design, steam boilers are

defined by their steam output and permissible
operating pressure.
Essentially, two designs are available for the
generation of high pressure steam in the
higher output range:
the water tube boiler and
the flame tube/smoke tube boiler
(also referred to as shell boiler)
Fig. C.1–2 Cross-section through a steam boiler

In the first type, water is contained in tubes
that are surrounded by hot gas. This design
generally takes the form of a high speed steam
generator up to a pressure of approx. 30 bar or
as a water tube boiler up to approx. 200 bar.
Flame tube/smoke tube boilers cannot provide
such pressures on account of their design
principles. In these boilers, hot gas (flue gas)
flows through tubes that are surrounded by
water (Fig. C.1-2).
Depending on size, these boilers have a

permissible operating pressure of approx.
25 bar and deliver, for example, 26 tonnes of
steam per hour.
Beyond the steam output described

here, there are also double flame tube
Flame tube/smoke tube boiler operating principle
boilers designed according to the same
principles that deliver up to 50 t/h. The main
differences between this and other flame
tube boilers is the arrangement of 2 flame
tubes, each with separate hot gas flues, and
2 corresponding burners.
The design of the flame tube/smoke tube

boiler is suitable for meeting the demands
made of steam generation by the majority of
production processes – particularly in respect
of pressure and steam volume – safely
and economically.
26/27
Fig. C.1–3 Vitomax 200-HS Fig. C.1–4 Vitomax 200-HS with integrated ECO
Vitomax 200 HS oil/gas high pressure steam boiler; Vitomax 200 HS oil/gas high pressure steam boiler with
steam output: 0.5 to 4 t/h mounted ECO; steam output: 5 to 26 t/h
Where low pressure steam (up to The design principle of shell boilers is
0.5 bar) is required, this design is also the characterised by their large water capacity,
conventional choice. a large steam chamber and the resulting
In Germany, more than 50 % of operational excellent storage capacity. Consequently,
high pressure steam boilers are shell boilers of this type of boiler guarantees stable steam
the three-pass design; a description that also provision, even in the case of wide and brief
applies to the Vitomax 200 HS (Fig. C.1-3 and load fluctuations.
Fig. C.1-4).
The large evaporator surface combined with
The three-pass design enables particularly the favourably designed steam chamber and
economical, clean and hence environmentally integral demister ensure the generation of
responsible combustion. almost completely dry steam.
At the end of the combustion chamber, hot The three passes and consequent rapid
gases flow through a water-cooled reversing heat transfer allow high steam output to be
chamber into the second pass. The hot gases achieved with very short pre-heating times.
arrive at the third pass through another
reversing chamber near the front boiler Heat transfer within the passes is split
door. Both hot gas passes are designed as as follows:
convection heating surfaces. 1st pass and reversing chamber approx. 35 %
2nd and 3rd pass/smoke tube pass approx. 65 %
Since the hot gases exit the combustion
chamber through the rear reversing chamber Maximum steam boiler output is determined
and no returning hot gases surround the by the European standard EN 12953 and is
flame core – as is the case, for example, in a compulsory for all manufacturers.
reversing flame boiler – the flame can release
more heat and is therefore cooled down
more thoroughly. This feature, combined with
the reduced dwell time of the hot gases in
the reaction zone, reduces the formation of
nitrogen oxide.
C.1 Steam boilers
Fig. C.1–5 Vitomax 200-HS
Sanovel / Istanbul
Single-flame tube shell boilers can be the maximum output is 19 t/h. Maximum
manufactured with an output of up to permissible operating pressures are up to
26 t/h when using gas as fuel; for fuel oil, 30 bar, depending on output.
The design of the Vitomax 200-HS is

characterised by the following special features:
Generously proportioned steam chamber leads to consistently low NOx emission
with low steam chamber load and levels. There is no reflection from the
integrated steam dryer ensuring high refractory lining. Refractory linings must
steam quality be run dry according to a defined program,
Expansion clearances according to trade which extends the commissioning period.
association agreement. The distances These are also wearing parts
between the smoke tubes as well as the Water-cooled rear reversing chamber.
clearances between the smoke tubes and Vitomax boilers are designed in such a way
the casing and the flame tube are all well that the rear flue gas reversal is completely
above requirements. This guarantees that water-cooled. As a result, energy latent in
the shearing force on the facing floors the flue gases is made available exclusively
caused by different linear expansion in for heating the water. Fireclay bricks,
the smoke tubes and the flame tube is which are still used in the industry in some
lower. The benefits for the operator are places, heat up until they are red-hot and
a long service life and trouble-free boiler have an effect on the flame on account of
operation. Cracking of the corner stays is their radiation, resulting in increased heat
unheard of in Vitomax boilers radiation from the boiler. Furthermore,
Water-cooled burner operation. Vitomax fireclay bricks are wearing parts requiring
boilers are designed in such a way that regular inspection and replacement
burners can be mounted without refractory as necessary
linings (exception: rotary cup atomisers ).
This guarantees a constant temperature
around the burner head, which in turn
28/29
120 mm composite thermal insulation

ensures low radiation losses
Vitomax boilers are equipped with a
sufficient number of inspection and access
ports to reach all important points inside
the boiler for the purpose of inspection.
This leads to the longest possible
intervals for internal inspection. See
chapter F.1.3.2
Where corner stays are used, they must
be arranged in pairs. The stresses are well
below the permissible levels specified in
the steam boiler agreement [Germany].
Low stress in the component => longer
service life
Vitomax boilers comply fully with all
applicable regulations
The flame room geometry fulfils the
minimum standard according to the BDH
guideline. The boiler/burner combinations
in use are therefore non-critical
Easy to open boiler doors and a
cleaning door at the end of the boiler
facilitate maintenance, hence reducing
operating costs
Reliable technical specifications that stand
up to every scrutiny
Viessmann cooperates actively in the
drafting of new guidelines and regulations,
thus setting new standards that represent
state-of-the-art technology
C.1 Steam boilers
Fig. C.1–5 Pyroflex wood combustion steam boiler
Wood combustion high pressure steam boiler The design of the Pyroflex FSB / FSR steam
boiler is characterised by the following
The MAWERA Pyroflex FSB high pressure special features:
steam boiler with an operating pressure Modular construction – employable for
of 6 to 25 bar can be used in conjunction the Pyroflex FSB and Pyroflex FSR wood
with the Pyroflex FSB flat moving grate combustion system
combustion system (combustion output 1 to Boiler can be positioned either directly on
2 MW) and Pyroflex FSR (combustion output the combustion chamber or freestanding
1 to 15.3 MW). The Pyroflex FSB and FSR Lowest thermal stresses due to the
combustion chamber for wood fuels (biomass) cooling screen design
is described in chapter C.4.5. Simple geometry of the parts subjected
The boiler is designed as a 2-pass boiler to pressure
with cooling screen. The heat transfer is split Low operating costs due to the 2-pass
as follows: design (low pressure loss on the flue
1st pass approx. 80 % gas side)
2nd pass approx. 20 % Low radiation losses due to 120 mm
composite thermal insulation
Large steam chamber, large evaporator
and an integrated demister for improved
steam quality
Stable cover on top of the boiler included
in the standard delivery – this simplifies
maintenance and protects the thermal
insulation from damage
Alternatively designed as a boiler
control platform
A pneumatic cleaning system is
available as an option that increases the
boiler runtime
30/31
Note
In some countries, test points are required for Fuel Thermal combustion output (MW)
monitoring the flame tube temperature in the Old New
case of boiler output greater than the following Natural gas 13.65 18.20 Where DIN EN 12953
values: Fuel oil 10.50 14.00 or the TRD + applicable
> 12 MW for oil combustion and trade association
> 15.6 MW for gas agreement are employed,
(see also table D.2.2-1) the combustion heat
can be increased by 1/3
Such measuring points can be easily integrated In addition to the normative limitation compared with the 'old'
into all versions of the Vitomax 200-HS. On the according to DIN EN 12953-3, design TRD regulations trade
basis of corresponding national regulations, limitations must be provided according to association agreement
temperature capturing systems with a minimum the regulations (TRD 306 clause 11) that are 1894/1 in respect of
of six test points in the flame tube are currently "compulsory for all manufacturers" and that in the flame tube design
required in the EU member states. the final analysis are an important criterion for (subject to material
determining the rated steam output (see notes thickness, the material
The capturing points detect impermissible wall on selecting a steam boiler in chapter D 2). itself, the internal
temperatures (permissible wall temperature In addition to the applicable trade association diameter and the fuel).
= f (flame tube material)) and break the boiler agreement, monitoring of the flame tube
safety chain (with burner shutdown). temperature is required in Germany according
to DIN EN 12953-3 as a compensatory measure
in respect of a possible increase in output.
Fig. C.1–6 Flame tube temperature monitoring system

Level 2
Level 1
Flange connector
with shield (Flame tube)
Control panel
(Flame tube)
Temperature test ports at the flame tube wall

C.1 Steam boilers
C.1.1 Boiler equipment
The scope of the steam boiler encompasses

all safety equipment, control, display and shut-
off equipment, the feedwater pump module,
the combustion system (burner) and a control
panel for activating all boiler and burner-specific
control equipment.
The selection of which individual components

are added to the steam boiler is governed
by the system operating mode and the fuels
required by the user.
Fig. C.1.1.1 Boiler equipment
Pos. 20 and 40: Quantity (1 or 2)

depends on country-specific requirement
Fig. C.1.1.2 Feedwater pump assembly
32/33
Fig. C.1.1.3 Boiler equipment
1 Platform
2 Control panel
3 Integral ECO
4 ECO-boiler connection line
5 Feedwater pump (module)
6 Burner
10 Level electrode (e.g. NRGT26-1)

11 Level electrode (e.g. NRG16-51)
12 Level electrode (e.g. NRG16-50)
15 Conductivity electrode
20 Safety valve
21 Ventilation shut-off valve
22 Steam shut-off valve
23 Feedwater shut-off valve
24 Feedwater non-return valve
25 Blow-down shut-off valve
26 Blow-down valve
27 T.D.S. shut-off valve
28 T.D.S. valve
30 Shut-off valve for ECO draining
40 Water level indicator

41 Nanometer
42 Maximum pressure limiter
43 Pressure transducer
44 Straight-through shut-off valve with cap
45 Dial thermometer
46 Sampling cooler
C.1 Steam boilers
Fig. C.1.1–4 Blow-down valve

Fitting out is based on TRD regulations and/or
EN standard 12953 using high quality systems
to the extent that they are approved by
regulations. The basis for approval is provided
by the corresponding EN standards or, where
such standards are unavailable, the appropriate
VdTÜV datasheets. This product selection
process enables a high level of system
availability and reliability.
Blow-down and T.D.S. valves on the steam

boiler are of particular importance. They are
required to ensure a consistently reliable
operation of the steam boiler. During
operation, sludge deposits form inside the
boiler that must be removed periodically.
Fig. C.1.1–5 Automatic blow-down

Blow-down
A special valve is used for this purpose
(Fig. C 1.1-4), the sudden and brief opening
of which and the associated suction effect
remove solids from the boiler floor. The valve
is opened manually, or automatically via a
blow-down program controller in the case of
unmanned operation, for a duration of 2-5 s.
Blow-down valves should ensure secure and
powerful closing by means of special design
features. This is optimised by installing the
cone from below, i.e. spring force and boiler
pressure combine to produce the maximum
possible closing force, hence ensuring that
the valve closes securely in spite of the
operational contamination.
In the case of so-called multi-boiler systems,
non-return valves must be provided in the
discharge pipe (EN 12953-6, paragraph 4.6.3).
34/35
Fig. C.1.1–6 T.D.S. valve

Desalination
With steam generation, the salts dissolved in
the water stay behind and increase the salt
concentration level of the boiler water, primarily
at the water surface. For that reason, the T.D.S.
electrode is located in the upper section of the
steam boiler at the same height as the water
level. An excessively high salt concentration
results in the formation of a solid crust,
reducing the heat transfer and leading to boiler
corrosion and foaming, whereby the foam can
become entrained in the steam and have a
detrimental effect on the downstream system.
This reduces steam quality and the arising

water backup places additional strain on
valves. In addition, the function of the water
Fig. C.1.1–7 Automatic desalination
level controllers that ensure an adequate
water level in the boiler would be impaired.
For that reason, regulations require monitoring
[equipment] covering the boiler water quality,
which shuts down the boiler system if the
maximum permissible values are exceeded.
Essential requirements for the quality of
measurements are described in the VdTÜV
datasheet "Water Monitoring Equipment 100"
For illustration purposes, the two valves are arranged opposite
(WÜ 100) and form the basis for approval of one another. In reality, they are located next to each other on
the measuring systems. Of particular note the boiler wall
here are the measuring quality, automatic
temperature compensation and the display of
temperature-compensated actual values. T.D.S.
valves are employed as a preventive measure
against the boiler system shutting down
in the event of excessive conductivity. The
T.D.S. controller with limit signal activates the
T.D.S. valve and also drains the boiler water.
The level controller makes up the water loss
with treated feedwater, hence reducing the
conductivity within the boiler. Fittings designed
especially for this purpose are also used on
the T.D.S. valves. Water is drained through the
stepped aperture at full differential pressure
(boiler / heat recovery) noiselessly and with
little wear.
Conductance is measured continuously by

a T.D.S. electrode fitted inside the boiler; it
triggers opening of the T.D.S. valve to a greater
or lesser extent when a specified set value is
exceeded (Fig. C.1.1-6 and C.1.1-7).
C.1 Steam boilers
Note Fig. C.1.1–8 Electrodes, controlled operation

Function of the level electrodes
Example: boiler equipment for 72 h unattended
"Specially designed" operation (BosB 72h). See also chapter F.1.1.
devices must be used Each steam boiler is equipped with 2
as water level limiters. connectors with an internal diameter of 100
The need for a "special and associated foam protection according
design" arises if regular to EN 12953-9, paragraph. 2 electrodes
Set
checks take place are mounted in each connector. Possible
automatically in the combinations are WB+WR or WB+HW. Two
electrical and mechanical WB electrodes must not be mounted in a
parts of every device. common flange.
If faults occur in
the test sequence, WB – Water shortage limiter
heating must be shut WR – Water level controller
down automatically HW – Maximum water level limiter
and transferred to a
safe state. In the case of operation without continuous
supervision, the water level must be controlled
The limiters must in accordance with EN 12953. The regulations
comply with the do not specify anything in respect of the Furthermore, EN 12953 requires two
requirements specified quality of level control, i.e. periodic and independently operating devices that prevent
in EN 12953-9 and an continuous control units may both be used. the water level falling below the minimum
additional risk analysis Conductive multiple electrodes are often used value (limiter electrodes for min. water
must be carried out for controlling the interval; these switch a level NW). These limiter electrodes must be
in accordance with pump ON/OFF and issue additional alarms by built into 2 connectors with corresponding
EN 12953-6, paragraph means of the different lengths of the electrode protective pipes. According to TRD 604,
4.3.2, for every limiter rods. Continuous control units are preferred an automatically operating device (limiter
function and appropriate for systems > 2 t/h. A capacitive, continuously electrode for max. water level HW) must be
levels of functional active probe is used for capturing the filling mounted on the boiler for 72 h unattended
safety established. level in this instance. A set value controller operation (BosB 72h), which reliably prevents
Note: Typical is used to activate the control valve or the the maximum water level being exceeded.
requirements regarding FU pump for continuous topping up.
the safety integrity level Therefore, four electrodes are required for
(SIL) of boiler safety monitoring on the water side according to 72 h
systems are never lower unattended operation (BosB 72h).
than 2.
36/37
Fig. C.1.1–9 Electrodes, min. alarm Fig. C.1.1–10 Electrodes, max. alarm
Max
HW
Min
NW
Safety chain LWL-alarm! Safety chain LWL-alarm!

Boiler protection: see chapter D1
The limiter electrodes for minimum and

maximum water levels safeguard the boiler
operation with regard to exceeding or
falling below the HW and NW water levels
respectively. On response from the limiter
electrodes, an intervention is made in the
safety chain and combustion is shut down and
locked out.
In the case of the HW electrode, shutting

down combustion is only required if the
downstream heating surfaces could be at risk.
Otherwise, the HW electrode only intervenes
in the topping up device, switching it off until
the electrode re-emerges.
C.1 Steam boilers
C.1.2 Multi-boiler system The question as to how many boilers with

what output should be installed must be
Multi-boiler systems (Fig. C.1.2-1) are used considered in terms of the security of
for reasons of security of supply that must be supply and ensuring the lowest possible
guaranteed by the steam boiler system, for operating costs.
example in hospitals for sterilisation purposes
or when there is a varying demand for steam With a single boiler system, account must be
over a given period (day/night, summer/winter). taken of the fact that the boiler output range
only depends on the control range of the
Another reason for implementing a multi- combustion system. Advanced gas burners
boiler system is the combination of a wood with high output can be regulated down to
combustion (biomass) steam system with an approx. 1/8 of maximum boiler output. The
oil or gas steam system. The wood combustion boiler switches to intermittent operation if
(biomass) steam boiler is generally employed steam demand falls below this control range.
as the base load boiler. Oil and gas steam
boilers are used as peak load and fail-safe Systems comprising several boilers are
boilers. Temperature and steam pressure levels predominantly operated with a sequential
are maintained in oil or gas steam boilers control. The sequential control allows boiler
by built-in indirect coils. The energy required operation appropriate for the steam demand
for this purpose is provided by the wood from a viewpoint of the most economical
combustion (biomass) steam system. operating mode and a high security of supply.
Economical operation results from the
reduced number of burner start events and
boiler operation in the medium load range
with low flue gas losses and therefore higher
efficiency levels.
Fig. C.1.2–1 Steam boiler system in a hospital
AMH Hospital, Chorzow, Poland –

3 high pressure Vitomax 200 HS
steam boilers with 2.4 t/h (8 bar)
supplying steam for the heating
system, the laundry and sterilisation
38/39
Fig. C.1.2–2 Annual load curve or annual demand line

In principle, every boiler is equipped with its
own boiler control unit and can be regulated
and operated on a stand-alone basis. The usual 4500
type of control unit is a programmable logic

4000
controller (PLC). Sequence control, also by
Total heat output
3500
means of a PLC, is higher ranking than the Biomass heat
individual boiler control units. 3000
kWh/h th
2500
The sequence control PLC determines which
boiler is the lead boiler and the sequence of 2000
other lag boilers. Boilers that are currently 1500

undergoing modifications, for example, or
1000
those that are not required for a longer period
as a result of reduced steam demand and have 500
therefore been preserved must be removed

0
from the sequence control. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
h/a
The annual load curve or annual demand line portrays a

practical application of a wood combustion (biomass) steam
system (rated output 1500 kW) in combination with an oil or
gas steam boiler
C.1 Steam boilers
Fig. C.1.2–3 Steam shut-off valve motor

The lead boiler is changed automatically after
a predefined period in a predefined sequence
in accordance with the PLC programming.
A lag boiler can be added to the sequence
if, for example, the operational boiler runs at
an output level of 80 %, for example, for a
specified period.
The lag boiler is fired up and the motorised

steam shut-off valve opens after the system
pressure has been reached (Fig. C.1.2-3),
Motorised steam allowing the boiler to feed steam into the
shut-off valve steam manifold.
A boiler is shut down when its output falls

Fig. C.1.2–4 PLC touch panel
below 35 %, for example. The lag boiler
becomes inoperative and the motorised steam
shut-off valve closes.
Pressure is maintained in the backup boilers

using a second control pressure that is lower
than the required steam system pressure.
This control system ensures the rapid

PLC touch panel on the availability of the boiler in the event of
"Vitocontrol" control panel additional demand and the pressure vessel is
protected against corrosion occurring during
idle periods, as well as repeated loads.
Fig. C.1.2–5 "Vitocontrol" control panel
All the actual setting values for the sequential

control must be defined separately for each
system and specified via the PLC (Fig. C.1.2-4
and Fig. C.1.2-5).
"Vitocontrol" control panel

with PLC touch panel
40/41
C.1.3 Steam boiler in standby mode C1.3.1 Ways of maintaining pressure
In the case of multi-boiler systems where, for A Pressure maintenance by means

example, one steam boiler is used additionally of combustion
once a day for covering peak loads, it is A second pressure level with a slight
recommended that this peak load boiler is kept overpressure (4 bar for example) is stored
under constant pressure. The same applies to in the PLC. The burner system raises the
weekend production stoppages. pressure in the boiler to the specified level. The
In this particular case, the steam boiler(s) is/ burner enters standby mode as soon as the
are kept under pressure, preferably at a low pressure sensor in the boiler signals that the
pressure level. set value has been reached.
The thermal water treatment system must also
This guarantees that the steam boilers can be included here. This means that the TWT
deliver steam to the production process at container must also be kept under pressure to
short notice and that, with the involvement of avoid oxygen ingress.
the thermal water treatment system, the boiler
system is protected from oxygen ingress. B Pressure maintenance by indirect coil
In the case of multi-boiler systems, the boilers
can be kept under pressure by means of an
internal indirect coil that is built into the water-
bearing part of the pressure vessel. The supply
of heating steam is controlled to maintain the
required parameters.
This presupposes that one steam boiler is

always available to supply medium to the
indirect coil (Fig. C.1.3.1-1).
Alternatively, the steam controller in the

indirect coil feed line can be dispensed
with in the event of constant parameters,
according to which the internal indirect coil can
be designed.
So that all boilers can be run alternately as

lead boiler, it is recommended that each steam
boiler is equipped with an internal indirect coil.
Fig. C.1.3.1–1 Pressure maintenance by indirect coil

C.1 Steam boilers
Fig. C.1.4–1 Waste heat boiler
WB/
DR 1 DR 2 DB WR WB2
SIV
D
CHP
& '
LFE
WSA ABV PK
DR Pressure regulator
DB Pressure limiter
WB Water level limiter ASV
D Steam connector
SIV Safety valve
LFE Conductivity electrode
WSA Water level indicator
ABV T.D.S. valve
PK Sample cooler
ASV Blow-down valve
C.1.4 Waste heat boilers Flue gas collectors are attached to the inlet
and outlet sides of the waste heat boilers,
Waste heat boilers utilise the heat present in where cleaning apertures are located and flue
flue gases from combustion processes or in pipes connected.
hot exhaust air flows from industrial processes
to generate hot water, saturated steam or To minimise radiation losses, the waste heat
superheated steam. boiler is fitted with 120 mm composite thermal
insulation with a painted sheet steel jacket.
Function and layout
Viessmann waste heat boilers are designed Like all Vitomax boilers, the waste heat boiler
according to the flame tube/smoke tube boiler stands on a base frame that spreads the load
principle. In so doing, hot flue gas is directed across a large area of the floor.
through pipe bundles, where heat present
in the gas is transferred to water inside the
boiler body.
By contrast, in flue gas heat exchangers, the

water flows through pipe bundles while the
flue gas flows around the pipes inside the heat
exchanger housing. Flue gas heat exchangers
are preferred when using "cooler" flue gases
for generating DHW.
42/43
Fig. C.1.4–2 Single flue waste heat boiler
There are two different types of

Viessmann waste heat boiler:
Waste heat boilers without
additional combustion. Here, only
the flue gases/exhaust air flows
are used to heat water or generate
saturated steam
Fig. C.1.4–3 Vitomax 200 HS shell boiler for generating steam with additional waste heat flues
Hot water or steam boilers with

waste heat utilisation. These are
conventionally fired boilers that make
additional use of waste heat
The choice of which boiler type is employed

depends on the customer-specific conditions
of use
C.2 Economiser
Economiser (ECO)
An economiser is a flue gas/water heat exchanger that is integrated into the steam boiler
or mounted as a separate assembly on the flue gas collector or behind the boiler. With
steam boilers, such economisers are used to preheat the feedwater. They help to improve
the energy yield and hence increase the efficiency of the boiler system.
The flue gas temperatures at the boiler This is also the most economical way to
outlet are approx. 60 – 80 K higher than the improve efficiency.
temperature of the saturated steam. Due to the
laws of physics, this value cannot be further In principle, ECOs are located downstream of
reduced economically during the heat transfer. the 3rd pass in shell boilers or downstream of
the 2-pass boiler (wood combustion (biomass)
From this comparatively high flue gas boiler Pyroflex FSB / Pyroflex FSR) and reversing
temperature, a combustion efficiency of flame boilers. Here, flue gases are cooled
88 to 91 % is calculated at 100 % boiler down further by the boiler feedwater flowing in
output. Consequently, the flue loss can be as countercurrent fashion (Fig. C.2-1).
high as 12 %.
The German Immissions Act (BImSchV) The thermal layout is established in accordance
requires a maximum flue loss of 9 %. with the given parameters of flue gas
Therefore, in many cases, feedwater pre- volume and temperature, feedwater volume
heaters (economisers – ECOs) are used in and temperature and the required flue gas
steam boilers to achieve values below this limit. temperature downstream of the ECO.
44/45
Fig. C.2–1 Viessmann (Mawera) wiring diagram – steam boiler
discharge pipe
Venting via
Safety valve
the roof
Feedwater
TI
PI
TI
Vitomax 200 HS or
Pyroflex FSB/Pyroflex FSR
Drain
Diagram for an ECO that can be

isolated with valves and bypass
Depending on the size of the heating surface, The feedwater is heated from 102 °C (inlet
flue gases are cooled to approx. 130 °C. temperature) to approx. 135 °C (at a flue
There are two sizes of economiser in the gas temperature of 130 °C). Upon customer
product range for Vitomax steam boilers, for request, different values can be calculated
cooling flue gases to approx. 180 °C or 130 °C and offered.
(standard) respectively. Economisers are
available for the Pyroflex FSB / Pyroflex FSR as Hence, a combustion efficiency of 95 % is
standard for cooling flue gases to approx. achievable (Fig. C.2.-2 and Fig. C.2-3) at an
130 – 180 °C subject to pressure level. operating pressure of 12 bar.
Fig. C.2–2 Without economiser Fig. C.2–3 With economiser 200
. .
.
.
.
.
.
Boiler efficiency [%]
Boiler efficiency [%]
. .
Boiler output [%] relative to the rated output Boiler output [%] relative to the rated output
A Operating pressure 5 bar

A Operating pressure 5 bar B Operating pressure 7 bar
B Operating pressure 7 bar C Operating pressure 9 bar
C Operating pressure 9 bar D Operating pressure 12 bar
D Operating pressure 12 bar E Operating pressure 15 bar
Boiler efficiency, including radiation
E Operating pressure 15 bar F Operating pressure 17 bar
F Operating pressure 17 bar G Operating pressure 19 bar losses, as a function of operating
G Operating pressure 19 bar H Operating pressure 21 bar pressure (residual oxygen content
H Operating pressure 21 bar I Operating pressure 24 bar
I Operating pressure 24 bar in flue gas 3 %, feedwater
temperature 102 °C)
C.3 Steam superheaters
Steam superheaters (SH)

Many industrial applications make specific demands of the steam parameters.
Fig. C.3–1 Vitomax 200-HS

In some processes, steam is required at higher With such a solution, the superheater can
temperatures than those available at saturated generate steam at a temperature approx. 50 K
pressure. This makes it necessary to superheat higher than the saturated steam temperature.
the steam. For this purpose, Viessmann has
designed specific steam superheaters that are
installed between the second and third pass of
the Vitomax 200-HS.
Vitomax 200-HS with superheater,

22 t/h, 10 bar, in production, (installed
in Lithuania)
46/47
Fig. C.3–3 Steam boiler with regulated superheater
Superheated steam
Saturated steam
Fig. C.3–4 Steam boiler with unregulated superheater
Superheated steam
Saturated steam
C.4 Combustion systems
Combustion system
Burners are entrusted with the task of making the energy content of fuels
available in the form of heat.
Normally, liquid and/or gaseous fuels undergo

combustion in shell boilers. Increasingly,
however, wood combustion (biomass) steam
systems are also being used, with a gas or oil
steam boiler acting as a peak load backup.
48/49
Note
C.4.1 Combustion air C.4.2 Liquid fuels
Gas and oil can only burn with the addition of Fuel oils are categorised as follows: DIN 51603 T1 and T3
oxygen (air). For this reason, every burner is HEL: extra light fuel oil, net cv = 42.7 MJ/kg describe the minimum
fitted with a combustion air fan. Heavy fuel oil1): heavy oil, net cv = requirements for the
Depending on the arrangement, a 40.2 MJ/kg aforementioned fuel
differentiation is made between mono and oils. Furthermore, there
duo-block burners. Oils differ in composition from country to are oils, particularly in
Mono-block: fan mounted on the burner country. There are different burner versions for countries outside Europe,
Duo-block: fan mounted separately the various oil types. A differentiation is made that cannot be assigned
between pressure atomisers, steam pressure to the above categories,
The combustion air fan is designed to deliver atomisers and rotary cup atomisers. but that are commonly
the necessary stoichiometric air volume plus used for combustion.
the required supplement of approx. 10 % to Pressure atomiser
bridge the system-specific pressure drop. Here, oil is atomised into an oil mist by means
This includes the pressure drop of the of pump pressure through a nozzle. These
boiler, the burner, the economiser and burners are primarily used to atomise light fuel
the flue gas silencer, as well that of the oil (Fig. C.4.2-1 and Fig. C.4.2-2).
connecting pipework.
To ensure clean combustion and a long

service life of both the boiler and the burner,
Fig. C.4.2–1 Pressure atomiser burner
the temperature of the intake combustion
air should be between 5 °C and 40 °C.
In addition, the air should be free from
corrosive constituents, such as chlorine or
halogen compounds.
(Source: Weishaupt)
Fig. C.4.2–2 Cross-section through a pressure atomiser burner
Primary nozzle
Secondary nozzle 1
Secondary nozzle 2
Primary air
Secondary air
Secondary nozzle 3
(Source: Weishaupt)
1)
The comment on page 72
C8.5 must be observed in the
combustion of heavy fuel oil/masut
and a steam boiler with economiser.
Note
Steam pressure atomiser C.4.3 Gaseous fuels
Here, oil is atomised in the burner head with
For the dimensioning of the aid of steam. This process is usually only Here, we shall consider the natural gas group.
fuel lines, see Section employed in output ranges above those of the No further consideration is given to LPG or
D.8.5.6 shell boilers considered here. town gases due to their minor significance.
Rotary cup atomiser Natural gas is a gas consisting mainly of

(also referred to as rotation atomiser) methane (CH4). Its consistency may vary
Here, the oil is fed into a rapidly rotating subject to its origin.
cup on the facing side. Oil migrates towards
the chamber due to the rotation and conical Normally, natural gas contains such
internal shape of the cup and is finely constituents as inert gases (non-combustible
atomised at the edge of the cup due to the constituents) and even heavy hydrocarbons.
centrifugal force and the effects of atomising Natural gas is heavier than town gas, but
air being expelled at high velocity. lighter than air.
Natural gas E: net cv = 36 MJ/kg
Rotary cup atomisers are preferred for the Natural gas LL: net cv = 32 MJ/kg
combustion of heavy fuel oil (Fig. C.4.2-3).
They are also suitable for the combustion of In many cases, biogas or sewer gas can be
light fuel oil, oil residues, such as oil-grease mixed with natural gas; frequently, both gases
mixtures or degreasing residues, for animal can also undergo combustion without adding
fats or cooking oils as well as for rape seed oil. natural gas.
The change in net calorific value must be

observed when mixing gases in order to
identify the need for any burner adaptation
and/or use of a special burner.
Fig. C.4.2–3 Rotary cup atomiser
Generally speaking, the sulphur content of

the gases used must be considered when
designing a system, as high quality materials,
such as stainless steel, are required for fittings
that are in contact with the gas.
(Source: Saacke)
50/51
Fig. C.4.4–1 Oil/gas low NOx pressure atomiser

C.4.4 Dual fuel burner
These are generally burners that can be

operated with gas or oil (Fig. C.4.4-1).
Switching between fuels take place manually

or automatically, for example, based on
blocking times prescribed by the gas supplier
that require a temporary changeover to oil.
This version is preferred for larger systems to

safeguard continuity of supply.
(Source: Saacke)
Fig. C.4.4–2 Vitomax 200-HS with oil burner

Fig. C.4.5–1 View of the MAWERA Pyroflex flat moving grate combustion chamber
C.4.5 Wood combustion
Apart from companies directly involved in

the timber industry, an increasing number of
business enterprises and industrial concerns
(non-wood processing) are opting for wood
(biomass) as a fuel. This is subject to less
severe price fluctuations than fossil fuels, it is
sourced from more politically stable regions
and, due to its sustainability and CO2 neutrality,
wood makes a significant contribution to a
future worth living.
The MAWERA Pyroflex FSB and FSR are used
as the wood combustion system (combustion
chamber with flat moving grate) in steam
systems. The essential difference between
the Pyroflex FSR and the Pyroflex FSB is the
volume of the combustion chamber and the
size of the grate, where the Pyroflex FSB
Fig. C.4.5–2 Fuel types (wood fuels)
represents the more compact wood
combustion system.
Due to the inertia of combustion, the quantity
of steam present in the boiler must be shut
down using a separate valve in the case of
quick-acting steam consumers.
Structure and function

The Pyroflex flat moving grate is not only
suitable for the combustion of biomass
but also for burning special fuels with an
elevated ash content or fuels containing a high
proportion of foreign matter, e.g. sand, metal
residues, etc.
The major benefits of Pyroflex flat moving
grate combustion are, on the one hand, the
ability to use different biogenic fuels and, on
the other hand, a lower dust content in the flue
gas, due to the static fuel bed.
Low NOx reduction technology

The combustion chamber is supplied as
standard with low NOx reduction technology
for fuels with a high nitrogen content. The
low NOx combustion chamber is a two-
stage combustion chamber with an air stage
for reducing NOx emissions. In addition,
this effect is amplified by the use of a flue
gas recirculation system. The geometry of
the combustion chamber in the reduction
zone (primary zone) and the oxidation zone
(secondary zone) was developed by means of
fundamental research on our test facility.
52/53
Fig. C.4.5–3 Sectional view of the Pyroflex flat moving grate combustion system
Fuel discharge /
fuel transport
Mawera push-bar discharge systems or silo
discharge systems are employed for drawing
fuel from silos or bunkers. Chain conveyors,
push bars or tubular screw conveyors can be
used as fuel transport systems, subject to
1
structural situation and the fuel grain size.
7
Flue gas dust extraction
Multi-cyclone separators for fuel-dependent 2 4
clean gas dust levels of < 60 to < 150 mg/Nm³
(standard oxygen content 11 or 13 %) are 3 5
employed as flue gas dust extraction systems.
For clean gas dust levels of 10 to 50 mg/Nm³,
fabric filters, metal fabric filters or electric
filters are employed, subject to fuel used.
Mawera Logic
The system is controlled and regulated
by the Mawera Logic microprocessor
1. Secondary air injection nozzles
control unit with touch screen. A modem Controlled burnout due to flat moving grate 2. Low NOx combustion chamber
3. Flat moving grate
for remote maintenance, a process control divided 2 or 3 times with different speeds
4. Fuel supplied by means of
system (MaVis) and a tele-stand-by unit are High levels of resistance to wear due to hydraulic slider or screw
conveyor
also available. generously dimensioned grate area, as
5. Primary combustion air supply
well as water cooling in the case of the 6. Automatic combustion chamber
ash removal
hydraulic slider being used
7. Flue gas recirculation “via grate”
The design of the Pyroflex flat moving Low grate throughput due to overlapping,
grate is characterised by the following pre-tensioned grate bars; permanent
special features: automatic ash removal
Minimal radiation losses due to complete
insulation of the entire boiler system
Static ember bed resulting in significantly
lower emissions
Flame temperature control system with
integrated, adapted residual oxygen
regulation
State-of-the-art microprocessor controller
regulates the system with automatic
detection of fuel moisture content,
modulating from 25 to 100 % load
subject to compliance with the prescribed
maximum emission levels
C.5 Water treatment
Water treatment
The purest form of naturally occurring water is rainwater.
However, rainwater contains gaseous (solute) Surface water, well water or pretreated
elements absorbed from the atmosphere. drinking water can be used as raw water
Essentially, these are oxygen, nitrogen and (i.e. untreated water for boiler operation).
carbon dioxide, with sulphur compounds ("acid Constituents, such as suspended matter,
rain") also being found increasingly. When turbid matter, organic contaminants, iron and
rainwater soaks away into the ground, further manganese compounds, can be present in
substances are picked up by the water, such surface water and well water that need to be
as iron and lime. The composition of the water removed in the preliminary water treatment
therefore also depends on the path it takes on stages. These pre-treatments are not required
"passing through" the ground. for drinking water.
The purpose of water treatment is the

provision of treated water that has no
detrimental effect on the boiler operation.
This means that spurious constituents of
the water must be removed or bound by
adding chemicals.
54/55
General explanations For this reason, the top-up water from the
softening system is thermally treated, i.e.
The water-steam system is subject to deaerated, in a deaerating system together
quality requirements regarding permissible with the condensate returned from the
constituents. Depending on the pressure consumer system (see also chapter C.5.3
stage of the generated steam, limits must Thermal water treatment).
be complied with that are specified in the To ensure that the required residual oxygen
technical guide "Standard values for water content in the feedwater (0.02 mg/l) is
quality", chapter G1 (A3). maintained, chemicals are added to bind
The feedwater must be treated in order to the residual oxygen. The exclusive use of
comply with these standard values. The chemicals to bind the entire quantity of oxygen
processes employed for this purpose generally is uneconomical in most cases.
comprise a combination of chemical and
thermal water treatment.
The hardeners contained in the untreated

water are bound together and extracted in
a softening system (see also chapter C.5.1
Chemical water treatment). Furthermore,
gases are dissolved in water that are released
on heating the water in the steam boiler.
These gases would inevitably result in
corrosion inside the steam boiler as well as the
downstream steam system.
C.5 Water treatment
Note Fig. C.5–1 Requirements for saline boiler feedwater
Permissible operating pressure bar 0.5 ู PS ู 20 PS > 20

Feedwater and boiler
General requirements Colourless, clear and free of undissolved substances
water requirements are
pH value at 25 °C >9 >9
defined in EN 12953
Conductivity at 25 °C μS/cm Only standard values applicable to boiler water
Part 10, TRD 611 and in
Total of alkaline earths mmol/litre < 0.01 < 0.01
the Viessmann technical
(Ca2+ + Mg2+)
guide "Water quality“ Oxygen (O2) mg/litre 0.05 < 0.02
(Fig. C.5-1, Fig. C.5-2 Bound carbon dioxide (CO2) mg/litre < 25 < 25
and chapter G1 A3). Iron, total (Fe) mg/litre < 0.2 < 0.1
Copper, total (Cu) mg/litre < 0.05 < 0.01
Oxidability mg/litre < 10 < 10
(Mn VII ൺ Mn II) as KMnO4
Oil, grease mg/litre <1 <1
Organic substances --- See comment
Note would increase the conductivity and result in

In general, organic substances are mixtures corrosion and deposits. They can also lead to
of different compounds. The constitution the formation of foam and/or coatings that
of such mixtures and the characteristics of must be kept to the minimum levels possible.
their components when subjected to boiler The TOC content (Total Organic Content) must
operating conditions are hard to predict. also be kept to a minimum (<10 mg/litre).
Organic substances can decompose into
carbon dioxide and other acidic products that
Note Fig. C.5–2 Boiler water requirements
The TRD and EN 12953 Saline operation, Low salt operation,

feedwater conductivity feedwater conductivity
require "appropriate
> 30 μS/cm ≤30 μS/cm
treatment and
Permissible operating pressure bar 0.5 ู PS ู 20 PS > 20 PS > 0.5
monitoring of the
feed and boiler water"
for the operation of pH value at 25 °C 10.5 to 12 10.5 to 11.8 10 to 11*1*2
steam boilers. Acid capacity (KS8.2) mmol/litre 1 to 12*3 1 to 10*3 0.1 to 1.0*1
Conductivity at 25 °C μS/cm < 6000*3 See Fig. C.5-3*3 < 1500
Phosphate (PO4) mg/litre 10 to 20 10 to 20 6 to 15
Silicic acid (SiO4)*4 mg/litre Pressure-dependent, see Fig. C.5-4
Notes on Fig. C.5.2:
see technical guide on water quality,
Appendix A3
56/57
Fig. C.5–3 Max. boiler water conductivity
Maximum permissible boiler

water direct conductivity, subject
to pressure
Fig. C.5–4 Max. boiler acidity
࿆This level of alkalinity is no longer permissible > 20 bar Maximum permissible boiler
࿇KS 8.2 – value in mmol/l water silicic acid content (SIO2)

subject to pressure
C.5 Water treatment
C.5.1 Chemical water treatment (CWT) Charging:
2R – Na+ + Ca++/Mg++
Softening by means of ion exchange
---> R2 – Ca++/Mg++ + 2Na+
The alkaline earths calcium and magnesium
are dissolved in water in the form of ions. Regeneration:
These elements are referred to as hardeners.
R2 – Ca++/Mg++ + 2Na+
Under the influence of heat during boiler
---> 2R – Na+ + Ca++/Mg++
operation, these compounds would form
"boiler scale" that is deposited as a solid R = ion exchanger
coating on the heating surfaces.
In principle, a differentiation is made between
This coating prevents heat transfer from the three operating modes:
combustion to the water side. Initially, this Timer-controlled, working according to
would result in higher flue gas temperatures set times
and therefore in reduced efficiency. As the Amount-controlled, working according to
boiler scale thickens, the absence of cooling of set delivery amounts
the heating surfaces leads to their destruction. Quality-controlled, continuously monitoring
For this reason, water standards stipulate the quality of the feedwater
softened feedwater.
These systems can be designed as single or
Process of boiler scale formation CaCO3 under duplex systems. Single systems are designed
the influence of heat: for intermittent operation, i.e. no softened
water is available during the regeneration
Ca(HCO3)2 ----> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
phase (several hours). Double-pendulum
Systems with ion exchange resin are used softening systems are compulsory for
for softening the water. Ion exchangers are continuous operation.
spherical synthetic resins with absorbed active
groups. As an active group, ion exchangers Viessmann supplies this double-pendulum
for softening water have absorbed sodium softening system in different output sizes. The
ions. When the hard water runs over the ion softening module comprises a fully assembled
Fig. C.5.1–1 CWT
exchanger, the absorbed sodium ions are system with two columns of ion exchangers, a
exchanged for calcium and magnesium ions salt solvent and the control unit. It can be used
that are dissolved in the water. The hardeners without further installation work (Fig. C.5.1-1).
that are detrimental to boiler operation are
thereby removed from the water. The softened water output between
two regenerations is specified during
Once the ion exchanger is exhausted, i.e. commissioning and is derived from the system
all sodium ions have been exchanged for size and the hardness of the untreated water.
calcium and magnesium ions, it is regenerated The system operates fully automatically and
with a sodium chloride solution (rock salt). must only be replenished with rock salt to
The sodium ions are channelled over the ion achieve regeneration.
exchange mass in the excess and displace One exchanger is always available as there are
the absorbed hardeners. Thereafter, the ion two ion exchanger columns. At any time, the
exchanger is operational again. This process second column is either being regenerated or
Double-pendulum softening system
can be repeated without limitations. on standby.
58/59
Decarbonisation:
if hardeners (Ca2+ + Mg2+) are present along
with hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-), also
referred to as m-value or alkalinity, the
(Ca2+ + Mg2+) content corresponding to the
hydrogen carbonate content can be removed
by means of a slightly acidic cation exchanger.
The released CO2 is expelled via the deaerator.
The total salt content is therefore reduced by
the amount of carbon hardness (HCO3-).
For a boiler feedwater treatment system,
the remaining hardeners (permanent
hardness) must be removed by means of
neutral exchange (softeners, very acidic ion
exchangers in Na form).
Fig. C.5.2–1 Osmosis system

C.5.2 Osmosis systems
In recent years, osmosis systems have been

used increasingly for water desalination
(Fig. C.5.2-1). Osmosis is a physical process
that functions without chemicals, and is
therefore very environmentally friendly. The
yield of desalinated water (permeate) is
approx. 80 % of the water employed.
During osmosis, the untreated water is

forced through a membrane with a pressure
of approx. 30 bar. The pores of the semi-
permeable membrane allow the water
molecules to pass through (diffusion); the
solute salt remains on the entry side and is
extracted from the system.
It should be noted that the untreated water

must not contain any solids prior to entering
the osmosis system, and that the hardeners
are stabilised prior to entry (using fine filters
and dosing).
Solids would block the membrane
pores, leading to a rapid reduction in
system performance.
Osmosis systems should be operated as

continually as possible and are therefore
usually equipped with a buffer tank for
the permeate.
C.5 Water treatment
Fig. C.5.3.1–1 TWT
C.5.3 Thermal water treatment (TWT) With steam boilers, these compounds result
in dreaded pitting corrosion. Localised erosion
Water can only store a limited amount of can occur incredibly quickly, particularly in the
gas. The storage capacity can be calculated area of the feedwater inlet. It is therefore vital
according to Henry's law (English chemist, to extract the dissolved gases from the boiler
1775 – 1836), subject to partial pressure of the feedwater. One proven means to this end is
gas and the water temperature. For example, thermal feedwater deaeration.
water contains approx. 8 mg O2/kg at a
temperature of 25 °C.
The solubility of gases reduces as the water

Total thermal deaeration system
temperature rises (see Fig. C.5.3.1-3 and
C.5.3.1-4). In extreme cases, i.e. when water
Fig. C.5.3.1–2 TWT
evaporates (the situation in a steam boiler),
all dissolved gases are released. The gases
frequently form other compounds. The free
oxygen can, for example, combine with the
ferrous steel of the boiler.
Total thermal deaeration system
Fig. C.5.3.1–3 Solubility of oxygen
16
14
12
10
8
6
O2 [mg/l]
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature [°C]
Solubility of oxygen depending on temperature at 1 bar in pure water
Fig. C.5.3.1–4 Solubility of carbon dioxide
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
CO2 [mg/l]
1000
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature [°C]
Solubility of carbon dioxide depending on temperature at 1 bar in pure water

60/61
Fig. C.5.3.1–1 Total deaeration system
Vapour outlet
Additional
water feed
Condensate feed
Deaerator
Heating steam
Feedwater tank
Feedwater
Source: Powerline
C.5.3.1 Total deaeration The total deaeration system comprises the

deaerator and feedwater tank assemblies. The
Total thermal deaeration is the most effective deaerator is mounted directly on the feedwater
method for removing gases dissolved tank, in the form of a dome (Fig. C.5.3.2-2).
in feedwater. In the deaerating system
(Fig. C.5.3.1-1), feedwater is freed from Depending on the requirements for feedwater
practically all gases by heating it to close to quality, different types of thermal deaerator
boiling point. Parallel to removing the dissolved can be employed. Notes on the constitution of
gases, the water is also held with low applied boiler water can be found in Fig. C.5-1 and
steam pressure at a temperature of 105 °C C.5-2 (chapter C 5). Compliance with the
to prevent renewed absorption of gases. It specified limits is a prerequisite for the reliable
should be noted that, apart from fresh water, and cost-effective operation of a boiler system.
condensate too can be fed into the system; An O2 content of 0.02 – 0.05 mg/litre must be
this must also be deaerated. maintained in the feedwater for shell boilers,
subject to boiler pressure.
Total deaeration has proven to be the best
solution in the great majority of cases.
The term total deaeration always implies
deaerating with a slightly positive pressure
(approx. 0.1 to 0.3 bar / low pressure).
The term "low pressure" therefore describes a

process that is run at a pressure slightly above
ambient pressure. Operation with positive
pressure ensures that contact between
the feedwater and atmosphere and the
redissolution of gases is prevented.
C.5 Water treatment
C.5.3.2 Partial deaeration is installed centrally in the lower part of the

tank. The steam supply is, in its simplest
The term partial deaeration refers to deaeration form, matched by a mechanical thermostat
undertaken at atmospheric pressure. Partial and regulated to 90 °C. Fresh water is topped
deaerators are permanently connected to the up via an electric level controller. Partial
atmosphere via the ventilation line. Partial deaerators are predominantly used in boiler
deaeration is the simplest form of thermal systems with low output and pressure.
feedwater treatment.
The somewhat greater demand for oxygen
The partial deaerator (Fig. C.5.3.2-1) is binders associated with these deaerators (see
equipped with components for the distribution chapter C.5.1 Chemical water treatment) is
and irrigation of the supplied freshwater and deemed acceptable.
the returning condensate. Heating steam for
expelling gases is supplied via a lance that
Fig. C.5.3.2–1 Partial deaeration system

Condensate
feed
Additional water feed Air vent valve
Heating steam
Overflow
Feedwater
Source: Powerline
Fig. C.5.3.2–2 Partial deaeration system

62/63
Fig. C.5.3.2–3 TWT with feedwater pumps

The most commonly used form of deaerator is
the irrigation deaerator
In the irrigation deaerator, the condensate fed
back into the system and the added freshwater
are finely distributed over so-called cups and
brought together with the heating steam in
stages by the irrigation process (hence the
term "irrigation deaerator"). Water heating and
the expulsion of released gases also takes
place in stages.
The development of this deaerator into an

irrigation deaerator with an integral re-boil
facility (two-stage deaeration) has proven to be
particularly effective.
Today, deaerators are made completely from
stainless steel, to prevent corrosion.
The feedwater tank is designed to hold an
adequate amount of boiler feedwater. The tank
is connected to the deaerator via a so-called
tank neck.
Feedwater tank with mounted irrigation deaerator
The feedwater tank is equipped with a

heating lance to receive and distribute the
heating steam.
The steam introduced in this way heats the In both versions, partial cooling of the
feedwater to 102 °C. The lance is fixed centrally feedwater and the resulting redissolution of
in the lower section of the tank. In the case of gases is prevented.
single stage deaeration, the lance is sized for
the throughput of the entire heating steam. In The feedwater tank (Fig. C.5.3.2-3) is equipped
the case of two-stage deaeration, the lance is with valves for regulating the heating steam,
designed to keep the stored water hot. the filling level and for safety as well as
displays required for operation and monitoring.
C.6 Condensate management / treatment
Condensate management / treatment

Depending on the technical processes in the area of steam application, the steam can
be introduced directly into the product or the process concerned. In such cases, no
condensate is returned.
In the majority of applications, however, steam

transfers its heat via a heating surface, where
it condenses. The condensate is then returned
to the boiler system for further utilisation.
From a technical viewpoint, there are two

different types of condensate return.
C 6.1 Open vented systems
C 6.2 Sealed unvented systems
64/65
Fig. C.6.2–1 Tank
C.6.1 Low pressure condensate C.6.2 High pressure condensate
In 90 % of all steam boiler systems, the In the case of high pressure condensate
condensate is returned via open condensate systems, the condensate is returned in a
tanks. At operating temperatures in excess of sealed system (approx. 10 % of steam boiler
100 °C, this involves re-evaporation. Approx. 5 applications). Under these conditions, no
to 15 % of the weight of condensate turns into losses can occur due to re-evaporation. At the
re-evaporation steam, subject to pressure level. same time, infiltration of air-borne oxygen into
the condensate system is also prevented.
Naturally, apart from energy losses, water Such systems are appropriate if they
losses also occur that must be made good operate at a pressure of at least 5 bar and a
by topping up with fresh water that has been permanently high level of condensate return is
subjected to appropriate water treatment. present. It should be noted that all pipework,
Aside from these losses, the condensate valves, pumps and containers must be suitable
in open systems also absorbs oxygen that for this pressure.
can then lead to oxygen corrosion in the
Condensate collector tank
condensate system. The containers (e.g. condensate collector
(Fig. C.6.2-1), feedwater tank) are pressure
vessels that must be monitored in accordance
with the PED and are therefore subject
to monitoring by an approved monitoring
body (ZÜS).
When planning new systems and also in the

Fig. C.6.1–1 Condensate tank
energy assessment of existing systems, a
decision must be made as to which system to
use. Substantial operating costs can be saved
through optimum condensate management
and utilisation of the re-evaporation steam.
C.6.3 Condensate treatment The sampling points must always be located

in the condensate inlet, upstream of the
Due to the technical processes and on account collector tank, to prevent contaminated
of corrosion products, condensate may be condensate from flowing into the tank. The
contaminated with foreign bodies. Water condensate must be removed by means of
quality requirements must be met, however, three-way valves.
since the condensate is re-used as feedwater.
Regarding the contaminants, a distinction
Typical condensate contaminants that may is made between products that increase
occur are: conductivity, such as acids, lyes, untreated
Mechanical contaminants (corrosion water, etc., and substances such as
products) oil, grease, whey, etc. Substances that
Onset of hardness (DHW or service water increase conductivity are monitored with a
leakage in heat exchangers) conductivity capturing system; oil, grease
Ingress of acids and lyes (unintentional etc. are monitored with photo-optical
mixing during the heating of acid or measuring systems, so-called oil and turbidity
lye baths) detectors. Both systems, along with hardness
Oil and grease (food processing industry, measurement, are available today in tested
oil preheaters) and WÜ 100-approved versions.
Subject to the degree of contamination, With 72 h unattended operation (BosB 72h),
provision is made for the necessary water condensate monitoring for oil turbidity must be
treatment processes, such as filtration, implemented with redundancy. In this case, a
degreasing, softening and complete second sensor is installed downstream of the
desalination. It should be noted during 3-way valve. Reason: this also monitors the
the design of such systems that the boiler function of the 3-way valve. Please note: on
regulations specify the provision of automatic connection of the second monitoring device,
analysis devices to monitor the condensate burner and pumps must undergo a safety
in the case of operation without constant shutdown in order not to contaminate the
supervision (see chapter D.4.5). downstream containers up to and including
the boiler. The 3-way valve is preferably a
When contaminants are detected in the pneumatic valve. Pneumatic valves assume
condensate, the contaminated condensate a safety position in the event of a fault (e.g.
must be removed from the water-steam cycle. membrane defect).
Fig. C.6.3–1 Condensate monitoring
3-way valve
Condensate inflow
1st sensor
2nd sensor
Source: Gestra
66/67
Fig. C.6.4–1 Sampling cooler

C.6.4 Sampling cooler
The chemically and thermally treated

feedwater is tested by means of sampling and
corrected as necessary by dosing chemicals.
In the case of 24 h unattended operation

(BosB 24h), the boiler feedwater must be
analysed once a day and every 3 days for
BosB 72h.
The boiler (feed) water is cooled down and

relieved of pressure by means of a sampling
cooler (Fig. C.6.4-1). It can subsequently be
analysed without risk. The process described
above is tried and tested plant technology.
However, when monitoring and operating this
technology, faults can occur from time to time.
For that reason, Viessmann has developed
an analytical concept to reduce the potential
damage caused by the chemical composition
of water as far as possible.
Fig. C.6.4–2 Water analysis
Furthermore, this method of water analysis
enables a more economic operation of
steam systems.
Depending on the requirements made of

the system, the analysis technology can be
extended or reduced and is fitted, where
necessary, in an analysis rack.
Fig. C.6.4–4 Integration method
Steam to the 5
consumer
9 13
Top-up
water
11
2
HK
1
Bypass Raw water
Feedwater 3 14
control PK
Blow-down valve
valve
O2 16
12 4
pH
O2 pH
7
6 Cooling water
ÖT LFS
Mixing cooler 10
8 17 15 Condensate
from the consumer
1. Steam boiler with combustion system 11. Hardness check

2. Thermal water treatment 12. O2 and pH test
3. Boiler feed pump 13. Higher-ranking control panel with
4. Softening system PLC for transferring data
5. Chimney 14. Sample cooler for analysis
6. T.D.S. expander 15. Conductivity test
7. Mixing cooler 16. Dosing of corrective chemicals
8. Cooler tank or drainage 17. Oil turbidity test
9. Boiler system control panel
10. Condensate tank
68/69
Fig. C.6.5–1 Dosing station

C.6.5 Dosing corrective chemicals
To maintain the alkaline level of the feedwater,

to bind the residual hardness and to bind the
residual oxygen, corrective chemicals are
added to the feedwater downstream of the ion
exchange or osmosis.
For this purpose, a number of products are

offered by water treatment companies. The
water treatment companies should always be
consulted regarding the conditions of use.
Viessmann supplies complete dosing stations,

usually in combination with the thermal water
treatment system.
C.7 Pumps
Pumps
Boiler feed pumps supply the steam boiler
with water in accordance with the required steam output.
A differentiation is made between intermittent

and continuous level control. The relevant
control variable for this purpose is the filling
level of the steam boiler.
70/71
Fig. C.7.1.1–1 Version 1
C.7.1 Feedwater pumps & control
Steam to the Chimney
consumer
Feed facilities (generally 2 x 100 % pumps)

must ensure reliable coverage of "water Control panel
losses" arising due to steam being drawn off Top-up

water
Steam boiler with
and desalination or blow-down, and make combustion equipment
Thermal water treatment
(full deaeration)
them up respectively. Stringent requirements
Chemical
in accordance with TRD 401, 402 and 802 water
treatment
(softening)
are made of their design (delivery head and Boiler Raw
Blow-down feedwater water
amount) and availability. valve pump
C.7.1.1 Intermittent level control
Cooling water Condensate container

The water level is regulated between two
T.D.S.
adjustable switching points, i.e. "pump ON" expander Mixing cooler
Drainage Condensate from the consumer
and "pump OFF". The signal of the level

electrode affects the pump.
This can be regarded as the simplest solution

for steam boilers without an economiser
and output up to 3 t/h. This version is not
recommended for steam output above 3 t/h or
when using an economiser.
C.7.1.2 Continuous level control by means
of feedwater control valve and Steam to
the consumer
Chimney
optional bypass
Control panel
The control aims to maintain a near constant Top-up

water
Steam boiler with
level in the boiler that corresponds to a combustion equipment
(full deaeration)
specified set value. The actual value is
Chemical
continuously monitored by a level probe and water
treatment
Bypass (softening)
compared with the set value in a controller. Feedwater
control Boiler Raw
Blow-down valve feedwater water
Opening and closing the feedwater control valve pump
valve regulates the level to the required set

value in the case of load fluctuations.

A certain amount is returned to the feedwater
T.D.S.
tank via an adjustable minimum volume expander Mixing cooler
line. This so-called bypass line is designed

to protect the pump from falling below a
specified minimum pump rate.
C.7 Pumps

of feedwater valve with spillback
This is an alternative to Version 2, whereby

both valves (feedwater control valve and
bypass valve) are combined into a single valve.
As soon as the main flow falls below a certain
flow rate, the spillback non-return valve
(bypass) opens wide enough so that the
required minimum pump rate can always be
drawn off.
Steam to the Chimney

consumer
Control panel
Top-up
Bypass water
Steam boiler with
combustion equipment
(full deaeration)
Chemical
water
treatment
(softening)
Feed-water Boiler Raw

Blow-down control valve feedwater
valve water
with spill back pump
T.D.S.
expander Mixing cooler
Fig. C.7.1.2–2 Control valve with bypass
Source: RTK
72/73
of variable speed pump control 6WHDPWR
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The control aims to maintain a near constant &RQWUROSDQHO
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level in the boiler that corresponds to a ZDWHU
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specified set value. In the event of load FRPEXVWLRQHTXLSPHQW
7KHUPDOZDWHUWUHDWPHQW
IXOOGHDHUDWLRQ
fluctuations, continuously variable speed
&KHPLFDO
control (here with a mounted inverter) is used ZDWHU
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to adjust the pump rate to match the changing )8
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demand until the set level has been achieved. SXPS
This demand-dependent speed optimisation

saves electric power. It can also save the
installation of control valves upstream of
&RROLQJZDWHU &RQGHQVDWHFRQWDLQHU
the boiler.
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Please note: The control range of the

feedwater pump should be at least as wide as
Note
the control range of the boiler-burner unit.
The use of a variable

C.7.1.5 Quick control circuits speed pump is advisable
(3-component control) if the control ratio of
the pump is ≥ 1:4 and
In the case of quick control circuits where the control range of
level control is too slow, signal values from the the feedwater pump
steam consumers can be hooked up to the is at least the same
control valve in order to adjust the required magnitude as the control
feedwater volume to the rapidly increasing range of the boiler-
steam demand. burner unit.
It is also conceivable to construct a mass
balance around the boiler to facilitate rapid Additional benefits of
reaction to load changes. In this case, the flow a variable speed pump
rate will be captured both on the water and on (inverter pump):
the steam side, with balancing and switching Soft start, surge
of signals to the control valve. The amount of free operation on
steam is the control variable here. switching the pump
ON and OFF
NPSH The NPSH
C.7.2 Condensate pumps value of a centrifugal
pump drops with
Condensate pumps (generally 2 x 100 % lower speeds. This
pumps) must be capable of transporting the reduces the risk of
amount of condensate accumulating on the cavitation
customer side and in the system according ˂p
˂H =
to requirements (either intermittently or pxg
continuously depending on demand from
the steam boiler system). The necessary N
˂p in bar or
delivery heads depend on the back pressure m2
in the tank, pressure-side pipework losses
kg
and the density (temperature-dependent) of p in
the medium. m3
g:9.81 m/s2
C.8 Thermal equipment
System-dependent thermal equipment

Thermal equipment guarantees the correct function of a steam boiler system.
The components described here are necessary

integral parts of a steam boiler system.
Depending on the respective system concept,
additional equipment that is not described here
may be required.
74/75
C.8.1 Mixing cooler C.8.3 Exhaust vapour condenser
The mixing cooler is designed to accept all The exhaust vapour condenser (generally
pressurised and hot waste water that occurs in a steam/water plate heat exchanger) is
the boiler system. designed to condense the low pressure steam
This water is expanded to atmospheric vapour (steam) from the deaerator in the
pressure in the mixing cooler. The mixing TWT system.
cooler vents to atmosphere.
The resulting condensation heat is returned
By adding cooling water from the untreated to the system as recovered heat via added
water network via an inbuilt lance, waste amounts of feedwater and/or condensate.
water is cooled to a drain temperature of
30 to 35 °C. Implementation of an exhaust vapour
condenser depends on the results of a cost-
Fig. C.8.1–1 Mixing cooler
benefit analysis.
Fig. C.8.3–1 Exhaust vapour condenser

(full deaeration)
C.8.2 T.D.S. expander and lye cooler

Fig. C.8.3–2 Exhaust vapour condenser, schematic representation
The T.D.S. expander is designed to accept the

boiler desalination fluid and to expand it to a
pressure level of 0.5 bar. Above the roof
Water vapour condenser

The expansion steam is utilised as heating
steam in the deaeration system (TWT).
Cooling water
The residual lye is cooled down using a lye Feedwater
and/or condensate
cooler before it is routed to the mixing cooler.
Conversely, the softened water is preheated in
this process.
Water vapour
condensate
Fig. C.8.2–1 T.D.S. expander with lye cooler
Deaerator
C.8 Thermal equipment
Fig. C.8.4–1 Feedwater cooler

C.8.4 Feedwater cooler
Steam to the
consumer
The feedwater cooler (generally a steam/water
Control panel plate heat exchanger) is designed to lower the
Top-up
water
feedwater temperature (generally to ≤ 100 °C)
Steam boiler with
combustion equipment upstream of the chosen and implemented
(total deaeration)
economisers (ECO).
Feedwater
Boiler
control
feedwater By reducing the described ECO feedwater inlet
Blow-down valve pump
valve
temperature, the additional latent heat present
in the flue gas can be removed and the boiler
Chemical
water
efficiency level increased.
treatment
(softening)
Raw
To take advantage of this, the required
water
additional feedwater (softened water) from
the chemical water treatment system (CWT)
should be used as the "coolant" here upstream
of the feedwater tank inlet. Implementation of
a feedwater cooler depends on the results of a
cost-benefit analysis.
C.8.5 Feedwater preheater

Fig. C.8.5–1 High pressure condensate feedwater preheater
Where an economiser is used in combination

with such fuels as heavy fuel oil, masut etc.,
it is essential that the temperature does
Steam not fall below the dew point in the boiler/
Steam
economiser. To ensure that this is prevented
under all operating conditions, the feedwater
Feedwater is heated upstream of the inlet into the
economiser to 130 °C using a heat exchanger.
The heating in this case can be provided by
Condensate
an internal indirect coil in the boiler or another
heat source, such as steam. In that case
in conjunction with a steam/water tubular
heat exchanger. The type of heating must be
selected on a project-specific basis.
A reduction in efficiency is consciously
accepted in order to guarantee the durability of
the economiser.
76/77
Fig. C.8.5–2 Steam boiler system
Pfizer Animal Health

Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
2 x 3.2 t/h
C.9 Pipework system
Pipework system
All pipework, fittings, steam distributors and dewatering lines required for transportation
of the media must also be considered as part of the boiler house components.
Essentially, the pipework system consists of

the main pipes ≥DN 25 (see chapter D 8) for
the following media:
Steam and condensate

Exhaust vapours and evaporate
Feedwater and raw water
Waste water
Fuel oil and gas
Flue gas
78/79
Fig. C.9–1 Main steam pipe
Fig. C.9.1–2 Steam distributor

C.10 Flue system
Ahlstrom Malmédy, Belgium

14 t/h, 13 bar Flue system
Flue systems are designed for the controlled discharge of flue gases. Apart from the
chimney, they include all the connection lines between the heat/steam generators as
well as all the necessary built-in parts, such as silencers and flue gas dampers.
The flue system to be designed and In Germany, the fundamental principles of

implemented for a steam system essentially design and implementation are the expected
consists of the following: total system combustion output together
with the applicable specifications according
Flue pipe together with all required built-in to the Technical Guide for Air Conservation
parts (flue gas damper, compensator and, (TA-Luft) and/or the applicable German
if necessary, a flue gas silencer) Immissions Act (BImSchV) and the applicable
Emission test system with operating regional legislation.
platform, if necessary; test and
calibration ports The preferred location for test points is in
Cleaning and access apertures the chimney, taking into consideration any
Chimney system with neutralising necessary inlet and/or outlet paths. Installation
system, if required, for the arising flue in the "straight" flue is also conceivable.
gas condensate
80/81
Fig. C.10–2 Steam system flue gas silencer
Steam system flue gas silencer

(2x 18t/h, 20 bar)
Fig. C.10–1 Flue system (Dingolfing)
Note
The required scope

of emission test
equipment to be installed
is determined on a
binding basis during the
approval process by the
licensing authority.
It must be assumed
that measurements are
required, if applicable, for:
NOX
SO2
CO
dust and/or soot value.
C.11 Internal system demand
Internal system demand

This section considers the internal system energy demand.
In order to generate fresh steam, steam boiler

systems have their own internal demand
for power in the form of steam, power,
fuel and a small proportion of chemicals for
water treatment.
82/83
C.11.1 Internal power demand C.11.2 Internal thermal power demand
The internal power demand of a steam The following must be assessed in

boiler system is essentially determined by determining the internal thermal demand:
the electrical output of all drive units of the Heating steam for TWT = as a function
individual main components. of condensate return losses, desalination
and blow-down losses as well as losses of
The principle main consumers are: steam from the TWT and the mixing cooler
Combustion air fan
Any existing flue gas recirculation fan The losses listed here must be made good by
Boiler feedwater pumps additional feedwater from the water treatment
Condensate pumps system. The system internal thermal power
Oil pumps demand rises in line with the increase in the
Rotary cup atomiser motor (if installed) amount of additional feedwater to be heated
Valve servomotors for such fittings (if in the TWT.
installed) as: flue gas damper(s), ECO bypass
damper(s), main steam shut-off valve(s), Demand-dependent system operating
mixing and/or branching valve(s) etc. conditions must always be considered in
MSR control systems determining the internal demand of a system
System lighting and emergency lighting for according to chapter C 11.
the boiler room
The necessary approach, layout and
Note calculations are described in greater detail in
For the purpose of minimising the internal chapter D 10.
power demand, electric drive units for pumps,
compressors and fans are often equipped with
inverters. During the engineering process, the
system operational regime is an important
condition for the use of inverters (cost/benefit,
see also chapters D 3.1 and D 6).
C.12 Insulation
Insulation of pipes, tanks etc.

Insulation not only serves to protect against heat / energy loss and to protect against
burning / scalding, but also serves to stabilise the system conditions.
If, for example, steam lines were not insulated,

then excess condensation would form in the
pipes, leading to unstable system conditions.
Since all the tanks, containers, and valves in a

steam boiler system are joined together with
pipes, a corresponding number of pipes must
be insulated subject to operational parameters.
84/85
C.12.1 Thermal insulation C.12.2 Protection against the formation

(see Appendix A2) of condensate
Pipework, valves, devices and tanks that Pipework, valves, devices and tanks that are
are heated up must be protected against cooled down must be insulated as required to
heat losses and/or contact by means of an prevent the formation of condensate.
externally applied insulation shell. Subject to requirements, the preferred
insulation materials are:
The preferred thermal insulation materials are: Multi-component foam shells and/or
Mineral fibre mats (glass and rock wool) Foam glass shells
Plastic jackets
Directly applied foaming plastics The party responsible for system design
Plastic shells for valves and pipe structures (system manufacturer, heating engineer)
must assume responsibility for the complete
The most important basis cited for designing technical processing and engineering of the
thermal insulation in this case is the VDI respective insulation. Consequently, the notes
Guideline 2055 and the ENEV. in chapter D 8.3.4 and Appendix (A2) must only
(see also chapter D.8.3.4) be regarded as "initial" design aids.
C.13 Control system
SSAO Servolux, Lithuania,

3x Vitomax 200-HS Control system
4 t/h; 13 bar
Ideally, control units are switched by a programmable logic
controller (PLC).
Fig. C.13–1 PLC touch panel

A central, full graphic colour display (touch
panel) (Fig. C.13-1) is used for boiler operation
and setting its parameters.
This display also shows all functions with the

associated operating conditions, as well as
all set and actual values. The hours run by the
burner and the feedwater pumps are recorded
by the PLC.
In the case of dual-fuel burners, the hours run

and number of starts made by each individual
burner are recorded separately. PLC touch panel, Vitocontrol control panel
86/87
Note
All fault messages are recorded and reported C.13.1 Main functions
with date and time of their occurrence. C.13.1.1 Burner output control
Necessary extension in
The fault messages are also stored as a The boiler pressure is measured by a probe conjunction (respective
"history" so that the occurrence of faults, and transferred to the PLC in the form of consideration) with
their acknowledgement and their removal is an analogue signal. The PLC regulates the all ancillary systems
documented. pressure to a set value specified by the according to RI diagram
operator or a higher-ranking controller. in Appendix (A1).
The control system (Fig. C.13-2) contains all From the deviation between the set and
components required for activation of the the actual pressure, the output controller The control panel
boiler-specific control equipment in steam calculates the modulation level of the burner also contains the
boiler systems. or the respective burner stage, subject to components required
configuration. for fully automatic
boiler operation without
C.13.1.2 Water level control supervision over 24
Fig. C.13–2 Vitocontrol control panel
or 72 hours according
The level control of the steam boiler stored in to TRD 604. These
the PLC can be implemented in the form of a include all the "specially
two-point control by starting or stopping the designed" components
feedwater pumps or as a continuous control required for operation of
using a feedwater valve. a steam boiler system.
Starting and stopping the feedwater pump(s)
or the additional regulation of the feedwater
valve supplies the required volume of
feedwater to the boiler for maintaining the
set water level inside the boiler. When two
feedwater pumps are installed, the pumps are
switched alternately and also in the event of a
Note
fault in one of the pumps.
C.13.1.3 Conductivity boiler water A special design

T.D.S. control means an electrical or
mechanical part of any
As an option, the "desalination" function is device that automatically
Vitocontrol control panel
implemented by means of continuous control implements regular
in the PLC. The water conductivity is captured tests (e.g. for electrode
by a probe and transferred to the PLC in the water level meters, the
form of an analogue signal. The set value insulation resistance
"salt content" and the control parameters are of which is monitored,
defaulted by the programming unit. When the automatic function tests
salt content is too high, the T.D.S. valve opens in immersion devices,
to drain off the saline water. blowing through of
connecting lines in
C.13.1.4 Blow-down control external devices).
As an option, the blow-down valve can be

activated by the PLC subject to stored values
for the interval between two blow-down
events and the duration of valve activation.
C.13.1.5 Additional functions
Activation of a flue gas and/or bypass damper

as well as switching to a second set value
(pressure) are also integrated into the PLC.
C.14 Rules and regulations
Rules and regulations

All the cited components are considered in the evaluation of a steam
boiler system by the designated body, ZÜS (approved monitoring body)
or monitoring organisation.
In the final analysis, a steam boiler system pressure equipment in Member States" (PED)
designed according to technical rules is came into force on 29 May 1997, granting a
the basis for releasing the system for transition period of five years for member
commissioning. states.
C.14.1 Legal framework The PED applies to all steam boilers with a
maximum permissible pressure in excess of
As early as 1985, there was a call for standard 0.5 bar or an operating temperature higher
technical rules to achieve a pan-European single than 110 °C and a volume in excess of 2 litres.
market without trade barriers. However, different It should be noted with regard to the content
regulations concerning the manufacture of that the total volume of the steam boiler must
pressure equipment, and consequently steam always be taken into account.
boilers, still applied to the member states of the
European Union until 1997. This Directive does not apply to steam boilers
with an operating pressure lower than 0.5 bar
The "Directive 97/23/EC of the European and an operating temperature lower than
Parliament and Council dated 29 May 1997 on 110 °C. Rules such as the EC Gas Appliances
the assimilation of the legal requirements for Directive 2009/142/EC apply to these systems.
88/89
Fig. C.14.1–1 PED diagram

The PED regulates all processes up to market
PS
launch of the pressure appliance. Apart from [bar]
the pressure appliance itself, all equipment

components with safety functions and all 1000
pressurised equipment parts fall into the

scope of this Directive. 100
PS = 32
32 PS
25 PS PS
V

V

V
=
Appendix II of the PED divides combustion 10 =
50
=
20
0
30
00
pressure equipment (steam boilers) into 3 Diagram of the PED, modified
V = 1000
according to the EHI (Association
different categories (Fig. C.14.1-1). 1 I II III IV PS = 0.5
0.5 of the European Heating Industry,
guideline regarding the application
The possible module categories according to 6.25 of the Pressure Equipment Directive
0.1 1 2 10 100 400 1000 10000 V [liters]
the PED are derived from categories III and IV. 97/23/EC)
The module categories regulate which tests
the manufacturer can carry out and which
Fig. C.14.1–2 Vitoplex 100 LS
tests must be performed by an independent Note
testing body ("designated body" according to Selling and commissioning
the PED). Selling is the first provision of a product,
High pressure steam boilers from the against payment or free of charge, in the
Vitomax 200-HS and Pyroflex FSB / FSR series single market for distribution or use within
as well as the low pressure steam boiler the territory of the European Union. With
Vitomax 200-LS fall into category IV of the the selling of a product, the inherent risk is
diagram on account of the following formula: transferred from the manufacturer to the
pressure x capacity. operator. The operator's risk assessment
must have been submitted
Only the Vitoplex 100-LS boiler series Commissioning takes place with the first
(Fig. C.14.1-2) (steam boilers with a use by the end user within the territory of Low pressure steam boilers,
permissible operating pressure of 1 bar) with a the European Union. The necessity within 260 to 2200 kg/h
capacity of > 1000 litres fall into category III. the scope of market supervision to ensure
that the products, on commissioning,
Category IV high pressure steam boilers comply with the provisions of the directive
are tested preferably in accordance with is however limited
module G. This means that a "designated body" If a product is being sold in the single
appointed by the manufacturer carries out all market and commissioned for the first
boiler tests. time, it must comply with the applicable
These tests comprise testing the draft design directives drawn up according to the
(checking the pressure part calculation and new concept. The member states of the
design features in accordance with standard EU are obliged not to prohibit, restrict
specifications), checking the production or hinder the sale or commissioning of
processes, monitoring the build, strength test products that comply with the applicable
(pressure test) and a final inspection. directives drafted in accordance with
the new concept. Furthermore, they
The body commissioned with carrying out must take all the measures necessary
the tests issues a Declaration of Conformity for ensuring that products can only be
following a successfully completed final traded and commissioned if they do not
inspection in accordance with module G. represent any risk to the safety or health
of persons or other interests affected by
the applicable directives, insofar as the
products are correctly built, installed,
maintained and used in accordance with
their intended purpose
C.14 Rules and regulations
Fig. C.14.1–3 Declaration of Conformity for high pressure steam boilers (example)

By the manufacturer affixing the CE symbol
and issuing the Declaration of Conformity, as
well as providing verification of tests having
been carried out in accordance with the
module derived from Diagram 5, the boiler can
be sold without any trade barriers anywhere in
the territory of the EU member states.
EU member states must assume that the

boiler satisfies all provisions stipulated in the
applicable directives, for example the PED
(assumption of conformity).
For countries outside the EU that do not

recognise the PED, separate arrangements
need to be made between the manufacturer
and the supervisory organisation of the
country concerned.
With implementation of the Product Safety

Directive 2001/95/EC, a law has been created
from the core provisions of the German
Equipment Safety Act (GSG) and the Product
Safety Act (PordSG) for reforming the safety
of technical equipment and consumer
products. The German law concerning
technical equipment and consumer products
is designated as the Equipment and Product
Safety Act (GPSG), dated 6 January 2004
The manufacturer states in the Declaration of and effective from 1 May 2004. The GPSG
Conformity (Fig. C.14.1-3) that the steam boiler serves the purpose of implementing Directive
meets the applicable requirements according 97/23/EC with regard to manufacture and
to the PED and other relevant directives. To operation. The manufacture and therefore
indicate that fulfilment of these requirements, the quality requirements are governed by the
the manufacturer affixes the CE designation to 14th regulation of the Equipment and Product
the boiler. Safety Act (Pressure Vessel Ordinance -
14.GPSGV dated 17 June 1998). This applies
Standard production boilers can be manufactured to the sale1 of new pressure equipment and
according to module B (EC type testing). assemblies with a maximum permissible
pressure of in excess of 0.5 bar.
In the case of this module, the manufacturers
themselves carry out the tests on each Operational issues are governed by the
standard production boiler. This is conditional regulations concerning safety and health
on the manufacturer operating an approved protection in the provision of equipment and
quality assurance system for the manufacture, its use in the work environment, concerning
final inspection and all inspections/tests safety in the operation of systems requiring
associated with the manufacture, subject to supervision and those concerning organisation
monitoring by a designated body. of operational industrial safety. The so-called
BetrSichV ([German] Health & Safety at
Module D describes that the manufacturer Work Act), dated 27 September 2002, applies
has an approved quality assurance system in to the provision of equipment by the employer
place for the manufacture, final acceptance and the use of equipment by employees
and inspection/testing of boilers. This includes at work.
preparation of the technical documentation.
1
see note on page 89
90/91
Fig. C.14.1–4 Laws, regulations and technical rules
Legal basis for the installation of a

steam boiler system using Germany
as an example
Section 2 of the BetrSichV, "Common Rules Determination and evaluation of hazards

for Tools", contains the assessment of hazards Derivation of suitable measures – "in
according to the German Work Safety Act the application of the measures cited
(ArbSchG). Among other aspects, Section 3 of as examples, the operator can exercise
the BetrSichV, "Special Provisions for Systems compliance with the provisions of the
Requiring Supervision", covers: Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health."
Operation paragraph 12 TBS 1111 and 2141 are cited as examples, in
Reservation of permission paragraph 13 which the assessment of risks and evaluation
Testing prior to commissioning of safety are described along with the hazards
paragraph 14 caused by steam and pressure.
Specification of inspection intervals
paragraph 15 Section 2 of TRBS 1111: "The employer
is responsible for conducting the risk
Section 4 of the BetrSichV, "Common Rules, assessment and the operator for carrying out
Concluding Provisions", contains notes the safety evaluation."
regarding the Safety and Health Commission
paragraph 24. The Safety and Health Section 2.1 "Operational parameters" of
Commission (ABS) is the successor to the TRBS 2141, Part 1: "Operational parameters
German Steam Boiler Commission (DDA) are specifications of process and material
charged with the following tasks: parameters, e.g. pressure, temperature,
1. Determination of rules in accordance with flow rate, filling level, abrasiveness and
state-of-the-art technology corrosiveness. They result from the respective
2. Determination of rules for meeting the process and represent the sum of the
requirements of the Ordinance on Industrial operating modes foreseen by the employer
Safety and Health (BetrSichV) and/or operator."
3. Advising the Federal Ministry of Economics
and Labour (BMWA) in questions relating to
operational safety
The ABS prepares the technical regulations

for operational safety (TRBS). The TRBS
substantiate the Ordinance on Industrial Safety
and Health with regard to:
D Component layout
'
(
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$ 10 +
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Steam boiler system overview
1 Steam boiler A) Steam to the consumer

2 Control system (PLC) B) Discharge pipe safety valve
3 Integral economiser C) Ventilation and drain line
4 Total thermal deaeration system D) Water vapour line
5 T.D.S. expander with heat recovery E) Condensate inlet
6 Mixing cooler F) Fuel feed
7 Chemical water treatment G) Raw water inlet
8 Feedwater pumps H) Softened water
9 Dosing stations I) Feedwater
10 Flue gas damper K) T.D.S. line
M) Blow-down line
92/93
D Component layout
This section provides relevant "simplified" information on the sizing and calculation of
the components listed in chapter C.
The basis for sizing the system is provided

by the "reference system" described in
Appendix (A1) along with the applicable
process-related economy and calculation
variables. Viessmann can supply you with so-
called "enquiry checklists" for actual enquiries.
Please contact your Viessmann sales
representative for these checklists.
A correct response to the enquiry checklist is a

prerequisite for precise system sizing optimally
suited to the actual requirements.
Viessmann ensures you have all the help you

need in answering and preparing the enquiry
checklist with assistance provided by the
respective sales engineer.
93 D Component layout
96 D.1 Steam boiler selection

98 D.1.2 Selection of the boiler pressure level
99 D.1.3 Waste heat boilers
102 Product range
103 D.2.1 Steam boilers

104 D.2.2 Flame tube temperature monitoring (FTTM)
105 D.2.3 Economiser (ECO) operation
106 D.2.3.1 ECO output
110 D.2.3.3 Utilising condensing technology
113 D.2.3.4 Superheater (SH) operation
116 D.2.3.5 Pressure / heat maintenance - steam boiler
D Component layout
119 D.3.1 Variable-speed combustion air fan

120 D.3.2 O2 control
121 D.3.3 Amount of fuel / fuel demand
122 D.3.4 Combustion air, supply air ducts
125 D.3.5 Acoustic emissions from monoblock / duoblock burners
128 Water treatment
129 D.4.1 Total deaeration system

130 D.4.2 Partial deaeration system
132 D.4.3 Chemical water treatment system (CWT softening system)
136 D.4.4 Function description - reverse osmosis system (RO)
139 D.4.5 Water analysis, general explanations
143 D.5.1 Function description of open vented condensate systems

144 D.5.2 Function description of sealed unvented condensate
systems
150 Pumps
151 D.6.1 Feed pumps - criteria for design and operation

160 D.6.2 Condensate pumps - criteria for sizing and operation
163 D.7.1 Mixing cooler

168 D.7.2 T.D.S. expander
171 D.7.3 Exhaust vapour condenser
174 D.7.4 Feedwater cooler
180 D.7.5 Sampling cooler
94/95
182 Pipework
183 D.8.1 Pipework

188 D.8.2 Specifications - materials, welding work
196 D.8.3 Pipework calculations and sizing
210 D.8.4 Strength, expansion, support spans, clearances,
routing / mountings
219 D.8.5 Notes on design engineering of selected pipework
systems
219 D.8.5.1 Steam pipes / steam distributors
224 D.8.5.2 Condensate pipes and systems
226 D.8.5.3 Boiler lye and blow-down lines
227 D.8.5.4 Feedwater - softened water - drinking water
229 D.8.5.5 Exhaust vapour, waste steam and discharge pipes
232 D.8.5.6 Fuel lines
233 D.8.5.7 Waste water and floor drainage systems
236 Flue system
237 D.9.1 Planning and design information for connection pieces

239 D.9.2 Sizing the flue system
240 D.9.3 Chimney connection and design
242 D.9.4 Common flue system, merging of flue gas flows
244 D.10.1 Internal electrical system demand

248 D.10.2 Internal thermal system demand
D.1 Steam boiler selection
Steam boiler with and without

waste heat utilisation
Steam boiler selection

Depending on individual customer requirements for pressure and/or the amount of steam,
as well as the quality of the fuel, a differentiation is made between the various boiler
types and designs.
The decision-making criteria are as follows: D.1 Steam boiler selection
1. Fuel Biomass A choice is made here, depending on

Waste heat requirements, between the:
Gas / oil Vitomax 200-LS as a low pressure (NDE)
steam boiler, type M233, category IV
2. Pressure </= 0.5 bar according to European Pressure Equipment
> 0.5 bar Directive DGRL 97/23/EC, in three output
sizes at a permissible operating pressure
3. Output of up to 1.0 bar
The working basis is the steam boiler datasheet
Fig. D.1–1 Vitomax 200-LS type M233
Amount of steama) (t/h) 2.9 3.5 5.0
Rated output (kW) 1900 2300 3300

96/97
and the:
Fig. D.1–2 Vitomax 200-HS type M73
Vitomax 200-HS as a high pressure (HD)
steam boiler, type M73, category IV Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
according to European Pressure Equipment
Steam outputc) (t/h) 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.65 2.0 2.5 3.2 4.0
Directive DGL 97/23/EC. This is available
in nine output sizes and different pressure Rated outputb) (MW) 0.325 0.455 0.65 0.845 1.1 1.3 1.65 2.1 2.6
levels with a permissible operating

pressure of between 6 bar and 30 bar
The working basis is the steam boiler and the:

datasheet. Vitomax 200-RS as a high pressure
steam boiler, category IV according to
European Pressure Equipment Directive
DGL 97/23/EC, for utilising waste heat
and the:
Vitomax 200-HS as a high pressure (HD)
steam boiler, type M75, category IV
according to European Pressure Equipment
Directive DGL 97/23/EC. This is available
in 10 output sizes and different pressure
levels with a permissible operating
pressure of between 6 bar and 25 bar
The working basis is the steam boiler

datasheet.
Fig. D.1–3 Vitomax 200-HS type M75
Boiler size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A4)
Max. combustion output MW
Gas 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.4 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.7 15.7 18.2
EN 12953-3
HEL 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.4 7.5 9.0 10.4 12.2 14.0 14.0
Max. steam outputa) w/o ECO in t/h
Operating 5 bar 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.9 10.4 12.5 14.6 17.6 21.7 25.2
pressure 25 bar 5.0 5.9 7.0 8.5 9.9 11.9 13.9 16.9 20.8 24.2
Max. steam outputa) with ECO 200 in t/h
Operating 5 bar 5.5 6.5 7.7 9.3 10.9 13.1 15.3 18.5 22.9 26.6
pressure 25 bar 5.4 6.4 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.9 15.0 18.2 22.5 26.1
a)
With reference to feedwater
temperature = 102 °C and
Values between 5 and 25 bar can be interpolated rated output without emission
requirements.
b)
With reference to steam output
Please note!
at saturated steam pressure =
When selecting an "appropriate" boiler steam output for the customer's needs, the "steam losses" to be 12 bar and feedwater temperature
expected due to system-specific internal steam requirements (૷ FD/E) must also be considered. = 102 °C.
c)
With reference to feedwater
That means: Amount of steamboiler = steam demandcustomer + amount of steam requirementsystem
temperature = 102 °C and
rated output.
A supplemente) of approximately 5 to 15 % can be assumed here in the initial analysis.
For example ==> amount of steamboiler = amount of steam requirementcustomer x 1.05 to 1.15 d)
Steam output with gas combustion.
Alternative steam outputs
A "precise" calculation is made by the manufacturer with the formula specified in chapter D.10.2. result from HEL and reduced
combustion output.
e)
Supplement for heating freshwater
requirement of 0 to 5 % and T.D.S.
rates ≤ 5 %. Intermediate sizes can
be interpolated here accordingly.
Fig. D.1.2–1 Steam boiler limiter

D.1.2 Selection of the boiler pressure level
Setting the manostats

Fig. D.1.2-2 illustrates an example of two
different pressure levels for our steam boilers.
The following approach is used to determine
the boiler pressure level (safety level).
The set value required by the customer is,
for example, 10 bar. This is the value that
must be available for production. A pressure
sensor is mounted on the manostat bracket
that transmits its signals to the controller
(pressure) stored in the PLC. The pressure
regulator is set, for example, to 10 bar and
regulates combustion depending on the steam
demand. For example, the pressure regulator
switches the burner off at 10.5 bar and back on
again at 9.5 bar. The start and stop values can
be selected freely. A safety pressure limiter
is located on the pressure side above the
Fig. D.1.2–2 Steam boiler limiter
pressure regulator, set, for example, to 12 bar.
Example 1 Example 2 In the event of pressure regulator failure, the
13 bar SiVresponse pressure 25 bar
safety pressure limiter serves the purpose
12 bar SDB (burner locked out) 23.5 bar
of safeguarding the boiler from excessive
10.5 bar DR (set value) 22 bar
pressure and locks out the burner. Reactivation
can only be undertaken manually. Positioned
SDB above this on the pressure side is the safety
MA valve that protects the boiler mechanically
DA against excessive pressure. The valve opens
to atmosphere at 13 bar. This means that a
boiler with 13 bar protection is required for
a required pressure of 10 bar. The equivalent
also applies at a required pressure of 22 bar.
SDB Safety pressure limiter
DA Pressure sensor A boiler protection of 25 bar would be required
MT
MA Pressure gauge in that case.
MT Manostat bracket
98/99
D.1.3 Waste heat boilers each individual case. Fig. D.1.3.1-1 indicates

the general conditions within which Viessmann
Waste heat boilers utilise the waste heat supplies waste heat boilers.
from industrial processes or, for example, Depending on the number of flue gas sources
combined heat and power (CHP) modules and their thermodynamic design, there are
for the generation of heating water or steam. single or multiple-pass waste heat boilers for
Since the waste heat sources are manifold, one or more flue gas sources.
the steam boiler is designed specifically for
Fig. D.1.3.1–1 Design parameters
Waste heat boiler w/o Boiler with waste

additional combustion heat utilisation
Proportion of output from 100 % with reference to the 10 to 30 % with reference to the
waste heat utilisation total boiler output total boiler output
Flue gas source Suitable for flue gases from the following fuels: Fuel oil and natural gas. Other
fuels such as RME, animal fat, solid fuels and waste heat from contaminated
extract air available on request
Minimum flue gas volume from 5000 Nm3/h 1000 Nm3/h

the flue gas source
Maximum flue gas volume from 80,000 Nm3/h (from one or in total 10,000 Nm3/h (from one or in total
the flue gas source from two flue gas sources) from two flue gas sources)
Maximum permissible pressure load 25 bar 25 bar

on the water/steam side
Number of heating sources 1 or 2 1 or 2
Design versions Waste heat boiler, single-pass

Plants that utilise waste heat are available in In the simplest case, a separate waste heat
numerous sizes and designs. The requirements boiler is assigned to each flue gas source.
for waste heat boilers to be integrated into
these systems are correspondingly diverse.
Fig. D.1.3.1–2 Single-pass waste heat boiler for generating steam
Flue gas outlet

Flue gas inlet
Fig. D.1.3.1–3 Twin-pass waste heat boiler for generating steam
Flue gas outlet Flue gas inlet
Twin-pass waste heat boiler

In cases where the waste heat boiler
is very long compared to its diameter,
the pipe bundle can also be split. The
Flue gas outlet
flue gas inlet and outlet points are
then both located on the same side.
This more compact design is often Flue gas inlet
practical for applications with smaller
volumes of flue gas and lower flue
gas inlet temperatures
100/101
Fig. D.1.3.1–4 Shell boiler for generating steam with one waste heat pass
Flue gas outlet,
ECO burner combustion
Flue gas inlet,

source of waste heat
ECO for
source
of waste
heat
Flue gas inlet,
source of
waste heat
Flue gas outlet
Flue gas inlet
Fig. D.1.3.1–5 Waste heat boiler
Waste heat boiler for two flue gas sources, single-pass

In applications with smaller flue gas volumes, it is also
possible for two flue gas sources to be connected to the
same waste heat boiler. This reduces space requirements
and the outlay for technical equipment. However, the flue
gas ducting remains completely separate in order to prevent
any mutual interference
D.2 Product range
Product range
There are normative regulations for selecting steam boilers depending on
the fuel used.
In principle, liquid and gaseous fuels, along

with hot flue gases / extract air, can be
used for generating saturated steam in our
steam boilers.
The following fuels and heat sources are

employed:
Natural gas
Biogas
Extra light fuel oil
Heavy fuel oil
Masut
Bio-oil
Animal fat
Wood fuels (biomass)
Hot flue gases, for example from
combined heat and power modules
102/103
D.2.1 Steam boilers restrictions in the output range above

16,000 kg/h apply due to normative
Note: regulations.
Higher operating pressures than 25 bar are (DIN EN 12953-3 Clause 5.4 - Fig. 5.4.1
available on request. Limitation of combustion output to
14 MWtherm. / see Fig. D.2-1)
The specified steam output limits apply
to operation with natural gas combustion,
depending on the permissible operating
pressure. In the case of HEL (oil) combustion,
Fig. D.2.1–1 Vitomax 200-HS, type M237 / M73A and M75A (gas and oil combustion)
* The steam output specified here

is a value solely for orientation
purposes. The actual steam output
depends on boiler pressure,
the fuel used and emission
requirements.
D.2 Product range
D.2.2 Flame tube temperature monitoring

(FTTM)
FTTM systems appropriate for the system in

question (see tabular values) and compliant
with national regulations are required for
selected combustion outputs (4 ɘ ) and
F
the correspondingly designed flame tube

diameter (df):
Fig. D.2.2–1 Flame tube diameter depending on combustion output (additional measures)
Fuel parameters HEL fuel oil Gas
ɘ (MW)
4 ≤ 12 ≤ 15.6
F
df (mm) > 1400 > 1400
ɘ (MW)
4 > 12 > 15.6
F
df (mm) > 1400 > 1400
ɘ (MW)
4 > 12 > 15.6
F
df (mm) < 1400 < 1400
(Source: DIN EN 12953-3)
In addition to DIN EN 12953-3, measures are

specified as follows in the trade association
agreement (version 11/2004) [Germany] and
must be considered accordingly during the
selection and sizing processes.
Note Fig. D.2.2–2 Flame tube temperature monitoring
Criterion Measures
Generally, where P355GH

Flame tube
Heat load limit according to EN 12953 up to a flame tube load of 12 MW in
is used as material
diameter the case of oil combustion or 15.6 MW for gas combustion - applicable to
(only permissible for ≤ 1400 mm flame tube material P295GH.
corrugated flame tubes), a
Max. flame tube load of 8.0 MW in the case of oil combustion or 10.4 MW
temperature measurement for gas combustion - applicable to flame tube material P265GH.
system must be installed.
Max. flame tube wall thickness of 20 mm must not be exceeded in the case
Also for a combustion of oil and gas steam boilers.
output (4ɘ F) and flame tube
A wall thickness of 22 mm is possible when boiler and feedwater are
diameter (df) of: monitored, in accordance with the DDA information on installation and
GI > 1400 mm operation of land-based steam boiler systems, or a temperature capturing
ɘ > 12 MW (oil) and system is installed.

4 F
ɘ > 15.6 MW (gas) Flame tube
Flame tube wall temperature monitoring with 6 test points arranged offset
4 F
diameter along the circumference at an angle of 120 °C.
> 1400 mm
1st row with a clearance of 0.8 dF ,

2nd row with a clearance of 600 mm downstream from the 1st row,

Limit and non-equivalence monitoring, temperature limiter and internal
inspection of the flame tube on the combustion side at 18 month intervals,
commencing 6 years after commissioning.
Combustion
Flame tube wall temperature monitoring with 6 test points arranged offset
output along the circumference at an angle of 120 °C.
> 12 MW (oil)
1st row with a clearance of 0.8 dF ,
> 15.6 MW (gas)

2nd row with a clearance of 600 mm downstream from the 1st row,

Limit and non-equivalence monitoring, temperature limiter and internal
inspection of the flame tube on the combustion side at 18 month intervals,
commencing 6 years after commissioning.
104/105
Fig. D.2.2–3 Flame tube outputs

Furthermore, a set of standardised hot
tensile tests must be conducted at 300 °C, Regulation TRD with trade assoc. DIN EN 12953 or TRD with trade
whereby the required strength values must agreement 94/1 [Germany] association agreement 2003/1 [Germany]
be adhered to and elongation at break must Max. combustion output

not be less than the corresponding value at Oil combustion 10.5 MW 14.0 MW
room temperature. Gas combustion 13.65 MW 18.2 MW
Material HII P265GH (max. 8 MW oil,

In addition to the specifications of the 2000/1 max. 10.4 MW gas combustion)
trade association agreement, provision 17 Mn4 P295GH
must be made for an inspection interval Max. nominal wall thickness 20 mm 22 mm
of 18 months for internal inspection of the

combustion side of the flame tube.
Reason:
D.2.3 Economiser (ECO) operation A:
Insofar as EL fuel oil or E natural gas are used
Depending on the relevant operating as the main fuel and S fuel oil, for example,
parameters (saturated steam temperature = f is intended as a backup fuel, the heating
(operating steam pressure)), two versions are surface of the ECO is designed for the main
usually employed for ECO operation as so- fuel. So that the lamellar tubes of the ECO are
called integral ECOs. not contaminated beyond permissible levels
during the combustion of S fuel oil and hence
With feedwater inlet temperatures into made ineffective or flue gases contaminated
the ECOs of 102 °C and operating steam with sulphur condense and destroy the ECO,
pressures of up to 12 bara), a differentiation is the ECO heating surface is "bypassed" in
made between: this instance.
Type 100 - for flue gas temperatures
downstream from the ECO of 180 °C and
Type 200 - for flue gas temperatures Additional use can be made here of
downstream from the ECO of 130 °C manufacturer-specific ECO designs
(supplier variable).
Design and calculation datasheets (see
technical guide for the respective boiler) for the Any equipment-dependent "additional costs"
Vitomax 200-HS steam boiler with integrated are amortised in less than 6 months through
ECO, type 100/200. the heat recovery achieved (integral ECO)
from the flue gas and the associated average
Subject to observation of other flue gas fuel savings of 4 to 7 %, assuming an annual
parameters required on site, such as: system operating time of approx. 6000 hours
Specification of dew point temperature for (see rough calculation example in chapter
cold start D 3.2.2).
Flue gas bypass operation
Utilisation of condensing technology in the A reduction in flue gas temperature using the
case of specific and regulated "flue gas ECO of approx. 100 K yields an expected boiler
condensation" efficiency increase of approx. 5 %.
additional ECO designs are available in
combination with the respective steam B:
boiler as "mounted economisers" and/or as If existing flue systems require minimum
"downstream economisers" in the case of temperatures. a)
For operating steam pressures of
separate design and calculation according to > 12 bar to ≤ 25 bar, an increase in
requirements. the saturated steam temperature
occurs as a consequence of
the rise in pressure (saturated
steam temperature = f (operating
pressure); see Tb. 2/2.1,
chapter G2) and thermodynamically
an analogous increase in the flue
gas temperature to be expected.
D.2 Product range
D.2.3.1 ECO output
In a thermodynamic economy consideration

covering the flue gas heat exchanger (ECO),
the necessary total ECO output (in kW) can
be estimated, derived respectively from the
following formula:
T)*ERLOHUT)*(&2
ɘ (&2
4 [સ%[૘L

$
T)*ERLOHU 7)*ERLOHU7air[ % >@
2
$
T)*(&2 7)*(&27DLU[ % >@
2
7)*ERLOHU ᚐXHJDVRXWOHWWHPSHUDWXUHERLOHUฬᚐXHJDVLQOHWWHPSHUDWXUH(&2 >r&@
7)*(&2 ᚐXHJDVRXWOHWWHPSHUDWXUH(&2 >r&@
7DLU FRPEXVWLRQDLUWHPSHUDWXUH >r&@

2 DFWXDO2YDOXHLQGU\ᚐXHJDV >9RO@
LQWKHFDVHRI2UHJXODWLRQEHLQJDYDLODEOHZLWKUHVLGXDOR[\JHQ
Fig. D.2.3–3 ECO with lateral outlet

સB = estimated amount of fuel to be expected
[m3/h or kg/h]
૷)6[K
)6K
):
સ% [
+L[Š.P
સB = estimated amount of fuel

in kg/h and/or Nm³/h
૷FS = amount of steam per steam boiler
Note
in kg/h
hD FS
= steam enthalpy - fresh steam
The economics must in kWh/kg (kJ/kg)
take into account the h
Fw = feedwater enthalpy
amount of feedwater, in kWh/kg (kJ/kg)
since this is greater than H i
= lower net calorific value
the amount of steam due in kWh(kJ)/kg, and/or kWh(kJ)/Nm³
to blow-down and T.D.S. ǹ K(m)
= average thermal boiler efficiency in %
losses. As no reliable as an expected value 93.5 % (assumed
values are available in selected value range: ≥ 92.5 % to
this connection when ≤ 93.5 %) - and/or from datasheet as a
sizing the system, it is function of boiler load and ECO version
usual to set steam mass
flow rate = feedwater
mass flow rate.
106/107
Fig. D.2.3.1–1 A and B - Siegert factors = f (fuel); (constants)
Fuel Constants: Constants: Constants: Constants:

Factors Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Natural gas Town gas
A 0.67 0.69 0.66 0.63
B 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.011
Fig. D.2.3.1–2 Hi – lower net calorific value in kWh/kg, (kJ/kg) and/or kWh/Nm3 (kJ/Nm3)
Fuel Fuel oil (EL) Heavy fuel oil (S) Natural gas (E) Natural gas (LL)
kWh/kg 11.9 11.3 -- --
kJ/kg 42,700 40,700 -- --
kWh/Nm³ -- -- 10.35 8.83
kJ/Nm³ -- -- 36,000 31,800
Fig. D.2.3–4 ECO mounted on top

Note regarding the estimation of Q̇ECO
With reference to the Vitomax 200-HS
datasheets (in this instance, the specifications
for determining flue gas mass flow rate using the
steam output), the respective ECO total output
can be determined with an increased degree of
accuracy for ECO types 100/200 from:
ɘ ECO = (h FG/boiler - h FG/ECO) x ૷ FS x R/ ̖ FG

4 in kW
ZLWKh FG/boiler - ᚐXHJDVHQWKDOS\DWERLOHURXWOHW N:K1Pu
T
FG
N:K
Generally determined from h FG =
1Pu

DQG h FG/ECO
ᚐXHJDVHQWKDOS\DW(&2RXWOHW .:K1Pu
DQG ̖ DYHUDJHᚐXHJDVGHQVLW\RQWKHDVVXPSWLRQ ̖
FG FG
NJ1Pu
DQG GLPHQVLRQOHVVIDFWRUGHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGGDWDVKHHWV
5
GHSHQGLQJRQRSHUDWLQJSUHVVXUHDQG(&2W\SH
a)
Steam enthalpy of fresh steam
calculated in kWh/kg [Tb. 2/2.1]
= f (available steam parameters –
pressure/temperature) for
superheated steam and h"FD - for
saturated steam.
D.2 Product range
Fig. D.2.3.1–5 Economic considerations on steam boilers

૷FS = amount of fresh steam per steam
boiler (kg/h)
hFS = steam enthalpy - fresh steam
TFG/ECO; hFG/ECO (saturated steam (h''FS) and/or (hFD)
superheated), determined from
(Tb.2/2.1) = f (available steam pressure
and fresh steam temperature)
TFW
TFw = feedwater temperature (°C) (deaeration
temperature as a function of deaerator
ECO pressure from (Tb. 2))
h'Fw = feedwater enthalpy in (kWh/kg)
h'FW= 0.001163 x TFW (kWH/kg)
Tab. 2, chapter G2
TFG/boiler
ŠK(M); hFG/boiler
D.2.3.2 Amortisation Economiser (AECO)
The values determined in chapter D.2.3.1

would result in a payback period from the
SB relationship:
K ECO x H i
૷FS; h''FS A ECO = .

QECO x k B x b
with the additional calculated amounts that will

be required and must be provided, such as:
સB; Hi; Tair KECO - expected ECO costs (in €) via a quotation
that must be prepared for each case
Steam boiler (SB) economics

consideration with ECO (simplified) Note
The following cost functiona) may be of initial
Fig. D.2.3.1–6 Heating surface temperature diagram
assistance as a "rough" estimate:
.
300 .(&2 [QECOLQ೼
Flue gas outlet
ECO flue gas inlet

250
kB - current specific fuel price in (€/kg and/or

200
in €/Nm³)a)
150
b - expected annual hoursb) (full-load hours)
Media temperature in °C
100 of system operation to meet the total annual

steam requirement.
50
0 50 100 150 200 250

Heating surface in %
a)
The cost function is calculated
on the basis of corresponding
quotation work (Rosink, 2005/2006).
b)
Necessary preparations by the
customer.
108/109
Example estimate calculation:

with a resulting total ECO output of
.
Q = 365 kW
ECO
a energetic heating price for natural gas (H) of ೼ 0.04/kWh,
but with reference to the specific consumption:
N% ೼N:K[+L ೼N:K[N:K1Pu
N% ೼1Pu
an expected ECO price of:
.(&2 [N: ೼
and the assumed annual hours under full load
E = 6000 h/a results in a payback period of:
[
$(&2 \HDUV
[[
Note
.
Die determination of Q ECO has been calculated on the basis of values and calculation variables yielded
with the formulae in chapter D.2.3.1:
Fuel = natural gas (E)
Steam pressure = 12 bar
Feedwater temperature Tfw = 102 °C
Flue gas temperature w/o ECO TFG/boiler = 252 °C
O2 content in flue gas = 3 %
Siegert factors A = 0.66
B = 0.009
Lower net calorific value Hi = 10.35 kWh/Nm³
Saturated steam enthalpy h''FS = 0.7737 kWh/kg
Feedwater enthalpy h'fw = 0.119 kWh/kg
Amount of steam in ૷Fs = 12,000 kg/h
Note
Boiler load = 100 %
ECO type = 200
Flue gas temperature with ECO TFG/ECO = 132 °C Current gas and oil prices can
Air temperature Tair = 20 °C be found on the internet at:
Boiler efficiency (acc. to datasheet) ŠK(m) = 94.75 % www.heizoelboerse.de
www.verivox.de;
www.carmen-ev.de
D.2 Product range
D.2.3.3 Utilising condensing technology The improvement in efficiency of the steam

boiler system enables a contribution to be
Condensing technology can also be used, on made to environmental protection. At the
the basis of currently known facts, for the same output from the steam boiler system,
purpose of heat recovery on high pressure the level of CO2 emissions is reduced by
steam boilers. approx. 9 % for natural gas operation (see
Fig. D.2.3.3-2).
Additional costs are also amortised in this case
within reasonable payback periods (see sample With the increased values for gross cv and
estimate). However, an essential condition the increase in steam dew point temperature,
here is - as constantly as possible - the use of condensing technology and natural gas
availability of heat sinks at the corresponding operation offers better conditions than HEL.
temperature level below the water dew point As a consequence of the chemical reaction in
in the flue gas, each depending on the fuel the combustion (oxidation) of methane
used (see Fig. D.2.3.3-1).
&+2 !+2&
Fig. D.2.3.3–1 Gross and net calorific values of natural gas and HEL fuel oil
theoretical maximum levels of steam
Fuel Lower calorific Upper calorific Ratio (%) Steam dew condensate equal to 1.5 kg/Nm3 of fuel are
value value gross cv/net cv point in flue produced in the flue gas, in the case of natural
(net cv) (gross cv) x 100 gas (°C)
gas combustion and pH values between 3.5
Natural gas (E) 10.35 kWh/Nm³ 11.46 kWh/Nm³ 110.72 58 and 5.2 (slightly acidic).
Natural gas (LL) 8.83 kWh/Nm³ 9.78 kWh/Nm³ 110.75 58 Prior to their discharge, these must be
Fuel oil (EL) 11.9 kWh/kg 12.7 kWh/kg 106.72 47 neutralised accordingly to pH values of
between 6.5 and 9, for example using filters
The efficiency of the steam boiler system filled with dolomite and/or dosing equipment
(Š K(M)) is further improved and can achieve employing sodium hydroxide (see technical
values ≥ 100 %, with reference to the lower guide "Water quality standards for steam boiler
net calorific value (net cv). systems", [Appendix 2, chapter G1]).
The increase in steam boiler system efficiency

(Š*) largely depends on the level of additional
"available heat" (QFGHE) "extracted" by means
of condensing technology and is determined
from:
Note
ɘ
Condensate yielded
from HEL combustion
ǹ ǹ .0[
4 )*+(
૷ )6K
)6K
IZ
>@
is very acidic (pH values

between 1.8 and 3.7) with the calculation variables as specified in
and corrosive due to the chapters D.2.3.1 and D.2.3.3.
sulphur content in the
fuel (approx. 0.2 %).
Neutralisation facilities
must be equipped
accordingly with
additional active carbon
filters. Theoretically,
amounts of condensate
up to a maximum of
1.035 kg/kg of fuel
can be produced (see
Fig. D.2.3.3-2).
110/111
Fig. D.2.3.3–2 Theoretical amounts of condensate and CO2 generation in the case of complete combustion
The previously mentioned "downstream ECO"
could be included in the design as a secondary
Fuel Max. theoretical Max. CO2 emissions (kg/kWh) with reference to
heat exchanger to the existing integral ECO. amount of condensate1,2
The "downstream ECO", the whole of the QHWFY JURVVFY
Natural gas (E) 1.63 kg/Nm³ 0.2 0.182
secondary flue system and all dewatering lines
Natural gas (LL) 1.53 kg/Nm³ 0.2 0.182
must be made in this instance from corrosion-
resistant stainless steel. Fuel oil (HEL) 1.035 kg/kg 0.312 0.298
As a continuously available heat sink, alongside

1
With reference to the amount
any that might be available on site in such
of fuel.
cases as: 2
Applicable municipal regulations
Low temperature heating systems must be observed on discharge
DHW heating systems into the local public sewage system
Low temperature process heat, technically (e.g. in Germany, Code of Practice

ATV-DVWK-A251).
necessary preheating stages etc.
modulating, controlled preheating of the boiler
top-up water (softened water, upstream of the
inlet into the feedwater deaeration system) is
also conceivable.
One system version of a steam boiler with

integral ECO and secondary flue gas heat
exchanger for utilising condensing technology
is indicated for information in the process flow
diagram (see Appendix A1) on the basis of Steam boiler (SB) economic considerations
Fig. D.2.3.3-3. with ECO and FGHE (simplified)
Fig. D.2.3.3–3 Steam boiler economic considerations
TFG/FGHE (ื 60 °C)
qFG/FGHE ; qFG/CON
with the calculation:
qCON-heat gain in % from utilising condensing technology, calculated from:
h'add/FW/O
h'add/FW/I
(H -H ) ˞
q = con
H i
s i
x 100
Tadd/FW/O
FGHE Tadd/FW/I; ૷add/FW
˞ = condensation factor between 0.7 and 1.0 depending on coolant TFG/ECO (ุ 130°C)
temperature
qFG/ECO
The total FGHE heating output (in kW) and the amortisation (A) to be
expected in this instance are determined on the same basis as that for the
ECO in chapter D.2.3.1 and D.2.3.2.
[(q FG/ECO
-q )+q ]
FG/FGHE con K x Hi
ECO h'FW; TSW
૷FW
FGHE
Q̇ FGHE
= x સ x H
B i and A= [a]
100 Q̇ FGHE
x K x b
b
TFG/boiler
As well as the additional amount of feedwater required for condensation
of the steam in the flue gas from the heat balance on the flue gas heat
exchanger (FGHE): ǹK(M)
૷add.fw=
Q̇ FGHE
[ kg
] SB ૷FS
h'add/fw/O
- h' add/fw/I
h
h''FS
With inlet temperatures of the required additional feedwater "significantly" સB; Hi; Tair
lower than the steam dew point (see Fig. D.2.3.3-3).
D.2 Product range
Flue gas heat exchanger (FGHE)
Downstream from the ECO as a 2nd stage heat recovery device utilising condensing technology
and the parameters for top-up feedwater inlet and outlet:
h'add/fw/I = Enthalpy of additional feedwater (inlet) in (kWh/kg)
h'add/fw/O = Enthalpy of additional feedwater (outlet) in (kWh/kg)
Tadd/fw/I = Temperature of top-up feedwater (inlet) in (°C)
Tadd/fw/O = Temperature of top-up feedwater (outlet) in (°C)
૷add/fw = Amount of top-up feedwater in (kg/h)
Example as a rough calculation:

Taking the same assumptions and values as the rough calculation
in chapter D.2.3.2, the additional assumptions for:
Flue gas temperature downstream from the
flue gas heat exchanger = TFG/FGHE = 60 °C
Top-up feedwater inlet temperature = Tadd/FW/I = 10 °C
Top-up feedwater outlet temperaturea) = Tadd/Fw/O = 50 °C
Expected price for the flue gas heat exchanger ≈ €105,000b)
For a calculated total FGHE heating output = Q̇FGHE 1.019 kW
result in an expected payback period of:
k FGHE
x Hi [
A = $)*+( ป\HDUV
FGHE
Q̇ FGHE
x K x b b
[[
with an increase in efficiency to:
Q̇ 1019
Š Š K(M)
( 1+
૷ (h'' -h' )
S
FGHE
FS fw
) = 94.75 x
( 1+
12,000 x (0.7737 - 0.119) ) ≈ 107%
and a top-up feedwater requirement due to the FGHE of:
Q̇ FGHE
1019
૷add/fw= = 21,867 kg/h
h' add/fw/O
- h' add/fw/I
(0.0584 - 0.0118)
Note
With reference to the amount of fresh steam selected in the calculation example, an additional gain
would result on site from the heat "extracted" from the flue gas by means of condensing technology of:
Q̇add/gain ≈ (21.867 - 12,000)kg/h x (0.0584 - 0.0118) kWh/kg ≈ 460 kW.
In the event of non-availability of an appropriate additional "heat sink", Qadd/gain remains unused and the
increase in efficiency is reduced accordingly to the value of:
( )
(1019 - 460)
Š 94.75 1+ ≈ 101.5 %
12,000 (0.7737 - 0.119)
with the payback period increasing to:
[
a)
The feedwater outlet temperature
$ ป\HDUV
from the FGHE should always be [[
set at a value "significantly" below
TFG/FGHE.
b)
Selected tender price.
112/113
D.2.3.4 Superheater (SH) operation Specific requirements concerning safety

measures for preventing excessive pressure
Appropriately designed and controlled as well as the necessary pressure and
Fig. D.2.3.4–2 Mixing valve
superheaters are brought into service based temperature measuring technology in
on the requirements of on-site applications. operating modes with SH are considered Customer
by the manufacturer with reference to the 0 set values
Superheated steam temperatures of 50 K applicable regulations (TRD 401).
૷SH ૷SB
above the respective saturated steam Customer-specific superheating temperatures
hSH hSB
temperature can be achieved in the case of > 50 K are possible, however, in the case
TSH
of unregulated SH operation and 100 % of individual design in consultation with the
boiler load. manufacturer (see example layout). K
M/S૷M/S
Example - rough calculation

For customer selection of the superheating
temperature differentials (Δ tSH), all the Regulated superheater in mixed operation
temperature losses (heat losses) between with saturated steam:
the steam boiler installation location and the (Vitomax 200-HS; saturated amount
consumer must be considered (see chapter of steam = 10 t/h, saturated steam
D.8.3.4). temperature = 195 °C, pressure = 13 bar,
set value temperature for superheating =
A reduction in superheating temperatures to 220 °C at approx. 20 % boiler load)
values < 50 K must also be considered subject
to boiler load. Boiler load (%) 20a) 40 60 80 100
˂7SH (K) unregulated 20 42 59 72 82
˂7SH (K) regulatedb) 20 25 25 25 25

Fig. D.2.3.4–1 Boiler load
Boiler load (%) 35 50 75 100
25 35 44 50
˂7 .
SH
Fig. D.2.3.4–3 Steam superheater
Standard values with reference to steam

output at a saturated steam pressure of 12 bar
and feedwater temperature = 102 °C
With a requirement for superheating of 50 K

in any of the specified load cases < 100 %, an
appropriately regulated SH operating mode
must be ensured by the manufacturer.
Control takes place here "within the assembly"

by means of flexibly controlled mixing of
"colder" saturated steam as a function of the
superheated temperatures arising downstream
from the mixing point.
Note
Alternatively, it is possible to install an injection
cooler or a surface cooler downstream from
the superheater or a controller on the flue gas
side to regulate the superheating temperature.
a) b)
The specified boiler load of
20 % in the calculation example
represents a "special case".
Normally, the minimum boiler
load is fixed by the manufacturer
at 35 %.
D.2 Product range
Principle of admixing saturated steam
Required mixing amount of saturated steam

(in ૷M/S) from:
૷6%[K6+K6%
૷06 NJK
K6+K
06
and the calculation variables:

૷SB Selected steam output (kg/h) on the
customer side
૷M/S Required mixing amount of saturated
steam (kg/h)
hSB Steam enthalpy (Tb. 2) (kJ/kg) as a
function of the customer set value
(pressure, temperature)
hSH Steam enthalpy (Tb. 2) (kJ/kg) as a
function of the necessary superheating
temperature TSH for the purpose of
ensuring the on-site set temperature
h''M/S Enthalpy of the saturated steam mixing
amount (Tb. 2) (kJ/kg) as a function of
selected saturated steam parameters
with the formulations from:

Volume statement -> ૷SB = ૷SH + ૷M/S (kg/h)
Heat statement ->
૷SB x hSB = ૷SH x hSH + ૷M/S · h''M/S (kJ/h)
Consideration is frequently given to selecting a

boiler with higher pressure and subsequently
implementing a pressure reduction by means
of superheating.
This approach is illustrated in Fig. D.2.3.4-4.
It is, however, a purely theoretical approach.
In practice, the enthalpy of superheating
is used up by the wet steam content, so
that actually no appreciable superheating
temperature can be achieved.
114/115
Fig. D.2.3.4–4 1st and 2nd grade in Mollier-h, s-diagram for steam (theoretical consideration)
h (Enthalpy)
)
r (ü ts = 209,5 °C
ba
18
=
tant
ns ü) ü)
co r( r(
= ba ba
11 =
8
ts = 188 °C
t= nt
tan ta tB = 185 °C
RV ns ns
co co
= = ts = 175,4 °C
(Choice 1:)
Reduction at
h=constant ar (
ü) A B
from A to B 8b C
= 1 9,8 ° t
= 2 0 tan ng
p FD ns ati
ts
ar (
ü) C co rhe
= pe
1b su
= 1 8 °C
8
=1
p FD
ts (ü)
D
ic e 2:) bar °C
(Cho = 8 75,4
= 1 x=
p FD (sa 1
ts tu
rat
eds
te
am
pip
e)
S (Entropy)
Fig. D.2.3.4–5 Steam boiler with superheater
a) At constant steam enthalpy.

D.2 Product range
Fig. D.2.3.5–1 Indirect coil

ŠY67
[૷)6[K
)6K
IZ

+67ป LQPt
NIP[˂7P
the following results, with the calculation

variables for:
Šv/ST Radiation loss of the steam boiler in %
૷FS Amount of fresh steam in kg/h
h''FS Enthalpy of saturated steam = f (pB) from
(Tb. 2) in kWh/kg
h'fw Enthalpy of feedwater = f (feedwater
temperature) in kWh/kg from (Appendix
Tb. 2)
kf(m) Mean heat transfer coefficients in the
case of free convection, according to
Appendix L8, between condensing
steam -> steel -> water (in kWh/hKm²)
and specifications between 0.291 and
1.163 kWh/hKm2
ΔTm Mean temperature differential (in K)
between the boiling point of the boiler
D.2.3.5 Pressure / heat maintenance - water as a function of the operating
steam boiler pressure (pB) and "cooling" of the boiler
water content due to radiation loss, with:
The principle options are portrayed and ΔTmax
explained in chapter C.1.3.1 and Appendix A2 = maximum permissible "cooling"
with 2 versions (VA and VB). and
ΔTmin
Aside from the portrayed versions: = minimum permissible "cooling"
(VB) Pressure maintenance by means of and
the combustion system and,
the only permissible quotient in this case
the version here: ˂7 PD[
(VA) Pressure maintenance using an ื

˂7 PLQ
additional heating surface, (internal
indirect coil) installed in the water the necessary tubular heating surface is
chamber of the steam boiler, is the calculated with
most frequently used in practice.
˂7P ˂7PD[˂7PLQLQ.
Furthermore, it is the most
economical method in terms of
energy.
Note
The benefit of this version in the case of multi-

The tubular heating boiler operation is the even distribution of heat
surface (HfR - German inside the boiler. Temperature stratification and
abbreviation) must be therefore thermal stress are avoided.
designed as an integral
"plug-in heat exchanger" In the following, information and standard
(if necessary as a U-tube values are provided for the approximate design
bundle) in the water of the necessary tubular heating surface (HST):
chamber of the steam From the relationship (calculation of the heat
boiler (see Fig. D.2.3.5-2). transfer or heat flux through a tube wall)
116/117
Calculation example for determining the

tubular heating surface - HST:
With assumed values for:
૷FS = 12,000 kg/h
pB = 13 bar
Šv/ST = 0.35 %
h''FS = 0.7744 kWh/kg
h'fw = 0.121 kWh/kg
kf(m) ≈ 0.727 kWh/km2
ΔTmax = 20 K
ΔTmin = 10 K
ΔTm =(20+10)/2 = 15 K,
(selected feedwater temperature Tfw≈ 104 °C)
a tubular heating surface of approx.
ŠY67
+67ป [૷)6[K
)6KIZ ป [[ Pt

NIP[˂7P [
would be required.
This yields a required total number of tubes n,

and selected diameter 33.7 x 2.6 mm:
+67 Pt
Q Selected: 6 pieces
G[˭/7 [˭[P
Fig. D.2.3.5–2 Plug-in heat exchanger
RW
RS
KB
HfR
dØ
x DE
x x "Plug-in heat exchanger" as an
DN 150
2x pipe = Ø 33.7 mm equipment option for the calculation

example
KO
x Key:
1x pipe = Ø 33.7 mm Rb Tb
RW = Steam boiler tube wall
RS = Tube connector with
View (x) pipe floor
dished end (KB),
Rb = Tube plate (Rb) and
separation plate (Tb)
DE = Hot steam inlet
KO = Condensate outlet
dØ = Tube external diameter
LR ~ 4 m ~ 51 mm
t = Tube spacing
t 1.5 x dØ
n = Number of heating tubes
LR = Heating tube length
D.3 Combustion systems
Fig.: Weishaupt
Combustion systems
Insofar as no particular make is specified by the customer, the optimum burner is
selected with regard to technology and cost-effectiveness.
When sizing the burner, the fuel types and The recommendation for the control side is:
total combustion output must be considered Gas as fuel: modulating
with reference to country-specific type Fuel oil
approval regulations (in Germany, 1st/4th 2-stage up to approx. 2.3 t/h
BImSchV; TA-Luft and/or 13th BImSchV). steam boiler output

and
A selection can be made, for example, from modulating for >
the external "burner product lines" offered by 2.3 t/h steam boiler output
Dreizler, Elco, Saacke and Weishaupt.
118/119
Note
D.3.1 Variable-speed combustion air fan Design case:
Fan motor rating (N) : 30 kW
Depending on the annual hours run and the 40 % saving : 12 kW With the characteristic
associated load Annual hours run (Ohrs) : 6000 h/a fan curve as a function
If applicable, with recommendation for Annual saving : 72,000 kWh of the electrical
electrical connected loads ≥ 8 kW motor Electricity costs (Kelec) : €0.08/kWh output from:
rating and an expected average annual
1 1yQQ
operational load of around 50 % Annual saving [KSC] from:
(in kW), the electrical
Rough estimate for speed control: power consumption
.6& 2KUV[.HOHF[1
Where a speed controller is used on a burner of the motor drops to
fan motor, approximately 40 % of electricity approx. 1/8 on reducing
costs are saved in the case of average boiler KSC = 6000 h/a x €0.08/kWh x 12 kW resulting the speed by a half
utilisation. in an annual saving KSC of €5760 p.a. (from n1 = 100 % load to
n2 = half load of 50 %).
Additional benefit: The investment outlay for a speed controller Payback period = f
Reduction in the sound pressure level, amount to ~ €3500, thus resulting in a payback (actual system load
because the burner fan need not deliver 100 % period (ASC) = €3500 / €5760 of ~ just over characteristics and local
continuously. 6 months. electricity costs).
Fig. D.3.1–1 Comparison of fan controller types
Comparison of types of fan control

40
Power consumption of the fan motor in kW
35 W
in k
rol
e cont
kW
l
30 rott
it h th
in
w
tion
l
mp
ro
25
su
nt
r con
co
e
20 Pow
ed
pe
s
15 i th
w
n
ptio
10
ns um
wer co
5 Po
0
0.01 2 4 6 8 10 12
Burner output in MW
Note
D.3.2 O2 control Rough calculation
for O2/CO control:
With O2 control for In the stoichiometric binding between fuel
values ≤ 3 % O2, the and combustion amount of air Reduction of the O2 value in gas combustion
excess air coefficient If applicable, with a recommendation for from 3.5 to 1.0 % yields an improvement in
(˨) is minimised combustion outputs > 10 MW, for the efficiency of approx. 1.25 % for a flue gas
stoichiometrically. purpose of optimum compliance with legal temperature of approx. 240 °C.
The system efficiency is requirements relating to NOX emissions in
improved by values of the flue gas This corresponds to a fuel saving (in HEL):
up to 1 %. A further improvement in system at 10 t/h, 75 % load and 6000 h/a of
efficiency of up to 1.3 % would be possible 39,500 l HEL p.a. and
with combined regulation by means of at 15 t/h, 75 % load and 6000 h/a of
hooking up the CO content to the O2 59,200 l HEL p.a.
controller, i.e. O2 control = f (CO content in
flue gas), but only for gas operationa)) Note
At a flue gas temperature of 150 °C, the
efficiency improvement is still ~ 0.8 %.
Fig. D.3.2–1 Comparison of methods of fan control
$"'%" # #""$#"(#!

#" "

'% $"

a)
With increasing CO content, the O2
content (excess air) can be reduced
to a stoichiometric minimum (limit).

However, any further reduction
results in a 'sudden' steep increase

in the CO content, particularly for
HEL operation. With gas operation,
the 'suddenness' is not as

marked and therefore more easily #!" "# &
controlled.
120/121
D.3.3 Amount of fuel / fuel demand D.3.3.2 Annual fuel demand (સB(a))
D.3.3.1 Fuel demand (સB) - see chapter Determined as a standard value from (L5)
D.2.1 (total output) using:
The requirement is determined from the ɘ &[Š.[

E[4 ɘ &[Š.[
E[4
સ%D
specified balance equation as follows:
+LyŠWRW +L[Š.[Š%[ŠY
૷)6K
)6K
IZ[
સ% NJK ɘ &[
E[4
+L[Š.0 સ%D NJDDQGRU1PD
+L[Š%[ŠY
The efficiency selected here ŠK(M) must be
taken from the steam boiler datasheets, load- with:
based and a choice of with and/or without ECO Q̇C combustion output (kW)
operation. Hi lower net calorific value in (kWh/kg)
and/or (kWh/Nm³)
After determining સB, it is possible to calculate: b expected annual full cost hours
Combustion output (burner output) Štot total system efficiency (%)
Q̇C = સ B x Hi (kW) and ŠK standard utilisation level of the boiler
Rated steam boiler output according to SB datasheets (%)
Q̇SB = Q̇C x Š K(M) in kW ŠB standby efficiency (%), caused by
and/or standstill of the steam boiler due to
Q̇SB = Q̇C x Š K(according to SB datasheets) in kW radiation and cool down assuming
0.3 to 0.4 % radiation depending
on thermal insulation and boiler load
= 98 %
Šv distribution efficiency (%) depending
As long as a burner report is available, the on system thermal insulation and
efficiency of the boiler can be calculated as layout, assuming between 90 and
follows: 98 %.
ǹ N $
2GU
% [˽)*˽$
* assuming 2 % system loss

A, B Siegert factors, see Fig. D.2.3.1-1
2GU actual O2 content in flue gas, dry
˽)* flue gas temperature
˽$ air temperature
D.3.3.3 Combustion calculation - D.3.4 Combustion air, supply air ducts

simplified
With reference to the versions referred to in
Determined as a practicable value from chapter C.4.1 (combustion air), the combustion
L4/L5 for gas and fuel oil as the fuel. If a air required for combustion (see chapter
"precise" determination is required, see the D.3.3.3 for calculation) can be taken directly
appropriate literature references. from the steam boiler installation room and/
Here, the "precise" determination is based on or via separate supply air ducts from the
given fuel analysis values. "open air" (outside the building). Ensure that
a pressure of +/- 0 mbar is available in the
boiler room.
Fig. D.3.3.3–1 Combustion air and flue gas volumes
L min in: VFG min in:
Fuel Nm³ or Nm³ Nm³ or Nm³

Option A
kg Nm³ kg Nm³
Where air is drawn from the installation
room, provision must be made in the planning
0.260 · Hi 0.272 · Hi
Natural gas (E) = - 0.25 + 0.25 process for appropriate "open air" vents.
1000 1000
Observe the following during the on-site
0.209 · Hi 0.173 · Hi + 1.0
Natural gas (LL) = design of the "open air" vents:
1000 1000
Supply air vent in the outside wall directly
0.203 · Hi 0.265 · Hi
Fuel oil HEL(S) = + 2.0 behind the steam boiler (standard practice)
1000 1000
Lower edge of vent approx. 300 to
500 mm above upper edge of floor
Vent aspect ratio max. 1:2
with the calculation variables: Open air vent (approximate) Avent ~
Lmin - theoretical amount of air (˨=1); 150 cm² + (Q̇C - 50) x 2 in [cm²] with
VFG min - theoretical flue gas volume Q̇C = combustion output in [kW]
(flue gas volumetric flow rate) (˨=1); (FeuVA -Brandenburg, version `97)
Hi - the lower net calorific value of the fuel For output greater than 20 MW, the
for fuel oils (in kJ/kg) following recommendation applies:
and/or for gases (in kJ/Nm³) Combustion output > 20MW:
A vent ~ 150 cm² + (QC - 50) x 1.8 in cm²
With a 'minimum' possible air excess (˨) as Where an open exhaust air vent is
the objective for combustion in general of required, standard practice dictates the
between: selection of 60 % of the "open" supply air
cross-section
˨ ~ 1.1 to 1.3 for gas combustion and
˨ ~ 1.2 to 1.5 for oil combustion,
the specific air requirement (L) and the

expected specific flue gas volume (VFG) are
yielded from:
Note
L = ˨ x L min
Conversion of the in Nm3/kg or Nm3/ Nm3
calculated air and/or flue and
gas volumes from Nm³/h VFG = VFG min + (˨ - 1) x L min
to m³/h using: in Nm3/kg or Nm3/ Nm3
Nm3/h x (1 + 0.00367 xT)

= m3/h
(T= available media

temperature in [°C]
also in the case of
disregarding the
operating pressures).
122/123
Notes
Coordination necessary with the responsible
authority (approved monitoring body,
labour inspectorate, LaGetSi and/or
planning authority)
Maximum negative pressure in the steam

boiler installation room 0.5 mbar = 50 Pa
(TRD 403)
Safeguarding "free from frost" in
the installation room with air room
temperatures ≥ 5 °C to ≤ 30 °C
For expected air temperatures < 5 °C,
provide appropriate air preheating, for
example, by installing spiral fin tube heater
banks in and/or upstream of the "open"
supply air vent, with frost protection for
the heater banks. Separate room heating,
e.g. by installing wall mounted air heaters,
is only recommended in the case where
longer interruptions in operation of the
steam boiler system are scheduled for the
winter months
Combustion systems are usually designed
for "standard air conditions"
Air density – 1.2 kg/Nm³
Air temperature – 20 °C
Installation height
above msl – 0m
and an
O2 content in flue gas – 3 %
Air room temperatures ≥ 0 °C to ≤ 5 °C
and ≥ 30 °C to ≤ 40 °C result in a decrease
or increase respectively in the air volume
flow rate. The "fluctuations" in flue gas
O2 content arising in this instance can be
compensated for in a technically simple
manner by providing an O2 regulator
An association (to be observed when ordering)

between changing air volumes at a constant air
mass flow rate
Fig. D.3.4–1 Air calculation

Installation of deflectors in duct deviations
(especially in the case of 90° deviations) to
Height (m) Pressure Densityair (kg/m³) at:
above msl (mbar)
ensure as laminar an air flow as possible
10 °C 20 °C 30 °C
If possible on site, a straight discharge
0 1013 1.247 1.205 1.165
section of approximately (2 to 3 x dgl)
250 983 1.210 1.169 1.130
should be provided after a 90° deviation
500 955 1.176 1.136 1.098
(especially directly upstream of the burner
1000 899 1.107 1.069 1.034
connection)
1500 846 1.042 1.006 0.973
With dgl - the equivalent diameter -

determined from:
[GXFWFURVVVHFWLRQ [yD[E
GJO
GXFWVL]H [DE
9ɘDLU ૷DLU̖DLUGHQVLW\
depending on air temperature and installation with "a" and "b", the clear lateral duct lengths
height, is evident from Fig. D.3.4-1.
Selection of sheet metal wall thickness
Option B that guarantees structurally stable
With an intake from the "open air" (outside the operation; standard practice here is to
building), "pressure-tested" supply air ducts select a sheet metal wall thickness of
are required to the burner. "Frost protection" between 3.0 and 5.0 mm. Where a "thinner
for the installation room, air temperatures for wall" is selected (≥ 1.5 to ≤ 2.5), additional
combustion air and system installation heights bandages made from L-profile steel
must be observed in the same way as for would be required. A computed structural
option A. verification is nevertheless recommended
for deformation (buckling)
The following must also be observed when For sizing required flow cross-sections,
designing supply air ducts on site: values for the standard flow rate of
Guarantee of air leak tightness and between 10 and 15 m/s are recommended,
resistance to pressure in accordance with whereby the "smaller" values here are
the expected pressure development as a intended upstream of the burner air intake
function of arising duct pressure losses
and back pressures to be overcome
Required determination of pressure losses
in the supply air duct taking account of
any fitted parts, such as intake silencers,
heater banks, deflections, fabric expansion
joints etc. (see calculation in chapter D 9)
Required determination of the back
pressures to be expected (pressure drop
on the flue gas side) for:
Boilers with and/or without ECO
(see datasheet for Vitomax 200-HS)
Flue pipes taking account of any fitted
parts, such as expansion joints, flaps,
deflections and flue gas silencers
(calculation in chapter D 9)
124/125
Note
D.3.5 Acoustic emissions from Note
monoblock / duoblock burners Monoblock burners with a mobile sound
insulation hood require a corresponding For fuel lines, see
Taking account of the acoustic emissions amount of free space in front of the chapter D.8.5.6.
described in chapter E.1.4, "early" noise burner system for dismantling the sound
protection measures that may be required insulation hood.
should be considered during the engineering
phase.
In addition to the noise reduction options
Having selected the burner type (see chapter described in a) and b), the "sound discharge"
C.4), the following values can be assumed in (airborne noise) "into the open air" via the
the first approximation: system flue gas path (flame tube smoke
Sound pressure level in dB(A) (measured tubes, flue pipe and chimney stack) must also
1 m in front of the burner) depending on be considered.
burner type (monoblock or duoblock) as a
function of combustion and fan output Depending on the structural design of the flue
Values between 82 dB(A) and gas path, e.g. 2-pass and/or 3-pass boilers
115 dB(A) with/without ECO, type and number of flue
According to manufacturer specifications, gas deflectors, attenuating noise levels in
sound pressure levels of ≥ 100 dB(A) can respect of the sound emissions from the
be anticipated for fan motor ratings as low combustion system of approx. 5 to 10 dB(A)
as ≥ 8 kWel can be assumed at the stack opening.
If a more effective noise reduction is required,
For expected values above 85 to 88 dB(A), additional sound insulation measures, e.g.
provision must be made accordingly for the installation of a silencer in the flue pipe and/
following noise reduction measures by means or in the chimney itself, can be included in the
of sound insulation (enclosure) combined with plan on the basis of permissible limits (official
sound attenuating (absorption), in accordance setting of limits according to BImSchG, TA-Luft
with the [German] workplace regulations and acquisition of an acoustic appraisal).
(ArbStättV) in conjunction with guidelines
specified in VDI 2058. Recommendation
Note
Sizing the silencer (in the case of subsequent
a) For monoblock burners installation in the flue pipe) on the basis of
Use of mobile sound insulation hoods noise emission measurements taken after In addition to the
(enclosure and absorption) with a noise commissioning the system. burners, it may be
reduction of between 15 and 20 dB(A), Subsequent retrofitting must be taken into necessary to sound
depending on the type of sound absorption account in the design by including appropriate insulate the gas pressure
material employed, and fitting elements. governors (flow noises)
and pumps as well.
b) For duoblock burners
Enclosure of the "externally" positioned
combustion air fan (if applicable, positioning
of the fan "straddling" the boiler top and/or
installation in a separate room (in the cellar
for example) below the boiler). This provides a
variety of design options with regard to sound
insulation, positioning and the choice of sound
absorption material. Depending on the version
implemented, reductions in noise emissions of
20 - 25 dB(A) can be achieved.
If so-called Low NOx burners are employed, it

may be necessary in certain circumstances to
equip the burner with sound insulation as well.
D.2.3.7 Determination of the amount of

wood fuel (biomass) required
The amount of wood fuel (biomass) required

can be determined on the basis of the net
calorific value and the required rated output.
One significant factor in this calculation is the
water content of the wood fuel, together with
the flue gas temperature.
4
% [Š
+X
B Fuel demand [kg/h]

Q Rated output [kW]
Hu Net calorific value [kWh/kg]
Š Efficiency
Net calorific value of damp fuels
+X: +XDWUR:˂KY:
+XDWUR˂KYX
+XX
X
Hu atro Net calorific value, moisture-free, in

MJ/kg TS
W Water content in kg/kg
˂hv Enthalpy of evaporation of water
= 2.442 MJ/kg at 25 °C (standard
temperature for thermochemical
measurements)
The following applies to typical wood at 25 °C

X
+XX >0-NJ@
X
kWh/kg is also calculated instead of MJ/kg

(1 kWh = 3.6 MJ)
Example:
Water content W = 30 %, wood moisture u =
W/(1-W) = 0.15/(1-0.15) = 0.428 = 42.8 %atro

+X 0-NJ N:KNJ

The net calorific value Hu atro of completely

dry wood is, on average, 18.1 MJ/kg
(5.0 kWh/kg) for deciduous woods and
19.0 MJ/kg (5.3 kWh/kg) for coniferous woods.
For calculations with typical wood (CH 1 44O0.66),
the value is 18.3 MJ / kg (5.1 kWh/kg) >77@. The
net calorific values of plant fuels are slightly
less; typically, about 17 MJ/kg (4.7 kWh/kg) for
grass, 17.5 MJ/kg (4.9 kWh/kg) for straw and
about 18 MJ/kg (5.0 kWh/kg) for Chinese reed
(miscanthus giganteus).
126/127
Fig. C.2.3.7–1 Net calorific value of wood biomass subject to the water content
Feuchte
Humidityu [%]
u [%]
= (atro)
= (atro)
0 11 25 43 67 100 150
20 5.5
5,5
18 55
4.5
4,5
16
44
FS]FS]
FS]FS]
14
[MJ/kg
[MJ/kg
Soft wood(Hu
Weichholz (Hu= =19,5
19.5MJ/kg;
MJ/kg;ww= =0)0) 3.5
3,5
[MJ/kg
[MJ/kg
12
33
Hu Hu
Hu Hu
10
value
value
Hard wood (Hu
Hartholz (Hu==18
18MJ/kg;
MJ/kg;ww==0)0) 2.5
2,5
Heizwert
Heizwert
8
Calorific
Calorific
22
6
1.5
1,5
4 11
2 0.5
0,5
0 00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Water contentww[%]
Wassergehalt (%)
Fig. C.2.3.7–2 Efficiency subject to the fuel water content and flue gas temperature or load state
210 °C 190 °C 170 °C 150 °C 130 °C

94
92
90
88
Efficiency [%]
86
84
82
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Fuel water content [%]
D.4 Water treatment
Water treatment
Viessmann provides and offers appropriate treatment systems, taking into consideration
the information and comments specified in chapter C.4, focussing here on maintenance
of the feedwater and boiler water quality stipulated in the "Water quality" technical guide
(chapter G1, A3) and DIN EN 12953-10, tables 5.1/5.2 (see also chapter C.5).
Assignment of the individual components This also applies to data deviating from the
for the required steam output is considered standard values fixed in chapters D.4.1 and
according to the sequence indicated in chapter D.4.2 for the respective designs. In principle, if
D.4.3.1. Standard series with reference to the boiler output lies between two component
steam boiler output of up to 14 t/h are available sizes specified in the selection series, select
for selection from Viessmann. the next larger boiler.
For system concepts with higher boiler

output (steam boiler output ≤ 75 t/h), address
appropriately formulated enquiries to:
dampf@viessmann.coma).
a)
For system concepts with boiler
output > 14 t/h, the geometric
dimension to be expected here can
be taken as a first approximation
from the CWT datasheet.
128/129
Note
D.4.1 Total deaeration system In the feedwater tank, the feedwater is fed
constantly with heating steam via an inbuilt
D.4.1.1 Function description, standard heating lance and thus maintained at operating The selection of too
values, design assumptions temperature. low an inlet height
The system is designed for a permissible can lead to steam
The total deaeration system comprises the operating pressure of 0.5 bar. A safety valve formation in the pump,
deaerator and feedwater tank assemblies. protects the tank from excessive pressure. A with the consequence
To prevent corrosion, the deaerator is made vacuum breaker protects it against negative of "sudden" steam
completely from stainless steel. The deaerator pressure. condensation and
is mounted directly on the feedwater tank, in associated cavitation for
the form of a dome. Prerequisites for satisfactory operation: the first stage impeller
Maintenance of a constant temperature in blades in the inlet area
The feedwater total deaeration system is the feedwater tank (see also "pump design"
designed to remove the gases dissolved in Continuous inflow in chapter D.6).
the feedwater to a residual oxygen content Guaranteed unhindered extraction of
of ≤ 0.02 mg/l and provides the boiler system the vapour
with the water supply required for safe and Maintenance of the level in the tank
reliable operation. It operates with slight Insulation of the tank
positive pressure of approx. 0.1 to 0.3 bar. Maintenance of a geodetic inlet height
(Hgeo) up to the inlet suction port(s) of
The returned condensate and the chemically the boiler feedwater pump(s), depending
treated top-up water are finely distributed on pump design (NPSH value), as a rule
in the deaerator by means of so-called between 2.5 and 4.0 m
lutes and brought together with the heating
steam flowing in the opposite direction by
the irrigation system. The steam heats the
condensate/top-up water mixture to boiling
point. The released gasses are drawn off to
atmosphere via a vapour valve positioned at
the highest point of the deaerator.
Fig. D.4.1.1–1 Total deaeration system
Vapour outlet
Top-up
water inflow
Condensate inflow
dE
hE Deaerator
Heating steam
Feedwater tank
htot
haeo
Feedwater
Source: Powerline
D.4 Water treatment
D.4.1.2 Total deaeration system D.4.2 Partial deaeration system
Standard values D.4.2.1 Function description, standard

Minimum feedwater retention time (Ů) in values, design assumptions
the feedwater tank ≥ 0.5 h to ≤ 1.0 h
80 % tank volume as maximum level The partial deaeration system is designed to
Approximate tank volume (Vfw ) in (m³) remove the gases dissolved in the feedwater
from: to a residual content of 1 mg/l and provides the
boiler system with the water supply required
૷)6WRW[$[Ů for safe and reliable operation.
>P@
9IZa

Deaeration takes place at atmospheric
pressure by means of a vent on the feedwater
૷FS/tot Total amount of fresh steam (t/h) tank. The tank is equipped with fitted parts for
the distribution and irrigation of the supplied
A Steam boiler T.D.S. rate (%) condensate and top-up water.
~ ≥ 2 to ≤ 5 % respectively
≥ 0.02 to ≤ 0.05 [-] Feedwater is fed constantly with heating
steam via a heating lance built into the lower
Guide values for deaerator sizing part of the tank and thus maintained at an
Amount of condensate > 50 to 100 % operating temperature of approx. 95 °C.
Condensate temperature ≥ 70 °C
Amount of top-up water > 0 to 50 %
Top-up water temperature 10 °C Prerequisites for satisfactory operation:
Feedwater temperature Maintenance of a constant temperature in
(deaerator outlet) 102 °C the feedwater tank
Temperature differential Guaranteed unhindered extraction of the
using deaerator (heating) ~ 62 K water vapour
Maintenance of the level in the tank
Insulation of the tank
Fig. D.4.1.2–1 Partial deaeration system
Condensate
inflow
Venting
Top-up water inflow
Note
Heating
steam
The selection of too
low an inlet height Overflow
can lead to steam

hhGes D
formation in the pump, tot
with the consequence

of "sudden" steam
condensation and
associated cavitation for haeo
the first stage impeller

Feedwater
blades in the inlet area
(see also "pump design"
in chapter D.6). L
Source: Powerline
130/131
D.4.2.2 Partial deaeration system Example cost calculation:

Use of oxygen binders in partial deaeration
Standard values systems
For low fresh water demands or small
amounts of steam, partial deaeration systems In the following sample calculation, the
can be purchased from Viessmann. If customer chemical consumption of a partial deaeration
specify a requirement for partial deaeration system is compared with that of a total
systems with greater outputs, an increased deaeration system:
chemical requirement for bonding residual
oxygen must be expected. Basic assumptions:
The consumption of oxygen binding agents
At the same time, the following must be is 50 mg/mg O2
observed: The price per kg of binding agent is set at
As previously specified, the residual oxygen €6.50
content of the feedwater from a partial
deaeration system is 1.00 mg/l feedwater.
Boiler system with the following specification:
However, the requirement for steam boiler Boiler output amount of steam (૷FS): 3000 kg/h
systems with a permissible operating pressure Condensate return: 50 %
> 1 bar is 0.02 mg/l feedwater. Feedwater temperature: 95 °C when using partial deaeration
Oxygen content: 1 mg/l at 95 °C
This residual oxygen content requirement can Feedwater temperature: 104 °C when using total deaeration
only be achieved with a significantly higher Oxygen content: 0.02 mg/l at 102 °C
continuous dosing of chemicals than that Binding agent consumption: 50 mg/mg O2
used in total deaeration. This results in higher Full-load hours run p.a. (b): 6000 h/a
operating costs proportional to the hours run
and leads to unwanted increase in boiler water
Partial deaeration example
salinity (see sample calculation below).
Necessary tank sizes must be selected 3000 kg/h x 1 mg/l x 50 mg/mg O2 x 50 %/100 x 6000 h/a x 10-6 kg/mg(binding agent)
accordingly, analogous to the tank sizes for the = 450 kg/a x €6.50/kg = €2925/a
total deaeration system.
Total deaeration example
3000 kg/h x 0.04 mg/l x 50 mg/mg O2 x 50 %/100 x 6000 h/a x 10-6 kg/mg(binding agent)

= 18 kg/a x €6.50/kg = €117/a
If total deaeration is employed, in this example

€2808 p.a. would be saved in chemical costs.
With expected additional costs of approx.
€4200 from the use of total deaeration,
this results in a payback period (A) of
A = 4200/2808 ~ 18 months.
D.4 Water treatment
Further cost savings based on the D.4.3 Chemical water treatment system
assumptions: (CWT softening system)
Increase in the T.D.S. rate (ΔA) by approx.
2 % due to increased boiler water salinity D.4.3.1 Function description, standard
Annual reduction in T.D.S water (૷red) on values, design assumptions
employment of a total deaeration system:
૷red = ΔA x ૷ FS x b = 0.02 x 3000 x 6000 Function description
= 360 x 10 3 kg/a = 360 t/a The alkaline earths calcium and magnesium
Cost saving (ΔK(red)) yielded by ૷red and are dissolved in water in the form of ions. In
the costs assumed here for the additional water chemistry, these elements are referred
feedwater of approx. €3.50/t: ΔK(red)= to as hardeners. Under the influence of heat
360 t/a x €3.50/t = €1260/a during boiler operation, these compounds
And hence a further reduction in the would form "boiler scale" that is deposited as
payback period (Amo) to: a solid coating on the heating surfaces. This
A mo(red) = KvgA / (ΔVT + ΔK(red) coating impedes the heat transfer from the
= 4200/2808 +1260 = just over 12 months combustion to the water side.
with
KVgA Additional costs for a total Initially, this would result in higher flue gas
deaeration system temperatures and therefore in reduced
ΔVT Difference in costs for chemicals if efficiency. Any further increase in boiler scale
total deaeration is employed thickness could lead to the destruction of the
heating surfaces due to lack of cooling.
For this reason, the water standards specify

softened feedwater.
Process of boiler scale formation (CaCO3)

under the influence of heat:
&D+&2!&D&2+2&2
Systems with ion exchange resins are used

for softening the water. Ion exchangers are
spherical synthetic resins with absorbed active
groups. As an active group, ion exchangers for
softening water have absorbed sodium ions.
When the hard water runs over the ion

exchanger, the absorbed sodium ions are
exchanged for calcium and magnesium ions
that are dissolved in the water. The hardeners
that are detrimental to boiler operation are
thereby removed from the water.
Once the ion exchanger is exhausted, i.e. all

sodium ions have been exchanged for calcium
and magnesium ions, it is regenerated with
a sodium chloride solution (salt tablets for
regenerating the ion exchanger).
132/133
The sodium ions are channelled over the ion

exchange mass in the surplus and displace
the absorbed hardeners. Thereafter, the ion
exchanger is operational again. This process
can be repeated endlessly.
Loading:
51D&D0J!5&D0J1D
Regeneration:
5&D0J1D!51D&D0J
Standard values
Raw water requirements:
Free from mechanical contamination
Free from iron and manganese
constituents, at drinking water quality

Maximum total hardness in raw water
30 °dH
Maximum raw water temperature 35 °C
Minimum runtime of a system (filter)
between 2 regenerations 7 - 8 h
Direct conductivity in boiler water
≤ 6000 μS/cm
Residual hardness in treated water
≤ 0.056 °dH equivalent to ≤ 0.01 mmol/l
Generally, use of double-pendulum
systems (2 filter systems) in the case of
corresponding sizing (see chapter D.4.3.1)
D.4 Water treatment
Fig. D.4.3.1–1 Size and parameters for the CWT system
Parameter Unit Index
Size (BG) 60 120 200 320 400 500 600 800
Rated capacity m³x°dH 60 120 200 320 400 500 600 800
Output (ૺL) m³/h 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0
Filter throughput
Ion exchanger filling l 15 30 50 80 100 125 150 200
Salt consumption per regeneration kg 3 6 10 16 20 25 30 40
Brine tank volume l 100 100 200 300 300 300 300 520
1st sample calculation

CWT softening systems - design:
In the following text, 8 types of system are
dealt with firstly, together with the indicated Size (BG) = 800
technical parameters, for steam boiler output Water hardness = 17 °dH
of up to 14,000 kg/h as a function of the return Filter runtime ŮZ. =7h
condensate content and the total hardness of between 2 regenerations
the raw water used (see Fig. D.4.3.1-1).
.
V add/fw(max) = BG / °dH x ŮZ [m3/h]
For system concepts with steam boiler output = 800 / 17 °dH x 7h
> 14 t/h to ≤ 75 t/h, chemical water treatment
Note
systems must be designed individually. This This yields a maximum permissible
also applies generally to data deviating from additional feedwater demand of
.
For system concepts the standard values stipulated in chapter V add/fw(max) = 6.72 m3/h.
with boiler output D.4.3.1. Please address any relevant enquiries
> 14,000 kg/h, the to vitomax-anfragen@viessmann com.
geometric dimension
to be expected here From this, the maximum permissible additional Interpretation of the 1st calculation
can be taken in the first water requirement can be derived example:
approximation from the First approximation:
9 DGGIZPD[ %*rG+[Ů=>PK@
CWT datasheet. The For steam boiler output (૷ FS) > 6.72 t/h,
rated capacity specified a corresponding condensate return of
in the table must not (૷ CON) would be required on site:
be exceeded. ૷ CON ≈ ૷ FS - V̇add/fw ̖m (t/h)
Assumptions:
Mean water density: ̖ m ≈ 1 t/m3

For steam boiler output (૷ FS ) ≤ 6.72 t/h
with condensate return, the filter runtime
increases successively, whereby the
system-specific filter throughput must not
fall below values of ≤ 10 to 20 % to ensure
the specified rated capacity
134/135
2nd sample calculation
Calculation of size (BG) from the equation:

%* ̖
P ᧤ > @ ᧥
૷ )6
$

૷ &21 [Ů=[rG+ []
The dimensionless value (BG) must always be below the system size specified in tabular form.
For example, with:

Total steam boiler output ૷FS = 8 t/h
On-site condensate return ૷CON = 2.8 t/h ~ 35 % proportion of condensate
T.D.S. rate A = 5 %
Raw water hardness = 17 °dH
The required assembly size
%*ุ

᧤>

@ ᧥

[[
to be selected would be BG = 800, with the maximum permissible top-up feedwater volume, which
must not be exceeded from the 1st sample calculation, of V̇add/fw(perm) < V̇add/fw(max) equal to
V̇ add/fw(perm)) ื V̇ add/fw(max) ู

᧤> @ ᧥

5.6 m 3/h 6.72 m3/h
Note
Regarding system design for steam boilers
> 10 t/h
Based on the following assumptions:

Raw water hardness = 17 °dH
Proportion of condensate = 50 %
Filter runtime ŮZ = 7 h
Maximum flow velocity through the
filter system ≈ 38 m/h
System construction similar to Appendix [A1]
each with an expected filter diameter (DF) of:
') [෭1ɘ/>P@
and Ṅ L the maximum

filter throughput [m³/h]
D.4 Water treatment
D.4.4 Function description - reverse Osmosis systems have found their "place"
osmosis system (RO) in practice. Requiring very little space, they
are simple to maintain and well-suited to
D.4.4.1 Standard values, design continuous operation. Regenerating chemicals
assumptions are not required. Module service lives of up to
five years are currently expected.
The osmosis system (referred to in practice
as a reverse osmosis system) desalinates Where an osmosis system is employed, a
the required additional feedwater to the downstream thermal total deaeration system
greatest possible extent. The osmosis system is absolutely essential for counteracting
operates, as described in chapter C.4.2, purely CO2 surface corrosion. Aside from the salt
physically, whereby 70 to 98 % of the water content, the carbonate hardness (also referred
used is recovered as desalinated or partially to as alkalinity, m-value or KS4.3 value) has a
desalinated water. The water for which the significant impact on the level of desalination
salt content must be reduced is filtered by required. The reason for this is the alkalinity
means of pressure through a semi-permeable of the boiler water, forming as a function of
membrane that traps the salts (ions) dissolved carbonate hardness, boiler operating pressure
in the water. The membranes in so-called and available return condensate, that quickly
modules have such small pores that the leads to increased desalination rates on
smaller water molecules can pass through, exceeding the threshold value (p value or KS8.2
but the larger cations, anions and large organic value > 8 at > 20 bar, to 12 at < 20 bar). In the
molecules are retained. Polyamide modules case of carbonate harness values > 5 °dH,
can be exposed to water in the pH range 4 to operating pressure > 5 bar and condensate
11 and modules made of cellulose acetone rates < 20 %, desalination rates of 10 % have
in the pH range 4 to 7. A temperature limit of already been achieved, justifying the use of an
approx. 30 °C (ideally 15 to 20 °C) applies to osmosis system.
both materials.
An RO system is to be recommended in the
The pressure on the raw water side must be case of:
higher than the osmotic pressure of the raw Salt content >800 to 1000 μS/cm
water, which is dependent on its salt content. Carbonate hardness > 5 °dH and no or very
The salts (ions) dissolved in the raw water are little return condensate of < 10 to 20 %
retained on the raw water side (concentrate), No or very little return condensate
while the desalinated water (permeate) is Boiler pressure > 5 bar as soon as the
fed to the permeate tank on the permeate above conditions apply
side. This way, 0.75 to 0.9 m³ permeate is Always where decarbonisation has been
collected from 1 m³ raw water. Depending used previously
on the system design, this process removes
up to 99 % of salts from the original water Use of an RO system leads to a reduction in
(raw water). the desalination rate to < 1 %.
A softening system is installed upstream Osmosis system - standard values:

of the reverse osmosis system to prevent Continuous operation
it from becoming blocked. In the case of Raw water of drinking water quality
systems handling < 3 to 5 m³/h, an anti- Raw water temperature ≤ 30 °C
scaling agent is added to the raw water to Recommended for required desalination
prevent blockages. The arising "slippage" in rates (A) ≥ 8 to 10 % with reference to the
hardness in the permeate of approx. 1 to 3 % amount of fresh steam (૷ FS)
of the original hardness is then removed by
means of a downstream "polisher softener".
This downstream polisher softener must be
designed solely for the desalinated water and
the slight residual hardness of approx. 0.3 to
0.5 °dH.
136/137
The desalination rate (Ai) can be estimated as:

a) the KS8.2 (p value as free alkalinity) - mmol/l
and/or
b) the conductivity - μS/cm and/or
c) the silicic acid content - mg/l from
$L
᧤

૷&RQ
૷)6 ᧥ [
5
.5
[ >@ZLWK
૷&RQ >WKHSURSRUWLRQRI
૷)6 FRQGHQVDWH@
૷Con = Condensate mass flow rate

૷FS = Fresh steam mass flow rate
R - Values for a), b), c) present in the raw water

according to raw water analysis
K - Limits of a), b), c) in boiler water according
to technical guide "Standard values for
water quality for steam boilers"
Note
The resulting maximum desalination rate
Ai must be set accordingly for the relevant
operation.
Sample calculation 1
Saline operation,
condensate content 50 %:
pH 8.2 ฬ KS8.2 mmol/l Conductivity [μS/cm] SiO2 - silicic acid
free alkalinity, p value at 25 °C [mg/l]
(R) Top-up water assumptions: 1 800 13

[> 0.1 to ≤ 1 according to (L2)]
(K) Boiler water limits 12 6000 150

(according to DIN EN 12953-10)
Ra)b)c)
Required desalination rate Ai (%) Ai = (1 - 0.5) x Ka)b)c) - Ra)b)c) x 100
Ai [%] Aa) = 4.54 Ab) = 7.9 Ac) = 4.74
=> desalination rates to be set would be: Ab) = 7.9 % > Aa) and Ac)
D.4 Water treatment
Note Sample calculation 2
A reduction in the proportion Calculating the amortisation of the additional cost for an osmosis system compared with the
of condensate will result in an pendulum softening system
increase in the desalination Required desalination rates ≈8% (without osmosis)
rate. This increases the cost- Desalination rates ≈1% (with osmosis)
effectiveness of an osmosis Proportion of condensate ≈ 50 %
system. Rated steam output (૷ FS ) ≈ 12,000 kg/h
Rated steam pressure pB ≈ 12 bar
Full-load hours run p.a. (b) = 6000 h
Total hardness of raw water = 17 °dH
Carbonate hardness of raw water = 6.8 °dH
Necessary additional cost (Δk) ≈ €16,280
through use of an osmosis system as an alternative to a pendulum softening system;
calculated on the basis of appropriate quotations (12/2007).
On use of an osmosis system, an annual reduction in desalination water ૷Red results of:
ෙ$ W W
૷5HG [૷)6[E[ [[ WD
NJ NJ
With an assumed cost of approx. €3.50/t for the additional feedwater, an annual saving
Δk(red) = 5040 t/a x €3.50/t of €17,640 results and thus an expected payback period
Amo = Δk / Δk(red) = 16,280 / 17,640 of just under 12 months.
138/139
D.4.5 Water analysis, general To ensure that the required residual oxygen
explanations content in the feedwater (0.02 mg/l) is
maintained, chemicals are added to bind
The water-steam system is subject to the residual oxygen. The exclusive use of
quality requirements regarding permissible chemicals to bind the entire amount of oxygen
constituents. Depending on the pressure is uneconomical in most cases.
stage of the generated steam, limits must be
complied with that are specified in the water The process described above is tried and
quality technical guide (5811 454). tested system technology. However, when
monitoring and operating this technology,
The feedwater must be treated in order to faults can occur from time to time. For this
comply with these standard values. The reason, Viessmann has developed an analytical
processes employed for this purpose normally concept to reduce the potential damage
comprise a combination of chemical and caused by the chemical composition of water
thermal water treatment. as far as possible. Furthermore, this water
analysis method enables a more economic
The hardeners in the untreated water are operation of steam systems.
bound together and extracted in a softening
system (see chapter C.5.1 Chemical water Depending on the requirements made of
treatment). the system with and/or without unattended
operation (BosB), the analysis technology
Furthermore, gases are dissolved in water that can be extended or reduced and is housed, if
are released on heating the water in the steam necessary, in a separate analysis rack.
boiler. These gases would inevitably result in
corrosion inside the steam boiler as well as the The following figure illustrates the
downstream steam system. interconnection options.
For this reason, top-up water from the

softening system is thermally treated, i.e.
deaerated, in a deaerating system together
with the condensate returned from the
consumer system (see chapter C.5.3 Thermal
water treatment).
Fig. D.4.5–1 Alternative integration of water analysis
Steam to the 5
consumer
1. Steam boiler with
combustion system
9 13 2. Thermal water treatment
Top-up
water
3. Boiler feed pump
4. Softening system
2
11 5. Chimney
HK
6. T.D.S. expander
1 7. Mixing cooler
Bypass
14
Raw water 8. Cooler tank or drainage
Feedwater 3
control
Blow-down valve
PK 9. Boiler system control panel
valve
O2 16
12
pH
O2 pH
4 10. Condensate tank
11. Hardness test
12. O2 and pH test
13. Higher ranking control panel
7 with PLC for data transfer
6 Cooling water
14. Sample cooler for analysis
ÖT LFS
Mixing cooler 10 15. Conductivity test
8 17 15 Condensate
from the consumer 16. Dosing of corrective chemicals
17. Oil turbidity test
D.4 Water treatment
Hardness checker (HK) for softened water Operating principle

and condensate Downstream of the sample cooler, a sensor
This is installed downstream from the comprising a cathode (gold) and an anode (silver),
softening system and, if necessary, also in an electrolyte and a diaphragm are installed.
the condensate pipe (see chapter D.5.3). The Oxygen diffusion through the diaphragm is
hardness checker continuously monitors the enforced by the partial pressure. A polarisation
softened water for residual hardness, without voltage is applied to the two electrodes. In a
consuming any chemicals or water. certain range, the detectable current is dependent
When an unacceptable level of hardness is on the concentration of the infiltrated oxygen.
discovered, "hard water" is indicated by a visual
display and a floating contact hooked up to pH test (pH)
the PLC, one signal for the optical or acoustic The actual pH value is a measure of the acidic
relaying and/or shutdown of the CWT system. or alkaline nature of the feedwater. It enables
the CO2 content to be determined. In other
Operating principle words, the lower the pH value, the higher the
The differential pressure transducer installed CO2 content. The pH value should level out
in the soft water pipe generates a slight between 9 and 10, and should always be > 9 in
pressure differential when there is throughput. order to prevent corrosion. However, it should
As a result, a partial flow is diverted via the also never be higher than 10 in order to inhibit
hardness sensor built into the bypass and then the formation of sodium hydroxide.
returned into the main stream.
The sensor is charged when hardness is Background
detected. At the same time, the special The alkaline earths, such as calcium and
resin inside the hardness sensor shrinks. A magnesium, that are bonded with the
transmitter unit with reed contact triggers the water are exchanged in the chemical water
visual "hard water" display. treatment system (CWT) via ion exchangers
The floating contact is used to confirm a visual for active groups of sodium ions to prevent
alarm signal and/or to shut down the double- the formation of boiler scale. In so doing,
pendulum softening system. sodium hydrogen carbonate is created. By
boiling under pressure, this breaks down into
O2 measurement sodium carbonate (soda) and CO2. When even
A significant role in monitoring feedwater is higher pressure is applied, Na-OH (sodium
played by the continuous measurement of the hydroxide) forms along with further CO2 – the
dissolved oxygen concentration: so-called soda split. Since CO2 in conjunction
Oxygen may only be present in low with moisture acts just as corrosively as O2, its
concentrations (< 0.02 mg/l), otherwise formation must also be prevented.
there is a risk of oxygen corrosion
For this reason, a thermal and a chemical Operating principle
water treatment system are installed on pH testing involves measuring a potential
the water side upstream of the boiler differential (voltage in mV). This comprises
system. This process must be maintained a reference voltage applied to a reference
continuously during boiler operation electrode, where the medium to be tested
Non-continuous laboratory tests to is in direct contact with an electrolyte and
determine the oxygen content run the risk the test electrode, where an ion-selective
of potentially incorrect sampling membrane (for H+ ions) is located between
Continuous tests provide actual values at the test medium and the electrolyte. In order
all times and can be called up at any time to achieve good test results, a good electrical
via the PLC memory connection must exist between the test
Where TWT is installed for a multi- medium and the reference electrolyte. For this
boiler system, the amount of vapour can reason, a liquid electrolyte is used, whereby
optionally be adapted to the prevailing a small proportion of the electrolyte always
demand depending on the actual flows into the test medium.
amount of feedwater. This results in
significant potential energy savings (see Conductivity test (LFM)
chapter D.7.3) Conductivity is tested in the condensate tank,
but preferably in the condensate feed line. This
detects any ingress of foreign matter in the
condensate.
140/141
Where this is the case, a downstream 3-way display. Excesses of the programmed limits
valve drains the monitored condensate to are registered in the fault memory of the PLC.
prevent any contamination of the water inside Actual values as well as fault and operating
the feedwater tank. Where there is a risk of oil messages can be transferred via the integral
penetrating the system, the conductivity test Profibus interface to higher ranking control
is extended to include a warning facility (see systems.
"Oil turbidity test").
Regulation of the chemical dosing pumps
Operating principle based on the actual water quality generally
The condensate conductivity is tested to allows excess dosing to be omitted.
detect ionic contamination. This is done using
two electrodes that have a constant voltage Optionally, the steam vapour flow and hence
applied to them via a measuring transducer. the deaerator output can be controlled on the
There is contamination if the voltage in the basis of residual oxygen testing in accordance
electrolyte (condensate) changes beyond a with the actual amount of feedwater required.
permissible value. This results in substantial fuel savings.
Oil turbidity test Analysis cabinet

Apart from the aforementioned condensate For conducting regular analysis of top-up
contamination, i.e. through an ingress of water, feedwater and boiler water, Viessmann
hardness, salt or alkaline solutions, oils and offers a cabinet with all the necessary
greases may also typically enter the system. equipment and chemicals.
Where there is a risk of an ingress of oil, the With this the following analyses can be
condensate must be monitored accordingly. carried out:
In such cases, the analytical equipment Residual and total hardness
is extended by the oil ingress monitoring KS8.2 and KS4.3 (p and m values)
module, together with appropriate evaluation Sodium sulphite content (residual oxygen
and draining equipment for the condensate to binding agent)
be discarded. Phosphate content (residual harness
binding and alkalinisation)
Operating principle
The oil and turbidity alarm is a visual signal. Dosing equipment for corrective chemicals
The condensate flow to be measured is To maintain the alkalinity of the feedwater,
illuminated with a light source. A receiver unit to bind the residual hardness and to bind the
is installed opposite the light source. As long residual oxygen, corrective chemicals are
as the condensate is not contaminated, the added to the feedwater. A number of products
light signal is received unimpeded. are offered by water treatment companies for
The light beam is deflected in case of oil, this purpose. The water treatment companies
milkiness or other turbidity. The deflection should always be consulted regarding the
ensures that a fault message is issued and conditions of use.
the condensate is discarded. The condensate
is drained away via a 3-way diverter valve. In most cases, two different dosing chemicals
The contaminated condensate must not be are used; firstly, to remove residual hardness
introduced into the public sewage system. by alkalinisation of the feedwater and secondly
It is discharged via so-called "de-oiling for binding residual oxygen. As a consequence,
systems". two dosing devices should always be
Example: limit to be complied with for employed.
oils/greases ≤ 3 mg/l
For values > 3 mg/l Viessmann offers chemicals for binding oxygen
-> prior alarm with acknowledgement and residual hardness and raising the level of
For values ≥ 5 mg/l alkalinity in the boiler water. These chemicals
-> combustion "OFF" with lockdown are intended for the initial setup and can each
be supplied in 25 kg canisters.
System control
All actual values are hooked up to a
programmable logic controller (PLC), where
they are evaluated and shown on a graphic
D.5 Condensate management
Condensate management
In the following chapter, the condensate systems introduced in chapter C.6 will be
examined in greater detail.
There follows a comparison between an open

vented and a sealed unvented condensate
system with an exemplary design, in order to
explain, on the basis of a clear example, when
it is worthwhile employing sealed unvented
condensate systems.
142/143
Note
D.5.1 Function description of open vented Otherwise, the system described in chapter
condensate systems D.5.2 would be of greater benefit.
For system concepts >
For alternative return rates (!14 m3/h) and Standard values 14 m3/h to ≤ 75 m3/h, the
where sealed unvented systems are used Expected condensate temperature geometric dimensions
(see chapter D.5.2), address any enquiries ≤ 95 °C to be expected here can
appropriately formulated to: Available tank capacity be taken in the initial
dampf@viessmann.com. Vna)≈ 0.8 (૷ Con/2 to ૷ Con/3) [m3] approximation from the
Viessmann datasheets.
with: Deviating from the
D.5.1.1 Standard values, design ૷ Con - maximum possible amount of Viessmann tank types,
assumptions condensate arising (in t/h) versions are selected in
this instance in the form
The condensate station is designed to collect Pump rate of condensate pumps (V̇ CON) of cylindrical tanks with
and return the condensate discharged by with feeding into the deaerator in the dished ends.
steam consumers to the feedwater tank in the feedwater deaeration system (in m³/h)
thermal deaeration system.
Assumptions
The condensate tank is connected with the Constant feeding into the deaerator as a
atmosphere via an "open" air vent valve. prerequisite. Consequently:
Condensate is therefore drained from the ૷ &21
consumers without any back pressure. ɘ &21
9 [ILQ[PK]
̖ &21
The condensate pumps (normally 2 x 100 % with condensate density - ̖CON as a function
pumps) return the accumulating condensate, of condensate temperature (see Appendix
depending on the tank level, to the deaerator Tb. 2.2)
in the thermal treatment system.
With supplement factor f, a permissible
The tanks are equipped with the necessary increase in pump rate, depending on deaerator
connectors for: design (temperature differential over the
Condensate inlet deaerator), should be considered.
Condensate inlet (spare) Values between f ≈ (1.1 to 1.5) would be
Condensate outlet as condensate pump conceivable here in practice.
connection on the suction-side
Ventilation, vapour extraction Condensate pump head (HCON) with
Overflow feed into the deaerator in the feedwater
Drain deaeration system (in mWC and/or bar)
Inspection port (handhole and/or manhole, from the sum of individual proportions of
depending on tank size) and
+&21 KKKKK[P:&EDU]
Filling level display/regulator
Pumps and tanks are installed on a common with the proportions (hi) for:
base frame made from steel sections and h1 - Deaerator positive pressure as back
do not require any separate foundations for pressure
positioning. The floor on site needs only to be h2 - Geometric height differential between
level and capable of bearing the relevant load. condensate tank installation position and
inlet point on the deaerator
In order to prevent unnecessary energy h3 - Pipe friction losses
losses due to re-evaporation of the returning h4 - Individual pressure drop caused by fitted
a)
Assuming a constant condensate
condensate, open vented condensate systems pipe components (fittings, valves etc.)
return flow rate from the consumer.
should really only be employed where h5 - Pressure gain due to positive pressure in In the case of non-continuous return
condensate temperatures below 100 °C are the condensate collector (only applicable (unfortunately, the most common
expected. to sealed unvented systems) case in practice), provision should
be made for an available capacity
of Vn ≈ 0.8 (૷Con to ૷Con/2).
A precise statement from the
customer regarding consumption
characteristics is an absolute
necessity.
Note
D.5.2 Function description of sealed
Given the following assumptions: unvented condensate systems
An option for determining h1 ≈ 0.5 bar
h3 and h4 is described in h2 ≈ 4 mWC ฬ 0.4 bar Sealed unvented condensate systems are
greater detail in chapter h3 + h4 ≈ 0.15 x (h1 + h2) ≈ 0.135 bar more extensive in terms of their process-
D.8. h5 =0 related construction than open vented
this results in, with sufficient accuracy, a systems. The sealed system tanks used
required head of HCON = 15.35 mWC ≈ 1.5 bar here are fed with so-called high pressure
condensates at temperatures above 100 °C
and widely varying pressure levels.
The condensate tank is a pressure vessel
in accordance with the Pressure Equipment
Directive.
Fig. D.5.1.1–1 TWT - open vented system

The major advantages of sealed unvented
condensate systems are:
No ingress of oxygen into the system
from the air
Steam pressure reserves in the tank can
be used simultaneously for transport, the
suction power of the feed pumps is lower,
potential signs of cavitation in the pump
can be minimised due to the pressure load
Lower heat and water losses (cessation of
steam vapour)
Reduction to a minimum of the
system internal power demand due to
use of the low pressure steam from
condensate expansion
Fig. D.5.1.1–2 High pressure condensate collector

144/145
The tanks are equipped with the necessary D.5.2.1 Standard values, design
connectors, as described in chapter D.5.1, but assumptions
without vapour extraction or overflow and with
the addition of the following: See open vented systems in chapter D.5.1
Safety valve with additional parameters, such as:
Thermal ventilation Expected condensate temperature
Low pressure steam outlet in the case of ≥ 100 °C
preferred feed into the deaerator and/or Pressure gain due to positive pressure in
feedwater tank the collector h5 ≈ 0.2 bar
Steam connection for pressure stabilisation Use of feed pumps with "low" NPSH
in the tank values (e.g. side-channel pumps)
As described in chapter D.5.1, the condensate In practice, the high pressure condensate
station also serves the purpose of collecting is mixed with the additional feedwater in
and returning condensate from/to the steam an intermediate tank and then transported
boiler released by steam consumers. to the steam boiler using high pressure
Appropriate condensate pumps (2 x 100 % pumps. See also diagrams in Appendix 1
pumps) return the accumulating condensate,
depending on the tank level, to the deaerator Shortfalls in terms of additional amount of
in the thermal treatment system. feedwater ૷fw = ૷FS - ૷CON, must be supplied
accordingly to the condensate collector via the
Pumps and tanks are installed on a common thermal water treatment system.
base frame made from steel sections and
do not require any separate foundations for
positioning, provided that the load-bearing
capacity of the substrate is sufficient.
Fig. D.5.2.1–1 High pressure condensate integration with low freshwater requirement
Soft water
High pressure
condensate
e.g. 3-8 bar
Feedwater tank
e.g. 0.5 bar
Steam
Sealed condensate
container
(e.g. 3-8 bar)
Vitomax 200-HS
(e.g. 13 bar)
Optional
feedwater cooler
Optional feedwater cooler so that the temperature differential across the economiser is not adversely affected
Fig. D.5.2.1–2 High pressure condensate integration with similar amounts
Soft water
High pressure
condensate
Sealed condensate
Feedwater tank
container
e.g. 0.5 bar
(e.g. 3-8 bar)
Steam
Vitomax 200-HS
(e.g. 13 bar)
Fig. D.5.2.1–3 Comparison of open vented and sealed unvented condensate systems

Note
Back pressure levels up to 5.0 bar are quite
Condensate system Open vented Sealed unvented
plausible in practice and can increase system
Condensate positive pressure bar 0 3 to 8
efficiency significantly. For example, the
Condensate temperature °C 95 133 to 158
following indicated heat and water losses
Expansion steama) % 6.5 to 11.0 0 could be taken into consideration accordingly
Heat lossb) kWh/t 49 to 83 0 in a cost-benefit analysis (see Fig. 5.2.1-2).
Water loss kg/t 65 to 110 0
This high pressure condensate is, for logical

reasons, introduced via a distributor located
upstream of the boiler feed, in accordance
with system diagram [A1], taking into
Calculation example
consideration a necessary feed pump head
and pump rate in compliance with regulations
Amortisation when a sealed unvented condensate system is employed: (TRD 401, Clause 3), with:
Initial data:
Fresh steam output ૷ FS = 12,000 kg/h Pump head ≈ 1.1 x pB (bar) and

Pump rate ≈ 1.25 x ૷FS (t/h) with
Fresh steam pressure pB = 13 bar
Condensate return feed ૷ CON = 6000 kg/h at

pB - operating pressure of
Condensate pressure pCON = 5 bar and
the steam boiler(s) and
Condensate temperature TCON = 158 °C ૷FS - fresh steam output of
the steam boiler(s)
Raw, softened water temperature TRW = 15 °C
Specific heat/water cP = 0.001163 kWh/KgK

With an expected doubling of additional costs
Feedwater temperature Tfw = 104 °C deaeration
compared with selecting an open vented
Raw, softened water cost kRW ≈ €3.5/t system, payback periods of between six
months and 2 years can nevertheless be
Natural gas (E) cost kE ≈ €0.414/Nm³
achieved by utilising the specified "potential
Natural gas (E) lower net calorific value Hi ≈ 10.35 kWh/Nm³ savings", depending on annual full-load hours
run (see example calculation).
Full-load hours run b = 6000 h/a
a) See Fig. D.5.2.1-3.
b) With reference to steam enthalpy

0.75 kWh/kg in atmospheric
conditions.
146/147
Potential savings (E) over the open vented system:

E1 - Savings in raw, softened water (ΔkRW(E1)) due to omission of re-evaporation in the case of
condensate expansion from pCON = 5 bar to ambient atmospheric pressure.
path = 0 bara) from:
ෙN5:( NJVWHDPNJFRQGHQVDWH[૷&21[E[N5:೼D
ΔkRW(E1) = 0.11 x 6000 x 6000 x 3.5 x 10-3 t/kg

ΔkRW(E1) = €13,860/a
E2 - Savings in fuel (ΔkB(E2)) due to omission of heating the additional amount of raw, softened water
(૷RW) from E1 with:
૷RW = (11 kg steam / 100 kg condensate) x ૷CON

૷RW = 0.11 x 6000
૷RW = 660 kg/h
and an efficiency ŠK for the steam boiler ≈ 89 %b), the following savings would result:
૷ [F [7 7

5: 3 IZ 5:
[[
ෙN %(
[E[N (
[[ ೼D
+ [ǹ
L .
[
E3 - Savings in fuel (ΔkB(E3)) due to already elevated feedwater inlet temperature into the steam boiler
resulting from mixing of additional feedwater (tfw = 104 °C) into the sealed unvented condensate tank
(tCON = 158 °C) with a feedwater mix temperature (tfw/M) being arrived at in the condensate tank of:
7 [૷ 7 [૷
&21 &21 IZ IZ
7
IZ0
LQr& assuming ૷fw = ૷FS - ૷CON [kg/h]
૷ ૷ &21 IZ
Note: Desalination rate (A) = set to zero!

This results in a mixed temperature of
7 7 [૷ 7 [૷

&21 &21 IZ IZ
[[
IZ0 r&
૷ ૷ &21 IZ

and therefore:
૷ ૷ [F [7 7
IZ &21 S IZ0 IZ
ෙN [E[N
%(
+ [ǹ
L .
(
ෙN [[ [[ ೼D

%(
[
On observing all aforementioned values, an annual cost saving of

E = ΔkRW(E1) + ΔkB(E2) + ΔkB(E3) = 13,860 + 18,422 + 101,612 = €133,894 results.
a)
See [Tb. 8].
Based on the approximate current cost for a sealed vented condensate system of
≈ €80,000 to €110,000c) and an annual cost saving ≈ €130,000, this results in a payback period A b)
From Vitomax 200-HS datasheet
without ECO operation.
≈ 0.62 to 0.84 years.
c)
Major proportion of additional
costs over open vented systems
(estimated costs) for:
- High pressure condensate tank
- High pressure condensate pumps
- More control equipment required
- Higher expenditure on pipework
and valves approx. €80,000 to
€110,000.
Note Fig. D.5.3–1 Diagram open vented / sealed unvented system
Open vented system Sealed unvented system

Major proportion of
additional costs over
EG EG
open vented systems Soft water 6660 kg/h
(estimated costs) for: 6660 kg/h; 15 °C 15 °C; raw soft water
High pressure
0.2 bar (h) 0.2 bar (h)
5340 kg/h
SB
condensate tank 10 m3; 104 °C TWA - thermal water 6 m3; 104 °C SB
treatment with:
High pressure EG deaerator
SB feedwater tank
condensate pumps
More control Feedwater
pumps
equipment required
Condensate Feedwater
Higher expenditure for pumps pumps
pipework and valves

High pressure High pressure (HP)
condensate 3 - 8 bar condensate tank
LP condensate
12,000 kg/h
approx. €80,000 to pumps

Expansion steam (૷E)
9 bar (ü); 158 °C
૷)'=6000 kg/h:
€100,000
૷E=660 kg/h
૷)'= Feedwater ૷)'=

pumps
12,000 kg/h; 13 bar (ü) 12,000 kg/h; 13 bar (ü)
12,000 kg/h
DE સ; Hi DE સ; Hi
ND-KG
Hm3 ǹ. ~ 89 % ǹ. ~ 89 %
Low pressure (LP)

condensate pumps
148/149
Fig. D.5.3–2 Thermal total deaeration system

D.6 Pumps
Pumps
Sizing the feedwater pumps taking account of the control versions described
in chapter C.7.
On the one hand, the provisions of the relevant

regulations must be observed. On the other,
the specific circumstances of the actual system
must also be taken into consideration. For this
reason, various versions are presented here.
150/151
Fig. D.6.1–1 Suction head or required inlet pressure (source: Grundfos)

D.6.1 Feed pumps - criteria for design
and operation
H (m)
The task(s) of the feed pump(s) (also referred
14
to as boiler feedwater pump(s)) consist(s) of
Minimum positive pressure

feeding the steam boiler(s) with an amount 12
of feedwater corresponding to the amount of 10

steam generated. The pumps normally used 8
for this purpose are centrifugal pumps, taking
6
account of and complying with NPSH valuesa)
specific to the pumps; see following diagram 4
(Fig. D.6.1-1). 2
1.3
0 NPSH [m]
NPSH at standard atmospheric pressure
Maximum suction head -2 7
At a standard atmospheric pressure of 6
-4
1013 mbar, the necessary inlet head or 5
4
maximum possible suction head can be -6 3
2
determined using the accompanying diagram. -8 1
0
-10
Example 20 40 60 80 90
100 120 t (°C)
NPSH pump = 4.0 mWC Media temperature
(manufacturer specification) at
media temperature = 90 °C
A minimum inlet pressure of 1.3 mWC must

be available at the pump suction port. This Note
includes a safety margin of 0.5 mWC. The minimum necessary inlet pressure (pMIN)
with reference to the pump suction ports and
standard atmospheric pressure can also be
The majority of pressure losses arising in the estimated from the following:
pump suction line should be compensated for 136+SXPS[̖IZ
S0,1 S6( >EDU@
with the specified safety margin of 0.5 mWC.
This assumes that the suction line is
designed to be as short as possible, i.e. with values for:
≤ 10 m in the case of moderate flow velocities
≤ 0.5 m/s in the suction line. pS/E Steam pressure in feedwater tank
In special cases, a precise determination (in bar)
of pressure losses that may arise must NPSHpump NPSH value at 20 °C media
be performed for the suction line; see temperature (according to pump
chapter 8.3.3. supplier) (in mWC)
̖fw Feedwater density at operating
temperature (see Appendix Tb. 2.2)
(in kg/m³)
As orienting standard values, literature

reference L2 specifies:
Fig. D.6.1–2 Table
Feedwater temperature [°C]: 90 100 110
Required inlet head [mWC]: 2 4 6
a) Net positive suction head (see

diagram) - suction head and/or
inlet pressure, as a function of the
media temperature.
D.6 Pumps
Note Fig. D.6.1–2 Required pump rate and supplement

According to DIN EN 12953-6 Clause 5.5,
sufficient feedwater must be made available NK (kW) up to 7.5 7.5 to 40 from 40
The NPSHavail value is at maximum operating pressure (safety ZEL (%) 20 15 10

the available pressure pressure). According to TRD 401 Clause 3,
differential between the following criteria must also (either/or) be
the total pressure in met. (In the following sample calculation, both The pump motor rating from:
the centre of the pump criteria are used.)
inlet connection and the
evaporation pressure Feed pump head ≈ 1.1 x pBa) [bar]
1ป 1.[

=(/

>N:HO@
pD (also referred to as With the selected supplement of

saturation pressure), 10 % in addition to the head, the
measured as a pressure arising pressure losses for connecting Note on the determination of (NK):
level differential in m. pipes, built-in pipe components and The following equation applies in general for
To a certain extent, it economisers, if applicable, can near the determination:
is an indication of the enough be compensated for and therefore ̖[J[+[9ɘ
evaporation risk at this point disregarded in practice. 1 . >:@
ŠS
and is only determined by This is conditional, however, on
data relating to the system maintenance of flow velocities in the with

and the pumped fluid. connecting pipes and built-in components ̖ – Density of the delivery medium
of ≤ 2.5 m/s throughout. in kg/m³
In special cases, a precise determination of g – Gravitational acceleration in m/s²
arising pressure losses must be carried out H – Pump head in mWC
for the pressure line; the calculated losses V̇ – Pump delivery amount in m³/s and
are then added to the required head; see ŠP – Pump efficiency of > 0 to < 1
also chapter D.8.3.
Taking account of conversion factors from Watt
Pump rate ≈ 1.25 x ૷FS in t/h to kW, mWC to bar and m³/h to m³/s or kg/h to
With the selected supplement of 25 % in kg/s from the relationship
addition to the pump rate, the pressure
losses on the water side (blow-down ૷)6
and desalination losses at A ≤ 5 %) are ɘ
9
̖
completely compensated for.
In the case of expected losses of A > 5 %, the necessary "dimensionless" factor in the
with reference to the steam boiler output, denominator of the equation is calculated to be
a supplement of 25 % + ΔA % would have 0.36 x 105.
to be considered.
In the further course of derivation, gravitational
On determination of the pump head and pump acceleration and density are divided, yielding
rate, the necessary pumps and/or associated the equation for determining the pump
pump motor rating (N) can be calculated from: coupling rating (NK), as specified, with the
previously described multiplication factors
[૷)6[[S% for the required pump rate (of 1.25) and head
1.ป >N:@
[[Š3 (of 1.1).
the pump shaft output (NK) and a commonly

used output supplement as an compensation
for any fluctuations in the pump operating
point, which can lead to an increased pump
rate requirement (NK) in certain circumstances,
with a supplement (ZEL) in accordance with (L7)
according to the following Fig. D.6.1-2.
a)
Permissible steam boiler operating
pressure ฬ safety pressure ฬ safety
valve discharge pressure.
152/153
Pump selection example Notes
Amount of fresh steam - ૷ FS = 12,000 kg/h 1. Note

With inlet heads found in practice here of between
Permissible steam boiler operating pressure - pzul = 16 bar
2.0 and 4.0 mWC, pumps are only recommended, in
(safety valve discharge pressure),
principle, at NPSH-pump ≤ 4.0 mWC.
Operating temperature in feedwater tank - T B/E = 105 °C During the process of pump selection, consideration need
only be given, in principle, to an associated flat curve
Steam pressure in feedwater tank
for the NPSH value, as a function of the pump rate (see
- p D/E = Ł T B/E from (Appendix Tb. 2) = 0.21 bar
Fig. D.6.1-3), for the necessary operating range (between
Feedwater density - ̖ FW = Ł T B/E from (Appendix Tb. 2.2) = 954.5 kg/m³ minimum and maximum pump rate).
2. Note
Design case 100 % The pump efficiencies should achieve their optimum
values as far as possible in the range of the curve for
Required pump volumetric flow rate (V̇ P) with reference to
lower NPSH values. An electric limiter on the pump
operating temperature
motor for higher than permissible pump rates is also
1.25 x૷ FS 1.25 x 12,000 recommended here.
V˙ P =
V̇ = = 15.72 m³/h
̖ FW 954.5
Required head
(delivery pressure p D) = 1.1 x 16 = 17.6 bar
Fig. D.6.1–3 Pump curves (schematic diagram)
Required pump or drive output (N) at an assumed average pump
efficiency (pump manufacturer specification) of Š p ≈ 75 % Operating range
to be selected
Hmax
[[[ (H
)-
Delivery head (H)
(H) - (V̇
1 . N: (V̇ ) - )-
(1.1 x pB) line lin

[ [ at n * ea
t n*
min
ma
x
and with ZEL~15 %
Pump efficiency ŠP
15
(
H
N = 9.77 x 1+
100 )

≥ 11.24 kW
NPSH - pump
With a required assurance of NPSH values for the pump in the **

V̇ MIN
range between NPSHPUMP ≥ 0 and ≤ 7 mWC, this would result in a ɘ MAX with limitation
9
required minimum inlet pressure (P MIN) for the respective Pump rate (V̇ )
borderline of between
*Assumptions:
1.25 x ૷FS
pump speed regulation between with limitation
ˮ
n*MAX./ n*MIN.
0.5 x 954.5
pMIN(NPSH=0) = 0.21 + ≈ 0.258 bar
10 **Difficult to measure in practice, but NPSH
does not remain constantly min!
and for
(7 + 0.5) x 954.5
pMIN(NPSH=7) = 0.21 + ≈ 0.926 bar
10
with a resulting geodetic inlet head (H geo) that can be generated of:
Hgeo(NPSH=0) ~ (pMIN(NPSH=0) - p D/E) x 10.2 mWC/ bar
Hgeo(NPSH=0) ~ (0.258 - 0.21) x 10.2 ≈ 0.49 mWC
Hgeo(NPSH=7) ~ (0.926 - 0.21) x 10.2 ≈ 7.30 mWC

D.6 Pumps
Regular operation - technical boundary a minimum level specified by the pump

conditions for practical operation, curve manufacturer.
characteristics, load cases, etc.
This version is not recommended if the
Supplementary to the specifications in combustion output can be regulated to less
chapter C.7.1, the following provides further than the minimum amount of feedwater, and
detailed notes and recommended versions for an economiser is used.
"practitioners". In this case, the economiser would likewise
A summary of the most common versions for receive no flow on the water side.
operation as single boiler systems is provided
for this purpose, with features, depending on Control function
the control range, of the The aim of the controller is to maintain the
Steam boiler (load profile) level in the boiler at a fixed set value. The actual
Combustion system (burner) value is continuously monitored by a level probe
Pump (curve characteristic, minimum and compared with the set value in a controller.
pump volume) for versions 2, 3 and 4 Opening and closing the feedwater control
valve regulates the level to the required set
1. Intermittent level control for boiler value in the case of load fluctuations.
systems without ECO up to max. 3 t/h
boiler steam output When the minimum pump rate is reached,
the pump shuts down and the feedwater
This can be regarded as the simplest solution control valve closes (signal via limit switch in
for steam boilers without an economiser and the feedwater control valve and/or pump load
an output of up to 3 t/h. This version is not profile with minimum/maximum limitation).
recommended for steam output above 3 t/h or
when using an economiser. This version is not recommended if the burner
control range is greater than the feedwater
Reason pump control range.
On controlled shutdown of the boiler
feedwater pump (pump OFF, boiler water 3. Continuous level control by means of
demand lower than pump rate, minimum a feedwater control valve/bypass valve
burner load lower than the minimum pump for all sizes of steam boiler with an
flow), the economiser does not receive any economiser
flow on the water side.
Here, the feedwater valve is regulated as a
Therefore, there would be no increase function of the boiler level. If the flow rate
in efficiency due to the ECO and/or to the boiler falls below the minimum level,
superheating. the bypass valve is opened by increasing
pressure and lets the minimum volume
Control function required for pump protection return to the
The water level is regulated between two feedwater tank.
adjustable fixed switching points, i.e. "pump
ON" and "pump OFF". The level electrode Control function
signal has a corresponding effect on the pump. The aim of the controller is to maintain the
Furthermore, steam hammer may occur in the level in the boiler at a fixed set value. The
economiser. actual value is continuously monitored by
a level probe and compared with the set
2. Continuous level control by means value in a controller. Opening and closing the
of a feedwater control valve for all feedwater control valve regulates the level
sizes of steam boiler with/without to the required set value in the case of load
economiser fluctuations.
Can be regarded as a simple solution for steam

boilers with or without an economiser. Here,
the feedwater control valve is regulated as
a function of the boiler level. The feedwater
pump shuts down if the flow rate falls below
154/155
Note
A partial volume is returned to the A PLC controller is a basic requirement for
feedwater tank via an adjustable minimum switching purposes. The flow rate is adjusted
flow line. This valve can be designed as a cone- via the speed of the pump motor. This means Use of an inverter pump
shaped butterfly valve or a control valve. the feedwater volume can be regulated is not recommended if
This so-called bypass line is designed to down to a partial load that corresponds to the the burner control range
protect the pump from falling below a minimum flow rate required for the pump. is greater than that of
specified minimum pump rate. It ensures that The minimum flow rate depends on the type the pump, i.e. the pump
the economiser receives flow when the burner of pump. control range is < 1:4.
control range > pump control range.
Control function
Please note! The aim of the controller is to maintain the
The version shown here is one control option. level in the boiler at a fixed set value. The
However, the preferred version is that depicted actual value is continuously monitored by a
under point 4 with feedwater control valve level probe (4-20 mA signal, e.g. NRGT 26-1
with spillback. Bypass valves must be sized Gestra) and compared with the set value in a
hydraulically for each individual application. controller.
4. Continuous level control by means of a A change in the level results in variable speed
feedwater control valve with spillback adjustment of the pump rate (in this case by a
for all sizes of steam boiler with an mounted inverter, FU) to match the changing
economiser demand, until the set level has been achieved.
This can be regarded as the preferred option The reduction in speed is limited by two
for steam boilers with or without economisers. parameters:
Here, the feedwater control valve with spillback 1. Flow rate
is regulated as a function of the boiler level. If 2. Required pressure
the flow rate falls below the minimum level, The back pressure of the system (system
the spillback valve opens and lets the minimum curve) must be overcome. For this reason, only
volume required for pump protection return to limited use can be made of the possible speed
the feedwater tank. An additional butterfly valve range of the pump.
is not necessary in the bypass line.
Power can be saved by means of this demand-
Control function dependent speed optimisation. It also saves
The feedwater control valve continuously on installation of control valves upstream of
regulates the volume of feedwater depending the boiler.
on the level. As soon as the main flow falls
below a certain feedwater flow rate (e.g. 6. Continuous level control by means of
Note
30 %), the spillback connection (bypass) opens pump speed regulation and bypass for
wide enough to ensure that the required all sizes of steam boiler with/without
minimum pump rate (e.g. 30 %) can always be economiser Taking account of the
drawn off. pump curve and the
The determinations described under load reduction, a bypass
5. Continuous level control by means of point 5 apply. cannot always be
pump speed regulation for all sizes of Furthermore, depending on the project in omitted. One third of the
steam boiler with/without economiser question, it can be necessary to use a bypass nominal flow rate can be
line as an overflow line. assumed as a standard
Inverter-controlled boiler feedwater pumps can This is the case if, due to the system, the value for the minimum
be employed in the case of steam boilers with control range of the pump needs to be choked flow rate of the pump.
or without economisers. so far that the partial load of the burner is However, a bypass does
lower than the partial load of the pump. not always represent
a loss of energy.
Depending on the load
profile (how long the
pump runs in bypass
mode), speed regulation
may be more practical.
D.6 Pumps
Fig. D.6.1–4 Grundfos pump (example 1)

Whether and to what extent an inverter-
controlled pump is worthwhile is shown in
Operating range Fig. D.6.1-4.
Curve field
Pump Pump data:
Rated speed: 360 - 2789 rpm
Nominal pump rate: 3 m³/h
Curve field
System Minimum pump rate: 0.9 m³/h
Rated head: 66.6 m
Maximum head: 97 m
Assumptions:
Boiler output: 2.3 t/h
Permissible operating
pressure: 6 bar
Ø positive operating
pressure: 4.5 bar
Curve fields
Motor rating
Power consumption
Motor
in operating range: 0.5 to 0.95 kW
Fig. D.6.1–5 Pump diagram for a pump without inverter control
The figure opposite (Fig. D.6.1-5) is the pump

Operating range diagram for a pump without inverter control.
At this load, the conventional pump has a

power consumption of 1.14 kW.
Assuming that the boiler runs for a total of
8000 h/a and half the time at a load of 70 %,
the following power savings are possible:
Power requirement 100 % load

(with inverter): 0.95 kW
Inverter internal power requirement:
0.05 kW (approx. 5 %)
Conventional power requirement at 100 %:
1.14 kW
Difference over 4000 h:
560 kW
Power requirement 70 % load
(with inverter): 0.78 kW
Inverter internal power requirement:
0.02 kW (approx. 5 %)
Conventional power requirement at 70 %:
0.95 kW
600 kW
At an electricity price of €0.06/kWh, this yields a saving of €70 p.a.
At this output, the investment outlay of versions 4 and 5 is almost identical.
Further benefits of pumps with inverter control:
Longer service life due to lower load.
156/157
Fig. D.6.1–6 Grundfos pump (example 2)

Pump data:
Rated speed: 2947 rpm
Nominal pump rate: 30 m³/h
Minimum pump rate: 9 m³/h
Rated head: 180 m Curve field
Maximum head: 230 m Pump
Assumptions:
Curve field
Boiler output: 20 t/h System
Permissible operating
pressure: 16 bar
Ø positive operating
pressure: 13.5 bar
Control range: Between 7.5 and
14 kW electrical
motor power
Fig. D.6.1–7 Pump diagram for a pump without inverter control

The figure opposite (Fig. D.6.1-7) is the pump
diagram for a pump without inverter control.
H
(m)
At this load, the conventional pump has a

power consumption of 16.7 kW.
200
Assuming that the boiler runs for a total of
8000 h/a and half the time at a load of 70 %,
the following power savings are possible: 160
Power requirement 100 % load 120
(with inverter): 14 kW
Inverter internal power requirement: 80
0.7 kW (approx. 5 %)
Conventional power requirement at 100 %: 40
18 kW
0
13,200 kW 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Q (m3/h)
P2
Power requirement 70 % load (kW)
(with inverter): 11.5 kW 20
Inverter internal power requirement: 16
0.6 kW (approx. 5 %) 12
Conventional power requirement at 70 %: 8
16 kW 4
15,600 kW
At an electricity price of €0.06/kWh, this yields a saving of €1728 p.a.
The additional investment outlay compared with version 4 are approx. €3000 with a
payback period of ≈ 1.74 years.
D.6 Pumps
Note
Continuous control by means of an inverter over a particular period and the local costs of
on the pump is recommended if there are electricity.
Consideration must be frequent or severe fluctuations in the steam
given to the fact that some demand and/or only partial load up to a defined If, however, the system load only changes
pumps equipped with pump flow rate is required over a prolonged infrequently or within a small range, it can
inverters have a higher period. also be practical, from the point of view
connected load and the The inverter adjusts the pump speed (and thus of investment and electricity costs (see
motor transitions are not as the pump rate) to the steam demand. version 4), to use a continuous control valve.
finely tuned, hence putting The continuous control valve acts as a
the savings into perspective. Basic contexts: throttle. At constant pump speed, the choking
generates a higher back pressure so the pump
Ratio of throughput to speed can only deliver a lower flow rate. The output
requirement for the pump motor also drops,
Q albeit in a much lower proportion.
4 4[
Q
Ratio of pressure to speed This correlation can be seen in the head/
flow rate and power consumption/flow rate

Q curves of every pump. The potential savings
+ +[
Q are, among other factors, also subject to the
Ratio of motor rating to speed structural design of the pump.
Q As an alternative to the described versions 4,

3 3[
Q
Index 1 = known point
5 and 6 for "bypass operation", the use of so-
called automatic recirculation non-return valves
Index 2 = required new point at new speed n2 should also be mentioned.
Automatic recirculation non-return valves

are self-acting safety valves that protect
Fig. D.6.1–8 Constant control by inverter
centrifugal pumps from damage that can arise
120 during pump operation in low-load situations
due to partial evaporation and accompanying
100
cavitation.
80
Pressure ˜ n2 As soon as the pump rate falls below a defined
60 Output ˜ n3 "minimum flow rate", a so-called valve bypass
Size
opens and hence always guarantees the

40 required minimum flow rate of the pump.
Throughput ˜ n
20
The automatic recirculation non-return valve
is installed in the feedwater pressure line as
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
directly as possible on the pressure port of the
Speed
pump to be protected. A clearance should be
selected between the pump pressure port and
the valve inlet of no more than 1.5 m for the
purpose of minimising flow pulsations.
This means that, for example, at a change
in speed n from 100 % to 50 % (which In order to safeguard the valve, an additional
also corresponds to a change in flow rate so-called "manual start auxiliary outlet"
V from 100 % to 50 %), the motor power (option) can be opened in the event of
consumption P drops to 1/8. This value is prolonged minimum discharge rates. The
theoretical because the inverter itself is also auxiliary outlet is not, however, likely to be
a consumer of electrical power. The demand regarded as essential in practice (in the case
of the inverter can be taken as approximately of hydraulically coordinated designs combined
5 % of the total output. The payback period with load characteristics of the pumps to be
depends on the actual system load curve employed).
158/159
Fig. D.6.1–9 Valve main throughput and minimum flow rates

Straight-through internal diameter and nominal
pressure of the automatic recirculation non-
Straight-through internal diameter (mm) 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150
return valves must be selected appropriately
Main flow ratea) (m³/h) 17 28 45 68 114 178 270 400 530
for the pump pressure ports and are
Minimum flow rateb) - standard - (m³/h) 6 10 18 18 40 40 65 65 116
commercially available for pressure levels from
Spillback internal diameterb) (mm) 25 25 25 25 40 40 50 50 65
PN10 to PN40. Valve main throughput and
minimum flow rates are specified as a function
of the straight-through internal diameter
(see Fig. D.6.1-9).
One advantage of these automatic

recirculation non-return valves is valve
operation without auxiliary power, while
guaranteeing "low-wear" operation for the
bypass in the case of required system
operation always being greater than the "zero
pump rate" of the selected feed pump.
Notes regarding multi-boiler operation

For system operation with several steam
boilers, a wide selection of hydraulic control
options can be combined, with reference to
the actual operating case in question.
For example:
Similar to the above, but with provision of
a separate inverter-controlled feedwater
pump for each steam boiler, with reference
to versions 5/6
Three feed pumps (one of which a back-up
pump) for two steam boilers with fixed
allocation of pump to boiler, each with a
separate feedwater control valve as an
output for each steam boiler and common
bypass operation analogous to versions 3/4
from the distributor back to the feedwater
tank. This version can generate cost
savings due to omission of pumps, but it
also reduces the system availability
Twin-pump units for each boiler, identical
to single boiler systems
a)
With reference to a maximum
permissible flow velocity in
the pressure line, appropriately
modified flow rates can also be
applied here.
b)
Depending on demand according to
pump selection.
D.6 Pumps
Reference to: Variable speed pump drives similar in design

Datasheets - accessories for to versions 5/6 in chapter D.6.1 are only
high pressure steam boilers conceivable, however, for sealed unvented
systems.
Viessmann offers a matching feedwater pump
(Grundfos / KSB / Lowara / Speck / Wilo) with Variable speed pumps are not recommended
or without speed control for all of its steam on account of the expected low motor rating of
boilers. condensate pumps in open vented systems.
Please address your enquiries to:

dampf@viessmann.com Sample calculation
D.6.2 Condensate pumps - criteria for

sizing and operation [૷)6[[S%
1.ป >N:@
[[Š3
Reference is made here to the versions
described previously in chapters D.5.1
and D.5.2 (open vented/sealed unvented
condensate systems - standard values), but
with additional information on the need for
any applicable modulation of feed flow rates
into the feedwater tank and/or the steam
boiler directly by means of regulated bypass
operation using motorised control valves (see
Fig. D.6.2-1).
Condensate pumps with ૷CON ≥ 1.25 ૷FS

standard for open vented and sealed unvented
systems
pS"open" = 1.0 barabs < pG/fwTank ≈ 1.5 barabs
pS"sealed" = 3.0 to 6.0 barabs
< pG/SteamBoiler ≈ 7.0 to 26.0 barabs
160/161
Fig. D.6.2–1 Bypass operation
Directly to the
feedwater tank
and/or steam boiler
with backpressure – PG
Open vented and sealed unvented

condensate tank at system pressure – pS
Bypass
Condensate pumps
D.7 Thermal equipment
Sizing the thermal equipment
With reference to the previous statements in System assignment can be taken here to
sections a limited extent from Viessmann standard
C.5.4 Sampling cooler, components with reference to the specific
C.8.1 Mixing cooler, data for steam boiler output > 14 t/h to ≤ 75 t/h
C.8.2 T.D.S. expander, (see tables in Fig. D.7.1.1-2, Fig. D.7.2.1-2,
C.8.3 Exhaust vapour condenser and Fig. D.7.2.1-3 and Fig. D.7.2.1-4).
C.8.4 Feedwater cooler
the individual pieces of thermal equipment are In case of deviation from the selected standard
discussed in the following in terms of their values and initial values, enquiries should be
function and their "approximate" sizing. addressed to: dampf@viessmann.com.
162/163
D.7.1 Mixing cooler Standard values

T.D.S. rate A = 5 %
D.7.1.1 Function description, standard T.D.S. mass flow rate ૷A = ૷FS x A/100 (kg/h)
values, sizing assumptions Blow-down capacity a = 7.5 kg/s
Blow-down time Ta = 4 s/8h
The mixing cooler does not require any special Blow-down mass flow rate ૷a = a x Ta = 7.5 kg/s x 4 s/8h = 3.75 kg/h
foundations for its installation; the floor on site Cooling water temperature TCW = 15 °C
needs only be level and capable of bearing the Waste water temperature TWW = 30 °C
relevant load. Waste water mass flow rate ૷WW = ૷A + ૷a + ૷CW (kg/h)
Boiler water blow-down
The tank is equipped with the necessary temperature Ta (°C), Ta ≈ Ts Ł(pB)
connectors for: with Ts the saturated steam temperature
Blowing down the steam boiler as a function of the operating pressure (pB)
Desalinating the steam boiler from [Tb.2].
Thermostatic control of the cooling water Boiler water blow-down
inlet regulator temperature (cooler inlet) Ta/C ≈ ૷(pE/C = 0 bar) ≈ 100 °C
Mixed water drain outlet T.D.S. water temperature TA (°C);
Ventilation (vapour extraction) TA = Ł(pE/D) as a function of the deaerator
Draining (clearing residues) steam pressure pE/D from [Appendix Tb.2].
Inspection port
Assumptions: TA = 105 °C for pE/D ≈ 0.21 bar
The mixing cooler is designed to accept all
pressurised and hot waste water that occurs in
the boiler system. This water is depressurised However, the blow-down volume entering the mixing cooler (૷a/C) is reduced by the
to atmospheric pressure in the mixing cooler. waste steam volume (expansion amount of steam ૷a/DE):
The mixing cooler is vented to atmosphere. By ૷D& ૷D૷D'(

adding cooling water from the untreated water
or softened water network via an inbuilt lance, DQGZLWK
the expanded waste water is cooled to a drain Ł'(
temperature of 30 to 35 °C. For this purpose, ૷D'( [૷D

the mixing cooler is equipped with an electrical
cooling water controller. Depending on the WKHLQFRPLQJEORZGRZQYROXPHLVGHULYHGIURP
hardness of the raw water, blending of the raw
water with softened water is recommended to
minimise scale formation in the mixing cooler.
૷D& ૷D[
Ł'(

with ŁDE, the percentage proportion of re-evaporation from [Appendix Tb. 8] as a
function of the difference between the operating pressure (pB) and the atmospheric
expansion operating pressure (pE/C = 0).
Fig. D.7.1.1–1 Mixing cooler
Note
Venting via the roof During each shift (8 h), a spontaneous blow-down amount occurs briefly (4 s) of
approx. 7.5 kg/s x 4 s = 30 kg. Assuming an operating pressure of PB = 13 bar, the
amount is reduced to:
Cooling water Desalination/
connection blow-down
inlet
PD& [

ปNJ
Cleaning
aperture
Cooling of this intermittently occurring amount takes place using the constantly
adequately calculated "cold" 30 °C water seal (mW/V) in the mixing cooler according to
Discharge the following rough calculation:
(waste
water)
< 35 °C
PD&[7D&7:: [
Drain
P:9ุ ุ ุ OLWUHV
7::7&:
Sample determination of tank volumes for mixing coolers

Conclusion
As a consequence, in order to determine the necessary hourly
amount of cold water and the incoming total waste water Determination of tank volumes as an indicative approximation,
volume, only the balance amounts resulting from the continuous with assumptions for:
processes need to be determined. Fresh steam output ૷ FS = 12,000 kg/h
Intermittent blow-down, 2 x per shift (8 h operation), each with 2 s Saturated steam temperature Ts = 195 °C
blow-down time, is recommended to minimise the cooling water
requirement and necessary tank volume for ensuring an adequate ૷ [7 7 ૷ [7 7
૷
$ $ :: D D& ::
[kg/h]
water seal. &:
7 7
:: &:
Observe the information specified in chapter D.8.5 concerning [[
૷ &:
[kg/h]
essential straight-through nominal diameters (DN) for ventilation
(vapour line, waste water, cooling water).
૷CW = 3017.50 kg/h and the total amount of waste water

Standard values
Required amount of cooling water ૷ CW (kg/h), as a balance ૷A = 3017.50 + 12,000 x 0.05 +3.75 [kg/h]
variable (heat and volume balance) for the mixing cooler,
neglecting the amount of expansion steam ૷ a/DE ૷A = 3621.25 kg/h
૷$[K
$K
::૷DK
D&K
:: derived from standard systems, according to the following
૷&: tabular overview, a tank volume of ≈ 600 litres results.
K
::K
&:
and the general relationship for calculating the media enthalpy

for hi = cpi x ti
(with cpi = constant boiler lye and cooling water) becomes:
૷$[7$7::૷D7D&7::

૷&:
7::7&:
and the additional input data:
૷)6[[[

૷&: >NJ@

and the total amount of waste water ૷WW (kg/h) from:
૷:: ૷$૷D૷&: ૷)6[૷&:

164/165
Fig. D.7.1.1–2 Container volumes - standard systems
System 1 2 3 4 5 6
type
૷ FS
≤ 4.0 > 4 to ≤ 7 > 7 to ≤ 14 > 14 to ≤ 20 > 20 to ≤ 40 > 40 to ≤ 75
WK
6.0 125/ 125/ 125/ 125/ 325/ 600/

400 x1450 400 x1450 400 x1450 400 x1450 600x1580 800x1690
8.0 325/ 325/ 325/ 600/ 1000/ 1500/

600x1580 600x1580 600x1580 800x1690 1000x1810 1200x2100
10.0 325/ 325/ 325/ 600/ 1000/ 1500/

600x1580 600x1580 600x1580 800x1690 1000x1810 1200x2100
13.0 600/ 600/ 600/ 600/ 2000/ 1500/

800x1690 800x1690 800x1690 800x1690 1500x2100 1200x2100
16.0 600/ 600/ 600/ 600/ 2000/ 1500/

800x1690 800x1690 800x1690 800x1690 1500x2100 1200x2100
18.0 600/ 800/ 800/ 1000/ 2000/ 2000/

800x1690 900x1750 900x1750 1000x1810 1500x2100 1500x2100
20.0 600/ 800/ 800/ 1000/ 2000/ 2000/

800x1690 900x1750 900x1750 1000x1810 1500x2100 1500x2100
22.0 1000/ 1000/ 1000/ 1400/ 2400/ 2600/

1000x1810 1000x1810 1000x1810 1150x1870 1500x2200 1600x2100
25.0 1000/ 1000/ 1400/ 1400/ 2400/ 2600/

1000x1810 1000x1810 1400x1870 1150x1870 1500x2200 1600x2100
૷ FS – Fresh steam output Numeric specifications, e.g. xxx/yyy x zzz

pB – Fresh steam pressure xxx = Capacity (litres)
yyy = Container diameter (mm)
zzz = Total height (mm)
Note
D.7.1.2 Lye cooler - function description, Balance sheet approach
standard values, design The required lye cooling capacity Q̇L/C
For multi-boiler assumptions (see also Fig. D.7.1.1-3)
operation, provision
must be made for the Lye, in this instance, refers to the T.D.S.
ɘ /& ૷$[FS[7$(7$$
4
corresponding selections amount.
similar to single boiler Or:
૷::[FS[7::$7::(LQN:
operation, but with Lye = T.D.S. amount
parallel feed into the
mixing cooler. Example: System type 3
Feeding of (n+1) steam boilers with a total
ɘ /& ૷)6[[FS[7$(7$$
4
output ≤ 14 t/h, etc.;
[[[
The following rule of thumb applies: (n+1)
always ≤ ૷FS
ɘ /& N:
4
For system concepts with boiler output

૷ FS > 20 t/h, consideration would have and cooling water savings (Δ ૷CW) from:
to be given, in principle, to the use of an ૷$[7$(7$$
indirect lye cooling system (for the purpose ෙ૷&:
7::7&:
of heat recovery) upstream of the mixing
cooler inlet. This would be conditional, [[
NJK
however, on a consistently (continuously)
available amount of top-up feedwater
(softened water quantity) as a so-called plus an expected payback period (Amo) of:
heat sink. The cooling water demand &RROHUFRVWVN/&
(cooling water costs) could be minimised $PR LQ\HDUV
&RROLQJZDWHUFRVWVෙN&:
A cost-benefit analysis would deliver with:

appropriate verification in this instance. Cooler costs kL/C ≈ €3500 (plate heat
exchanger including pipework and valves)
Cooling water costs ΔkCW = €3.50/t and
3000 kg/h ฬ 3t (Δ૷cW ) plus annual hours
run b = 1760 h (8 h/day x 220 days/year)
೼[D
$PR
K[WK[೼W
Dฬ\HDUV
Note
In terms of procedure, however, continuous
throughput of softened water through the
cooler and/or an alternative available "heat sink"
on the customer side (e.g. domestic heating
water) must be assured here.
166/167
Fig. D.7.1.1–3 Schematic diagram of lye cooler
a)
Soft water outlet
Lye cooler
7::$
Lye outlet
7$$ปr&
૷$
7$(ปr&
Lye inlet
૷ ::ปNJK
7::(ปr&
Soft water inlet
Lye cooler
System System
lye cooler mixing cooler
cp - specific heat for lye and softened water ~ 0.001163 kWh/kgK
a)
An additional check must be made
in the actual application case as to
whether any temperature limiting
measures (temperature control with
limiter as a watchdog function) are
required for the softened water
leaving the cooler.
Fig. D.7.2.1–1 T.D.S. expander

D.7.2 T.D.S. expander
Expansion steam outlet

(if applicable, feed into thermal deaerator) D.7.2.1 Function description, standard
values, sizing assumptions
The T.D.S. expander is designed to accept the

boiler desalination fluid and to depressurise
it to a level of 0.5 bar. The expansion steam
is utilised as heating steam in the deaeration
Inlet
T.D.S. lye system. The residual lye is fed into the mixing
cooler.
T.D.S. lye outlet No separate foundations are required for

(mixing cooler feed) installing the expander. The floor on site needs
only to be level and capable of bearing the
relevant load.
The expander (tank) is equipped with the

necessary connectors for:
T.D.S. inlet, originating from the
Note
steam boiler
T.D.S. outlet, to the mixing cooler
The amount of heat connection
.
(Qiye) "withdrawn" Expanded steam outlet, to the thermal
as part of the boiler deaeration connection
desalination is recovered Connection for safety valve (optional),
by feeding the expansion only when feeding expanded steam into
steam into the thermal unprotected systems
feedwater deaeration Draining (removing residues)
system. With the heat
balance assumption: T.D.S. expander - standard values:
. .
Qlye = Qexpansion steam T.D.S. rate A = 5 %
T.D.S. mass
flow rate ૷A = ૷ FS x A/100 [kg/h]
T.D.S. water temperature TA (°C) where
TA = Ł(pE/D) is a function of the expansion
steam positive pressure from (Tb. 2),
TA = 105 °C in this case for pE/D ≈ 0.21 bar
Expansion steam output - ૷ D/E [kg/h], as a

balance variable (heat and volume balance)
for the lye expander from the enthalpy
values (as a function of temperature and
pressure according to Tb. 2) for:
T.D.S. inlet
h'A/E = Ł(Ts - saturated steam temperature)

[kWh/kg]
T.D.S. outlet
h'A/A = Ł(pE/D)
Feedwater enthalpy
h' fw [kWh/kg]
Expansion steam
h''D/E = Ł(pE/D) [kWh/kg]

a)
૷$[K
$(K
$$
૷'( NJK
K
'(K
$$
168/169
and
b)
૷)6[$[K
$(K
$$
૷'(
K
'(K
$$
and the amount of lye ૷L/A from the
expander
૷/$ ૷)6[$૷'( >NJK@
Sample calculation
Fresh steam output ૷FS = 12,000 kg/h

Saturated steam temperature
from [Tb. 2] Ts = 195 °C
Deaerator steam positive
pressure as expansion
steam pressure pE/D ≈ 0.21 bar
Enthalpy values as f = pB, pE/D from [Tb. 2]

h'A/E = Ł(pB) = 0.230 kWh/kg ฬ830 kJ/kg
h'A/A = Ł(pE/D) = 0.122 kWh/kg ฬ439 kJ/kg
h''D/E = Ł(pE/D) = 0.745 kWh/kg ฬ 2683 kJ/kg
૷)6[$[K
$(K
$$ NJK[[N:KNJ
૷'( ปNJK
K
'(K
$$ N:KNJ
and
૷/$ ૷)6[$૷'( NJK[NJK
૷/$ ปNJK
a)
= An estimation is also possible
here from the enclosed diagram
Tb.6 with approx. 17.5 % of ૷A.
Container volumes For output ranges ≤ 14 t/h, a similar

As an indicative approximation (derived selection is possible from the Viessmann
from conventional Viessmann systems) datasheets
according to tabular overview for steam
boiler outputs > 14 t/h to ≤ 75 t/h
Fig. D.7.2.1–2 ૷FS - steam boiler output > 14,000 kg/h to ื 20,000 kg/h
pB- Lye Steam Connections Dimensions

Steam operating Aa) ૷D/Ea) DNlye DNsteam L xW H ØD Capacitya)
pressure kg/h kg/h inlet/outlet outlet mm mm mm litres
6.0 1000 116 20/25 65 950 x 750 1700 500 100
8.0 1000 135 20/25 65 1050 x 850 1800 600 320
10.0 1000 153 20/25 80 1050 x 850 1800 600 320
13.0 1000 173 20/25 80 1050 x 850 1800 600 320
16.0 1000 193 20/25 80 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
18.0 1000 204 20/25 80 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
20.0 1000 214 20/25 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
22.0 1000 223 20/25 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
25.0 1000 238 20/25 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
Note Fig. D.7.2.1–3 ૷FS - steam boiler output > 20,000 kg/h to ื 40,000 kg/h

For multi-boiler Steam operating Ab) ૷D/Eb) DNlye DNsteam L xW H ØD Capacityb)
operation, provision pressure kg/h kg/h Inlet/Outlet Outlet mm mm mm litres
should be made for
6.0 2000 231 20/32 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
the corresponding
8.0 2000 270 20/32 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
selections similar to
10.0 2000 306 20/32 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
single boiler operation,
but with parallel feed 13.0 2000 347 20/32 100 1050 x 850 2400 600 450
into the expander, as 16.0 2000 386 20/32 125 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
stated previously for the 18.0 2000 408 20/32 125 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
mixing cooler. 20.0 2000 427 20/32 125 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
22.0 2000 446 20/32 125 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
25.0 2000 475 20/32 125 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
Fig. D.7.2.1–4 ૷FS - steam boiler output > 40,000 kg/h to ื 75,000 kg/h

Steam operating Ac) ૷D/Ec) DNlye DNsteam L xW H ØD Capacityc)
pressure kg/h kg/h Inlet/Outlet Outlet mm mm mm litres
6.0 3750 433 32/50 125 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
8.0 3750 506 32/50 150 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
10.0 3750 572 32/50 150 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
13.0 3750 650 32/50 150 1250 x 900 2600 750 800
16.0 3750 723 32/50 150 1500 x 1250 2400 1000 1200
18.0 3750 766 32/50 200 1500 x 1250 2400 1000 1200
20.0 3750 801 32/50 200 1500 x 1250 2400 1000 1200
22.0 3750 837 32/50 200 1500 x 1250 2600 1000 1400
a)
With reference to ૷FS(max) = 20,000 kg/h
25.0 3750 891 32/50 200 1500 x 1250 2600 1000 1400
b)
c)
170/171
D.7.3 Exhaust vapour condenser The extracted gases (O2, CO2) are removed
into the open air via the ventilation duct that
D.7.3.1 Function description, standard must terminate outside the building (on the
values, sizing assumptions roof). The condensate, on the other hand,
is discarded. In the case of multi-boiler
With reference to the specifications in chapter systems with a common thermal water
C.8.3, the following section provides more treatment system (TWT), installation of a
detailed information on function and sizing. motorised control valve in the exhaust vapour
pipe upstream of the condenser inlet is
By condensing the exhaust vapours, in recommended to further minimise the amount
conjunction with subsequent further cooling of exhaust vapour.
of the vapour condensate, the "exhaust vapour
waste heat" energy can be returned to the The control valve would have to be controlled
system. A partial feedwater flow upstream as a function of the operational loada) (see
of the deaerator inlet would be employed in Fig. D.7.3.1-2) by the control equipment of the
this instance as the required heat sink, with steam boiler system (in this case, the PLC -
appropriate process switching (see Appendix programmable logic controller).
A1). The energy-specific context is illustrated
in the following temperature/heating surface
diagram (Fig. D.7.3.1-1).
Fig. D.7.3.1–1 Temperature/heating surface diagram

0HGLDWHPSHUDWXUHr&
Exhaust vapour Exhaust vapour

condensation supercooling
Q̇V/C Q̇V/U
TS/V
Δ7ODUJH
TU/V
Tfw/A Q̇V
Partia
l flow
Feedw
ΔT(small)
ater p
rehea
ter
Tfw/E
+HDWLQJVXUIDFHPt
([KDXVWYDSRXUFRQGHQVHU
TS/V Saturated steam temperature,

exhaust vapours
Tfw/E Feedwater inlet temperature
Tfw/A Feedwater outlet temperature
TU/V Exhaust vapour condensate
outlet temperature
a)
In addition to the operational load,
continuous hooking up of arising
O2 values (O2 test in the feedwater
line) would be optimal (see also
chapter D.4.5 Water analysis).
Fig. D.7.3.1–2 Schematic diagram of exhaust vapour condenser operation

VC Exhaust vapour condenser
M-CV Motorised control valve
Vent (O2 / CO2)
૷S/V Exhaust vapour steam
૷fw Feedwater partial flow
સCON Vapour condensate
SG Sight glass
ST Steam trap
9&
Vent Ventilation to the outside (via roof)
D Deaerator dome
સCON
૷fw
૷S/V SG
M-CVb) M ST
D &RQGHQVDWHGUDLQLQJLQWRWKHFRROLQJ
DQGH[SDQVLRQSLWWREHSURYLGHGRQ
VLWHRQWKHZDVWHZDWHUVLGH
ෙ7VPDOO 7Q97IZ(ปWR.
Further standard values and information to be
considered for sizing:
ෙ7ODUJH 7V97IZ$ปุ.
Amount of exhaust vapour steam ૷ S/V
calculated from: Pressure losses (steam side) -

condenser ≤ pV/E
૷69ปŁ9P[૷&21૷DGGIZ
Pressure losses (water side) -
condenser ≤ 0.5 bar
Ł%P૷)6[$>NJK@
Heat output - Q̇V of the exhaust vapour
condenser from the condenser heat
with the variables: balance
૷CON Condensate return feed into the
ɘ 9 4
4 ɘ 9&4
ɘ 98 ૷IZ[F3[7IZ$7IZ(
deaerator
૷add/fw Additional amount of feedwater as
RU
amount let into the deaerator
૷FS Fresh steam output
ɘ 9 ૷69U9F3[769789
4
A T.D.S. rate in (%)
ŁV/m Average factor for calculating the where
minimum amount of exhaust vapour cP - Specific heat for condensate and
steam feedwater
~ 4.19 kJ/kg K and/or
0.001163 kWh/kg K
Note
In practice, sufficient accuracy is provided by rV - Latent heat of condensation - exhaust
ŁV/m = 0.005 to 0.01 [-], whereby "higher" values vapour steam rV = (h''S/V - h'C/V) as a
must be assumed for "lower" amounts of function of deaerator pressure (pV/E) from
return condensate (< 40 %). [Tb. 2] and/or determined with:
For reasons of energy management, h''S/V - exhaust vapour steam
temperature differentials across the enthalpy = Ł(pV/E)
condenser (heat exchanger) should be and
b)
A 5 to 10 % "open" position for
selected: h'C/V - exhaust vapour condensate
the M-CV must be ensured by
means of control technology via enthalpy = Ł(pV/E)
an appropriate end position locking
mechanism.
172/173
1st sample calculation 3rd sample calculation
Calculation of Q̇V in (kW): Potential savings - payback period
T.D.S. rate A = 5 % Fuel - natural gas (E) with Hi = 10.35 kWh/Nm³
Fresh steam output ૷ FS = 12,000 kg/h Mean boiler efficiency Š K(M) ≈ 94.75 %
Factor for minimum amount of vapour (according to datasheet and ECO operation)
૷ V/M ≈ 0.0075 (selected)
Composite fuel price k FP = € 0.414/Nm³
૷ S/V = 0.0075 x [12,000 (1+5/100)]= 94.5 kg/h
Annual full-load hours b = 6000 h (assumption)
ɘ 9[N)[E
4
Deaerator positive pressure p B/D = 0.21 bar .)
+L[Š .0
T S/V = Ł(pB/D) from (Tb. 2) = 105 °C
N:[೼[K 1P
r V = Ł(pB/D) from (Tb. 2) = 0.623 kWh/kg
N:K[ 1P
cp = 0.001163 kWh/kgK
Annual cost savings K F = €17,335/a
Feedwater temperature - Tfw/E = 15 °C
Temperature differential - ΔTsmall = 3 K (selected)

(T U/V = 15 + 3 = 18 °C)
With estimateda) additional expenditure (Kcon)
Q̇V = 94.5 [0.623 + 0.001163 (105 - 18)] = 68.44 kW
for the condenser of €11,500, including
pipework, valves and exhaust vapour steam
output controller, amortisation can be expected
within a period (AK) of
2nd sample calculation
AK = Kcon / KF = €11,500/a / €17,335/a =
Calculation of the required feedwater partial flow - 0.66 years.
૷fw in (kg/h)
Temperature differential - ΔTlarge = 20 K (selected)
Tfw/A = 105 - 20 = 85 °C
N:[NJ[.
૷IZ NJK
N:K[.
a)
Required specification by obtaining
specific quotations.
D.7.4 Feedwater cooler Calculation of Tfw/C-O and the associated

additional ECO output Q̇ECO in terms of heat
D.7.4.1 Function description, standard recovered:
values, sizing assumptions Assumptions:
The feedwater outlet temperature
With the feedwater cooler, the feedwater Tfw/O-ECO remains the same for each load case
entering the economiser (ECO) can be cooled considered (see Fig. D.7.4.1-2 Temperature/
down to feedwater temperatures (Tfw/C-O) below heating surface diagram).
the deaerator saturation temperature (TS/D).
The feedwater outlet temperature from the With reference to the notes for calculating the
feedwater cooler would have to be selected ECO heating output Q̇ECO (see chapter D.2.3.1),
accordingly (see Fig. D.2.3.3-1), however, the additional output ΔQ̇ECO due to reduction of
taking account of a permissible further cooling the feedwater inlet temperature into the ECO
of the flue gases leaving the ECO close to the is determined similarly from the statement
flue gas dew-point temperature. equation:
In the following text, reference is made

to ECO types 100/200, while observing
the thermodynamic data specified in the
Vitomax 200-HS datasheets.
Soldered plate heat exchangers made of

stainless steel are recommended for the
feedwater cooler. Process-related integration
(circuit) into the overall system concept is
illustrated in the enclosed schematic process
diagram (see Appendix A1).
174/175
Statement equation
With assumptions and values for:
Operating pressure pB = 12 bar
Factor RECO = ŁSB) for RECO/200 = 1.044;
RECO/100 = 1.067
Feedwater inlet temperature into the ECO Tfw/ECO-Standard = 102 °C
(standard design temperature)
Flue gas density ̖FG = 1.345 kg/Nm³
Specific heat - feedwater cP = 0.001163 kWh/KgK
T.D.S. rate A = 5 %
Flue gas outlet temperature for TFG/ECO-200 ≈ 132 °C
(design temperature = Ł(PB) TFG/ECO-100 ≈ 177 °C
and 100 % boiler load)
Permissible flue gas temperature reduction
for HEL operation TFG/ECO-reduced = 125 °C
for natural gas (E) operation TFG/ECO-reduced = 115 °C
7)*(&2VWDQGDUG7)*(&2UHGXFHG ૷)6[5

ɘ (&2
ෙ4 [
̖)*
$
ɘ (&2 ૷)6[
ෙ4 [F3[7IZ(&2VWDQGDUG7IZ2& >N:@

where: ΔT FG = T FG/ECO-standard - T FG/ECO-reduced [°C],

and: ૷fw = ૷ FS x (1 + A/100) [kg/h]
and the equation for the reduced feedwater temperature:
7)*(&2VWDQGDUG7)*(&2UHGXFHG 5(&2

[
7IZ2& 7IZ(&2VWDQGDUG ̖)*
$[F3
ෙ7)* ૷)6[5
ɘ (&2
ෙ4 [ ૷IZ[F3[7IZ(&2VWDQGDUG7IZ2&>N:@
̖)*
the following results are yielded, summarised in the form of a table of values (see Fig. D.7.4.1-1).
Fig. D.7.4.1–1 Table of values
Value table: Type ECO-200 Type ECO-100
TFG/ECO-standard (°C) 132 132 132 177 177 177
HEL Natural gas (E) HEL Natural gas (E)

TFG/ECO-reduced (°C)
125 115 100 125 115 100
Tfw/ECO (ECO design) (°C) 102 102 102 102 102 102
Permissible Tfw/O-C (°C) 100.22 97.68 93.87 88.79 86.25 82.44
Temperature differentiala) (TFG/ECO-reduced - Tfw/O-C) (K) 24.78 17.32 6.131a) 36.21 28.75 17.56
ΔQ̇ ECO
(kW) 26.08 63.30 119.14 193.57 230.79 286.63
Tfw/O-ECO (for standard design) (°C) 132.2 132.5 132.5 121.5 121.5 121.5
In the following temperature/heating surface

diagram, the results from the table of values
are presented by the ECO-200‘ as an example:
Note Fig. D.7.4.1–2 Temperature/heating surface diagram
The figures in [ ], 0HGLDWHPSHUDWXUHr&

apply in addition to the
ECO 100.
(&2ᚐXHJDVLQOHW

>@
Δ7ODUJH VWDQGDUG
>@ [1] +(/ )OXHJDV

(&2IHHGZDWHU [2] QDWXUDOJDV RXWOHW
RXWOHW
Δ7VPDOO
7IZ2(&2 102 (standard)
)HHGZDWHU
VWDQGDUG [1] 100.27 (HEL) [88.79]
LQOHW
[2] 97.68 (natural gas)
[86.25]
+HDWLQJVXUIDFHPt(&2
$(&2
ΔT(large) Temperature differential between

flue gas inlet and water outlet
ΔT(small) Temperature differential between
flue gas outlet and water inlet
1) ΔQ̇ECO HEL operation
2) ΔQ̇ECO Natural gas (E) operation
a) The temperature differentials

should not fall below ≤ 10 K
(in respect of an optimum
ECO heating surface size).
176/177
Feedwater cooler sizing

Costs saved - potential savings (kF): The required cooling capacity - Q̇fw/C (in kW)
and the ensuing additional feedwater outlet
With values for:
temperature/cooler - Tadd/fw/O-C are calculated
Cost of natural gas (E)a) kF(E) ≈ €0.414/Nm³ from the statement equations:
Cost of fuel oil (HEL)a) kF(HEL) ≈ €0.65/kg ɘ IZ& ૷DGGIZ[F3[7DGGIZ2&7DGGIZ,&

4
Annual full-load hours b ≈ 6000 h/a

૷IZ[F3[7V,7IZ2&LQ>N:@
the equation:
where
ɘ
Δ4 [N)[E
.)
(&2
$
+L[ǹ .0 ૷IZ ૷)6[ LQNJK

yields the expected minimum annual savings for
HEL operation: and
[[ $
.)(/ ป೼D ૷DGGIZ ૷)6[ ૷&21LQNJK
[
and for natural gas operation:

the required cooling capacity [in kW] from:
[[
.)(
[
ป೼D ɘ IZ& ૷)6[$[F3[7V,7IZ2&LQ>N:@
4
and the expected additional feedwater outlet

temperature/cooler from:
ɘ
4 IZ&
7DGGIZ2& [૷)6[$૷&21] 7DGGIZ2&

[F3
Fig. D.7.4.1–3 Schematic diagram of feedwater cooler
Additional feedwater
outlet temp./cooler
Tadd/fw/O-C
Feedwater
Feedwater
outlet temp./
૷fw
cooler
Tfw/O-C
Feedwater inlet temp.
TS/D (as a function of the
deaerator pressure pB/D)
Additional Additional feedwater

feedwater inlet temp./cooler
૷add/fw Tadd/fw/I-C
a) Current prices must be
determined here in each case
(e.g. www.heizoelboerse.de;
www.carmen-ev.de).
1st sample calculation 2nd sample calculation
With the results from the table of values and the Ktot = ΔK ECO + Kcooler (€)
additional assumptions for: = 23.94 x ΔQ̇ECO + 2.86 x Q̇fw/C + €13,258
T S/D = Ł(pB/D = 0.2 bar) = 105 °C and:
Amount of condensate - A = Ktot /K B [a]
૷ CON ≈ 0.5 x ૷ FS = 6000 kg/h

for HEL operation:
Additional feedwater inlet

Ktot = 23.94 x 26.08 + 2.86 x 70.04 + 13,258 ≈
temperature/cooler - Tadd/fw/I-C = 15 °C
€14,083
A = 14,083/9021 ≈ 1.56 years

the required cooling capacities for
HEL operation:
for natural gas (E) operation:
Q̇fw/C = 12,000 x (1+ 5/100) x 0.001163 x
(105 - 100.22) = 70.04 kW Ktot = 23.94 x 63.30 + 2.86 x 108.51 + 13,258 ≈
€15,084
Natural gas operation
A = 15,084/16,034 ≈ 0.94 years
Q̇fw/K = 12,000 x (1+ 5/100) x 0.001163 x
(105 - 97.68) = 108.51 kW
and the respective expected additional feedwater

outlet temperature/cooler of:
Note
for HEL operation:
70.04
Regarding a)
Tadd/fw/O-C = + 15
[(1200 x (1 + 5/100) - 6000)] x 0.001163 The assumption of rising costs can be
= 24.10 °C dismissed if the manufacturer ensures an
increased mean logarithmic temperature
for natural gas (E) operation:
differential
108.51 ΔTm = (ΔTlarge - ΔTsmall) / (ᔉΔTlarge / ΔTsmall) in [K]
Tadd/fw/O-C = + 15
(1200 x (1 + 5/100) - 6000) x 0.001163 over the ECO heating surface that then
= 29.13 °C remains constant.
The feedwater temperatures for ECO inlet

and outlet would have to change in line with
Payback periods requirements compared with the data in
In principle, the total expected costs (Ktot) for the table of values. However, the feedwater
the feedwater cooler, including pipework and inlet temperatures into the ECO should
valves, but excluding the expected costs for here not fall below 85 °C if at all possible.
any necessary enlargement of ECO heating In line with the modified selection, the
surfaces, must be prepared via a specific feedwater outlet temperature would also
manufacturer's quotation, as a function of each be subject to a downward correction.
calculated ECO "additional output" - ΔQ̇ECO.
For the time being, the previously cited ECO However, a precise determination can
cost function could be helpful with only be made in conjunction with the
ΔKECOa) ≈ 11,500 + 23.94 x ΔQ̇ECO (€) and for the respective thermodynamic ECO sizing and
feedwater cooler with construction on request at:
Kcooler ≈ 1758 + 2.86 x Q̇fw/C (€) (value range dampf@viessmann.com.
Q̇fw/C ≥ 50 to ≤ 900 kW).
178/179
Conclusion - recommendations
Most effective use of a feedwater cooler is
made with the selected ECO type 200 and
natural gas (E) operation
The available "utilisation potential" is much
greater with ECO type 100 than type 200
and therefore also retains considerable
reserve capacity, preferably for HEL
operation
The thermodynamically balanced
feedwater cooler outlet temperatures
between 83 and 89 °C for the ECO 100
and 94 to 100°C for the ECO 200 (see
table of values Fig. D.7.4.1-1) should be
selected approx. 10 K higher for HEL
operation, to ensure that the temperature
does not fall below the dew point. The
standard feedwater outlet temperature
from the ECO 100 would also rise in line
with this increase
System concepts should focus on
maximised heat recovery from the flue
gas, for example with ECO types 200/100
Additional use of feedwater coolers

should therefore only be regarded as an
supplementary optimisation version in the
case of justifiable expenditure and payback
periods ≤ 1 year.
Check the application case as to whether any

temperature limiting measures (temperature
control with limiter as a watchdog function)
are required for the softened water leaving the
cooler.
Fig. D.7.5.1–1 Workplace for evaluating water samples taken from feedwater and boiler water
D.7.5 Sampling cooler
D.7.5.1 Notes on installation and

taking samples
According to regulations (TD 611 Clause 5 and

EN 12953 Part 10), feedwater and boiler water
must be monitored continuously.
The samples described here are taken

intermittently and subjected to an appropriate
laboratory test (on site in the boiler installation
room and/or externally in company laboratories
assigned to the steam boiler system). Before
they are taken, however, samples must be
cooled down to ≤ 30 °C.
The Viessmann sampling cooler can be

employed, in the case of an appropriately
designed circuit combination, both for the
cooling of boiler water and the cooling of
feedwater. The necessary cooling water
must be taken from the corporate drinking
water supply according to the rules of good
engineering practice (see proposed installation
in the installation instructions).
180/181
Fig. D.7.5.1–1 Schematic diagram of sampling cooler

Key
BW Boiler water (if applicable, taken from
2
the discharge pipe - reflection water
level in the steam boiler)
BW
FW Feedwater (taken from the feedwater
tank and/or feedwater pipe) FW
DW Drinking water (cold water) - water

supply, customer side (R 1/8 to
R 1/2 = PN6)
WD Water drain, customer side (R 3/4 to 1.2
R 1) discharge into main system
1
1 Sample cooler with
1.1 Drain outlet
1.2 Temperature display (planned,
recommended on site) 1.1
2
2 Shut-off valve
3 Non-return valve WD
3
4 Shut-off valve (with drain connector)
4
WD
Document the results of the determined
analysis values in the boiler book. DW
Monitoring takes place intermittently at

a frequency of no less than 1x per 8 h
operating time.
However, for system operation according to

TRD 604 Sheet 1 (operation without constant
supervision - BosB - here specifically for
BosB 72 h), continuous monitoring
(see chapter D.4.5 - Water analysis) is
recommended.
Install the cooler as close as possible to the

sampling point.
Suitable sampling tanks are:

Erlenmeyer flasks (e.g. in the case of
immediate laboratory examination) and/or
glass-stoppered glass bottles with a capacity
of approx. 1 litre each.
Analyses values to be documented:

pH value
Residual hardness
p value (for determining the free alkalinity)
m value (for determining the total alkalinity)
Phosphate and
Sulphide
For boiler water and boiler feedwater

requirements, see Appendix A.3.
D.8 Pipework
Pipework
Within the scope of this manual, the intention is to provide information for
selected main pipes (see chapter C.9) for planning purposes.
The engineering process requires close

collaboration between the pipework
manufacturer and the responsible monitoring/
approval authority in conjunction with the
subsequent operator.
Note A range of information and calculations
provided can also be applied analogously to
National regulations and pipes not mentioned here for transportation
relevant standards must of liquid and gaseous flow media. The
be observed. pipework considered here is restricted to the
steam boiler room and a perimeter extending
1 m beyond.
182/183
Note
D.8.1 Pipework
D.8.1.1 Nominal diameters - DN Dimensions and weights

for seamless and welded
The nominal diameter (abbreviation: DN) is steel pipes are specified
an index used in pipework systems as an in DIN EN 10220 for pipe
identifying parameter for parts that are suited series 1 to 3. In principle,
to one another. the pipe dimensions
of pipe series 1 are
In accordance with the following table, recommended.
nominal diameters have no units and must not All accessories (fittings,
not be used as dimensions, since they only flanges etc.) required
correspond in part to the internal diameter of for building a pipeline
pipework components. are available for pipe
The internal diameters can exhibit differences series 1. Not all standard
compared with the indices for nominal components are
diameter depending on the wall-thickness used available for pipe series 2
in a particular design, as the external diameters and there are hardly any
are generally specified out of consideration for standard accessories for
the manufacturing process. pipe series 3.
Extract from nominal diameter (DN)

classification of pipes, based on DIN EN 1092-1
Fig. D.8.1.1–1 Nominal diameters (DN) - extract
DN 10 (17.2) DN 40 (48.3) DN 125 (139.7) DN 350 (355.6) DN 700 (711) DN 1400 (1420)
DN 15 (21.3) DN 50 (60.3) DN 150 (168.3) DN 400 (406.4) DN 800 (813) DN 1600 (1620)
DN 20 (26.9) DN 65 (76.1) DN 200 (219.1) DN 450 (457) DN 900 (914) DN 1800 (1820)
DN 25 (33.7) DN 80 (88.9) DN 250 (273) DN 500 (508) DN 1000 (1016) DN 2000 (2020)
DN 32 (42.4) DN 100 (114.3) DN 300 (323.9) DN 600 (610) DN 1200 (1220) ---
Note: Values in brackets are the outer pipe connection diameters (mm)
D.8 Pipework
D.8.1.2 Pressure ratings - PN Notes

In accordance with DIN EN 1092-1, the
The nominal pressure of pipelines and selected nominal pressure must always satisfy
components (pipes, flanges, fittings, valves the condition PN ≥ PD x (RP0.2(20°C) / RP0.2(Toper.))
etc.) is the identifier for a pressure rating that where
classifies parts of a similar design and identical PD design pressure (calculation
connection dimensions. The pressure ratings pressure = secure operating
are classified according to standard numbers pressure) of the component (pipes,
and listed in the following table. flanges etc.) in [bar] and
Ra)P0.2 the minimum yield strength at
Extract from pressure rating (PN) of pipes, room temperatures (RP0.2 (20°)) and at
based on DIN EN 1092-1 calculation temperature or operating
temperature (RP0.2 (Toper.)) respectively.
Fig. D.8.1.2–1 Nominal diameters (DN) - extract
PN 2.5 PN 25 PN 160 The maximum permissible pressure (pD)

PN 6 PN 40 PN 250 calculated at the operating temperature (Toper.)
PN 10 PN 63 PN 320 must not exceed a maximum permissible
PN 16 PN 100 PN 400 pressure assigned to the PN rating.
For calculation or operating temperatures (Toper.)

The nominal pressure (PN) = maximum of -10 °C to 120 °C, the specified condition can
permissible positive pressure (in bar) at the be approximated for ferrous materials with
reference temperature T = 20 °C. PN ≈ PD.
a)
Minimum yield strengths
can be taken from standards
DIN EN 10216-2/10217-2 for pipes
and DIN EN 1092-1 in addition for
castings, forgings and hot-rolled
products.
184/185
D.8.1.3 Test pressure (Pp) with reference The selection and assignment of modules
to Pressure Equipment Directive must be made in agreement between the
system installer, the customer and the
The pipes, valves and assemblies designated body. Exceptions are pipelines
(hereinafter referred to as pressure equipment) (pressure equipment) that can be classified
must correspond to the test pressures below Category I. This type of pressure
according to the Pressure Equipment Directive equipment need only meet the requirement of
97/23/EC. If the test pressures according to good engineering practice in respect of design
the Pressure Equipment Directive are higher and production.
than the permissible test pressures for the
valves, valves must be selected from the next Conventions regarding
higher nominal pressure rating (see chapter inspection obligations and recurring
D.8.1.2). Pressure equipment is subject inspections of the pipework must be specified
to a final inspection. For this purpose, the accordingly, in conjunction with overall system
acceptance process for pressure equipment acceptance, on the basis of the [German]
must include a pressure strength test in the Health & Safety at Work Act (BetrSichV),
form of a hydrostatic pressure test with a between the installer of the pipework, the
minimum test pressure of Pp ≈ 1.43 x PD. customer and the designated body.
Notes The quality of the pipework system and

If the hydrostatic test is detrimental or system documentation must be designed
impracticable, alternative non-destructive tests in such a way that the maximum intervals
must be coordinated in consultation with the (5 years) are easily complied with.
customer and the local approved monitoring
body, depending on established categories I,
II and III.
Assigning the pipework systems to the
individual categories is carried out subject to
product of (PD x DN) according to diagrams 6
and 7 (Appendix II) of the Pressure Equipment
Directive, whereby natural gas (E) is assigned
to fluid group 1 and the remaining media to
fluid group 2.
The Roman numerals for the categories

correspond to the module categories to be
selected accordingly for the pipelines, such as:
Category I Module A
Category II Modules A1, D1 and/or E1
Category III Modules B1+D, B1+F, B+E,
B+C1 and/or H
Fig. D.8.1.1–1 Module categories
Modules A, A1 Internal production control for A, supplemented with monitoring by the designated body for A1
Module B EC type examination by the designated body, with examination of qualifications of the assembly and
NDT personnel
Module B1 Similar to module B, but without testing of a prototype
Module C1 Conformity to type; the designated body monitors production and inspection at the manufacturer
on a random sample basis
Module F EC individual examination by the designated body as a basis for issuing conformity
Modules D,E,H Aside from the classic product tests for verifying conformity, additional introduction of QA systems
and their appraisal by the designated body
D.8 Pipework
D.8.1.4 Operating temperatures (Td) and

operating pressures (PD)
For the "hot-running" pipe complex, the

following must be expected and/or selected in
reality subject to media:
Fig. D.8.1.4–1 Pipe operating temperatures
PN6 PD (bar) Steam1 Lye2 Lye3 Exhaust steam Condensate5 Condensate Feedwater
(°C) Blow-down Blow-down vapours4 (sealed unvented) (open) (°C) (°C)
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
16 0.5 111 111 111
16 1.0 120 120 120
16 2.0 134 134 134
16 3.0 148 148 148
16 4.0 152 152 152
16 5.0 159 159 159
16 6.0 165 165 --
16 8.0 175 175 --

110 110 95 110
16 10.0 184 184 --
25 13.0 195 195 --
25 16.0 204 204 --
25 18.0 210 210 --
40 20.0 215 215 --
40 22.0 220 220 --
40 25.0 226 226 --
Key
1 Required supplement (ΔTü) for
superheating with Δtü ≈ 50 K (as standard)
2 Temperatures before expansion
3 Temperatures after expansion to
pD ~ 0.5 bar
4 Expanded to around atmospheric pressure
5 Assuming pDmax ~ 5.0 bar
6 Nominal pressure ratings based on the
steam boiler used in the initial analysis. An
additional check in accordance with chapter
D.8.1.2 is nevertheless recommended
186/187
D.8.1.5 Identification of pipes D.8.1.6 Flow diagrams, graphic symbols

for pipe and equipment design,
Pipelines are identified according to the fluid and identification systems
conveyed according to DIN 2403. This includes
pipes and their connections, valves and fittings, The flow diagram (system scheme, flow
as well as thermal insulation. The fluids are scheme, heat flow chart, pipework diagram
divided into 10 groups based on their general etc.) should render, with the help of pictorial
properties; the colours for the groups being symbols and graphic characters, a simplified
defined (according to RAL colour register) in graphic representation of the structure and
the following table. As a separate identification function of the system. It is designed to
of flammability, the tops of signs for groups 4 provide all those involved with the system, e.g.
and 8 are coloured red (RAL 3000). customer, manufacturer, authority, designated
body etc. with a clear understanding.
The layout and representation must be

adapted liberally to fit the intended purpose
(steam boiler system). The basis is provided
by the relevant graphic characters and
pictorial symbols according to DIN 2481,
2429, 19227 and DIN 28004 (see also design
and representation in Appendix [A1]). The
components indicated in the flow diagram
(steam boiler with ancillary systems, pipes
with add-on and built-in parts, including
indicated control components) should
additionally be provided with a consistent
identification system throughout.
A consistent identification system allows the

aforementioned parties involved to address
each individual part of the steam generation
system in a clear and consistent manner.
Fig. D.8.1.5–1 Identification of pipes
Fluid Group Colour RAL colour register
Water 1 green RAL 6018
Steam (water vapour) 2 red RAL 3000
Air 3 grey RAL 7001
Flammable gases 4 yellow or RAL 1021

yellow with additional red RAL 3000
Non-flammable gases 5 yellow with additional black RAL 1021

or black RAL 9005
Acids 6 orange RAL 2003
Lyes 7 violet RAL 4001
Flammable liquids 8 brown or RAL 8001

brown with additional red RAL 3000
Non-flammable liquids 9 brown with additional black or black RAL 8001

RAL 9005
Oxygen 0 blue RAL 5015

D.8 Pipework
Note
D.8.2 Specifications - materials,
welding work
Determination and
assignment of Within the scope of this manual, the intention
categories depends is to provide information for selected main
on the type of fluid pipes (see chapter C.9) for planning purposes.
employed (group 1
and/or group 2); see In principle, the regulations TRD 100 -
following diagrams materials, AD 2000 - datasheets (W4 - pipes
taken from the Pressure made of non-alloy and alloy steels, W9 - nuts
Equipment Directive and bolts made of ferritic steels, W9 - steel
97/23/EC. flanges) and material - DIN EN 13480 and
TRD 201 - welding steel components must be
observed.
According to the Pressure Equipment Directive

97/23/EC, corresponding verification of
confirmation of the materials used must be
kept in the project.
For category I parts subjected to pressure (see

chapter D.8.1.3), the provision of a company
certificate according to DIN EN 10204 type
2.2 (confirmation of certification by the
manufacturer) is required. For parts subjected
to pressure in categories II and III, an
acceptance test certificate is required in line
with type 3.1 and/or type 3.2, depending on
the selected and/or required product testing.
188/189
Assignment for media in fluid group 1

(natural gas - E)
Fig. D.8.2–1 Pipe according to Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
PS
DN = 100
DN = 25
(bar)
1000 II III
100
Article 3, Paragraph 3
PS PS
·D ·D
N N
=1 =
10 00 35
0 00
I
DN = 350
DN = 100
1 Pipes according to Article 3,

number 1.3, letter a), first dash
0.5 PS = 0.5
..."The exception here are pipes
intended for use with unstable
gases that fall into categories I and II
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000 DN
according to diagram 6, but need to
25 350
be classified as category III."...
Assignment for media in fluid group 2

(steam, condensate, water, fuel oil etc.)
Fig. D.8.2–2 Pipe according to Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
PS
DN = 250
DN = 100
DN = 32
(bar)
1000 I II III
100
Article 3, Paragraph 3
PS N
PS
PS
·D
·D
·D
10
N
N 3500
=
=
=5
10
00
00
1
0.5 PS = 0.5
Pipes according to Article 3,
number 1.3, letter a), second dash
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000 DN ..."The exception here are pipes that
32 250 contain fluids at temperatures greater
than 350 °C and fall into category II
according to diagram 7, but need to
be classified as category III."...
D.8 Pipework
With reference to the aforementioned standards,

the following are recommended for use:
D.8.2.1 Materials for the pipework

identified in chapter D.8.5
Fig. D.8.2.1–1 Pipes
Ferritic steels:
Material Material no. Temperature (°C) Standards
P235TR1 1.02551 ≤ 50 DIN EN 10216-1

P235TR2 DIN EN 10217-1
P265TR2 1.0259 1
≤ 50 or DIN EN 10224
P265TR1
P235GH 1.03454 ≤ 450 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
P265GH 1.04255 ≤ 450 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
16Mo3 1.5415 ≤ 500 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
13CrMo4/5 1.7335 ≤ 500 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
10CrMo9/10 1.7380 ≤ 500 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
14MoV6/3 1.7715 ≤ 550 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
X10CrMoVNb9/1 1.4903 ≤ 600 DIN EN 10217-23,7

DIN EN 10216-2
Austenitic steels6:
X6CrNiMoTI17-12-2 1.45712 ≤ 550 DIN EN 10217-7

Notes DIN EN 10216-5
X6CrNiTi18-10 1.45412 ≤ 550 DIN EN 10217-7

DIN EN 10216-5
Note 1
Where welded
tubes according to
DIN EN 10217 are used,
a welding factor to be Notes
observed of 0.85 is 1 Tubes for pressure purposes (seamless 4 Preferred use also for fuel oil (HEL)
recommended for the and/or welded) or steel tubes and fittings systems (previous designation St 37)
strength calculation. for preferred use in the pipework (DHW 5 Preferred use also for natural gas (E)
system) described in chapter D.8.5.4-C) systems (previous designation St 35.0)
Note 2 and galvanised 6 Austenitic tubes are employed according
The following 2 Stainless steel tube (previous designation to DIN EN 10216-5 (seamless tubes) and/
documents must also be "V4-A") for preferred use in the pipework or according to DIN EN 10217-7 (welded
observed in the project, (softened water pipework) described tubes)
as mentioned previously in chapter D.8.5.4-E), seamless and/or 7 For "hot-running" pipework (> 100 °C)
(DIN EN 10204), welded preference should be given to the
for the preparation 3 For flue systems, here with preferred use selection of steel tubes according to
of acceptance test according to DIN EN 10217-2 (as welded DIN EN 10216-2
certificates: steel tubes)
For ferritic steels:
AD 2000 datasheet
W4 and TRD 102,
plus
For austenitic steels:
AD 2000 datasheet
W2 and TRD 102
190/191
D.8.2.2 Sheet metal materials D.8.2.3 Flange materials
Only insofar as is applicable for ferritic With reference to and observance of DIN EN
materials according to DIN EN 10028-2, 1092-1 on the project side - flanges and their
for example: joints (steel flanges) - as well as DIN EN 10222-
2 - steel forgings for pressure purposes - and
Fig. D.8.2.2–1 Materials
DIN EN 10025 - technical delivery conditions -
Material Material no. Temperature (°C) the following recommendations are made:
S235JR 1.0037 ≤ 100
S235JRG2 1.0038 ≤ 300
P235GH 1.0345 ≤ 400 Temperature range (°C) PN16 PN25 to PN40 ≥ PN63
P265GH 1.0425 ≤ 450 ≤ 120 S235JRG2 (1.0038) S235JRG2 (1.0038) P250GH (1.0460)
P250GH (1.0460) P250GH (1.0460) 16Mo3 (1.5415)
16Mo3 1.5415 ≤ 500
> 120 to ≤ 400 P250GH (1.0460) P250GH (1.0460) P250GH (1.0460)
13CrMo4/5 1.7335 ≤ 530
16Mo3 (1.5415)
> 400 to ≤ 500 16Mo3 (1.5415) 16Mo3 (1.5415)
13CrMo4-5 (1.7335) 13CrMo4-5 (1.7335)
With acceptance test certificate according to 10CrMo9-10 (1.7380)
DIN EN 10024 and AD 2000 datasheet W1, > 500 to ≤ 550 10CrMo9-10 (1.7380)
as well as TRD 101, with information on any

necessary austenitic materials according to DIN
EN 10028-7, such as where a requirement exists Notes
for condensing technologies, and acceptance Acceptance test certificates according to
test certificate according to DIN EN 10204 and DIN EN 10204, specifically with additional
AD 2000 datasheet W2, as well as TRD 101. reference to AD 2000 datasheet W9 and
TRD 100
As standard, flange types 11 (welding neck
Material Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) flanges) and 05 (blank flanges) should be
X6CrNiMoTI 17-12-2 1.4571 ≤ 550 selected
X6CrNiTI18-10 1.4541 ≤ 550 According to the standard, Form B2 is
recommended for the design of sealing
strips of steam and hot water pipework
and Form B1 for cold water pipework
(≤ 50 °C)
Welding ends of welding neck flanges
must comply with the subsequent
pipe diameters, taking into account a
permissible edge offset (± 8 % to ± 10 %
of the wall thickness (T) to be joined
according to DIN EN 10216-2/10217 -2,
but with ≤ 2 mm recommended); see
Fig. D.8.2.3-2 and Fig. D.8.2.3-3
DIN EN ISO 5817 - quality categories for

imperfections - must also be observed here.
Note
Respectively observing a permissible operating
pressure due to "decay" of the temperature-
dependent material yield point.
D.8 Pipework
Fig. D.8.2.3–2 Pipe/pipe connection

Key
60° Di Pipe/flange internal diameter
DNP Pipe straight-through nominal
diameter (external diameter)
X
s‘P/sP Pipe wall thickness
sPF Flange wall thickness
Δx Edge offset (max. ≤ 2 mm)
Swg Weld gap
1
˞ 15° adjustment to Di at Δx > 2 mm
2
15
°a
tX
≥
3
Fig. D.8.2.3–3 Pipe/flange connection
60°
0-3
15
°
192/193
D.8.2.4 Nuts and bolts
With reference to and observance of

DIN EN 20898 on the project side -
unalloyed fasteners - and DIN EN 10268
- alloyed fasteners - and DIN EN 1515 -
selection of nuts and bolts, the following
recommendations are made:
Fig. D.8.2.4–1 Nuts and bolts
Temperature range (°C) Components PN16 PN25 to PN40 ≥ PN63 to ≤ 100
≤ 100 Bolt 5.6 -- --
Nut 5
> 100 to ≤ 300 Bolt 5.6 5.6 25CrMo4 (1.7218)
Nut 5 5 C35E (1.1181)
> 300 to ≤ 350 Bolt -- 25CrMo4 (1.7218) 25CrMo4 (1.7218)
Nut C35E (1.1181) C35E (1.1181)
> 350 to ≤ 400 Bolt -- 25CrMo4 (1.7218) 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709)
Nut C35E (1.1181) 25CrMo4 (1.7218)
> 400 to ≤ 450 Bolt -- 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709) 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709)
Nut 25CrMo4 (1.7218) 25CrMo4 (1.7218)
> 450 to ≤ 540 Bolt -- 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709) 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709)
Nut 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709) 21CrMoV5-7 (1.7709)
Austenite Bolta) A4-70 (A4-50) A4-70 (A4-50) --

≤ 400 Nuta) A4-70 (A4-50) A4-70 (A4-50)
Notes
Acceptance test certificate according
to DIN EN 10204 type 2.2 for fasteners
according to DIN EN 20898 (bolts 5.6 /
nuts 5), specifically with additional
reference to AD 2000 datasheet W7 and
TRD 106, recommending
- Type 3.1 - for nuts according to
DIN EN 10269 and

- Type 3.2 - for bolts according to
DIN EN 10269
For temperature ranges > 300 °C,
exclusive use of bolted connections with
reduced shank is recommended according
to DIN 2510
a)
Note:
A4-70 to M20 and > M20 (A4-50)
D.8 Pipework
Note
D.8.2.5 Gasket materials D.8.2.6 Valve body materials
Gasket materials must With reference to and observance of With reference to and observance of
be completely free of DIN EN 1514 on the project side - flanges and DIN EN 1503 and DIN EN 12516 on the project
asbestos. their joints - dimensions, type and materials, side - valve body materials - specifically with
the following recommendations are made in additional reference to TRD 110, Clause 2 and
accordance with DIN EN 28091: 3, the following recommendations are made:
As specified in chapter D.8.3.2, but with
Temperature range > 100 °C to ≤ 200 °C, additional supplements for ferritic and
flat gaskets made from fibrous materials austenitic castings, such as:
and/or from graphite with stainless steel
foil insert
Temperature range > 200 °C, flat gaskets
made from graphite with stainless steel foil
insert and/or chamber profile gaskets with
graphite seat and centring
Material Material no. Temperature range (°C) Nominal pressure range (PN)a)
Nodular cast iron 0.7043 ≤ 350 16 to ≤ 40
Ferritic casting:
GP 240 GH 1.0619 > 350 to ≤ 400 16 to > 63
G20Mo5 1.5419 > 400 to ≤ 490 16 to > 63
G17CrMo5-5 1.7357 > 490 to ≤ 570 16 to > 63
Austenitic casting:
GX5CrNiTi19-10 1.4308 > 570 to ≤ 600 16 to > 63
GX5CrNiMo19-11-2 1.4408 > 570 to ≤ 600 16 to > 63
Notes
In principle, use of cast iron valve
body with material no. 0.6025 is not
recommended
Exclusive use of corrosion-resistant
materials is recommended for valve
spindles
Use of nodular cast iron valve bodies with
material no. 07043 according to TRD 108
only up to straight-through nominal
diameters ≤ 150 (DN 175)
Acceptance test certificates according to
DIN EN 10204, specifically with additional
reference to TRD 110, Clause 6 for:
- Valve group 1 (DN x operating pressure
in bar ≥ 20,000) with test certificate

type 3.2
- Valve group 2 (DN x operating pressure
in bar < 20,000) with test certificate

type 3.1
a)Nominal pressure (PN) selection

as a function of a permissible
operating pressure due to "decay"
of the temperature-dependent
material yield point.
194/195
Note
D.8.2.7 Welding, weld seams etc. The following should be available from and/or
provided by the specialist welding company
In principle, necessary welding must be undertaking the work: Depending on the material
carried out by registered and qualified welding List of welders and valid welder test and the weld seam design,
professionals (welders). These welders certificates testing scopes of between
must submit welding certificates relating to Applicable procedure test 10 %, 25 % and 100 %
qualification tests according to DIN EN 287-1. (AD2000 HP2/1; DIN EN ISO 15614) may be necessary, with a
Welding instructions (WPS) recommendation (unless
For welding work, the AD 2000 HPO and otherwise specified) for
TRD 201 approvals are required, along with Non-destructive weld seam tests must category II and category III
the comprehensive qualification certificate be coordinated with the customer's QA pressure-bearing pipework
according to DIN 18800 and procedure tests department, on the basis of and in compliance components according to
according to DIN EN ISO 15614. with the AD 2000 worksheets and TRD 201, for the Pressure Equipment
circumferential, fillet and connector joints, on Directive of at least 25 %
Welded joints (weld seam preparations) must the basis of the aforementioned welding plans. and 100 % for austenitic
be formed according to DIN EN ISO 9692, Certified personnel must be provided for materials.
in compliance with the following aspects radiographic and ultrasonic testing, in
specified in Appendix [A7]: accordance with DIN EN 473.
Welding processes
Additional welding materials
Welding shielding gases
D.8 Pipework
D.8.3 Pipework calculations and sizing D.8.3.1 Calculation of the internal

pipe diameter
In the following, suggestions are provided for
necessary calculations. However, any detailed For calculation purposes, a flow velocity
discourse on physical processes is omitted. used in common-practice and determined as
cost-effectively based on experience forms
In individual cases, precise calculations must the basis for the "initial" approach and the
be carried out again by the implementers arising pressure and/or temperature losses are
(engineers) with the help of specific calculation recalculated accordingly.
programs. At the same time, the losses must comply
with permissible limits (specification by the
During the layout and sizing process, the system operator/customer).
following standards and regulations must be
observed by engineers: The values listed in the following table are
AD 2000 - worksheets (focussing on W4 recommended as standard values for the flow
- pipes, W7 - nuts and bolts, and W9 - velocities to be selected.
flanges, along with HP100R - pipework and
HP512R - testing of pipework)
TRDs (focussing on the TRDs for materials,
fabrication, calculation and testing)
In addition to DIN EN 13480, Part 1 to Part
7 (focussing on Part 2 - materials, Part 3 -
design and calculation, Part 4 - fabrication
and installation, and Part 5 - inspection and
testing)
196/197
Fig. D.8.3.1–1 Standard values for flow velocity (w):
Type of pipe Pressure range P (bar)* Flow velocity w (m/s)
Steam pipes:
Wet steam ≤ 10 10 - 20
Saturated steam ≤1 10 - 15
> 1 to ≤ 5 15 - 25
> 5 to ≤ 10 25 - 35
> 10 to ≤ 40 35 - 40
> 40 to ≤ 100 40 to ≤ 60
Superheated steam: as for saturated steam, but with selection of the respective "higher" velocity
Safety valve discharge pipes and start-up pipe Around atmospheric ≤ 70

(also mixing cooler air vent pipe)a) pressure
Exhaust vapour and waste steam pipes, expansion steam Around atmospheric 10 - 25
in condensate pipes (open system) pressure
Long-distance steam pipes < 40 ≤ 20
Water pipes:
Suction line ≥ 0.5 to ≤ 1

Condensate pipes
Pressure line ≥ 1 to ≤ 3

Feedwater pipes
Pressure line ≥ 2 to ≤ 3.5
Boiler lye and blow-down pipe ≥ 1 to ≤ 2

(without expansion steam)
Boiler lye and blow-down pipe ≤1 10 - 15

(with expansion steam) > 1 to ≤ 5 15 - 20
Drinking water and DHW pipes ≥ 1 to ≤ 2
Cooling water Suction line ≥ 0.5 to ≤ 1.5
Pressure line ≥ 1.0 to ≤ 3.5
Other pipes and ducts:
Compressed air lines ≥ 10 to ≤ 20
Natural gas pipes up to ≤ 0,05 ≥ 3 to ≤ 8

> 0.05 to ≤ 1 ≥ 5 to ≤ 10
> 1 to ≤ 6 > 10 to ≤ 25

Fuel oil pipes
Combustion air ducts Suction line ≥ 8 to ≤ 20
Flue ducts up to chimney connection ≥ 8 to ≤ 15
Note
With reference to none but "short" pipe lengths
to be expected in the steam boiler room, flow
velocities could be selected here close to the
specified upper limits.
a) For the mixing cooler ventilation

duct, flow velocities can be
selected according to specified
details due to the short-term
nature of loads from boiler
blow-down.
* The pressures referred to in this

manual are exclusively positive
pressures, unless explicitly stated
otherwise.
D.8 Pipework
D.8.3.2 Flow rate in pipes, calculation of Notes regarding case 1

the internal pipe diameter Calculation for the operational state based on
the equation for conversion of an air or gas
In the following, equations are presented for flow from the standard state to the operational
calculating volumetric flow rate, mass flow state with:
rate, flow velocity and internal pipe diameter.
7
From the general equation for volumetric ɘ Pu 9
9 ɘ 1૷[ [ >PuK@
S
flow rate V̇ = w x A, with A being the flow
cross-section (in m²), the following can be and/or the density directly with:
determined: [S
ˮNJPu ˮNJ1Pu[ >NJPu@
7
Volumetric flow rate
૷ GL[˭ although with each neglecting the "operating
ɘ
9 [Z >PuV@ pressures" (p in bar)
ˮ
Mass flow rate

GL[˭
૷ [ˮ[Z ˮ[9ɘ >NJV@

Flow velocity
9ɘ ૷
Z >PV@

GL [˭ GL[˭[ˮ
Internal pipe diameter

9ɘ ૷
Note GL [
˭[Z෭ [
෭ ˭[ˮ[Z
>P@
ˮ, Y (see [Tb. 2]) for with calculation variables for:

steam and water) w Flow velocity (see standard values from
and properties for air, table in chapter D.8.3.1, Fig. D.8.3.1-1)
flue gas, natural gas, ˮ Density of the medium (in kg/m³) (ˮ = 1/Y)
fuel oil according to Y Specific volume of the medium in
overview (approximately) [m3/kg] = where p=1/Y
Fig. D.8.3.2-1.
Fig. D.8.3.2–1 Density (kg/m³) overview for various media
Medium ˮ [T = (15 °C) 20 °C] ˮ [T = 50 °C] ˮ [T = 100 °C] ˮ [T = 0 °C (standard state)]
Air1 1.207 1.095 0.948 1.293
Flue gas1 1.251 1.135 0.983 1.34
Natural (E) 0.732 -- -- 0.784

gas1 (LL) 0.774 0.829
(EL) (840) 815 -- --

Fuel oil1
(S) (960) 940 910 --
198/199
Sample calculation 1 - steam pipe Sample calculation 2 - natural gas pipework
Saturated steam/fresh steam output Saturated steam parameters as in 1st sample calculation, plus:
૷ FS = 12,000 kg/h
Saturated steam enthalpy (from [Tb. 2]) = 0.7744 kWh/kg
Saturated steam/fresh steam pressure
Feedwater enthalpy (from [Tb. 2])
pB = 13 bar
(assuming feedwater temperatures Tfw ≈ 104 °C) = 0.1213 kWh/kg
Specific steam volume (from [Tb. 2])
Steam boiler efficiency Š K(M))
Y''B = 0.1414 m³/kg
with ECO type 200 (from Vitomax 200-HS datasheet) ≈ 94.6 %
Selected flow velocity from
Lower net calorific value Hi-natural gas = 10.35 kWh/Nm³
Fig. D.8.3.1-1 w ≈ 35 m/s
Fuel demand સ F (see chapter D.4.3.1) from:
Required internal pipe diameter
NJK[N:KNJN:KNJ[
9ɘ સ)ป ป1PuK
GL [
෭ ˭[Z
N:K1Puy
NJKyPuNJ K
Natural gas flow pressure (assumption) ≈ 4.0 bar
[
෭ ˭[PV
[
V
P
Conversion of fuel demand (સ F ) into operational state (સ*F ) at 20 °C ambient temperature

Selected: DN 125 according to DIN EN 10216-2
સ )ป [ ปPuK

For standard wall

thickness s= 4.0 mm
Selected flow velocity from Fig. D.8.3.1-1 ≈ 17 m/s
External diameter da = 139.7 mm
Required internal pipe diameter
Internal diameter di = 131.7 mm
PuK
ZDYDLO
[NJK[PuNJ[K
>PV@
GL [
෭ ˭[VK[PV
P
Ptt[˭[V
Selected: DN 65 according to DIN EN 10216-2

thus yielding a maximum flow velocity (wavail) of
For standard wall thickness s = 2.9 mm
34,62 m/s < w selected
External diameter da= 76.1 mm
Internal diameter di = 70.3 mm
4 x 173.59 m³ x h
wavail = 0.07032 m2 x 3600 s/h x = 12.43 m/s
˭
thus available flow velocity wavail < wselected

D.8 Pipework
D.8.3.3 Pressure losses v- the kinematic viscosity of the medium (in

[m²/s]) and/or
The pressure loss in a pipeline results from Š- the dynamic viscosity from
the sum of individual losses from all pipeline
components, such as pipes, fittings, valves,
changes in cross-section and other inbuilt
Š Y[ˮLQ > NJ
P[V
3D[V
1V
Pt @
parts. In the case of gaseous media, the (see following tabular overview for several
change in volume of the flowing medium due selected media)
to expansion must be considered. However, and
this parameter is omitted in the following di - the internal pipe diameter (in [m]) and/or
calculations due to its negligible impact on dgl - the equivalent diameter in the case of
the result. The pressure loss calculations for an angular cross-section (in [m]) (see
liquids and gases are therefore the same in description in D.3.4-B)
this context.
and therefore the drag coefficient - ˨R from the
If the pipeline has different diameters (changes equations for
in cross-section), the associated pressure
losses must be determined accordingly in laminar flow
sections. Re ≤ 2300
According to [L8] and [L9], the "total pressure ˨Rb) = 64 / Re [-]

losses" Δˮtot to be expected are calculated
from: turbulent flow - assuming a "smooth pipe" for
ranges Re ≤ 105
ෙSWRW
ˮ

[Zt
˨5
/
GL
ːˣ (
[

>EDU@
˨5E

>@
෭5
H
with the individual calculation variables for:

ː ˣE - Sum of all individual resistancesa) turbulent flow - assuming a "smooth pipe" for
dimensionless (see [Tb. 4]) and/or [L5/L9] ranges Re ≥ 105 to ≤ 108
L- Pipeline length in [m]
di - Internal pipe diameter in [m] ˨5E []
5H
ˮ= 1/v (density of medium, see chapter
D.8.3.2) in [kg/m³] and
w - Selected and/or available flow velocity
[wavail] (see chapter D.8.3.1 and/or for the "completely rough pipe"
D.8.3.2) in (m/s)
˨R - Drag coefficient (coefficient of friction) of ˨5F >@
OJ[ N5
the pipeline, dimensionless, determined
GL
as a function of available flow types
(laminar and/or turbulent). The flow type
is based on the dimensionless index
(Re), the so-called Reynolds' number,
calculated from:
Z[GLGJO ˮ[Z[GL
5H >@
˪ Š
and
a)
Specific information from the valve
manufacturer, if applicable, should
also be observed here.
b)
˨R - depends only on the Re number.
c)
˨R - depends only on the relative
roughness - kR/di.
200/201
with wall roughness values (kR) to be assumed

here according to table:
Fig. D.8.3.3–1 Wall roughness
Material Steel pipes Steel pipes Cast iron Cast iron pipes Concrete Concrete Sheet metal PVC/PE
condition (new) (rusty) pipes (new) (rusty) (smooth) (rough) ducts (seamed) pipes
kR (mm) 0.04 - 0.1 0.4 - 0.6 0.5 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.5 0.3 - 0.8 1.0 - 3.0 0.15 0.007
See also specifications in chapter G
[Tb. 3]
Notes
1. Values for ˨R can be determined reliably as
a function of the Re number and the quotient
di/kR from the enclosed diagram in chapter G
[Tb.3.1].
2. An estimate of ˨R ≈ 0.02 to 0.04 can be

selected with sufficient accuracy for rough
calculations.
Extra assistance for calculating pressure

losses in a straight pipeline for the media
steam and water can also be provided with
sufficient accuracy by the enclosed diagrams
in [Tb. 4; 4.1.8].
d)
In the diagram in chapter G, Tb.4.0,
˨R values of 0.0206 (according
to Eberle) have been used and
therefore contain corresponding
reserves compared with the
depicted calculations.
D.8 Pipework
Overview of kinematic viscosity (Y) for

selected media [L9] [L11]
Fig. D.8.3.3–2 Saturated steam
ts (°C) 100 120 150 180 200 230 250 280 300
Y (m²/s) y 10-6 20.013 11.463 5.469 2.929 2.033 1.241 0.913 0.6 0.461
Sample calculation 1 - Steam line pressure loss (ΔpR)

Note for superheated steam: see diagram according
to Timroth; the values for saturated steam can also Values corresponding to chapter D.8.3.2 (for 1st
be selected here with sufficient accuracy. sample calculation) plus
Fig. D.8.3.3–3 Superheated steam – diagram according to Timroth Steam density
1 1 kg
ˮ'' = = = 7.072 kg/m3
Y
0.1414 m³
$EVROXWH
SUHVVXUHLQEDU
Internal pipe diameter di = 0.1317 m
300
250
Available flow velocity
200
wavail = 34.62 m/s
'\QDPLFYLVFRVLW\ǹLQ3DyV
150
100 Pipe length (assumed) L = 20 m

80
60 Saturated steam temperature (Ts from Tb. 2) ≈ 195 °C
40
20
Viscosity at
Ts (approximated) ≈ 2.257 · 10-6 m²/s

6WHDPWHPSHUDWXUH7LQr&
Reynolds' number Re
34.62 m/s x 0.1317 m

R e = 2.02 x 10 6 > 10 5 [-]
2.257 x 10 -6 m2 /s
Fig. D.8.3.3–4 Fuel oil – air – water – flue gas
Drag coefficient for "smooth pipe"

T (°C) 20 50 100
Oil Y (m²/s) x 10-6 Y (m²/s) x 10-6 Y (m²/s) x 10-6 0.221

˨R = 0.0032 +
Fuel oil (S) 1520 300 30 (2.02 · 10 6) 0.237
Fuel oil (EL) 5.0 2.6 /

0.221
Air a) = 0.0032 + = 0.0103 [-]
at 1.013 bar absolute 15.11 17.94 23.06
31.215
at 5 bar absolute 3.105 3.657 4.712 yielding

Water 1.004 0.553 0.295
7.072 kg/m3 20 m 1
ΔpR =
2 (
x (34.62 m/s)2 x 0.0103 x
0.1317 m ) x
10 5
= 0.0663 bar or 0.003315 bar/m
Normal practice and acceptable pressure losses of

ΔpR ≈ 0.003 bar/m of pipe can be used.
a) Also applies approximately to

natural gas.
b) (Source: Weishaupt) on
combustion of fuel oil with an
excess of air (˨L) between 1.1
to 1.2.
202/203
Ex. 2 - Pressure loss in the feedwater suction line (ΔpR/S) Cont. - Pressure loss in the feedwater suction line (ΔpR/S) Note
Feedwater suction line: Standard practice and acceptable pressure losses of

ΔpR/S ≈ 10 to 20 mmWC per metre of pipe can be In light of the
Amount of feedwater ૷fw = 12,000 kg/h
recommended. information specified
Feedwater temperature Tfw = 104 °C in chapter D.6.1,
sizing of the suction
Feedwater density (according to [Tb. 2])
Wit additional assumptions for: line for values of
ˮfw = 955 kg/m³
Δptot/s ≤ 500 mmWC is
Suction line length - total Ltot = 5 m
Selected flow velocity (see standard values in table recommended.
in chapter D.8.3.1) Individual filter resistance (1x) (clean)
w = 1.0 m/s ˣ F ≈ 3.0
Pipe length (assumed) L=1m
Individual valve resistance (2x)
Required internal pipe diameter ˣV ≈ 2 x 3.7 = 7.4
12,000 kg/h x s xh Individual 90° bend resistance (3x)

di erf = 2 x √ = 0.0668 m
˭ x 955 kg/m 3 x 1 m x 3600 s ˣ B ≈ 3 x 0.2 = 0.6
selected: DN 65 according to DIN EN 10216-2 Sum of individual resistances:

ːˣE = 3.0 + 7.4 + 0.6 = 11
For standard wall thickness s = 2.9 mm
Total suction line pressure loss
External diameter da = 76.1 mm
Internal diameter di = 70.3 mm ෙSWRWV
NJP
EDUP[P[ [PV[
resulting in an available flow velocity of
4 x 12,000 kg/h x h
wavail = = 0.89 m/s EDU
0.07032 m2 x 3.14 x 955 kg/m3 x 3600 s
DQG
Viscosity at Tfw ≈ 0.295 x 10-6 m²/s [EDU[PP:&

ෙSWRWV PP:&
[[EDU
Reynolds' number
0.89 m/s x 0.0703 m

Re = = 2.21 x 10 5 > 10 5 [-]
0.295 m2 /s x 10 -6
Drag coefficient for "smooth pipe"
0.221
˨ R = 0.0032 +
(2.12 x 10 5) 0,237
0.221
= 0.0032 + = 0.0153 [-]
18.29
922 1 1
ΔpR/S =
2 (
x 0.89 2 x 0.0153 x
0.0703 ) x
10 5
= 0.000823 bar/m
and
0.000823 x bar x mmWC

ΔpR/S = = 8.39 mmWC/m
9.81 x 10 -5 x bar x m
D.8 Pipework
D.8.3.4 Heat and temperature losses insulation. Insofar as is dictated by process-

related issues, the insulation thickness should
Heat losses can arise due to conduction, be determined independently from economic
convection and radiation. Two or even all three principles.
types frequently occur together as a thermal
transfer. Notes regarding
Conduction, convection and radiation of heat A) Contact protection insulation
are different processes subject to different Contact protection is recommended
physical laws, which need not be described in in cases where, at normal operating
any greater detail in the following. temperature, object surface temperatures
Thermal insulation has the task of > 60 °C can occur "temporarily", e.g.
economically minimising these losses to discharge pipes and objects partially
the greatest extent possible. With reference accessible for inspection of certain
to and in compliance with the following surfaces (platforms, walkways, etc.).
specified standards and directives, losses of In individual cases, perforated sheet steel
≤ 100 W/m² surface area and maintenance of covers (without insulation material) can
average thermal conductivity coefficients (see be provided instead of thermal insulation,
Fig. D.8.3.4-1) must be ensured. e.g. drainage systems, ventilation facilities
or as large-area contact protection
Fig. D.8.3.4–1 Coefficients of thermal conductivity
on steam boiler components etc., in
Mean temperature in °C 50 100 150 200 250 350 accessible areas.
Thermal conductivity coefficient 0.04 0.045 0.055 0.065 0.075 0.09
(W/mK) for: Mineral fibre shells B) Low temperature insulation or insulation for
Thermal conductivity coefficient the prevention of condensation
0.035 0.039 0.046 0.055 0.066 0.081
(W/mK) for: Mineral fibre mats In this case, the insulation is designed
according to criteria for the prevention of

In the case of "normal" air movement (wind condensation forming on "cold-running"
speeds < 5 m/s), maintaining a surface pipework systems (e.g. untreated and
temperature on the exterior of the sheet metal softened water pipes). The specific
jacket no higher than 20 K above ambient circumstances must be taken into
temperature is recommended. consideration here on a system-related
basis. Use can be made with sufficient
The following fundamental standards should accuracy of the typical values in the
be observed: following table in accordance with
DIN 4102-T1 - (building material category Appendix [L10]; see Fig. D.8.3.4-3.
A1)
DIN 4140 - Insulation work on industrial C) Protection against moisture
installations and building equipment; Insulating materials must be protected
execution of thermal and cold insulations with appropriate measures against
Technical datasheets from the moisture, such as ingress of rainwater. The
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau e. V. insulating materials must be stored and laid
(AGI worksheets) in an absolutely dry environment. Reuse of
VDI Guideline 2055 - Thermal insulation insulation that has become "damp" is not
for heated and refrigerated industrial and recommended.
domestic installations Additional installation of suitable
EnEV - [German] Energy Saving Ordinance monitoring systems is recommended for
(minimum requirement according to pipework in the open air, such as long-
paragraph 12) distance pipeline systems.
In the enclosed tables (see Appendix [A2]), D) Heat loss and temperature drop in "hot-
typical values are provided with sufficient running" pipes
accuracy for determining cost-effective thermal With reference to the specifications in
insulation of pipes and contact protection [L5] and [L10], the arising losses can be
calculated in simplified terms as follows:
204/205
+HDWORVV Calculation example Note
˭[707$[/3 With data according to 1st sample calculation -

ɘ /3
4 >:@ It is assumed that
'D steam pipework, as in chapter D.8.3.2:
ᔉ flanges and valves are
˨ 'L ˞D['D Steam output ૷ M = 12,000 kg/h ฬ 3.33 kg/s
installed throughout
Steam temperature T M = 195 °C with thermal insulation
With calculation variables for: and can therefore
Ambient temperature TA (assumed) = 20 °C
Media temperature - T M [°C] be included in
Ambient temperature - TA [°C] Pipe length L P (assumed) = 1 m the calculation as
Insulating material coefficient of thermal continuous pipes.
Insulation internal diameter Di = 139.7 mm
conductivity - ˨[W/mK] (with reference to TM) Heat losses caused by
(External pipe diameter)
External/internal diameter of the insulation pipe brackets should
Da/Di in [m] Insulation external diameter Da = 279.7 mm also be considered,
Heat transfer coefficient at the insulation (assumed in accordance with selected if applicable, with a
surface - ˞a in [W/m²K] with typical values insulation thickness of 70 mm from [A5]) proportionate loss of
for - ˞a: 15 % (for interiors) to
Insulating material coefficient ˨ ≈ 0.055 W/mk
25 % (for arrangements
of thermal conductivity
in the open air).
(assuming mineral fibre mats)
Exceptions to this
Heat transfer coefficient ˞a ≈ 3.5 W/m² K rule are valves with
(assumed) electronic sensors or
actuators. Due to their
˭ x (T M - TA ) x L P
Q̇L/P ≈ heat sensitivity, such
1 Da 1
ᔉ + valves must not be
Fig. D.8.3.4–2 Heat transfer coefficient 2˨ Di ˞a x Da enclosed in insulating
material, e.g. steam
Vertical pipes ˞ a≈ 5.6 W/m²K Z˭[[
in buildings :P output meter.

Horizontal pipes ˞ a≈ 3.5 to 5.6 W/m²K ᔉ
[ [
in buildings with
Da ≤ 1000 mm
Pipes in open air ˞ a≈ 20 to 40 W/m²K

up to Da ≤ 700 mm and with reference to a 1 m² surface:
Q̇L/P ≈ 74.94 W/m x 1/(0.2797 x 3.14 x m/m²)
≈ 85.33 W/m2
Temperature drop (ΔTM) and with specific thermal capacity

In general the following applies with reference (cpM - for steam from [Tb2]) ≈ 2939 Ws/kgK
to the flowing medium (in ૷M):
results in
ɘ /3 ૷0[FS0[ෙ70:
4
ΔT M = Q̇L/P/ (૷ M x cpM)
or = 74.94/(3.33 x 2939) W/m kg K s / (Ws kg m)
= 0.00766 K/m
ɘ /3૷0[FS0
ෙ70 4
With calculation variables for:

Heat loss Q̇L/P - in [W and/or W/m]
Medium mass flow rate - ૷ M in [kg/s]
Specific thermal capacity - cpM of the
flowing medium at constant pressure in
[Ws/kg K] where:
Fig. D.8.3.4–3 Insulation thickness as a function of relative humidity
cpWater ≈ 4200 Ws/kgK and
cpSteam - [Tb. 2] diagram for saturated steam Air temperature (°C): 20 25 30 35
and
Dew point temperature (°C):
[Tb. 2.3] diagram for superheated
80 % 16.5 21.4 26.3 31.0
steam
Air at relative humidity: 85 % 17.5 22.4 27.3 32.2
90 % 18.5 23.5 28.4 33.3
Economical insulation Inside buildings 40 65 90 110

thickness (in mm): Outside buildings 10 20 25 30
D.8 Pipework
Notes Fig. D.8.3.4–4 Diagram for determining heat transfer coefficient ke
Flanges and pipe
brackets cause

additional heat
losses. Insulated

flanges are included

in calculations as
continuous pipes,

while insulated

flanges with flange

caps must be

considered by adding

1 m to the pipe

length. Pipe brackets

increase heat losses

in the interior by
Source: GESTRA
≈ 15 % and in the
open air by ≈ 25 %

Detailed calculations
- see VDI Guideline

2055
Although
Fig. D.8.3.4–5 Diagram for determining diameter factor fd
documented
sufficiently for

practitioners in

chapter D.8.3.4
!

Source: GESTRA

Fig. D.8.3.4–6 Diagram for determining wind factor fW

Source: GESTRA
˨ - Coefficient of thermal conductivity

for selected insulating material (see

also table Fig. 8.3.4-1)
206/207
E) Heat loss and temperature drop in "hot-

running" pipes
With the help of empirical equations and
layout diagrams (source: Gestra), the

following can be determined on the basis
of the cited calculation examples:
Heat loss (Q̇i) for 1 m pipe length in the
building:
Q̇i = ke x fd x (T M - TA ) in [W/m] and
Heat loss (Q f) for 1 m pipe length in the
open air:
Q̇f = ke x fd x f w x (T M - TA ) in [W/m]
Media temperature - T M (°C)
Ambient temperature - TA (°C)
and the reading (see Fig. D.8.3.4-4 to
Fig. D.8.3.4-6) for:
Heat transfer coefficient for a - ke (W/m² K)
for an even wall

Diameter correction factor - fd (m²/m)
Wind factor - f w
Insulating layer thickness s = 40 mm
Coefficient of thermal conductivity ˨ = 0.058 W/m K
External pipe diameter da = 48.3 mm
Temperature of the medium T M = 160 °C
Ambient temperature TA = 20 °C
Reading: ke = 1.25 W/m² K
fd = 0.27 m²/m
fw = 1.068
Result for the interior:
Q̇i = ke x fd x (T M - TA )
= 1.25 W/m² K x 0.27 m²/m x (160 - 20) °C
= 47.3 W/m
Result for open air:
Q̇f = ke x fd x f w x (T M - TA )
= 1.25 W/m² K x 0.27 m²/m x 1.068 x (160 - 20) °C
= 50.5 W/m
D.8 Pipework
Temperature drop (ΔTM) in "hot-running" pipes

(water-bearing):
The following rule of thumb applies:

ΔTM = Q̇i(f) / (cpw x ૷w) [K/m]

Heat loss - Q̇i and/or Q̇f - [W/m] see
calculation example 1 under E)
Specific thermal capacity - [Ws/kg K]
cpWater ≈ 4200 Ws/kg K and
Water mass flow rate ૷ W [kg/s]
Temperature drop (ΔTS) in "hot-running" pipes

(steam-bearing):
As for water-bearing, but with the assistance
of and readings from Fig. D.8.3.4-5
Steam temperature = 220 °C
Steam pressure = 10 bar (abs)
Steam mass flow rate = 30 x 10 3 kg/h
Heat loss Q̇f

(see sample calculation 1) = 50.5 W/m
Result from Fig. D.8.3.4-5

ΔT S ≈ 0.0028 K/m
208/209
Fig. D.8.3.4–5 Diagram for determining temperature drop as a function of steam temperature, steam pressure and steam mass flow rate

!

Source: GESTRA

D.8 Pipework
D.8.4 Strength, expansion, support spans, A) Strength

clearances, routing / mountings For the purpose of ensuring an "adequate"
pipe wall thickness, the pipes must be sized
The major applicable calculation and sizing accordingly, with reference to cited standards
principles to be taken into consideration and regulations, for the arising operating
during engineering were described by way of conditions (static loads up to 120 °C and/or
introduction in chapter D.8.3. > 120 °C as well as varying loads).
In the final analysis, the selected pipe wall
The materials flowing through a pipeline thickness to be implemented (sselected) must
subject the pipe walls to loads due to satisfy the conditions: sselected ≥ SV + C1 + C2.
positive or negative pressure. In addition
to these loads, thermal stresses due to the Where:
arising temperature gradient in the pipe SV - The calculated required wall thickness
wall must also be considered in the case of C1 - Supplement taking account of the
hot-running pipes. permissible shortfall in wall thickness
This temperature gradient is of particular C2 - Supplement for corrosion and wear
significance when starting up and
shutting down the system, especially with
"thick-walled" pipes.
Further loads arise due to prevented changes

in length of the pipework system between
the fixed points and restrictions resulting from
deflection between the individual supports.
210/211
B) Expansion This applies primarily to:

Pipes bearing "hot-running" flow media Valves and connectors on steam boilers
undergo a change in length (ΔL) during Note: In this context, Viessmann requires
operation. "stress-free" connection
Calculated from ΔL = Lo x ˞ x ΔT in [mm], Valves and connectors on pumps in the
where system
Lo - Rectilinear distance between two Valves and connectors on the thermal
fixed points in the pipework system devices in the system
in [m]
˞ - Expansion coefficient for ferrous With the commencement of engineering
materials ˞ ≈ 12 x 10 -6 [m/mK] the installation of individual components,
ΔT - Temperature increase [K], the possibility must be investigated at this
for example: early stage of a "structurally soft" mounting
ΔT = (120 °C - 20 °C) = 100 K of the pipework system, by means of routing
Lo = 1 m options and incorporating appropriate "natural"
ΔL = 1 m x 12 x 10 -6 m/mK x 100 K pipe deviations for the purpose of expansion
= 1.2 x 10 -3 m = 1.2 mm/m compensation.
In order to avoid excessively high forces at One good option is the inclusion of so-called
the fixed points, provision must be made for pipe-leg expansion joints (see diagram for
appropriately designed expansion joints. Pre- pipes according to DIN EN 10220). Pipe-leg
stressing of the pipe can compensate for the and U-bend expansion joints are manufactured
stresses caused by thermal expansion during from the same material as the pipe in
operation. Where this is not possible naturally, question. The pipe legs are pre-stressed
appropriate expansion joints (compensators) during installation with 50 % of the expected
must be included in the design in the form of expansion (ΔL).
pipe-leg and horseshoe-bend expansion joints,
lyra expansion loops, or axial, restrained, and
angular expansion joints.
Precise calculation of the reaction forces

occurring at the respective fixed points is
difficult and should be carried out with the help
of conventional computer programs, such as
Fig. D.8.4–1 Expansion compensator diagram
"ROHR-2".
The determination of permissible reaction m

0 0m
forces (lateral forces) and torques is carried out =4
nf
Required pipe leg length in m
on the basis of and in compliance with relevant

atio
manufacturer's specifications. ns
pe
om
nc
sio
p an
Ex
Fixed point
.
I = Expansion in mm
Da = Ext. pipe dia. in mm
l = pipe leg length in m
Nominal diameter
D.8 Pipework
C) Support span
The effects of inertia forces (line stress due
to insulation, pipe filling and pipe weight) on
the permissible deflection and/or permissible
stress are limited by the definition of suitable
support spans.
Proof of permissibility is considered to have
been furnished if the support spans according
to AD 2000 - datasheet HP100R - are observed
for the steel pipeline.
Fig. D.8.4–2 Extract: permissible support span in (m) for steel pipes
Nominal diameter DN 25 DN 40 DN 50 DN 80 DN 100 DN 150
Pipe wall thickness

2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.5 2.3 5.6 2.6 6.3 2.6 7.1
(s in mm)
Permissible support span, L1 in m
Empty pipe
2.9 2.9 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.4 5.5 5.4 6.3 6.2 7.6 7.5
(uninsulated)
Water-filled pipe
2.7 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.9 4.1 4.6 5.0 5.1 5.6 5.8 6.6
(uninsulated)
Water-filled pipe (insulated)

2.0 2.2 2.5 2.3 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.5 4.6 5.2 5.4 6.3
Dda) 40

1.8 2.0 2.8 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.4 5.0 5.2 6.1
Dda) 80
Fig. D.8.4–3 Extract: permissible support span in (m) for steel pipes
Nominal diameter DN 200 DN 250 DN 300 DN 350 DN 400 DN 500
Pipe wall thickness

2.9 7.1 2.9 7.1 2.9 8.0 3.2 8.8 3.2 10.0 4.0 11.0
(s in mm)
Permissible support span, L1 in m
Empty pipe
8.7 8.7 9.7 9.7 10.6 10.6 11.1 11.1 11.9 11.8 13.3 13.2
(uninsulated)
Water-filled pipe
6.5 7.4 6.9 8.0 7.3 8.7 7.7 9.1 8.0 9.7 8.9 10.7
(uninsulated)

6.1 7.1 6.6 7.7 7.0 8.4 7.4 8.8 7.7 9.5 8.7 10.5
Dda) 40

5.9 6.9 6.5 7.6 6.9 8.3 7.3 8.7 7.6 9.4 8.6 10.4
Dda) 80
a)
Dd = Insulation thickness in [mm].
212/213
Based on empirical values and applicable in

practice, the following information summarised
in tables a) to e) is of use in initial design
considerations:
Fig. D.8.4–4 a) Support span (b) in (m) for PVC pipes, hard PVC up to 20 °C (source: Gestra)
Nominal diameter DN 25 DN 32 DN 40 DN 50 DN 65 DN 80 DN 100 DN 125 DN 200
Support span (m) 1.0 1.1 1.25 1.4 1.5 1.65 1.85 2.15 2.6
For steel pipes (source: Mannesmann) with

a permissible deflection (fperm = 5 mm) and
permissible stress (˰perm = 40 N/mm²)
Fig. D.8.4–5 b) Support spans in (m) - seamless steel pipe (d x s) - with water and insulation thickness (Dd)
d mm s mm qM kg/m Dd = 50 mm 100 mm 150 mm 200 mm 250 mm 300 mm

0 mm
60.3 2.9 6.4 4.1 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9
63.5 2.9 6.9 4.2 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.9
70.0 2.9 8.0 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1
76.1 3.2 9.6 4.5 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4
88.9 3.2 12.1 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.7
101.6 3.6 15.7 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.2
108.0 3.6 17.2 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4
114.3 3.6 18.8 5.4 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.5
127.0 4.0 23.3 5.7 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0
133.0 4.0 25.0 5.8 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1
139.7 4.0 27.0 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2
159.0 4.5 34.8 6.3 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7
168.3 4.5 38.1 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.0 4.9
193.7 5.6 52.1 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5
219.1 6.3 66.6 7.4 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0
244.5 6.3 79.2 7.7 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.4
273.0 6.3 94.7 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.7
323.9 7.1 130.8 8.6 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.5
355.6 8.0 159.2 9.1 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.0
406.4 8.8 205.0 9.7 9.4 9.3 9.1 9.0 8.8 8.7
457.0 10.0 260.2 10.3 10 9.9 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.3
508.0 11.0 320.3 10.8 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.9
610.0 12.5 453.0 11.7 11.5 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0
D.8 Pipework
Fig. D.8.4–6 c) Support spans in (m) - welded steel pipe (d x s) - with water and insulation thickness (Dd)

0 mm
60.3 2.9 6.4 4.1 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9
63.5 2.9 6.9 4.2 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.9
70.0 2.9 8.0 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1
76.1 2.9 9.1 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.3
88.9 2.9 11.6 4.8 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6
101.6 2.9 14.3 5.0 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.9
108.0 2.9 15.7 5.1 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.4 3.1
114.3 2.9 17.2 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.2
127.0 3.2 21.2 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.6
133.0 3.2 22.8 5.6 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.8
139.7 3.2 24.7 5.7 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2 3.9
159.0 3.2 30.6 6.0 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.3
168.3 3.6 35.0 6.2 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.6
193.7 3.6 44.2 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0
219.1 4.0 56.2 6.9 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5
244.5 4.0 67.7 7.2 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8
273.0 4.0 81.7 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.2
323.9 4.0 109.9 7.9 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.7
355.6 4.0 129.6 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.0
406.4 5.0 172.9 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.1 7.9 7.8
457.0 5.0 212.7 9.2 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.3 8.2
508.0 5.0 256.8 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.0 8.8 8.7 8.6
559.0 6.0 316.8 10.1 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.2
610.0 6.0 370.2 10.4 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.6
660.0 6.0 426.6 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.9
711.0 6.0 488.1 10.9 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1
762.0 6.0 553.7 11.1 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.4
813.0 6.0 623.3 11.3 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6
864.0 6.0 697.1 11.5 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9
914.0 6.0 773.4 11.7 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.1
1016.0 6.0 941.1 12.1 11.9 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.5
214/215
Fig. D.8.4–7 d) Support spans in (m) - seamless steel pipe (d x s) - empty pipe and insulation thickness (Dd)

0 mm
60.3 2.9 4.1 4.6 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.9
63.5 2.9 4.3 4.7 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.0
70.0 2.9 4.8 4.9 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.2
76.1 3.2 5.8 5.1 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.5
88.9 3.2 6.8 5.6 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.8
101.6 3.6 8.7 6.0 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.4
108.0 3.6 9.3 6.1 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.5
114.3 3.6 9.8 6.3 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.7
127.0 4.0 12.1 6.7 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1
133.0 4.0 12.7 6.8 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.3
139.7 4.0 13.4 7.0 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4
159.0 4.5 17.1 7.5 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9
168.3 4.5 18.2 7.7 6.8 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.1
193.7 5.6 26.0 8.3 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.8
219.1 6.3 33.1 8.8 8.0 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.4
244.5 6.3 37.0 9.3 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.4 7.1 6.8
273.0 6.3 41.4 9.8 9.0 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.6 7.3
323.9 7.1 55.5 10.7 9.9 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3
355.6 8.0 68.6 11.2 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.2 8.9
406.4 8.8 86.3 12.0 11.3 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.0 9.7
457.0 10.0 110.2 12.7 12.0 11.7 11.4 11.1 10.9 10.6
508.0 11.0 134.8 13.4 12.8 12.5 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.4
610.0 12.5 184.2 14.7 14.1 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.0 12.8
D.8 Pipework
Fig. D.8.4–8 e) Support spans in (m) - welded steel pipe (d x s) - empty pipe and insulation thickness (Dd)

0 mm
60.3 2.9 4.1 4.6 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.9
63.5 2.9 4.3 4.7 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.0
70.0 2.9 4.8 4.9 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.2
76.1 2.9 5.2 5.1 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.4
88.9 2.9 6.2 5.6 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.7
101.6 2.9 7.1 6.0 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.1
108.0 2.9 7.5 6.2 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.2
114.3 2.9 8.0 6.3 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.4
127.0 3.2 9.8 6.7 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.2 3.9
133.0 3.2 10.2 6.9 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.0
139.7 3.2 10.8 7.0 5.9 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2
159.0 3.2 12.3 7.5 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.6
168.3 3.6 14.6 7.7 6.6 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9
193.7 3.6 16.9 8.3 7.1 6.7 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.3
219.1 4.0 21.2 8.8 7.7 7.3 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.9
244.5 4.0 23.7 9.3 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.6 6.3
273.0 4.0 26.5 9.9 8.7 8.2 7.8 7.4 7.1 6.8
323.9 4.0 31.6 10.8 9.5 9.0 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.5
355.6 4.0 34.7 11.3 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.6 8.3 8.0
406.4 5.0 49.5 12.1 10.9 10.4 10.0 9.6 9.3 9.0
457.0 5.0 55.7 12.8 11.6 11.1 10.7 10.3 9.9 9.6
508.0 5.0 62.0 13.5 12.2 11.8 11.3 10.9 10.6 10.2
559.0 6.0 81.8 14.1 13.0 12.6 12.2 11.8 11.4 11.1
610.0 6.0 89.4 14.8 13.6 13.2 12.8 12.4 12.0 11.7
660.0 6.0 96.8 15.4 14.2 13.7 13.3 12.9 12.5 12.2
711.0 6.0 104.3 16.0 14.7 14.3 13.8 13.4 13.1 12.7
762.0 6.0 111.9 16.5 15.3 14.8 14.4 14.0 13.6 13.2
813.0 6.0 119.4 17.1 15.8 15.3 14.9 14.4 14.1 13.7
864.0 6.0 127.0 17.6 16.3 15.8 15.3 14.9 14.5 14.2
914.0 6.0 134.4 18.1 16.7 16.3 15.8 15.4 15.0 14.6
1016.0 6.0 149.4 19.1 17.7 17.2 16.7 16.3 15.8 15.5
216/217
D) Clearances
When routing pipes, attention should be paid
to adequate average spacing between pipe
centres and the building wall, as well as centre
clearances between pipes laid parallel to one
another.
Insulation and built-in pipeline components
(flanges, valves etc.) must remain accessible
at all times. Based on empirical values and
applicable in practice, the following are
recommended for initial design considerations:
Fig. D.8.4–9 Initial design considerations Note
Wall clearance (mm) with flange and/or valve
Nominal diameter (DN) 25 32 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500 Minimum clearance
Without insulation 150 150 150 150 150 200 200 200 250 300 300 400 450 between insulation and
With insulation 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 300 350 400 450 450 600 wall approx. 50 mm.
Wall clearance (mm) without flange and/or valve
Without insulation 150 150 150 150 150 200 200 200 250 300 300 350 400
With insulation 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 250 300 350 400 400 450
(Source: Mannesmann)
Fig. D.8.4–9 Initial design considerations Note
Centre clearances between uninsulated pipes

DN DN
25 40 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Minimum clearance
500 380 380 430 430 465 505 530 555 580 610 635 660 685 180 25 between insulation
450 355 355 405 405 430 455 505 530 555 580 610 635 200 185 40 and pipe surface
400 330 335 380 380 405 430 480 505 530 555 580 215 210 190 50 respectively approx.
350 330 330 355 355 380 405 455 480 480 505 265 240 230 215 80 50 mm
Flanges are assumed
300 305 305 330 355 355 380 405 455 480 305 285 260 255 235 100
250 280 280 305 305 330 355 380 405 360 335 310 290 280 265 150
as being offset to
200 250 250 280 280 305 330 355 435 395 370 350 325 315 300 200
one another
For media
150 225 225 225 250 250 280 485 460 425 395 375 360 345 325 250
temperatures
100 200 220 220 225 225 555 520 495 460 430 410 385 380 365 300
> 300 °C, centre
80 175 175 175 200 590 575 540 510 475 450 425 400 395 380 350
clearances must be
50 150 150 175 680 645 630 595 565 530 505 480 455 450 435 400
increased by 40 to
40 150 150 730 695 660 645 610 580 545 520 495 475 465 460 450
50 mm as of DN 50
25 150 790 765 730 695 680 645 615 580 555 530 510 500 460 500
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 80 50 40 25

DN DN
Centre clearances between insulated pipes
(Source: Mannesmann)
D.8 Pipework
E) Routing - mountings Mountings:

In the building and the steam boiler room Taking account of necessary support spans, with
respectively: reference to the expansion compensation that
Here, pipes should be routed as must be ensured, a diverse range of mounting
rectilinearly as possible (in the case designs are implemented in practice. Depending
of natural bends), close to supports on the forces and torques to be supported, a
and transverse beams. This facilitates demand-dependent decision is made between:
the installation of necessary supports, Friction bearing designs,
mountings or brackets. According to such as pipe clamps and pipe bearings
the relevant regulations (see chapter clamped with bearing slides
E.1 - installation), attention must be paid Friction bearing designs, force-guideda),
to optimum accessibility, operation, as above, but "blocked" in one direction of
maintenance and repair of individual motion (x and/or y direction)
components Fixed-point bearing designsb),
for example clamped with bearing slide
On a pipe bridge: and/or welded together with bearing slide
Outside the building and the steam boiler ("blocked" in x, y and z directions)
room respectively, individual routing is Sprung mountings, implemented in
preferred along the existing external the form of support and/or suspension
building wall. When routing several mountings as an alternative version of
pipelines (e.g. steam condensate, raw friction bearing design for the purpose
water and fuel pipes) from building to of absorbing a structurally verified
building over a "larger" distance, so-called vertical movement (+/- z direction) at the
pipe bridges should be employed mounting point
Fig. D.8.4–10 Mounting components
DN ≤ [m] for: Angular ≤ [m] for: U-bend

expansion joint expansion joint
50 to 80 50 100
100 to 150 70 140
200 to 250 80 160
300 to 350 90 180
≥ 400 100 200
a)
Friction bearing - positively guided,
guide spacing (LSBG) according to
empirical formula:
LSBG ≈ 0.08 x DN (in m);
for example, nominal pipe diameter
DN 125; provision of a positively
guided bearing design every
LSBG ≈ 0.08 x 125 = 10 m for
the purpose of preventing pipe
"deflection" in the y direction.
b)
Maximum distance between fixed
points in [m] (rectilinear standard
value) in the case of angular and
U-bend expansion joints. See
Fig. D.8.4-10.
218/219
D.8.5 Notes on design engineering of D.8.5.1 Steam pipes / steam distributors

selected pipework systems
Aside from suitability, one of the most
In the following, only pipework within the important aspects in designing steam
steam boiler room is considered. Statements pipework systems and routing steam pipework
and information provided are equally applicable is the operational reliability. Hence, the
to pipework systems outside the installation following recommendations are made on the
room, especially to those bearing steam basis of available empirical values:
and condensate. With particular reference
Note
to compliance with requirements according A) In principle, steam pipes must be routed
to AD 2000 regulations - datasheet HPOR sloping downwards in the flow direction
Clause 7.4 towards the required permanent drainage Do not select
point (see below in B). a lesser slope,
A) Routing of pipework in the areas of This applies equally to heating steam and otherwise drainage
operating and maintenance gangways saturated steam pipes with a slope of no of the pipe sections
must ensure unrestricted access in terms less than 1:200 to 1:100 or 0.5 to 1 %. would be hardly, if at
of compliance with headroom (according all, possible due to
to TRD 403 ≥ 2000 mm) and passage The steam pipes of a single or multi boiler the permissible pipe
height requirements. Routing of pipes system are normally routed to a (common) deflection (fperm)
directly above top edge floor (in the form steam distributor. The consumer pipes on the In principle, steam
of so-called "trip pipes") must be avoided. A customer side should be connected here, in branch lines must
conceivable alternative would be to lay or line with requirements, along with those for be connected at
route the pipes in ducts. internal system demands (thermal deaeration the top of the main
B) Regarding appropriate material selection system, space heating etc.) including spare steam pipe in order
with reference to the respectively expected connections, a connection for plant metrology to prevent ingress
operating temperatures, operating and connection to a permanent drainage of draining pipe
pressures (see chapter D.8.1.4) and rated point (see steam distributor diagram for a condensate
pressure stages, the specifications and recommended design).
recommendations detailed in chapter D.8.2
must also be observed.
D.8 Pipework
Fig. D.8.5.1–1 Proposed steam distributor design
ØF ØF
≥ ≥ +275
2 Lmin 2
D3 D4 D5 V E
R TI PI
*) *) *) *) *)
ØF Ø Fi Ø Fn K1
Ø Fi ØF
Hmin
2)
D11)
+150
K1
D1
2
D2 DN1 DN2
~150
K24)
DN1
KH KT
DN3
EL KOA
Key to Fig. D.8.5.1-1: K1 / K2 Basket and/or dished ends

D11) Steam distributor diameter in (mm)
(see Fig. 8.5.1-2) KH Ball valve
D22) Condensate/sludge collector diameter in (mm) KT Steam trap (normally bimetal controller or ball float)
(see Fig. 8.5.1-2) KOA Condensate drain pipe (feed) into the existing
D3 to D5 Connection internal diameters - steam boiler condensate system
feed pipe in (mm) EL Discharge into central drain network and/or
DN1 Residue drain nominal diameter, sludge and system mixing cooler
contamination removal (see Fig. 8.5.1-2) ØF Flange external diameter in (mm)
DN2 Permanent drainage and start-up drainage ØFi - Fn Flange external diameter "neighbouring"
nominal diameter (selected: DN 20) flanges in (mm)
DN3 Condensate drain pipe nominal diameter (selected: DN 25) Dd Insulation thickness in (mm)
TI/PI Temperature and pressure test port
(local and remote display)
D1
V Consumer connections (customer) Hmin3) Minimum flange connection height in (mm) ≥ + Dd + 100
2
E Consumer connections (internal demands)
R Spare connections (blank flange) ØF Ø Fi/n
Lmin Minimum centre clearances in (mm) ≥ + + 100
(normally approx. 0.25 x V) 2 2
220/221
Notes regarding
˭ ˭
1) Pipe cross-sectional area [ D12 ≈ 1.5 [ pipe cross-sectional area x (D32 + D42 + D52)
4 4
2) Central arrangement of the manifold below

the consumer connections (V)
3) Design observing same spindle axle
positions for the shut-off valves for *)
4) Alternative blank flange connection for K2
Fig. D.8.5.1–2 Diameter and internal diameter for residue drainage
D1 (mm) 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
D2 (mm) 80 100 100 100 150 150 200 200 200 250
DN 1 25 25 25 25 32 32 32 32 32 40
Fig. D.8.5.1–3 Steam distributor

D.8 Pipework
B) Drainage points (manual and/or automatic) superheated steam (≤ 50 K above saturated

are recommended before every change of steam temperature), standard drains
direction upwards, at low points, at pipe are just as suitable as those mentioned
ends and approx. every > 25 m to ≤ 100 m above. Special versions must be selected
of straight pipe length. for superheating temperatures > 50 K. A
The drainage points are normally connected standard drain could still be used if required,
to the relevant condensate manifold so long as the drain is situated approx. 1 to
and/or condensate collector taking into 2 m from the condensate connection and
consideration the available pressure levels. the pipe is left uninsulated.
The condensate arising from the steam
pipeline drainage point is normally In order to ensure optimum condensate
discharged into the open air due to the collection or drainage, the condensate collector
remoteness of the drainage point. connections are designed to be nearly as large
as the straight-through internal diameter of
Preferential use is made here of the steam-bearing pipe. The specifications in
thermodynamic steam traps. Float and Fig. D.8.5.1-4 and Fig. D.8.5.1-5 serve as a
thermostatic traps would be better, but engineering aid here.
they are much more expensive. For slightly
Fig. D.8.5.1–4 Nominal diameters of the steam and dewatering lines
D1 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600
D2 50 65 80 80 80 100 150 150 200 200 200 200 200 200
DN 1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
DN 2 20 25 25 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Fig. D.8.5.1–5 Diagram of dewatering line connection
Steam pipe slope direction 1:100 (1:50)
D1
≥ 250
~75
DN1
D2
DN2
EW1 KON EW2
Key:
a)
Impairment to visibility due to EW1 Drain, blow-down into the open
expansion steam and risk of EW2 Start-up drainage
scalding must be prevented. KOA Discharge to condensate collector
222/223
Note
C) Ventilation of steam-bearing systems is
normally provided at the end of the steam-
bearing pipe and/or directly upstream of the An air layer only
consumption connection. 1/10 mm thick provides
Automatic air vent valves are preferred about the same
in this instance over manual ventilation. resistance to heat
Makes, such as Gestra, and designs, such transfer as a 10 mm
as bimetal controllers, diaphragm controllers thick layer of dirt on
and/or float and thermostatic traps are the heating surface.
recommended. Furthermore, the
entrained air (or rather
For steam pipes in steam boiler rooms, its O2 content) fosters
no additional venting is necessary since the corrosion of pipe and
it is part of the commissioning of the heating surfaces.
steam boiler.
D.8 Pipework
D.8.5.2 Condensate pipes and systems
Note
Condensate as in sample calculation 1, but with:
In principle, condensate pipes must be routed With the help of Fig. 8.1.1-1, this results in an
TCON/E ≈ 158 °C before expansion
sloping downwards in the flow direction (due internal pipe diameter di ≈ 70 mm.
to possible expansion steam content) towards p CON/E ≈ 5.0 bar before expansion
the condensate collector station (condensate
h'C/E ≈ 0.186 kWh/kg before expansion
collector pipe, condensate tank - open vented
or sealed unvented). A minimum slope of TCON/A ≈ 133 °C after expansion
1:100 (1 %) is mandatory.
p CON/A ≈ 2.0 bar after expansion
In the case of supercooled condensate ≤ 95 °C h'C/A ≈ 0.156 kWh/kg after expansion

(no re-evaporation), similar approaches apply
h''C ≈ 0.758 kWh/kg Enthalpy
with regard to necessary flow cross-section
of expansion steam
sizing as for feedwater and other "hot-running"
following expansion
liquid media ≤ the respective boiling point (see
chapter D.8.3.2). (0.186 kWh/kg - 0.156 kWh/kg)
૷ DE = 6000kg/h x
(0.758 kWh/kg - 0.156 kWh/kg)
The following variables are used in the
= 299 kg/h
equation specified in chapter D.7.2 for
determining the expansion steam flow rate wDE ≈ 15 m/s selected (according to
(૷DE) instead of those used previously: D.8.3.1.1 - standard values for
૷A = ૷CON Condensate mass flow rate [kg/h] flow velocity)
h'A/E = h'C/E Condensate enthalpy before
Y''DE ≈ 0.606 m³/kg (from [Tb.2],
expansion [kWh/kg] from [Tb. 2]a)
spec. volume)
h'A/A = h'C/A Condensate enthalpy after
expansion [kWh/kg] from [Tb. 2]a) 299 kg/h x 0.606 m3/kg x 1 h
h''D/E = h''C Enthalpy of the expansion steam
in [kWh/kg] from [Tb. 2]a)
di = 2 x
√ ˭ x 15 m/s x 3600 s
= 0.0654 m (selected: DN 65 > DN 40
with the following calculation results for: sample calculation 1)
K
&(K
&$
૷'( ૷&21[ >NJK@
K
&K
&$
Condensate where
TCON ≈ 95 °C
૷ CON ≈ 6000 kg/h
w CON ≈ 1.5 m/s (selected according to D.8.3.1-1 -

standard values for flow velocity)
ˮ CON ≈ 962 kg/m³ (according to [Tb. 2])
NJK[K
GL [
෭ ˭[NJP[PV[V
PVHOHFWHG'1
a)
Each as a function of the given
condensate operating pressures.
224/225
For the section of pipework between a If elevation of the condensate is required as

consumer (e.g. heat exchanger) and the steam a result of the system implementation (for
trap, standard practice is to select the internal example, routing of the main condensate
diameter of the steam trap. Downstream from collection pipe above the point where
the steam trap, the decisive design variable condensation occurs), the use of so-
(due to pressure reduction) for pipe cross- called condensate lifts and/or condensate
section sizing is the expansion steam flow rate compensators is recommended depending on
(૷DE) (see chapter D.7.2, plus Fig. D.8.1.1-1 and the amounts of condensate involved. Elevating
sample calculation 2 in chapter D.8.5.2). the condensate results approximately in a
notable additional back pressure (PG) that
The aforementioned slope in the pipework must be overcome downstream from the
should ensure that the condensate pipe drains trap of:
in the event of system standstill. For the same pG ≈ 0.15 bar/m + pCON bar, where PCON -
reasons, inlet pipes into the collector should positive pressure (bar) in the condensate
be inserted from above, if possible in the flow collector pipe itself.
direction.
The additional provision of non-return valves Note
is recommended here for the hydraulic The function of the condensate drainage
separation of sections of pipework. system should be checked at least every six
months (for ineffective steam blow through).
Note The employment of electronic monitoring
Condensates from widely differing pressure systems is recommended for this purpose,
stages should only be brought together especially in the case of process-related
following prior expansion of the hot large scale consumers on the customer side
condensate. (example: Gestra type VKE 26 with NRG 16-27
electrode and NRA 1-3 inspection station with
Low points (so-called water traps) must be separate alarm).
avoided at all costs in the routing of pipework Specific additional reference is made to
due to an increased risk of water and frost appropriate manufacturer's engineering
damage. System-dependent low points must materials for specific applications, in respect of
therefore be drained completely. All equipment selecting suitable condensate drain, lifting and
and valves must be capable of "running dry". transport systems.
The use of so-called "expansion trap"
condensate drains is recommended,
particularly in external system areas. An
expansion trap condensate drain, which is
set for example to an opening temperature of
around + 10 °C, opens automatically following
system shutdown, as soon as the temperature
drops to close to freezing point.
D.8 Pipework
D.8.5.3 Boiler lye and blow-down lines Particular attention should be paid to
unrestricted thermal expansion (structurally
Pipe routing each from steam boiler "soft" routing with an adequate number of
connecting flange to connection and inlet to natural pipe bends), whereby the connectors
lye expander and mixing cooler respectively on the steam boiler and the thermal equipment
(see chapters C.8.1, D.7.1 and D.7.2). must not be excessively stressed.
If, in the case of multi boiler systems, the pipes Note

are routed to a common collector before feeding With reference to only relatively short pipe
into the aforementioned thermal equipment, lengths, pipe cross-section sizing under
attention must be paid to a hydraulic separating consideration of actual expansion steam is not
mechanism at the feed-in point (installation of a recommended. Draining therefore takes place
non-return valve on each pipe). in the pipe in the form of a twin-phase flow
with specific phase separation (steam/water)
Where pipes are connected to a common in the lye expander or mixing cooler. Straight-
collector, attention should also be paid to through internal diameters for the respective
implementing the connections from above. The pipe must be selected in accordance with the
pipes must be routed with constant adequate connecting valve on the steam boiler.
slope in the flow direction. As described in If the blow-down line needs to be routed
chapter D.8.5.2, a minimum slope of 1/100 more than 1 m vertically upwards in order to
(1 %) must also be ensured in this instance; minimise water hammer, draining of the line
the same applies to specifications regarding at the lowest point is always recommended
pipe cross-section sizing. before every blow-down process.
In order to minimise hydraulic low-noise media

discharge (particularly for the blow-down line),
the level of the feed-in points on the mixing
cooler should be provided as far as possible
below the feed lines (mixing cooler positioning
sunk below upper edge of the floor). Due to
expected slight vibration and water hammer
during operation, the pipes must be held
in place securely by means of positive
guides (force-guided friction bearing - see
chapter D.8.4).
226/227
D.8.5.4 Feedwater - softened water - C) Raw water - drinking water line

drinking water From the customer-side connection
point up to connection to the selected
Necessary routing for: project-side CWT system (chemical water
A) Feedwater - suction line treatment system), in compliance with
From feedwater tank to connecting flange the necessary nominal pipe connection
(suction side) of the boiler feedwater pumps diameter (see also information in chapter
On routing, a constant downwards slope D.8.3.1 - standard velocities)
and the necessary feed pump inlet height Pump-side implementation of a non-return
(see chapter D.6) must be observed device with respect to the customer-
Taking account of adequate expansion side connection point in accordance with
compensation as a function of the DIN 1988 by means of a non-return valve
permissible stresses (lateral forces and Assurance of necessary water flow rate
moments) for the pump inlet manifold according to CWT type (see chapter
in accordance with manufacturer D.4.3.1) at a minimum flow pressure of
specifications, if applicable, verification 3.0 a) bar and a maximum pressure of
necessary during engineering 6.0 bar that must not be exceeded
Provision of a drainage option at the pipe Provision of residue draining points
low point of at least DN 20 (dewatering) of at least DN 15 to DN 20 at
Pipe cross-section sizing according to applicable pipe low points
chapter D.8.3.1 taking account of any Expansion compensation considerations
applicable permissible total pressure loss are irrelevant due to media temperature
of ≤ 0.5 mWC < 20 °C
B) Feedwater - pressure line D) as in C), but with mixing cooler connection

From boiler feedwater pump pressure port As a branch line from C) with branch
to feedwater inlet connector on the steam connection point downstream from the
boiler and/or to the ECO connector in the non-return device in the flow direction,
case of ECO operation guaranteeing the necessary cooling water
Provision of ventilation points at the pipe flow rate according to chapter D.7.1
high points and residual water drainage
options at the pipe low points of at least
DN 20
Taking account of expansion
compensation, as in A), but with reference
to the pressure ports of the boiler
feedwater pumps
Pipe cross-section sizing, as in A), but with
reference to a total pipe pressure loss up
to steam boiler inlet of ≤ 0.1 x pB (with pB =
steam boiler operating pressure), whereby
the boiler feedwater pump pressure at zero
head (maximum possible pump delivery
pressure according to pump curve), which
can be higher than the operating pressure
(operating pressure ≈ 1.1 x pB, see chapter
D.6), should be used as the basis for the
wall thickness calculation
a)
Not including the back pressure
from the thermal water treatment
system.
D.8 Pipework
E) Softened water line

From CWT system to connector on the
deaerator
Provision of an additional non-return valve
in the flow direction at the end of the line,
directly upstream of the deaerator inlet
Pipe connection nominal diameters (cross-
section sizing), minimum flow pressure
and expansion compensation as in C)
F) Ventilation/drainage line routing

Fig. D.8.5.4–1 Ventilation/drainage line routing
In order to entrain an air bubble in the
flow, a minimum flow velocity ≥ 0.3 m/s is
required for horizontal pipes
Lines to ventilation equipment must be
Slope Venting routed with an incline
1 : 200
Drain pipe routing:

The minimum internal diameter for drain
valves should be selected in such a way
that "dirt" (mechanical contamination) can
also be discharged. In practice, nominal
diameters of at least DN 20 and self-
Slope
cleaning valve seats have therefore proven
1 : 100
to be effective. If need be, it should be
possible to break through the valve (ball
Drain
valve). Lines to drainage facilities must be
(dewatering)
routed with a fall
Drainage and ventilation lines should be
visible by routing them via a common
tundish, with central discharge into the
existing customer-side floor drainage
system
228/229
Sample calculation 1 Note

D.8.5.5 Exhaust vapour, waste steam
and discharge pipes (see also chapters D.7.1 and D.8.3.1) from:
The cross-section sizing
૷ a/DE x Y''S
Necessary routing for: for the mixing cooler
di(req) ≥ 2 x
√ ZS(MAX) x ˭
[m]
ventilation line must
A) Exhaust vapour line reliably cope with the
with calculation variables for:
From thermal deaeration system in the discharge of the actual
case of routing outside the building Maximum blow-down amount ૷ a ≈ 7.5 kg/s expansion steam from
(via roof) the steam boiler blow-
Operating pressure (pB) ≈ 13 bar
Line routing with constant incline in flow down process "without"
direction Expansion to atmosphere ≈ 0 bar any appreciable back
Line routing as short and straight as pressure to be expected.
Proportion of re-evaporation (fDE) from [G2 Tb.6]
possible with sufficient expansion
of 17 %, corresponding to ฬ
compensation
0.17 kg steam /kgblow-down amount
Pipe cross-section sizing with a
recommended nominal diameter expansion Expansion steam output - ૷ a/DE = ૷ a x fDE
above than the specified nominal deaerator = 7.5 kg/s x 0.17 kg steam/kgblow-down amount
connection diameter, but taking account = 1.275 kgsteam/s
of total pressure losses that must not be

Specific volume Y''S of the expansion
exceeded of ≤ 0.5 x pB/E (where pB/E is the
steam at atmospheric pressure
available deaerator positive pressure) and
from [Tb. 2] = 1.694 m³/kg
maximum exhaust vapour output (૷ S/V )
according to chapter D.7.3 Maximum selected flow velocity
limit w S(MAX) ≈ 70 m/s
B) Ventilation - steam vapour - lines (see note regarding 1) in chapter D.8.3.1)
For condensate tank (open unvented),

the required internal diameter for the ventilation line is:
partial deaeration system and mixing
cooler, the lines must be routed with a
constant incline (via roof, outside building) 1.275 kg/s x 1.694 m3/kg
from the connecting flange on each device
di(req) ≥ 2 x
√ 70 m/s x ˭
≥ 0.198 m
Line routing also as short and straight

as possible with sufficient expansion
compensation
Pipe cross-section sizing respectively in
accordance with the connectors (nominal
flange connection diameters) specified Note
here on the manufacturer side With reference to a permissible positive
pressure of 0.5 bar for the mixing cooler, this
results in
di(req)(0.5 bar) where Y''S(0.5 bar) ≈ 1.159 m³/kg of:
GLUHTEDU
ุ[
෭ NJV[PNJ
PV[˭
ุP
and corresponds to the Viessmann factory

specifications of DN 150.
D.8 Pipework
C) Safety valve (SV) - discharge pipes for: On the outlet side, it is recommended that
SV steam boiler the discharge pipe is increased in size by at
SV thermal deaeration system least one nominal diameter (see drawing),
SV economiser (if available and fitted with although the following notes must also be
shut-off devices) considered:
SV steam superheater (if available and - Discharge of the steam mass flow (૷ FS),
fitted with shut-off devices) without the respective permissible

each routed from SV connecting flange operating pressure increasing at the same
with constant incline (via roof, outside time by more than 10 %
building) - Safety valve
Discharge pipes must be routed as short => saturated steam boiler ≥ ૷ FS

and straight as possible with sufficient (as boiler output)
expansion compensation - Safety valve
Discharge pipes must terminate without => superheater ≥ 0.25 x ૷ FS

risk to bystanders - Safety valve
No liquid (condensate, rainwater etc.) => thermal deaeration ≥ ૷ FS

may accumulate in the discharge system, (as required amount of heating steam -
which must therefore be equipped with a see chapter D.10.2)
dewatering line at the pipe low point (see Diameter DNL and length of pipe, existing
drawing) that cannot be shut off bends and other inbuilt parts (silencer
maybe), should also be sized in such a
way that the back pressures specified by
the manufacturer for the respective SVs
Fig. D.8.5.5–1 Discharge system
are not exceeded and the required steam
DNL mass flow can therefore be discharged
Note
safely
Back pressure > 0.15 x pA (where pA is
SV blow-off silencer the set SV discharge pressure) should
EXR
therefore not be exceeded
When blowing off safety
valves (particularly steam DNA
boiler SV), unacceptable Together with the previously mentioned

noise emissions may noise emission from the valve, the expected
occur at the outlet noise load is largely determined by the outlet
points, depending on Distance from velocity. Hence, the maximum velocity
the blow-off pressure connector to weld specified in chapter D.8.3.1 should not be
and discharge amount. seam must be exceeded.
approx. 50 mm
Short-lived sound
pressure levels in the The discharge pipes must be sized and
range 120 to 132 dB(A) Key: routed, taking into consideration the given
can be expected. DNA SV outlet nominal diameter operating conditions, in such a way that the
According to regulatory DNL Discharge pipe SV nominal diameter static, dynamic (reaction and/or repulsive
requirements (TA-Lärm), (recommended: DNA + 1 x increase in forces) and thermal loads are absorbed safely.
employment of steam nominal diameter) Corresponding documentation must be
blow-off silencers DNE Drainage nominal diameter maintained here on the engineering side.
with attenuation (recommended.: DN 15 to DN 25)
values (ΔdB(A)) of EXR Eccentric reduction in nominal diameter It is recommended that the safety valve(s) is/
30 to 50 dB(A) is are mounted accordingly as (a) fixed point(s).
recommended. Appropriately designed sprung supports
(see also chapter D.8.4) should be used to
compensate for any vertical movement in
the pipes. The installation and assembly
instructions from the respective safety valve
manufacturer must also be observed.
230/231
Information regarding routing via the roof Note regarding regulations

Roof outlet with thermally insulated, silenced that must also be observed
slide coupling (vertical friction bearing) and TRD 421, particularly Clause 6, and
protection against precipitation (rain collar). DIN EN 12953-8, particularly Clause 4.2.
Single and/or double-sided obtuse-angled
outlet terminal (see Fig. D.8.5.5-2/3/4):
Fig. D.8.5.5–2 Version A Fig. D.8.5.5–3 Version B
'1/ '1/
~ 120
~ 120
°
°
)5
'1/ '1/
Fig. D.8.5.5–4 Version C
With version B preferred

If version A is selected, the bending moment
arising due to the power of repulsion FR at the
roof outlet must be considered.
Version C
FR
Wall outlet with thermally insulated, silenced
slide coupling (horizontal friction bearing).
DNL
Disadvantages:
Provision must be made for installation and/or
retrofitting of a silencer. External wall
Increases the bending moment to be absorbed
by the vertical pipe leg.
DNL
D.8 Pipework
D.8.5.6 Fuel lines Pipe supports and the spacing thereof

must be designed in accordance with
A) General information chapter D.8.4
Pipes are considered from each point of Expansion compensation must be ensured
entry into the building up to connection to by the expected natural pipe bends in
the combustion system valve train for extra the system and for unexpected ambient
light fuel oil and natural gas (E) temperatures > 40 °C
Design of the respective connection
sizes according to specifications for the B) Specific information for extra light fuel oil
combustion system to be implemented (HEL) lines
(gas and/or fuel oil combustion) as a With reference to the Pressure Equipment
function of the required combustion output Directive 97/23/EC, the fluid (HEL) is
according to chapter D.3.3.1 assigned to Group 2
Sizing the feed pipes with reference to the With expected pressures ≤ 3.0 bar
recommended standard values for flow and expected straight-through nominal
velocity according to chapters D.8.3.1 diameters significantly < DN 100, the
and D.8.3.2 pipework system (assignment) is executed
Design of the fuel oil line from the according to Article 3 Paragraph 3, which
customer-side fuel oil tank to the states: "In the case of good engineering
combustion system and back to the fuel practice..." (see also notes in chapter
oil tank as a so-called ring pipeline. The D.8.1.3)
fuel oil circulating through the ring pipeline "Good" engineering practice is considered
is maintained at a constant pressure of to have been delivered subject to
between 1.0 and 2.5 bar by appropriately compliance with and implementation
sized pressure control valves of regulation TRD 411 - Oil combustion
Recommended sizing of the ring pipeline systems on steam boilers, in particular
for approx. 1.5 to 2.5 times (depending Clauses 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 7.1 - safety shut-
on system size) fuel demand સ B, with off devices, as well as:
the higher supply rate (including spare DIN EN 12953-7, particularly Clauses 4.2
capacity) being the design basis for the and 4.3 with reference to DIN EN 267 -
feed pump to be provided on the customer Pressure-jet oil burners
(project) side
Combustion-side (burner) connection C) Specific information on gas lines
to the ring pipeline via so-called gas/air With reference to the Pressure Equipment
separator that must be sized accordingly Directive 97/23/EC, the fluid (natural gas -
on the project-side E) is assigned to Group 1
Ventilation and drain lines (recommended: With expected pressures ≤ 4.0 bar
DN 15 to DN 20) must be discharged into and expected straight-through nominal
sealed unvented tanks (such as slop tanks) diameters significantly > DN 25 to
in a controlled manner (in accordance ≤ DN 350, the pipework system
with [German] Water Resources Act) and (assignment) is implemented according
supplied to a form of reuse (via pump to Categories I to II, or Category III for
return feed) straight-through nominal diameters
The ventilation and discharge pipes > DN 350 (see also notes in chapter
from the gas valve section(s) must be D.8.1.3)
routed separately, in accordance with The regulations TRD 412 - Gas combustion
manufacturer specifications, with a systems on steam boilers, in particular
constant incline to the building exterior Clauses 4 and 5.1 - shut-off devices
(exterior wall outlet preferred) outside the boiler installation room,
If dewatering devices are necessary on the must also be observed, as well as
gas line (due to expected gas condensate, DIN EN 12953-7, particularly Clauses 4.2
if applicable), any escaping gas must also and 4.3 with reference to DIN EN 676 -
be dissipated safely Pressure-jet burners for gaseous fuels
232/233
Note
D.8.5.7 Waste water and B) Feedwater tank - condensate tank
floor drainage systems Positioning subject to the selected location
(installation plan) directly at the overflow The points of entry
It must be possible to drain the technological pipe exit with a recommended point of must also be capable
waste water arising in the system safely via an entry ≥ DN 100 to ≤ DN 125, depending on of accepting any
on-site (customer-side), centrally implemented system size, for feeding in: waste water from the
drain network, according to the rules of good Incoming overflow outputa) sanitation area (e.g.
engineering practice. Any necessary containerb) and/or tank spray water from
contents in the event of repair and floor cleaning).
Suitable drainage facilities (floor traps) must be maintenance
provided for this purpose on the project side Incoming condensates from the discharge
at the locations described in the following. pipe safety valve
The fall of the pipes (ground pipes) should be Blow-off and dewatering lines from level
selected to be no less than 1:50 (2 cm/m) in displays
the flow direction. Drainage (draining residue) from feedwater
suction line
A) Steam boiler Drainage from boiler feedwater pumps
Positioning at the end of the steam boiler
approx. 500 mm to the right (from burner
viewpoint), next to the base frame, with a
recommended inlet of DN 100 for feeding in:
Incoming flue gas condensate (short-lived
from the steam boiler system start-up
phase)
Note: (see also chapter D.2.3.3), Flue gas
condensates with a pH value < 6.5 must

always be routed through a neutralising
system (to be provided on the project side)
before entry
Incoming condensates from the discharge
pipe safety valve
Ventilation facilities, feedwater line drains
Steam boiler ventilation
Blow-off and dewatering line from
manostats, distributors and reflection
water level
Drainage, waste water from sampling
cooler (intermittent, maximum once per
8 h shift at ≤ 0.25 l/s)
Economiser ventilation/drainage
a)
Maximum expected overflow rate
in kg/h ≤ 0.5 x ૷FS (where ૷FS is the
steam boiler output in kg/h).
b)
See Fig. D.4.1.2-1.
D.8 Pipework
C) Mixing cooler - lye expander $ 7$7::&

૷$ ૷)6[ NJK
Positioning subject to the selected location 7::&7&:
(installation plan) directly at the mixing
cooler outlet pipe exit with a recommended
point of entry ≥ DN 100 to ≤ DN 150, (disregarding the only intermittent blow-down
depending on system size, for feeding in: output (૷a), for example:
Any necessary residual drainage of ૷FS = 25,000 kg/h;
tank content (mixing coolera) and/or A = 5 %
lye expander) TA = 105 °C
Any necessary residual drainage from the TWW/C = 30 °C
steam boiler TCW = 15 °C => ૷A ≈ 7500 kg/h
The continuously incoming waste water
output (૷ A in kg/h) from the mixing as before, however, with:
cooler (see also chapter D.7.1) depending ૷FS = 4000 kg/h; => ૷A ≈ 1200 kg/h
on steam boiler output (૷ FS in kg/h),
the necessary T.D.S. rate (A in %), the as before, however, with maximum
T.D.S. water temperature (TA in °C) as 3 x 25,000 kg/h
inlet temperature into mixing cooler, the ૷A ≈ 22,500 kg/h
selected waste water outlet temperature
(T WW/A in °C) from the mixing cooler and Notes regarding the sample calculations:
the actual cooling water temperature This should be subjected to a repeated
(TCW in °C) as inlet temperature into mixing plausibility check for the recommended inlet
cooler, from: DN range. At a T.D.S. rate of A > 3 % to
≤ 6 %, the size of the point of entry must
be increased, in the case of maximum boiler
output (૷FS ≥ 25 to ≤ 75 t/h), to DN150 and/or
an additional lye cooler (waste heat utilisation)
is advisable according to the amortisation
calculation in chapter D.7.1, with the objective
of minimising the necessary cooling water
requirement.
a)
Container capacity, see chapters
D.7.1/D.7.2.
234/235
D) Chemical water treatment system (CWT)

Positioning subject to the selected
location (installation plan) directly (approx.
500 mm) in flow direction upstream of the
"open air" waste water connection with a
recommended point of entry, depending
on CWT size, ≥ DN100 to ≤ DN125 for
expected intermittent amounts, once per
system regeneration and full-load operation
once per shift (7 to 8 h), in accordance
with the following tabular specifications
(approximate):
Fig. D.8.5.7–1 Size of the CWT in case of incoming waste water
Size (see also Viessmann datasheet) 60 120 200 320 400 500
Amount of flushing water per regeneration (m³) 0.11 0.22 0.375 0.6 0.75 0.9
Flushing water throughput (m³/h) 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.2
Fig. D.8.5.7–2 Size of the CWT in case of incoming waste water
Size (see also Viessmann datasheet) 600 800 1000 1400 3000 4500
Ventilation
Amount ofand drainage
flushing lines
water per (residual(m³)
regeneration 1.1 1.42 1.82 2.55 5.5 8.0
drainage) must also be fed into the design
Flushing water throughput (m³/h) 1.6 1.6 2.7 2.7 5.8 7.5
point of entry.
E) Reference to regulations
During the engineering of the central drain
network, appropriate preventive measures
must be taken, with respect to possible use
of "fuel oil" as the fuel, against discharge of
fuel oil (in case of accident, leakage etc.)
into the drain network (for example, use of
floor inlets with fuel oil traps).
In principle, standard works, such as:

DIN 1986 - Drainage systems on private
ground - Part 100: Specifications in relation
to DIN EN 752 and DIN EN 12056
DIN 1999 - Installations for separation of
fuel oil, in conjunction with DIN EN 858
DIN 4043 - Traps for light liquids (fuel oil
traps) must be observed
D.9 Flue system
Flue system
The flue system, with connection to the flue outlet of the steam boiler, usually
consists of the continuously rising flue pipe with built-in parts up to the system
chimney connection (stack).
Built-in parts, in this instance, are considered Apart from the building regulations, DIN 1056,
to be the necessary deflections (bends), DIN 4133 and DIN EN 13084-1 apply in the
expansion joints, silencers and flue gas case of freestanding chimneys. Hydraulic
dampers with actuators for isolating the steam measurements must be carried out in
boiler on the flue gas side and/or controlling compliance with the standards DIN EN 13384
flue gas pressure (combustion chamber and DIN EN 13084 (for freestanding chimneys).
pressure regulation).
The following sections contain general
Flue systems must be designed in accordance recommendations for the design of flue
with national and local regulations, as well as systems, which guarantee uninterrupted
the relevant standards. General requirements operation of the combustion system
for flue systems in and on buildings are employed.
specified in DIN EN 1443. The design must Non-observance of these rules could lead
comply with the applicable national building to the occurrence of, in part, substantial
regulations, DIN 18160 and TRD 403 Clause 7. operational problems. Frequently, these
are acoustic faults and/or impairments of
combustion stability or excessive vibration of
parts and/or their components.
236/237
D.9.1 Planning and design information for Deflections in the connection pieces
connection pieces must be designed for optimum flow with
appropriate pipe bends (≤ 90° pipe bends)
The flue gas from the combustion system Connection pieces with several deflections
must be routed directly to the chimney with should be avoided, since they have a
as little pressure and heat loss as possible. negative impact on air and structure-borne
The connection pieces to the chimney must noise, as well as the "start-up pressure
therefore be designed for optimum flow surge" (combustion back pressure)
(rectilinear, short and rising with a minimum A transition angle of ≤ 30° is
number of deflections) and with appropriate recommended for any necessary
thermal insulation (see [A2]). transitions (reductions/expansions) from
round to angular connection, e.g. silencer
Any arising thermal expansion and reaction connection and/or chimney
forces on the chimney must be compensated The material used for the connection
by the installation of expansion joints (here pieces (including built-in parts) must be
with the preferred use of fabric expansion suitable for a flue gas temperature of up
joints due to the unreliable reaction forces to to 350 °C
be expected) or slide couplings.
Due to their excellent vibration and pressure

resistance, the use in principle of pipes
(welded pipe according to DIN EN 10217-2
and/or rolled as cylinder jacket pipe) in the
wall thickness range ≥ 4.0 to ≤ 8.0 mm is
recommended.
The internal diameters (straight-through

nominal diameters) of the flue pipe (connection
pieces) must be selected in accordance
with the flue gas connection diameter of the
respective steam boiler (see Fig. D.9.1-1).
Fig. D.9.1–1 Flue outlet diameter of the Vitomax steam boilers
0.7 1.15 1.75 2.9 4.0 6.0 8.0 11.0 14.0 18.0 22.0
Steam boiler output (૷FS) (t/h) to to to to to to to to to to to
0.9 1.4 2.3 3.8 5.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 25.0
Flue gas connection

240 290 340 440 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
internal diameter (mm)
D.9 Flue system
Note supports" for straight-through nominal

In the case of intended falling below the dew diameters > DN 800) are the preferred
point (utilisation of condensing technology - design here and/or friction bearings with
see specifications in chapter D.2.3.3), expected spring supports (see also chapter D.8.4)
mediaa) temperatures "permanently" < 90 °C Test ports (emission test points) must
and a sulphur content in the fuel > 0.2 percent be provided at suitable locations. The
by weight, the use of corrosion-resistant gas sampling defined in VDI guidelines
materials (stainless steels) is absolutely (VDI 4200) must be implemented, taking
essential (DIN 51603). account of any applicable statutory
specifications
During the engineering process, attention On installation of a flue gas damper (as
should be paid to allowing the unrestricted described in the introduction to chapter
drainage of flue gas condensate along the D.9), a safety-oriented "OPEN" limit switch
whole length of the connection pieces must be integrated into the steam boiler
(also in the chimney itself), as dealt with in control system
ATV datasheet 251, ensuring its disposal
subject to relevant local provisions Note
In order to prevent flue gas discharge at Locking of the damper with combustion.
the dewatering connectors provided for An opened damper is a prerequisite for
this purpose, installation of an approx. commissioning the steam boiler. After
100 mm so-called "water trap pipe" is shutting down the system, if applicable,
recommended the end position "damper CLOSED" should
In the event of steam boiler system be set in such a way that the damper does
standstill and outside temperatures below not close tightly (approx. 5 % in "open"
freezing, the risk of frost damage must be position), so that short-lived residual heat
prevented is allowed to escape from the combustion
Cleaning apertures must be provided in chamber via the flue system.
accordance with DIN 18160-1, DIN 18160-5
and IVS Guideline 105, and their installation Wall outlets must be thermally insulated
positions specified in cooperation with the and protected from the elements in the
responsible flue gas inspector form of a sliding mount through a wall
Pipe supports (compliance with necessary sleeve and skid support (see Fig. D.9.1-2)
support spans) must be provided in
accordance with the required structural
documentation. Friction bearings (if
applicable, in the form of so-called "saddle
Fig. D.9.1–2 Sliding shoe mounting

Key: DD - Required insulation thickness

a)
Assumption, expected media
WH - Wall sleeve with wall anchor at x) WS - Weather protection
temperatures ฬ feedwater inlet
temperatures in the unalloyed DNV - Connection piece (pipe) straight-through ΔL - Pipe sliding movement
economiser (ECO type 100 and/or nominal diameter GLK - Skid (3 x 120°)
type 200).
238/239
Note
D.9.2 Sizing the flue system For a freestanding chimney according to
DIN EN 13084-1, appropriate structural
The basis for flow-related sizing is provided documentation must be furnished by the The anchor cage is
by standards DIN EN 13384 and/or manufacturer. In the final analysis, the resulting designed to provide a
DIN EN 13084-1 lateral forces and moments at the chimney structurally stable support
In order to prevent flow noises in the flue base are fundamental for chimney stability, for the chimney on the
system, flow velocities with reference to which must be verified (on-site) on the project- base foundations via
the operating volume [in m³/h] and full-load side (sizing the necessary anchor cage and a threaded fastening,
operation should not exceed 12 to 15 m/s foundations; provision of a ground survey with with connection of the
in practice reference to the installation location on the necessary chimney
The combustion system is designed in customer side) earthing (lightening
such a way that the resistances of the protection) to the conductor
steam boiler on the flue gas side, including system to be provided on
economiser (ECO) plus the expected the customer side.
resistances for flue pipe and silencer,
can be overcome (see chapter D.9.2-1
and D.9.2-2 resistance values for steam
boilers), so that a manometric pressure
of ± 0 mbar (up to a recommended slight
positive pressure of 1 mbar) is present at
the chimney flue gas inlet connector
Pressure drop on the hot gas side (ΔpHG) as a

function of the steam boiler output (૷FS) with
and/or without economiser operation for the
boiler type:
Fig. D.9.2–1 Boiler type M237 / M73A Fig. D.9.2–2 Boiler type M 75A
M 75A ΔpHGa) [mbar]

M73A ΔpHGa) [mbar]
૷FS [t/h] with ECO 200 without ECO
૷FS [t/h] with ECO 200 without ECO
5 10 17
0.5 5 4.5
6 11 16
0.7 6 5
7 11 15
1.0 8 6.5
9 12 17
1.3 9.5 7.5
10 13 18
1.65 11 9.5
12 15 17
2.0 12 10.5
14 15 17
2.5 13.5 11
17 17 18
3.2 14 12
22 18 15
4.0 16 13
25 18 14
Guide values; see datasheet for precise details
20.0 18.5 14.5
22.0 18.5 14.0
25.0 18.5 14.0
Guide values; see datasheet for precise details
a)

Assumption, each plus approx.
1.5 to 5.0 mbar for built-in parts,
including silencer, at flow velocities
between 10.0 and 15 m/s as a
practical guide value.
D.9 Flue system
D.9.3 Chimney connection and design The chimney and flue system are designed
on the basis of system-specific flue gas
Freestanding chimneys must be designed parameters, such as operational volumetric
with a structurally supportive outer pipe (made flow rate (V̇ FG in m³/h), flue gas temperature
from unalloyed sheet steel) and a thermally (in °C) and the pressure conditions (positive
insulated inner flue (made from alloyed pressure) in mbar inside the flue, as well as
stainless steel). the required negative pressure in mbar at the
Connection pieces must be inserted into chimney-flue connector on determination of
or connected with the chimney with an the operational volumetric flow rate (V̇ FG) as
incline in the flow direction at an angle of follows:
≥ 30° to ≤ 45°
In the case of a design with multiple ૷)6[5
connections (see below in chapter D.9.4), ɘ )*
9 [[7)*D[PK]
ˮ)*
chimney connections opposite one another
or at the same height must be avoided with the calculation variables:
Any attachments present at the stack ૷FS Nominal fresh steam output from the
opening must guarantee unrestricted steam boiler (kg/h)
emission of the flue gases into the open air ˮFG Mean flue gas density according to [L4]
A separate flue must be included in the ≈ 1.345 kg/Nm³
design for each steam boiler R Dimensionless factor for determining
the amount of flue gas according to
Notes Vitomax 200 HS datasheet (see table
For chimneys with multiple flues comprising Fig. D.9.4-1 and Fig. D.9.4-2)
one supporting pipe and several thermally 7FG Flue gas temperature in [°C] (see table
insulated inner flues, the height is determined Fig. D.9.4-1 and Fig. D.9.4-2) as a
in principle on the basis of the applicable function of the operating steam pressure
TA-Luft for: with and/or without ECO operation
Systems not requiring official approval
(1st German Immissions Order - BImSchV)
by the district flue gas inspector, and for
Systems requiring official approval
(4/13 BimSchV) by the responsible
[German] Regional Office for Health
Protection and Technical Safety (LAGetSi)
or the responsible factory inspectorate on
the basis of an air/climatological report that
must be prepared
a)
Bracketed expression, conversion
of standard volumetric flow rate
into operational volumetric flow
rate, disregarding the operating
pressures.
240/241
Fig. D.9.4–1 Vitomax 200-HS, type M237 / M73A
Operating Vitomax 200-HS, type M237 / M73A

pressure [pB] R [-]a) TFG in [°C]b)
in bar
without ECO with ECO 100 with ECO 200 without ECO with ECO 100 with ECO 200
6.0 1.094 1.053 1.032 246 168 126
8.0 1.105 1.060 1.038 256 172 127
10.0 1.1135 1.065 1.042 265 174 129
13.0 1.1235 1.070 1.0475 276 178 132
16.0 1.132 1.075 1.052 284 182 135
18.0 1.137 1.078 1.0535 290 184 137
20.0 1.141 1.081 1.0565 295 187 139
22.0 1.144 1.083 1.058 299 190 141
25.0 1.148 1.086 1.061 308 194 145
Fig. D.9.4–2 Vitomax 200-HS, type M75A
Operating Vitomax 200-HS, type M75A

pressure [pB] R [-]a) TFG in [°C]b)
in bar
without ECO with ECO 100 with ECO 200 without ECO with ECO 100 with ECO 200
6.0 1.083 1.0525 1.030 226 168 126
8.0 1.094 1.058 1.037 235 172 128
10.0 1.100 1.063 1.0415 246 174 131
13.0 1.109 1.068 1.045 254 177 133
16.0 1.1175 1.073 1.0485 264 182 136
18.0 1.1235 1.076 1.0525 272 184 138
20.0 1.1265 1.078 1.053 275 187 140
22.0 1.130 1.081 1.054 278 190 142
25.0 1.134 1.084 1.056 287 194 145

Note: Intermediate values linearly
interpolated
a)
Mean values for designing the flue
system according to DIN EN 13384.
b)
At full load (100 %), 3 % O2
in flue gas and feedwater
temperature 102 °C.
D.9 Flue system
D.9.4 Common flue system, The chimney system finally employed for
merging of flue gas flows the project must guarantee reliably stable
system operation, on the basis of the air/
Several steam boilers (combustion equipment) climatological conditions to be expected at the
may only be connected to a common flue location, in conjunction with specified flue gas
system, in accordance with DIN EN 12953-7, if parameters and system load characteristics.
the combustion system in conjunction with the Documentation (control calculation) of the
steam boiler is suitable for such an operating draught calculation for the selected chimney
mode and the following requirements can also system must be prepared on the project
be complied with: side in accordance with DIN 13384 and/or
Note
Sizing of the system for guaranteed DIN 4705.
discharge of the flue gases in every
The following must not operating state and load case The following technical data must be observed
be connected to multi- Prevention of flue gas inflow into off- on the project side for the (if applicable)
boiler flue systems: line steam boilers in the case of positive already selected chimney system, focussing
Steam boilers pressure operation, e.g. using tightly here on official specifications regarding:
with flue gas closing flue gas dampers Compliance with noise emission levels
temperatures Constant combustion chamber pressure Chimney height above ground level
> 400 °C conditions in each of the connected steam Immissions forecasts according to TA-Luft
Liquid gas boilers and in every operating state
combustion systems Minimum flue gas velocities according to
Combustion DIN EN 13084-1 (wmin ≈ 0.5 m/s)
systems equipped
with fans, if all the Merging of flue gas flows should however
steam boilers are be avoided, since the creation of negative
not installed in the pressure in the chimney can be impeded in the
same room event of large reductions in load, e.g. ≤ 30 %.
Flue gases would then no longer completely
fill the chimney and "cold" air could "fall" into
the stack.
If a decision is nevertheless made in favour

of merging, it must be ensured that the flue
gas flows (connection pipes) are merged
unidirectionally in a so-called Y piece
(Fig. D.9.4-1).
242/243
Fig. D.9.4–1 Y piece Fig. D.9.4–4 Chimney

Key:
཰ Chimney
Chimney
stack inner
(dia. internal chimney flue ≥ DN)
flue ≥ DND
ཱ Fabric expansion joint
ི Y piece
DE1 Steam boiler
Fabric compensator
connection 1
DE2 Steam boiler
(DN ฺ DN2 + DN1)
connection 2
Y piece
DN2
DN1
Flue gas connection, Flue gas connection,

steam boiler 2 a60˚ to 90˚
steam boiler 1
Source: SES
Fig. D.9.4–2 Y piece
Source: SES
Fig. D.9.4–5 Chimney base
Source: SES
Fig. D.9.4–3 Chimney connection
Source: SES
a)
DN >/= DE1 + DE2
D.10 Internal system demand
Internal system demand

With reference to the specifications in chapter C.11, the necessary internal system
demand for electrical and thermal energy must be considered in the project.
In the following, appropriate specifications The need for a redundant power supply, as
are recommended as standard values a function of necessary uninterrupted steam
and information is provided for a possible provision (for example, in a hospital), must be
calculation. identified by the customer at an early stage
during the project preparations.
D.10.1 Internal electrical system demand
For the purpose of ensuring provision from the
The power supply on the customer side is steam generation system in line with demand,
generally rated at a voltage level of 0.4 kV a corresponding list must be prepared within
to 0.6 kV and a frequency of 50 Hz with the project (see following tabular overview
connection to the central system control panel Fig. D.10.1-1).
provided by the manufacturer. Voltage-related
provision of power to all consumers in the
steam generation system is governed on the
manufacturer side from the aforementioned
central system control panel.
244/245
Fig. D.10.1–1 List of electrical consumers
Consecu- Consumer No. of Voltage Output Control Comments

tive no. (components) (pce) (Volt) (VA) signal
1.0 Componentsa)
1.1 Burner With and/or without

Type: inverterb)
4 - 20 mA
1.2 Combustion air fan With and/or without
Type: inverterb)
1.3 Flue gas recirc. fan With and/or without

Type: inverterb)
1.4 Boiler feed pump c)

With and/or without
Type: inverterb)
1.5 Condensate pump (open vented system) c)
Type:
1.6 Condensate pump (sealed unvented system) c)

With and/or without
Type: inverterb)
1.7 HEL pumps

Type:
1.8 Fuel oil preheating Only if heavy oil used

Make:
1.9 CWT incl. dosing system (I&C technology) 4 - 20 mA

Type:
1.10 TWT (I&C technology) 4 - 20 mA

Type:
1.11 Mixing cooler (I&C technology) 4 - 20 mA

Type:
etc. (the list can be extended as necessary at any time)
2.0 Actuatorsa)
2.1 Flue gas damper Type:

4 - 20 mA
Make:
2.2 Feedwater control valve(s) Type:

4 - 20 mA
Make:
2.3 Superheater mixing valve Type:

4 - 20 mA Make:
(if installed)
2.4 Heating steam valve/slider 4 - 20 mA Type:

Make:
2.5 Blow-down valve 4 - 20 mA Type:

Make:
a)
All equipment (motors, sliders,
valves etc.) and automatic systems
(automatic switching, controllers
and control voltage activators) must
be designed with "on" and "off"
or "open" and "closed" feedback
signals.
b)
In the case of inverter operation,
disruptive circuit feedback in
the form of harmonics must be
prevented.
c)
Prior determination of the necessary
drive output as a function of the
respective pump rate is required
(see chapter D.6.1 - boiler feedwater
pumps and D.6.2 - condensate
pumps) - see also chapter D.10.1.-3.
Fig. D.10.1–2 List of electrical consumers
Consecu- Consumer No. of Voltage Output Control Comments

tive no. (components) (pce) (Volt) (VA) signal
3.0 I&C systems
3.1 Steam boiler 4 - 20 mA Type:
3.2 Condensate system

(open)
3.3 Condensate system

(closed)
3.4 External: Emergency stop button Entrance area

installation room
3.5 External: Leak detector - oil Fuel depot - customer
3.6 External: Before entry to

Quick-acting safety valve - gas installation room
3.7 External: Fuel depot - customer

Quick-acting safety valve - oil
3.8 External: Flue gas Chimney system

emission measurements (if installed)
4.0 Lighting and TGA systems Implementation on the customer side from supply sub-distribution unit
4.1 Installation room lightingd)
4.2 Installation room emergency lightingd)
4.3 Installation room ventilation facilities If required
5.0 Lightening protection systeme) Customer-side implementation if required
d)
According to TRD 403 Clause 10,
with particular reference to accident
prevention regulations "electrical
systems and operating equipment"
(VBG4).
e)
According to TRD 403 Clause 11.2
(DIN 57 185, VDE 0185).
246/247
Overview of expected electrical output (kW) -

pump motor as a function of steam boiler output
(૷FS) and operating pressure (pB)
Fig. D.10.1–3 Expected electrical output - overview
pB ૷FS in [t/h]
bar 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.65 2.3 2.9 3.8 4.0 5.0
6 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.40 1.40 1.80
8 0.33 0.42 0.54 0.66 0.82 1.10 1.36 1.80 1.90 2.30
10 0.41 0.53 0.57 0.82 1.10 1.35 1.70 2.20 1.30 2.90
13 0.53 0.70 0.87 1.10 1.33 1.75 2.20 2.90 3.00 3.80
16 0.66 0.84 1.10 1.30 1.64 2.20 2.70 3.60 3.75 4.70
18 0.74 0.95 1.20 1.50 1.85 2.40 3.00 4.00 4.20 5.30
20 0.82 1.05 1.35 1.65 2.05 2.70 3.40 4.50 4.70 6.00
22 0.90 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.30 3.0 3.70 4.90 5.20 6.40
25 1.03 1.30 1.70 2.10 2.60 3.40 4.30 5.60 6.00 7.30
pB ૷FS in [t/h]
bar 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 25.0
6 2.00 2.50 2.80 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
8 2.80 3.20 3.80 4.70 5.60 6.60 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00
10 3.50 4.10 4.70 5.80 7.00 8.20 9.40 11.00 12.00 13.00 15.00
13 4.60 5.30 6.10 7.60 9.00 10.70 12.20 14.00 15.00 17.00 19.00
16 5.60 6.60 7.50 9.40 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 23.00
18 6.30 7.40 8.40 10.50 12.70 15.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 23.00 26.00
20 7.00 8.20 9.40 12.00 14.00 16.00 19.00 21.00 23.00 26.00 29.00
22 7.70 9.00 10.30 13.00 15.50 18.00 21.00 23.00 26.00 28.00 32.00
25 9.00 10.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 20.00 23.00 26.00 29.00 32.00 37.00
Assumptions
Pump efficiency 75 %
Supplement for pump shaft output 15 %
Output values rounded
Fig. D.10.2–1 System diagram

D.10.2 Internal thermal system demand
From the heat and mass statement, around

the thermal deaeration system, with the
assumptions:
Operation without exhaust vapour
TWT
Steam boiler condenser
Operation without feedwater or lye cooler
Operation with lye expander and waste
CWT
steam utilisation
Specific thermal capacity (cp) of
condensate = feedwater =
- constant ≈ 4.19 kJ/kgK
- or 1.163 x 10 -3 kWh/kgK
a value results for the required amount of

heating steam (૷FS/E) as an internal thermal
demand (Q̇FS/E) from:
ɘ )6( 4
4 ɘ &214
ɘ DGGIZ4
ɘ 94
ɘ 65>N:@
where
Q̇CON Heat required for heating up the

return condensate in [kW] based on
feedwater temperature (Tfw)
Q̇CON = ૷CON x cp (Tfw - TCON)
Q̇ADD/FW As for Q̇CON but for heating up the

additional feedwater (softened water
from the CWT)
Q̇add/fw = ૷add/fw x cp (Tfw - Tadd/fw)
Q̇V Amount of exhaust vapour heat in

[kW] as lost heat (deaerator exhaust
vapour outlet (૷S/V)
Q̇V = ૷S/V x (h''V - cp x Tfw)
Q̇SR Amount of heat recovered in [kW]

from the T.D.S. expander
Q̇SR = ૷S/V x (h''SR - cp x Tfw)
248/249
therefore:
૷)6([K
)6FS[7IZ
૷&21[FS[7IZ7&21૷DGGIZ[FS[7IZ7DGGIZ૷69[K
9FS[7IZ૷65[K
65FS[7IZ
and:
FS[>૷&21[7IZ7&21૷DGGIZ[7IZ7DGGIZ@૷69[K
9FS[7IZ૷65[K
65FS[7IZ
૷)6(
K
)6FS[7IZ
with the individual calculation variables for:

૷ CON Condensate return rate [kg/h]
TCON Condensate temperature in [°C]
Tfw Feedwater temperature in
the deaerator as saturation
temperature as a function of
deaerator positive pressure
[see Tb 2]
૷ ADD/FW Required additional amount of
feedwater (softened water) in
[kg/h] calculated from:
$
૷DGGIZ ૷)6[ ૷&21

where
- ૷FS is the required total fresh steam
output and
- A - the required T.D.S. rate in [%]
Tadd/fw Available temperature of additional

feedwater in [°C]
૷ S/V Amount of exhaust vapour as an
amount of steam lost (deaerator outlet) in
[kg/h] calculated from:
૷69 Ł90[ > ૷)6[

$
@
where
ŁV/M is a factor for determining the
minimum amount of exhaust vapour
(see chapter D.7.3), dimensionless [-];
≈ 0.005 to 0.01
h''S/E, h'' V Expansion steam and exhaust

vapour steam enthalpy each as function
of the deaerator positive pressure (pE/D)
according to [Tb 2]
૷ S/R Amount of expansion steam from the

T.D.S. expander in [kg/h] calculated from:
૷)6[$[K

$(FS[7IZ
૷65
K
'65FS[7IZ
where h'A/E is the enthalpy of T.D.S. lye at

saturated steam temperature (Ts) as a
function of steam operating pressure (pB)
from [Tb 2]; (see also chapter D.7.2) and
h''F/S Available fresh steam enthalpy of the

heating steam
With assumed values for:
Saturated steam temperature Ts = 195 °C

(from [Tb 2])
Enthalpy of T.D.S. lye =f(pB) - h‘A/E ≈ 0.230 kWh/kg
Feedwater temperature Tfw ≈ 105 °C
Deaerator positive
pressure =Ł(Tfw) - pE/D ≈ 0.25 bar
Expansion steam and = Ł (pE/D)

exhaust vapour enthalpy =h''D/R ≈ h''EV
≈ 0.7457 kWh/ kg
Enthalpy of fresh steam f(pB) h''FS ≈ 0.7743 kWh/kg
Additional feedwater
temperature Tadd/fw ≈ 15 °C
Condensate flow rate ૷CON = 6000 kg/h
Condensate temperature TCON = 85 °C
T.D.S. rate A = 5 %
Factor for minimum

exhaust vapour output ŁV/m ≈ 0.0075 [-]
250/251
૷DGGIZ ૷)6[

$
૷&21
NJK[

NJK NJK
૷69 Ł90[
> ૷)6[

$
@
[ > NJK[

@ NJK
૷)6[$[K
$(FS[7IZ
૷'(
K
65FS[7IZ
[[N:KNJ[[
૷65 NJK
[[
and the resulting amount of heating steam

(૷FS/E) as the necessary internal steam demand
for the selected sample calculation:
FS[>૷&21y7IZ7&21૷DGGIZ[7IZ7DGGIZ@૷69[K
9FS[7IZ૷65[K
65FS[7IZ
૷)6(
K
)6FS[7IZ
[>[[[[[[[[

૷)6(
[[
૷FS/E ≈ 1269 kg/h ฬ 10.6 % of ૷FS
Note
Where ૷CON =0 (no condensate return) the
necessary amount of heating steam in the
sample calculation increases to
૷FS/E = 2018 kg/h ฬ 16.8% of ૷FS.
System with 2 Vitomax 200-HS,
each with an output of 10 t/h, 16 bar
with regulated steam superheaters
and downstream flue gas heat
exchangers.
Klaipeda (Lithuania), district

heating plant, Klaipedos energija,
construction year 2007.
252/253
E Requirements and regulations

The following chapter addresses relevant requirements and regulations.
We refer here explicitly to land-based steam Furthermore, we refer to noise emissions,

boilers. The boiler installation conditions, transportation, handling and the basic
together with general requirements for the principles of earthquake protection.
system, the installation room and the building
are explained here in detail.
253 E Requirements and regulations
254 Basic requirements and regulations

for the licensing procedure
254 E.1.1 Licensing procedure according to Section 13 of the [German]

Health & Safety at Work Act
265 E.1.2 Overview of German licensing procedures
268 E.1.3 Overviews and summary of application documents and
their compilation
271 E.1.4 Overviews for compiling the application documents
272 Principle requirements and regulations

for the installation of steam boilers
273 E.2.1 Installation of category IV land-based steam boilers

273 E.2.2 Installation of category III land-based steam boilers (TRD 802)
274 E.2.3 Steam boiler system installation room
277 E.2.4 Acoustic emissions
278 E.2.5 Transportation and handling
279 E.2.6 Earthquake protection
E.1 Requirements and regulations
Basic requirements and regulations for the

licensing procedure
E.1.1 Licensing procedure according it represents a new system in terms of safety

to Section 13 of the [German] features. In the case of a significant change,
Health & Safety at Work Act the whole system must be considered in
the licensing process in the same way as
E.1.1.1. General information new systems.
Depending on the size and/or capacity (and If a modification (BetrSichV paragraph 2

therefore the potential risk), the [German] section 5) to the design or operating mode
Health and Safety at Work Act (BetrSichVa)) is carried out that affects the safety of the
specifies a reservation of permission for system, the licensing procedure only extents
some of the systems subject to mandatory to the modified part. However, it must be
monitoring referred to in paragraph 1 section 2 ensured that the safety of the whole system
of the BetrSichV. The system types covered by is still guaranteed.
the reservation of permission are subsequently
listed in paragraph 13 section 1 Items 1 to 4 of Assembly and installation encompasses all
the BetrSichV. activities required to prepare the system
on site for the commissioning process.
Assembly, installation, operation, significant This also includes testing prior to initial
modifications and changes to the design or commissioning. Operation of a system subject
operating mode that affect the safety of the to mandatory monitoring also includes testing
system require permission. The reservation of by third parties.
permission therefore applies to both new and
existing systems. Steam boiler systems
are fired or otherwise heated pressure
A system in the sense of the regulation is vessels at risk of overheating for the
composed of several function units that generation of steam or heated water with
interact with one another, the safe operation a temperature greater than 110°C that,
thereof being largely determined by according to Article 9 in conjunction with
these interactions. Appendix II Diagram 5 of EU Directive
Facilities required for safe operation of the 97/23/EC, must be be classified as
system subject to mandatory monitoring are Category IV
also covered.
Hence the whole system must be considered Exceptions are systems in which steam or
in the licensing process, i.e. not only the part heated water arise in a manufacturing process
of the system that determines the purpose of by means of heat recovery, except where flue
the system, for example the pressure vessel gases are cooled and the steam or heated
of a steam boiler system, but all parts, devices water produced is not fed predominantly into
and equipment that have an effect on the safe the processing plant (process-related waste
operation of the system. heat boiler). For the purposes of the licensing
requirement, it is irrelevant whether the
a)
Regulations concerning health and A whole system can also consist of several pressure vessel has been brought into service
safety protection in the provision of (sub-)systems, i.e. an actual system can be as a single component or as an assembly
equipment and its use in the work
a system subject to mandatory monitoring according to the Pressure Equipment Directive.
environment, concerning safety in
both in terms of the pressure risk and risk of
the operation of systems requiring
supervision and those concerning explosion or in respect of the risk associated The permit covers the whole steam boiler
organisation of operational industrial with the storage and filling of inflammable or system. Apart from the steam boiler itself, the
safety ([German] Health & Safety highly flammable liquids. steam boiler system includes the following
at Work Act – BetrSichV) dated
A significant change according to paragraph 2 parts and equipment, if available:
27 September 2002 (Federal Law
section 6 of the BetrSichV to a system subject Boiler supporting structure, thermal
Gazette BGBl. I p. 3777; 25/11/2003
p. 2304; 6/1/2004 p.2; 23/11/2004 to mandatory monitoring is characterised by insulation and/or refractory lining and casing
p.3758; 25/6/2005 p.1866). the system being modified to the extent that Combustion equipment
254/255
Steam and heated water pipes and their E.1.1.2 Requirements for the
valves serving the purpose of steam boiler application documents
operation, insofar as they form a functional
unit in conjunction with the steam boiler, 1.—Standard requirements
up to the interfaces defined in the risk All documents required for assessing the
analysis/safety evaluation system must be enclosed with the application.
Facilities within the boiler room for If any relevant specifications are omitted,
storage, preparation and supply of fuels, additional demands from the authorities or
as well as facilities outside the boiler room the approved monitoring body (ZÜS) may lead
for the storage, preparation and supply of to delays in the licensing process. Application
highly flammable and all powdered, liquid documents that are incomplete and/or
and gaseous fuels expert opinions that do not comply with the
Facilities for the provision of air to the accreditation conditions of the ZÜS shall be
steam boiler, including the fan and the air returned to the applicant.
preheater heated with flue gas
Superheaters and intermediate Systems subject to mandatory monitoring in
superheaters heated with flue gas and the sense of the BetrSichV are mainly systems
fitted with shut-off devices, as well as the subject to EU directives offered for sale or
steam cooler and associated connection systems that at least contain components
lines located in the boiler room to which these regulations apply. See also
Feedwater preheater fitted with shut- [German] Equipment and Product Safety Act
off devices, insofar as it is located in the (GPSG) section 1, paragraph 2(7).
combustion flue gas flow, as well as the
feed equipment and the feed lines leading The certificate of conformity, however,
to the steam boiler needs not have been issued until directly
Facilities for discharging flue gas, including before commissioning and does not
the induced draught systems, the chimney constitute a mandatory element of the
and/or the flue gas line routed via a cooling application documents. The scope of
tower, as well as the systems built into the application documentation to be submitted
flue gas discharge equipment for reducing differs depending on whether a certificate
air contamination of conformity has already been issued for
Facilities for pressure maintenance and the complete system or only the general
volume compensation (pressure expansion conditions are known.
vessels, expansion tanks) in heated water If only system components and not the whole
generation systems, including associated system have been subjected to a conformity
connection lines assessment procedure, the compatibility of
All other facilities that serve the purpose of the individual components with each other
steam boiler system operation must be described in the application.
Equipment in which the generated steam
is superheated or cooled and which is The actual manufacturer of the system need
located wholly or partially within a steam not yet be specified in the application. In this
boiler, where steam boilers are defined case, however, the system must be described
as an arrangement of vessels or pipes in detail with reference to the design data (e.g.
that are subject to a pressure higher than output, fuel, operating mode and construction),
atmospheric pressure so that the system can be assessed in
All steam boiler monitoring and safety respect of safe operation. Requirements that
equipment have already been tested in the conformity
Boiler installation room assessment procedure need not be tested
again as part of the licensing process.
Insofar as compliance with quality Insofar as the applicant, by way of exception,

requirements is verified by certificates of is not the subsequent system operator, it
conformity issued to the initial vendor, the must be ensured that the operator satisfies
licensing procedure focuses on correct siting all the requirements detailed in the licence.
and safe operation of the system. For example: If application documents are returned to the
The precise location of installation either in applicant for the purpose of completion, this
the open air or in a building does not constitute a formal decision; the
Potential risks to the system (collision process is solely interrupted, whereby no
protection, fire protection etc.) and administration costs are charged.
the respective precautions, taking into
consideration the requirements that the 2. Submission of an explosion
manufacturer makes of the installation site protectionconcept
in the operating instructions as a result of If the required risk analysis in accordance
the risk analysis with the [German] Hazardous Substances
Translation of the manufacturer's Ordinance (GefahrstoffV), taking account
specifications to the actual local of Appendix III Item 1, establishes that the
conditions, for example on the occurrence of a hazardous substance of an
"Ex zone" plan explosive amount in the atmosphere cannot be
Mode of operation, for example, the avoided in the system applied for, then a check
special safety and organisational must be carried out in the licensing procedure
precautions to be taken in the case of as to whether the necessary structural
intermittent supervision fire protection and structural conditions
Verification of compatibility of the for explosion protection exist, even if the
individual components with each other, explosion protection document required by the
in the event that no proof of conformity is BetrSichV need only be prepared by the time
provided for the whole system of commissioning.
The application must include all the information The term "explosion protection concept"
that the ZÜS requires for the expert opinion has established itself for the concept to be
and/or the test before commissioning (see presented in the application. The statements
sections 4 and 6). required in the explosion protection concept
are listed in the Appendix.
Attention must also be paid to the fact that
the expert opinion of the ZÜS is a formal part 3.—Documents required
of the application (BetrSichV paragraph 13 The documents required for each individual
section 2 BetrSichV). With acceptance of the system type are to be found in the checklist
expert opinion as an application document, in the Appendix. Depending on the case
any applicable deficiencies, supplementary in question, additional documentation may
requirements and proposed measures be necessary.
described in the document automatically
become an integral part of the application. The
necessary coordination process between the
applicant and the ZÜS is described in greater
detail in section C.14.2.4.
As a rule, the subsequent system operator

and the applicant are one and the same. If the
application is submitted by a third party, such
as an engineering consultancy as a service
for the subsequent system operator, then the
appropriate authorisations must be enclosed
with the application.
256/257
E.1.1.3. Requirements for the expert It must be evident from the ZÜS expert
opinion from an approved opinion that all of the following issues
monitoring body (ZÜS) have been checked – insofar as no relevant
measures have been proposed – and complied
With reference to siting and safe operation, with:
the expert opinion forms the fundamental Completeness of information with
basis for the licensing procedure. It must reference to safety issues, also including,
Note
therefore be resilient. for example:
Statements regarding the intended
According to the regulatory text, it must be materials to be used and A statement such as
evident from the expert opinion that Specifications concerning special safety "there are no concerns
siting measures for employees and third parties. preventing conferral
design and Requirements with reference to the of a licence" does not
operating mode of the system installation site (taking account of comply with BetrSichV
comply with the regulation. neighbouring plots of land), including specifications and is
The information that the expert opinion from checking of: therefore insufficient.
the approved monitoring body must contain Compliance with the necessary distances
as a minimum requirement according to to neighbouring systems due to potential
AKK-RL [3] is reproduced in the Appendix. reciprocal risk, particularly in the event of
a fire
Furthermore, the official justification of Compliance with the installation
the BetrSichV states that: "Before issuing requirements regarding explosion
a licence, the expertise of a ZÜS must be protection, i.e. particularly in terms
called upon and this shall check whether of checking the "explosion protection
the interaction between parts of the system concept" insofar as safety zones are
under actual operational conditions allows safe required for explosion protection
operation of the system." according to Appendix 3 of the BetrSichV,
and compliance with the structural
When preparing an application, a differentiation requirements (e.g. no openings in walls or
must be made between three case situations: floor drains in the safety zones)
Case 1: A declaration of conformity is Guarantee of the necessary protection
available for the whole system from damage depending on the situation
Case 2: There are some subsections with at the installation location, with particular
a declaration of conformity and some reference to vehicular traffic taking
without, but all components are subject to account of the vehicle type and the
harmonised regulations speeds travelled
Case 3: (Sub)sections do not fall within the Exclusion of any other potential reciprocal
harmonised regime (such as storage tanks effects with regard to neighbouring
in the case of flammable liquids) systems, such as the risk of undergrate
firing due to leaking flammable liquids or
Depending on the case in question, the fuel oil/diesel
ZÜS test scope in the expert opinion differs Suitability of the system and/or system
from that applicable to testing before components for the intended operating
commissioning. Everything that is not verified modes and for the intended form
on the part of the manufacturer must be of supervision
proven during testing, at the latest prior
to commissioning. Insofar as the whole system is not subject
to only one conformity assessment
If, in the case of pressure equipment, procedure, a check should be conducted
an assembly is assembled under the at this stage regarding the suitability and
responsibility of the operator, a certificate mutual compatibility of the individual
of conformity must be available for each intended components.
individual piece of pressure equipment at the
time of the acceptance test. The ZÜS checks The following statement is necessary as the
the correct selection and installation of the result of a positive expert opinion:
individual pressure devices during testing at
the latest prior to commissioning.
Inspection of the application documentation The ZÜS shall list each of the submitted
by ...… has established that the siting, application documents that it has audited
design and operating mode of the …..system (see [4]). Stamping of the application
complies with the requirements of the documents by the inspector as in the past
BetrSichV, provided that the following is no longer necessary
measures are implemented together with the Insofar as requirements are still
specifications in the application: ... outstanding, the ZÜS must stipulate
The intended project therefore complies them in concrete form with specification
with the requirements of the [German] of the reason, but without undertaking
Health & Safety at Work Act (BetrSichV). any planning activity. Repetition of
texts from technical regulations is not
The following aspects must be considered in sufficient. Rather, it must be specified
drafting the expert opinion: how the regulatory requirement is actually
The ZÜS must firstly pay particular attention to to be applied to the assessed system.
maintaining its necessary independence as an For example: "The discharge pipe must
adjudicator, which implies that its advisory role be routed 3 m above the roof of the
is subject to very strict limitations. This is dealt neighbouring warehouse."
with and defined in detail in [1] and [2], also A long list of requirements in the form
with regard to auditing activities. of pre-formulated texts tailored to the
specific system type that practically repeat
In drafting the expert opinion, the ZÜS the application specifications make the
must not have a formative influence on inspection appear at least very superficial
the concept, i.e. it must not act in the Legal obligations may at most be included
same way as an engineering consultancy; as notes in the expert opinion, but not as
rather, it should specify as precisely as proposals for any incidental provisions
possible which target requirements of the A description of the approach taken during
BetrSichV and the technical regulations the inspection or explicit reference to the
are taken into account inadequately. information in the application that has
If important points are not taken into been audited is possible, but this must
account, the ZÜS must firstly prompt be clearly separated from the additional
the applicant to provide supplementary requirements made
information prior to publishing its opinion. On principle, information provided in the
Only afterwards can the ZÜS check application must be checked on site by
whether the measures taken are adequate the ZÜS in accordance with [3]. The ZÜS
and comply, for example, with the must assess beyond any doubt whether
technical regulations of the BetrSichV. If the installation location is suitable. A site
there are several alternatives for achieving inspection is therefore an inherent part of
a particular safety-related objective (e.g. the expert opinion
with reference to the design of adequate In the expert opinion, the ZÜS must cover
collision protection), the ZÜS need only all the risk areas touched on by the system.
assess whether the solution proposed by If it is unable to do so comprehensively,
the applicant is sufficient. At the same for example due to the limited extent of its
time, the applicant can propose several approval, this must be pointed out to the
solutions and then decide at a later stage applicant explicitly. In this case, another
which of the solutions is implemented ZÜS may need to be called upon, whereby
one of the approval bodies must play the
No demands may be made of the quality coordinating role so that the intersections
of the system or system components, between both aspects (e.g. pressure
insofar as these have been subjected to hazards and explosion protection) can also
a conformity assessment procedure; the be considered
quality is assessed subsequently by an
approved body
258/259
If special requirements are made of the 2. Scope and depth of auditing by the —
equipment in individual cases (such as the licensing authority
extension of a discharge pipe), this must The licensing authority is not assigned
be substantiated, for example with the the role of "chief adjudicator", i.e. it can
circumstances at the installation location particularly depend on the fact that the ZÜS
(which must be described) – insofar as an expert opinion is included in
the application – has audited the application
1. General information documentation thoroughly and competently.
The application must be submitted in triplicate However, the licensing authority must still
with the required documentation, including check the application for completeness
the expert opinion from the approved and plausibility. Knowledge specific to the
monitoring body (if necessary) to the regional technology in question must also be available
administration. Only if planning permission is for this purpose.
to be granted at the same time, do the extra
copies required for the planning permission Lack of due diligence by the applicant and/or
process also need to be enclosed. If possible, the ZÜS is evident in particular from the fact
preliminary discussions should be held with that
the applicant to clarify which documents Information is inconsistent
are necessary. Information on the installation location is
missing or imprecise
If the documentation is complete, the The ZÜS proposes unspecific measures
applicant receives an acknowledgement of Potential risks (fire loads, mechanical
receipt from the authorities. hazards due to vehicles) are inadequately
The 3-month deadline is calculated from the described and evaluated
date of receipt of the complete application It remains unsettled how the deficiencies
documentation. indicated in the expert opinion from the
ZÜS are to be rectified
If the check for completeness reveals that
documents essential for evaluating the If the licensing authority has any enquiries
application are missing, the applicant is regarding the form or content of the expert
requested to (re)submit these documents opinion or the ZÜS, for example, has proposed
with a note that the 3-month period has not any measures that are incompatible with
yet started. the information in the application, then the
The period only begins on receipt of all licensing authority turns firstly to the applicant.
(additionally) required documents. The With the consent of the applicant, individual
applicant also receives an acknowledgement of issues can then also be clarified directly
receipt for the additional documents. between the licensing authority and the ZÜS.
If applicants intend to implement a large If the issues can be clarified amicably and
project in several stages and each application unequivocally, the final version selected must
only covers a part of the whole system, then arise unambiguously and in concrete terms
the respective licence must be restricted from the licence and/or from the accepted
to the assembly and installation of that part incidental provisions.
of the system applied for. In this case, the
licence for operation of the whole system Should applicants decide on another solution
can only be combined with the licence for for achieving the intended objective after
assembly and installation of the final part of approval has been granted, then they can apply
the overall system. informally at any time for replacement of the
means, i.e. for an amendment to an incidental
provision. If this is taken into account, the
letter of confirmation of the licence should
be reattached. A formal change permit is not
necessary for a modification to requirements.
If differences still exist following discussion 2) Inspection of the application on the basis of
thereof, with reference to statements in the BauO paragraph 63ff reveals that a building
application and/or the expert opinion, then the permit is required. The requirement for
application shall be returned to the applicant planning permission can be justified by
with a relevant explanation and a request for the system exceeding a particular order of
supplementary information and/or clarification. magnitude (e.g. in the storage of gases as
part of a filling system, if the storage tank
A separate consultation with the applicant has a volume > 5 m³). It can, however, also
is not necessary prior to issuing a decision be founded on planning permission solely
if the application has been accepted in its being required due to the change in usage
entirety. Otherwise a consultation must take of the property. If it cannot be established
place. If applicants do not agree with any of without doubt whether or not planning
the incidental provisions, they can apply for permission is required, then the planning
replacement of the means. If the solution authority must be involved. If the BauOA
is acceptable, this is confirmed in a letter to (planning department) confirms the need
which the licence is attached. for a building permit, this decision is binding
for the licensing authority. In this case, the
3. Involvement of other agencies applicant must also include documents
The licensing procedure is established as required for inspection by the BauOA with
a lean process and does not display any the application.
bundling effects. It deals solely with the safety
issues relevant to the system on the basis of The responsible planning department is
the BetrSichV. requested to deliver a judgement within a
specified period (normally 4 weeks) from
In North Rhine-Westphalia, however, there is a submission of the necessary documentation.
special situation that includes the licence with
the building permit according to paragraph Other public legal issues that could be
63 of the [NRW] Building Regulations (BauO). affected by erection and operation (i.e.
Outwardly, therefore, only one licensing subsequent use of the system), must be
authority makes an appearance; the one that checked during the course of the planning
issues the licence and planning permission application process. Whether and to what
in one legal document. Hence, the overall extent this is the case is the responsibility of
decision includes the intrinsically independent the BauOA. Within the scope of its auditing
part of the building permit. This is also obligation, the BauOA must also check for
expressed within the administrative decision compliance with emission control legislation.
by means of a clear delimitation.
The licensing authority is not obliged to
Regarding the involvement of other agencies, involve any other agencies directly.
a differentiation can be made between The wording and incidental provisions of
two cases: the licence and building permit should be
1) No other legal sectors (such as building, specified separately. In the licence section,
planning, water or environmental law) only incidental provisions concerning
are involved with the modification or technical requirements (design, equipment
construction of a system; in other words, it or operation) are permissible. The proposed
only has to do with technological questions incidental provisions from the BauOA
and matters of system safety. In this case, cannot be embodied in what is the direct
the licensing authority issues the licence responsibility of the licensing authority;
without the involvement of other agencies. they can only be included in the section
of the administrative decision relating to
building regulations.
260/261
According to building law, it is perfectly An extension of the 3-month deadline is only

permissible to restrict the use of a building possible in justifiable circumstances. This could
or a system permanently, especially by be the case if the BauOA requests additional
limiting the operating times (e.g. to daytime), documents. The applicant is notified in writing
if this appears to be called for in light of the that the deadline is being extended by an
designation of the property (e.g. as a mixed appropriate period.
use area).
If inspection of the documents yields that
The licensing authority does not check the the system is not licensable, a negative
incidental provisions deemed necessary administrative decision is issued. Assembly
by the BauOA for the section of the and installation of the system must be
administrative decision dealing with building explicitly prohibited in that decision. In the
legislation. In the case of obvious serious case of a request for change, if applicable, the
errors, feedback should be provided to non-licensable amendment must be prohibited.
the BauOA.
The operator and, if applicable, the
Should it prove necessary in exceptional BauOA each receive one copy of the
circumstances to directly involve other licensing decision.
agencies for the purpose of speeding up the
process, the submissions must be returned 4. Consequences of issuing the license
via the planning department, because it is the and planning permission in one
only body capable of checking the admissibility decision
and correctness of the incidental provisions If problems are to be expected due to
proposed by them. The proposed incidental inclusion of the building permit, for example
provisions cannot be embodied in what is the with reference to admissibility of use of the
direct responsibility of the licensing authority; property in the planned form, several options
they can only be included in the section are available:
of the administrative decision relating to The applicant can be requested to present
building regulations. certain requirements in the application
If it is established during the course of the itself, for example a restriction of the
process that a statutory requirement from operating times. Then the permit can be
another legal area has been omitted, the granted without restrictions
process is suspended until the requirements The applicant is requested to have the
with respect to the applicant have been other statutory issues affected by a
fulfilled. For this purpose, the applicant is building permit examined in a preceding
notified of the circumstances and referred process. In this way, the admissibility of
to the fact that the process will only be a change in use or an access road from
resumed once the procedural requirements a public highway (see paragraph 9 of the
have been satisfied. The three-month deadline [German] Federal Trunk Road Act) can be
is extended accordingly. One such legal examined and decided upon in advance
requirement is to be found, for example, in If the future use of the system at the
paragraph 25 section 1 of the [NRW] Highways intended location is clearly not at all
and Bye-ways Act. permissible (for example in the outdoor
area) for other statutory reasons, then the
The licensing authority checks the issues of application can also be declined with the
occupational and operational safety. Incidental substantiation that no decision-making
provisions are formulated as necessary. interest exists. The applicant is at liberty to
appeal against such a decision
The incoming statements and expert opinions
are examined to see whether they relate
to requirements specific to the building or
the system technology. Proposed incidental
provisions that represent pure reproductions of
legal texts must not be adopted.
In general, other statutory issues must not E.1.1.4 Inspection before commissioning
be based on the BetrSichV; rather, only on
building law, for which the BauOA bears The extent of inspections (and therefore also
sole responsibility. the one before commissioning) is specified in
paragraph 15 section 2 of the BetrSichV. The
inspection certificate required in accordance
5. Licence within a BImSch process with paragraph 19 section 1 of the BetrSichV
If a system requiring a licence is part of a must include a minimum of the following
system subject to authorisation according information according to AKK-RL [3]:
to the German Immissions Act (BImSchG), Legal basis
then the licensing authority is not responsible Initial inspection, inspection following
for the licence; rather, the office managing modification, following a major change or
the BImSch process. Process regulations after corrective maintenance according to
according to the BImSchG and the 9th German paragraph 14, BetrSichV
Immissions Ordinance (BImSchV) are relevant Recurring inspection according to
here. The 3-month deadline does not apply. It paragraph 15, BetrSichV
is the time limit set by the office managing the Extraordinary inspection according to
BImSch process that has to be complied with. paragraph 16, BetrSichV and specification,
if applicable, of whether a whole system or
The requirements for documents that need a partial system has been inspected
to be submitted in the licensing procedure Master data of the office (name, postal
according to the BetrSichV also apply to address, identification as an approved
documents within the scope of the BImSch monitoring body)
process (including the expert opinion from Operator data (name, postal address)
the ZÜS). Following inspection of the Specification of the maintenance
documentation, a statement is made to the contractor (if necessary)
responsible approval agency, if necessary, with System location (system identification,
proposals for incidental provisions. in-house designation and system ID,
plus, if necessary, precise description of
the system interfaces, for example with
slide gate number, pipe number and/or
specification that it is a partial system)
Inspection date and inspection period,
if applicable
Clear indication of the relevant inspector
Signature of the inspector
Unique identification of the
inspection certificate
Inspection result, if applicable with
information on defects
Release for commissioning or
continued operation
Inspection interval
In addition to the scope of inspection

before commissioning and the relevant
documentation, the following is expected of
the ZÜS inspector:
Inspection of the whole system, including
siting and required safety clearances
262/263
Insofar as the system has only been The fundamental statement that the
certified in parts, the supplementary necessary documents, for example the
statement that the components and explosion protection document and
assemblies used are compatible with a system-specific "Ex-zone" plan, are
each other and that the required reciprocal available to employees, along with the
safety equipment is available and its operating instructions
integration complies with the state of
technology (quality) In the system-specific technical regulations
Explicit confirmation that the requirements that are still largely based on former individual
relating to assembly, siting and operation pieces of [German] legislation (DruckBehV,
have been complied with in accordance DampfKV, VbF, AcetV) and hence can only be
with the state of technology (operation) applied to a limited extent, further specific
Confirmation that the specifications in the aspects of the inspections are addressed,
licence application have been complied which must be observed.
with, including the expert opinion from the
ZÜS and any applicable special incidental The evaluation of identified deficiencies is
provisions in the licensing decision absolutely essential, i.e. an unequivocal
Reference to the inspection certificate statement regarding the admissibility
from the qualified person concerning of commissioning, specifying any
testing for explosion protection before applicable restrictions.
commissioning (if necessary), insofar as
explosion protection is not checked by the In any event, the ZÜS must always issue
ZÜS itself a certificate regarding the result of the
inspection without delay and hand this over
A positive inspection certificate includes the to the operator, so that an indication of the
following inspection contents, even if they are permissibility of operation is available on-site
not dealt with explicitly in the certificate: at the operating location. This must take
The statement that the supervision place within one week. On no account is it
method (including possible indirect permissible for the ZÜS to issue a satisfactory
supervision) complies with information in inspection certificate weeks or even months
the application and whether any applicable later, after the operator has corrected all the
alternative measures for supervision have faults identified during the inspection and
been taken explained during the meeting.
The statement that the selected protection
against possible mechanical effects Missing pieces of evidence must be noted
is adequately sized to meet the actual as defects in the inspection certificate and
installation conditions, insofar as no qualified accordingly (minor, hazardous,
relevant precise specifications were made serious). Resulting consequences must also
in the application be specified.
The statement that the selected measures
for preventing access by unauthorised Implementation of the system begins with the
personnel are sufficient (enclosure etc.) licence application. Hence, the state of the art
The statement that the necessary at this time applies. Should new, completely
clearance with respect to potential up-to-date findings be made during the course
fire hazards and any other hazards of the licensing process, the licensing authority
has been complied with, particularly can impose supplementary requirements in
with respect to the risk of undergrate the licensing decision. The ZÜS is bound to the
combustion, for example, installation at application documents and the requirements
a sufficient distance from a petrol station in the licensing decision during the inspection
where a liquid gas storage tank is sited before commissioning.
above ground
If the state of the art has made advances

in the period between issuance of the
administrative decision and performance of
the inspection prior to commissioning and
the ZÜS therefore establishes during the
inspection and prior to commissioning that
variance exists with respect to the state of the
art, the ZÜS can report this to the monitoring
and/or licensing authorities, who themselves
must then check whether supplementary
requirements need to be applied in accordance
with paragraph 13 section 5 Clause 2 of the
BetrSichV. The ZÜS may not declare deficits
due to advances in the state of the art
as defects.
Insofar as the operator has already determined

the necessary inspection intervals at the time
of the inspection, the ZÜS can carry out the
necessary examination of the determined
interval, according to BetrSichV paragraph 15
section 4, in conjunction with the acceptance
test. In so doing, a differentiation must be
made between the individual components and
between the various hazardous features of
the system.
If the ZÜS has already recommended an

inspection interval in the expert opinion,
the operator can use this information in
its safety assessment for determining the
inspection interval. In principle, the ZÜS
only states anything after the operator's
safety assessment, which is normally only
practical following the inspection prior
to commissioning.
In the case of recurring inspections, the ZÜS

need not explicitly confirm the inspection
interval defined initially. However, if the
monitoring body has any indication that the
interval should be reduced, then it reports this
to the operator. The operator itself must then
undertake another safety assessment, which
is subject to examination by the ZÜS.
264/265
Fig. C.14.3–1 Reservation of permission
E.1.2 Overview of German licensing

procedures
The necessary licensing procedure or approval

process can exhibit differences from one
federal state to another. Before initiating the
licensing or application process, it is therefore
always advisable to coordinate [steps] in
advance on an individual basis with the local
approval agency, at the same time presenting
the boiler system to be approved.
Overviews of the standard licensing procedure

according to BImSchG (BImSchV 1/4/13, state:
Berlin/Brandenburg, see also Fig. C.14.3-2
and C.14.3-3)
Fig. E.1.2-1 Overview of licensing procedures
Steam boiler system

to BImSchG
(1st German Immissions Order)
[see also appendix A4]
Application to permit
granting authority
(for example competent
commerce authority)
Details to
Details to
environment
planning authority
authority
Asking for
comments
Permit-granting
authority grants permit
System is installed
Expert checks
system
System may be Final acceptance

operated by the authority
=> system not subject to permits according to the

Federal Immissions Act (BImSchG) [Germany]
Overview of the standard sequence of events in the licensing procedure according to BImschG (State of Berlin)
Source: TÜV Rheinland
266/267
Fig. E.1.2-2 Overview of licensing procedures
Steam boiler system

to BImSchG (4th/13th
German Immissions Order) Expert statement
[see also appendix A4]
Application to
environment authority
- Publication of
Details to intended project
Details to
environment - Public participation
planning authority
authority
Documents to permit-granting authority

(for example competent commerce authority)
Environment authority
grants permit
Other authorities
- Aviation
- Federation
- etc.
System is installed
Expert checks
system
System may be operated Final acceptance

by the authority
=> system subject to permits according to the

Federal Immissions Act (BImSchG) [Germany]
Overview of the standard sequence of events in the licensing procedure according to BImschG (State of Berlin)
Source: TÜV Rheinland
E.1.3 Overviews and summary of

application documents and
their compilation
Checklist for the compilation of application

documents for the approval process
according to the German Immissions Act
(source: Federal Environmental Agency,
Krefeld, 08/2005)
General preamble:
The following brief checklist should provide
applicants with assistance in preparing
application documentation for approval
processes in accordance with the German
Immissions Act. Documents and information
are specified in this checklist, which must
normally be submitted.
Depending on actual specifications, it can

however arise that the submission of certain
documents can be dispensed with or that
additional documents are indispensable for
an audit. In cases of doubt, it is therefore
recommended that contact be established
with the approval agency in order to discuss
the finer details.
The following general requirements must

be observed:
Document formats and document folding
must comply with DIN regulations
(particularly DIN 28004). Each additional
copy of the application must be bound in
a separate file. As a rule, 6 copies of the
application must be submitted for carrying
out official tasks
All application documents must be
signed by the applicant or an authorised
representative, with the design
documentation also being signed by the
system architect and the expert opinion by
the expert involved
The application and the table of contents
must be signed on all events by the
applicant or an authorised representative
Trade secrets must be indicated
and the corresponding documents
submitted separately
268/269
a) Checklist for steam boiler systems
Name or company name and address of the operator
Name or company name and address of the manufacturer (if known)
Intended operating location and address (except for mobile steam boilers)
Description of the steam boiler system and the intended operating mode, including schematic
drawings that reveal the design, dimensions and mounting of the
relevant safety equipment
For the system components that must be brought into service according to an EU directive, details of the corresponding
conformity assessment procedures (Machinery Directive 98/37/EC; Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC;
ATEX 94/9/EC for operating equipment, insofar as hazardous explosive atmospheres can form),
declaration of conformity for the assembly (including a list of components to which it applies) or, if conformity
assessment procedures have not yet been carried out, specification of the category from which devices are selected
and a description of the interfaces
Drawings (layout and section, escape routes, pressure relief areas)

Boiler installation room

Facilities for the storage of fuels

Facilities for discharging flue gases, including chimney
(plus the associated structural calculations and height calculation)
Site plan containing the following information:

Location of the installation room

Neighbouring areas on the property and their intended purpose

Adjacent plots of land, buildings, thoroughfares and spaces
Information on building design

Ventilation facilities

Escape routes

Structural fire protection
Expert opinion from an approved monitoring body from which it is evident that siting, design and operating mode of the
systems comply with the requirements of the Act
Specification of total costs including VAT
Special procedures and deviations from the technical regulations must be described separately.
Design documents for pressure equipment and assemblies according to the Pressure Equipment
Directive need not be enclosed. According to LASI (Committee of the States for Occupational Safety
and Health) guidelines for BetrSichV Section C.14.1, the old forms can still be used.
However, it must be noted that these need only be partially completed and that additional information
is required.
b) Checklist for the expert opinion
In accordance with AKKRL [3], the expert opinion from the approved monitoring body must contain at
least the following information:
Legal basis (e.g. paragraph 13 section 2 BetrSichV)
Reason for the expert opinion
Master data of the office (name, postal address,

identification as an approved monitoring body)
Operator data (name, postal address)
System location (system identification, in-house designation and any system ID)
Description of the project with designation of the main components
Date report created, date of site inspection and scope of system inspected
Basis for testing
Test documents viewed
Unique identification for the expert opinion
Assessment of the system components and/or the system or systems
Result of the assessment with any applicable conditions and recommendations
Clear specification of the expert involved, signature of the expert
c)—Necessary statements in the explosion protection concept
In the case of areas at risk of explosion in enclosed spaces (rooms):

Designation of the enclosed spaces
Classification of enclosed spaces into zones according to BetrSichV Appendix 3
The statement that electrical and other installations in the building comply with requirements
according to BetrSichV Appendix 4
The statement that any applicable structural measures deemed necessary in accordance with
GefStoffV Appendix III No. 1 have been taken, for example prevention of fire transference
In the case of areas at risk of explosion in the open air:

Classification of areas into zones according to BetrSichV Appendix 3
The statement that the requirements for zones in the open air (such as the omission of openings to
lower lying areas) have been complied with
A statement regarding the quality of any walls that enclose the open air areas
The statement that electrical and other installations comply with requirements according to
BetrSichV Appendix 4
270/271
E.1.4 Overviews for compiling the application documents
Application documents Boiler assembly
Number of application Operator Design Viessmann2b)

documentsa) engineer
III IV
Steam boiler system description 3 3 X X X
Steam boiler system operating mode 3 3 X X
Steam boiler system drawings 3 3 X X
Boiler house floor plan 4 4 X X
Layout of the fuel storage facility 4 4 X
Layout of the flue gas discharge equipment 4 4 X
Layout of the chimney 4 4 X
Sectional drawing of the boiler house 4 4 X
Sectional drawing of the fuel storage facility 4 4 X
Sectional drawing of the flue gas discharge equipment 4 4 X
Sectional drawing of the chimney 4 4 X
Static chimney calculations 3 3 X
For drawings: scale 1:100; for site plans: scale 1:1000 to 1:5000
Site plan of the installation room 4 4 X

+ neighbouring rooms with intended purpose
Site plan of the adjacent plots of land, buildings, 4 4 X

thoroughfares and spaces
Steam boiler system wiring diagrams - 3 X2b)
Burner description/combustion system 3 3 X2b)
(Source: TÜV Rheinland, issue: 11/2007)
a)
Minimum scope that can be
submitted in agreement with the
authorities partially except for
6 (8) copies.
b)
Insofar as Viessmann is the supplier
of these system components.
Note
Principle requirements and regulations for the

Steam boiler group
assignment, see also installation of steam boilers
section C.14.
General requirements Alongside minimum requirements for

Boiler systems should always be installed in clearances for operation and maintenance,
buildings that are free from the risk of frost, escape routes, flue gas routing, fuel storage
dust and dripping water. The temperature in and electrical equipment, these regulations
the installation room should be between 5 and stipulate the type of room where steam boilers
40 °C. Provision must be made for adequate may be installed. High pressure steam boilers
ventilation (combustion air supply). In so (category IV according to TRD) must not be
doing, attention must be paid to ensuring installed in the following areas:
that no corrosive elements (e.g. chlorine or in, below, above or next to living spaces,
halogenated compounds) are drawn in with in, below or above social spaces
the combustion air. (e.g. washrooms, changing rooms and
The floor must be level and offer sufficient rest areas) and working areas
load-bearing capacity. For the load-bearing
capacity, the maximum operating weight, The regulations also list less strict installation
i.e. the wet weight together with all conditions, depending on the product of water
fitted components, must be taken into content and permissible operating pressure,
consideration. Boilers can be installed taking into consideration the maximum steam
without special foundations. However, output. However, the regulations stipulate
foundations are advisable for better cleaning different requirements, so specific clarification
of the installation room. in advance with the locally responsible
authorities is recommended.
Regulations
DDA information, issue 2.2002 [Germany], The respective state building regulations
describes the "installation and operation of must be observed for the installation of
land-based steam boiler systems with CE steam boilers. In general, siting of boilers
designation". These rules are largely drawn in working areas is not out of the question.
from TRD 403 or, depending on water capacity In principle, the requirements specified in
and permissible operating pressure for easier TRD 403 (Group IV Steam Boilers) and
installation, from TRD 702. TRD 802 (Group III Steam Boilers, Clause 11
Furthermore, the respective state building in particular) must be observed.
regulations and combustion ordinance must
be observed.
272/273
E.2.1 Installation of category IV Note regarding Clause 4.3

land-based steam boilers An area of at least 10 % of the floor area of the
installation room must give way much more
In the following, partial reference is made easily on the outer walls or ceiling surfaces
solely to the installation of land-based steam than the rest of the enclosing walls.
boilers (indicated accordingly with an "L" in
TRD 403), for example: Clause 4.4 - escape routes and
Clause 3.1 - structural requirements emergency exits
Clause 3.2 - installation requirements Clause 4.41 - it must always be possible to
Clause 3.3 - clearances for operation leave and access the boiler room quickly
and maintenance and freely via the escape routes
Clause 3.3.1 - minimum height/width of Clause 4.4.2 - for land-based steam
the accessible area 2 m/1 m; restriction of boilers, linear distance of no more than
the minimum width to 0.8 m by valves 35 m to the exit
Clause 3.3.2/3.3.3 - minimum width Clause 4.4.3/4.4.4 - boiler rooms
in areas that need not be accessed for with at least two exits, if possible on
operation or maintenance 0.5 m; 0.3 m opposite sides
in the case of cylindrical boiler bodies Clause 4.4.5 - exit clear width at least
(at one side) 0.6 m, minimum height 2 m
Clause 3.3.4 - minimum clearance Clause 4.4.6 - escape doors opening in
between boiler top edge and ceiling lower escape direction and able to be opened
edge 0.75 m from the outside without a key during
Clause 3.4 - access to boiler rooms boiler operation
Clause 4 - installation in enclosed spaces, Clause 4.5/4.6 - connecting paths
with specific reference to: from installation room to other rooms;
Clause 4.1 - definition of the enclosed separating walls and ceilings between
spaces in which group IV boilers may be installation room and other rooms
installed (neither in, above, below nor Clause 4.7/4.8 - ventilation of boiler rooms
next to living spaces; neither in, above nor in such a way that negative pressure of no
below social spaces and working areas) more than 0.5 mbar results
Clause 4.2./4.3 - exceptions for the Clause 5 - open air installation
permissible installation of so-called Clause 6 - walkways and railings
product-pressure boilers Clause 7 - flue gas discharge
Clause 8 - fuel storage and supply
Clause 9 - contact protection
Clause 10 - lighting
Clause 11 - electrical equipment and
lightning protection systems
E.2.2 Installation of category III land-

based steam boilers (TRD 802)
Partial reference solely to Clause 11 -

installation:
In this context the respective state building
regulations must be observed. In general,
siting of boilers in working areas is not out of
the question.
Note
E.2.3 Steam boiler system Roof ceilings
installation room Concrete roof ceilings in the form of in-situ
See chapter G1, concrete or prefabricated ceilings.
Appendix 4 for an example E.2.3.1 General requirements for For subordinate buildings, trapezoidal
sketch of an installation building/geometric data panels can be integrated in consultation
room (container facility). and structural physics with the developer and according to
Architectural and design aspects are not static requirements.
considered here and must be clarified on site
in individual cases. Emergency staircases
Insofar as these are necessary due to the
The specific requirements for fire resistance building dimensions and/or building use; solid,
levels to be complied with for building fire-resistant, brickwork or reinforced concrete
components according to DIN 4102 and/or structures with facing brickwork or facing
DIN 13501 must be observed on the basis concrete on the inside.
of the respective applicable state building
regulations. The same applies to equipment of Thermal/sound insulation
smoke extraction systems and escape routes. According to DIN 4108/4109 for walls and roofs
and/or according to noise impact assessment.
Subsoil and foundations
According to details specified in an expert's External walls
report to be prepared on site for subsoil If no higher level requirements apply for
assessment and recommendation of design reasons:
foundations. External wall surfaces in the form of
a double-skin, thermally insulated and
Assumed loads soundproof wall covering comprising
According to DIN 1055 and/or according to horizontally arranged self-supporting 60 cm
specification of the technological building high sheet steel caissons - galvanised and
guidelines derived from unit loads, transport coated in standard colours. Perforated
and assembly loads. design in areas where sound-absorption
measures are required
Live loads Thermal insulation and/or soundproofing
According to DIN 1055 and/or according to made from mineral fibre panels inlaid
VGB guideline VGB-R 602 U "Specification and into the sheet steel caissons. Vertically
handling of effects on building structures in arranged trapezoidal sheet covering on
power stations", 2005 edition. the outside, made from aluminium, coil-
Within a range of five metres from installation coated in RAL colour; profile and colour as
openings, the live loads must be designed required by building owner
accordingly for the expected installation loads. For subordinate buildings without any
soundproofing requirements, sandwich
Building structures elements consisting of sheet aluminium
Reinforced concrete structures or steel- on both sides with a rigid PUR foam core
framed structures, made from uprights, can be employed in consultation with the
beams and ties with threaded assembly joints, building owner
are preferred.
Internal walls
Ceilings Made from lime-sand brick, thickness
According to operational requirements; according to structural requirements,
reinforced concrete ceilings, steel/concrete skimmed on both sides, if no higher level
composite ceilings on permanent sheet steel demands are made of the wall surface
shuttering, for example grating platforms.
274/275
Roof sealing The stairs, platforms and ladders should permit

For solid roofs, for example reinforced easy and safe access:
concrete ceilings, aerated concrete to all access openings, inspection ports
ceilings etc., the following roof structure and cleaning apertures,
is conceivable: to parts of the system that require regular
Primer (bituminous) checks or maintenance,
Vapour barrier V 60 S4 AI 01 to the equipment that must be actuated
Non-flammable thermal insulation, manually, either normally or in the event
thickness according to requirements, of a fault.
with slope
One layer KSA cold glue film Ladders should only be provided in exceptional
One layer 200 PYE PV S5 circumstances.
One layer PYP PV 200 S5 EN
Separating layer of fibrous web or PE film The vertical clearance above all platforms and
Mechanical fastenings according to stairs must be at least 2.10 m. The layout of
structural requirements stairs and platforms must be coordinated with
6 to 8 cm gravel ballast layer of washed the building owner.
round gravel 16/32 mm
Surfaces and walkways that are walked on Walkways, stairs
for operational or maintenance purposes Frequently used walkways and stairs, as well
must be covered with 50/50/5 cm paving as escape routes, should have a minimum
slabs on protective building mats width of 1.20 m; narrower widths are possible
For light roofs: (subordinate buildings) in consultation with the building owner.
Trapezoidal panel roofs Step ratios for stairs required by building
Thermal insulation made of foam glass; legislation: h/a ≤ 19/26 cm ≤ 36°
thickness according to requirements Other stairs: h/a ≤ 20/23 cm ≤ 40° (see also
1 layer Evalon-V DIN 18065 and DIN 31003)
To provide fall protection, external walls must
be extended to at least 0.3 m above the upper Stairs must be implemented in the form of
edge of the finished roof to form a parapet. solid, pre-cast concrete steps with slip-proof
edge protection profiles embedded in the
Stairs, platforms, railings, ladders concrete and/or grating steps according to
Design engineers must take account of DIN 24531 with slip-proof leading edges.
all potential damage and faults considered
possible based on their knowledge and Gratings
experience in the layout of stairs and According to DIN 24531, type SP, 40 mm high,
platforms. In particular, endangering of the mesh side 30 mm, supporting bar 40 x 3 mm.
operating personnel must be minimised by The gratings are provided with an outer border,
providing adequate means of escape. even in recesses for pipes etc. The gratings
It must be ensured that the distance of must be secured against displacement by
the escape routes from rooms at risk to positive clamps at the 4 corners of each
an emergency exit does not exceed that individual element.
demanded by the building regulations.
Railings and ladders
At the same time, the emergency exit must Made of round tubing according to DIN 24533,
open either directly into the open air or but with rungs made of square steel bars.
directly into an safety stairwell. On principle,
there must always be two escape options, if
possible diagonally opposite one another.
E.2.3.2 Building services equipment Ventilation

Part of the exterior glazing must be equipped
Heating with opening windows (with storm protection)
Buildings must normally be equipped with for the purpose of ventilating existing offices
a domestic hot water heating system. The and common rooms. Cross ventilation must
exceptions are all electrical, instrumentation be possible. If window airing is not possible,
and control rooms, IT systems, transformer natural ventilation must be provided with
and switchgear rooms. In principle, these forced or mechanical ventilation.
spaces are heated with electric radiators or
wall mounted or ceiling mounted electric Mechanical operations rooms, such as turbine,
fan heaters. In areas for boiler and machine boiler, pump and similar rooms, must be
houses, as well as district heating stations, ventilated. Ventilation systems are designed on
where low pressure steam is available, this the basis of the following criteria:
steam could be used for heating. the required temperatures;
the amount of heat released in the room;
The heating system is designed in such a the amount of combustion air;
way that a room temperature of +5 °C can be depending on which of these criteria makes
maintained at a minimum outside temperature the greatest demands on the ventilation
of -25 °C. In this design, it is ensured that systems. Otherwise, the ventilation systems
water-bearing parts cannot freeze up. must be designed according to DIN 1946.
Furthermore, the heating system is designed The necessary unrestricted air intake and
in such a way that at a standard outside exhaust vents for the steam boiler room must
temperature according to DIN 4701 of 12 °C, be provided here on the basis of the formula
the following temperatures can be maintained: in section D.3.4.
System rooms +18 °C
Operations rooms +18 °C Technical operations rooms,
Offices and common rooms +20 °C such as transformer, switchgear and electrical
Changing, wash and shower rooms +24 °C systems rooms, must be equipped with
Pure traffic areas, such as stairwells their own ventilation systems. The design of
and passageways, and rooms in which these systems is governed by the respective
no water-bearing system parts are technical requirements and relevant official
situated +15 °C regulations, DIN, VDI and other guidelines.
If cooling by outdoor air is dispensed with

in electrical operations rooms due to the
temperatures being too high and they are
cooled instead by circulating air coolers,
a minimum outdoor air content must be
provided by means of simple air change.
Areas with permanent workplaces, such as

offices and workshops, must be ventilated
in accordance with [German] workplace
regulations (ArbStättV) and DIN 1946.
Common rooms, changing, shower and
washrooms must be ventilated in accordance
with the ArbStättV and/or DIN 18228 and
DIN 1946. Interior WC rooms without windows
must be ventilated according to DIN 18017.
276/277
Smoke and heat extraction systems must E.2.4 Acoustic emissions

be provided for all areas with relevant fire
hazards. The smoke and heat extraction Sources of noise
system is dimensioned according to Sound is understood as mechanical vibrations
DIN 18230 (structural fire protection in and waves in elastic media, such as solid
industrial buildings). bodies (structure-borne noise), air (airborne
noise) and liquids. These vibrations occur at
Sanitary installations certain frequencies (= number of vibrations
Sanitary installations may only be installed by per second). The human ear perceives vibration
registered contractors. from approx. 16 Hz (low notes) to approx.
16,000 Hz (high notes).
Town water pipes
Made of copper. Otherwise according to Any type of sound perceived as annoying or
guidelines from the responsible water supply irritating by the human ear is described as
utility; cross sections and routing according "noise". To prevent noise creating a nuisance,
to DIN 1988. the legislator [in most countries] has issued
Domestic hot water systems are coupled regulations for protection against noise.
according to DIN 1988 with the drinking These include the German Immissions Act
water and designed in compliance with AD (BImSchG), DIN 4109, DIN 45 680 and VDI
datasheet A3. Guideline 2058. Limits, testing and evaluating
Hot water pipes and DHW circulation pipes processes are defined here as a function of
must be insulated. The insulation thickness is the different environments and times of day.
governed by DIN 18421 and must be designed
according to VDI 2055. The noise emanating from boiler systems is
mainly caused by the following:
Pipes laid beneath plaster must be fully Combustion
insulated and must not come into contact Burner fan
with the brickwork. All insulating materials Structure-borne vibrations
may only be provided in flame-resistant or Pump motors
incombustible versions.
Airborne noise is predominantly created by
Drain pipes the combustion process and transmitted
must be designed according to DIN 1986. by emissions from the burner, boiler and
Collector pipes and downpipes must be made flue. Structure-borne noise is generated by
from socketless drain pipes (SML) with pipe mechanical vibration in the boiler system and is
connection up to DN 100 by means of AKO generally transmitted through the foundations,
rapid connectors and from DN 125 with CV walls and sides of the flue system. Depending
connectors. The connection lines to pieces of on the frequency, sound pressure levels of
equipment must be laid beneath plaster in HT between 50 and 140 dB(A) can arise.
piping. Sizing according to DIN 1986.
Fire extinguishing equipment

Insofar as the local authorities have no other
requirements, preference should normally
be given to the provision of hand-held fire
extinguishers. These should however be
provided in adequate numbers in coordination
with the local fire department and the
building owner.
Selected noise protection measures E.2.5 Transportation and handling

Sound-insulating bases can only be supplied up
to a limited load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, A) Transportation
separation can only be achieved by structural Shell boilers can be transported by road,
means, such as anti-vibration foundations. rail or water. Packaging must be designed
appropriately for the means of transport;
A) Structure-borne noise insulation where necessary, the particularly fragile
Sound-insulating boiler supports minimise the thermal insulation is shipped separately.
transmission of structure-borne noise to the
floor surface. Accessories such as burners, control
equipment and valves are packed and shipped
B) Flue gas silencers separately to protect them from damage in
Flue gas silencers are used for the attenuation transit. A further benefit of this approach is
of combustion noises. To ensure effectiveness, minimum possible transport dimensions.
their design must be carefully coordinated with Accessories are fitted only after the steam
the boiler/burner combination, the flue system boiler has been installed on site.
and the chimney. The higher the steam output, the more
When planning the size of the installation expensive the transportation. In certain
room, attention must be paid to the fact that circumstances, forwarding agents take
the flue gas silencer requires a considerable account of appropriate transport routes
amount of space. (e.g. consideration of narrow roads and low
bridges, the load-bearing capacity of transport
C) Flue expansion joints routes) and police escorts (special transports).
Flue expansion joints prevent the transmission
of structure-borne noise from the boiler/burner The developer must ensure that there is
unit via the flue path to the building structure. adequate access to the installation location on
In addition, they can absorb the thermal site. The access route must provide sufficient
expansion of the flue pipes. load-bearing capacity (no underground tanks or
underground car parks). In addition, sufficient
D) Burner fan – silencer hoods space for manoeuvring must be available.
Silencer hoods are used to attenuate burner Suitable lifting equipment for unloading the
fan noises. Their main purpose is therefore boiler and accessories and for handling heavy
to reduce the amount of noise within the equipment (e.g. burner, pumps, valves,
installation room. control panel etc.) must be provided in the
boiler house.
E) Air intake and exhaust
Balanced flue systems with silencers B) Moving into the building
supply the burner with specific amounts An adequately sized opening must be provided
of combustion air and prevent the outward for bringing the boiler and the additional
transmission of noise generated in the boiler components into the building. This opening
room via vents. may also be in the boiler house roof or take
We recommend that provision be made for the form of a shaft.
noise prevention measures as early as the To reduce costs, the handling paths should
planning phase to avoid costly retrofitting. One be as short as possible and not restricted by
prerequisite for an optimum solution is close obstructing elements. Sufficient load-bearing
collaboration between architects, developers, capacity must also be ensured in this area.
design engineers and contractors. Lifting gear should be able to be sited as close
The contact point for clarifying emission to the installation location as possible. It must
requirements is the local factory inspectorate. be adequately sized for the loads to be lifted
and the heights and/or reach to be covered.
Lifting equipment requires a sufficiently solid
floor area. In certain circumstances, it may be
necessary for access roads or sections of road
to be closed temporarily.
278/279
E.2.6 Earthquake protection E.2.6.2 Steam boilers
E.2.6.1 Basic principles For boilers installed within an earthquake-

proof boiler house, the earthquake impact
When designing boiler houses in earthquake on the boiler must be examined. This may
zones, it is essential that certain requirements require limitation of the acting forces and/or
for producing an earthquake-proof supporting accelerations. However, the basic requirement
structure are considered at an early stage. is that the boiler(s) is/are installed on a
foundation that has been included in the
The basic task of earthquake protection is, calculations for earthquake protection.
by means of modelling, design and sizing,
to direct and distribute the vibration energy E.2.6.2.1 Boiler accessories
transferred to the boiler house by earth
movements and convert it into other forms The specifications in item E.2.6.2 apply equally
of energy in such a way that major damage is to ancillary components, such as pumps
prevented. Attention must therefore be paid and thermal/chemical tanks. Calculation-
to a clearly designed supporting structure based verification of ability to withstand the
with extensive regularity both in the floor respective loads (structural analysis) must
plan and extending above the height of the be furnished for feedwater tanks, which are
boiler house. normally mounted on a frame.
Chimneys must be designed for buckling
Aside from the vertical load-bearing elements, prevention, even if they are installed in the
the shearing action of the floors is very building. Wind loads must be considered due
important with regard to spatial load-bearing to the construction height and the geodetic
capacity and rigidity. The engineering design altitude of the installation location.
of the foundations and their connection to
the boiler house that sits on them must
ensure that large relative displacements of
the foundation structures among themselves
is prevented and the entire building structure
is loaded uniformly by the movement of
the earthquake.
The stresses applied by an earthquake can

be better appreciated and considered more
accurately in the design due to the required
regularity of the boiler house floor plan
and elevation.
Aside from the regularity of the structure,

other important features must be examined,
such as natural frequencies and damping of
the structure. This should take place above
all with reference to the constraints of the
earthquake loads to be assessed. If necessary,
appropriate measures must be provided to
modify the natural frequencies and/or damping
action. Such products as "protective elements"
and/or "spring/VISCO® damping elements" can
be used for this purpose.
E.2.6.3 Pipes E.2.6.4 Earthquake-proof planning of

openings and slits in walls
In addition to static and dynamic operational
loads, pipes in the boiler house must be In principle, earthquake walls with openings
designed to withstand the dynamic loads or slits must be regarded as individual
induced by an earthquake. walls that have a lower shearing resistance
Pipes only have insignificant inherent independently of one another than a single
damping properties. Dynamic excitation due homogeneous wall. Electrical lines and piping
to operational or abnormal occurrences, must be planned in such a way that they impair
such as an earthquake, is therefore always the shearing resistance of a wall to the lowest
particularly critical if the excitation frequency extent possible.
corresponds to the natural frequency of the
pipework. In order to restrict pipe movements E.2.6.5 Earthquake standards
to a permissible level, it may be necessary
to provide for measures that increase Applicable building standards for earthquake
damping here. safety must be considered in the project
Pipes that penetrate the boiler house wall, i.e. on a country-specific basis. In Germany, for
fuel, blow-off, steam, electrical and water inlet example, DIN 4149 "Earthquake protection
and outlet lines, must be routed in such a way of solid structures" must be observed.
that deformation of the body to be penetrated,
as well as the pipes themselves, is prevented.
Irrespective of the correctly and and safely
implemented pipework design, pipes bearing
hazardous materials (steam, oil, gas etc.) must
be protected against earthquakes with a quick-
closing system that reliably inhibits leakage of
the medium.
280/281
Vitomax 200-HS, type M237
2 Vitomax 200-HS, type M237, mirrored design

SSAO Servolux, Lithuania,
3 x Vitomax 200-HS 4 t/h; 13 bar.
282/283
F Operation
The following chapter deals with the operating modes and regulations for
operation in Germany.
Different regulations may apply in other The basis for operation in Germany is the
countries. If applicable, the country-specific [German] Health & Safety at Work Act
legislation must therefore be considered. (BetrSichV) and the associated technical
regulations for operational safety (TRBS).
283 F Operation
284 Operating modes
284 F.1.1 Operating modes

286 F.1.2 Standards and regulations governing operation
287 F.1.3 Inspection intervals for boilers according to the
Pressure Equipment Directive
F.1 Operation
Operating modes
Depending on the respective equipment level, the TRD differentiates between several
operating modes for high pressure steam systems.
F.1.1 Operating modes 3. Temporary unattended operation with

reduced operating pressure
1. Operation with constant direct In the unattended operating mode, the steam
supervision boiler is operated with a safety pressure
In this operating mode, the boiler must be of 1 bar. This operating mode requires that
subject to constant supervision by an operator. additional equipment (safety valve, pressure
Automatic equipment for regulating the water regulator, pressure limiter, pressure gauge) are
and pressure levels are therefore superfluous installed on the boiler.
in this mode. Such functions can be carried out
by the operators. 4. Operation without constant supervision
for a period of 24 hours (BosB 24h)
2. Operation with limited supervision The steam boiler must operate fully
The operator must personally verify the correct automatically and be equipped with two self-
state of the boiler system every two hours. monitoring pieces of safety equipment for
The boiler must be equipped with control limiting the water level at the lowest possible
equipment for water and pressure levels. water level. Combustion with additional
safety equipment must also be approved for
unattended operation.
284/285
Note (for Germany)

5. Operation without constant supervision In addition, a contractor, such as Viessmann
for a period of 72 hours (BosB 72h) Industrieservice, must conduct an inspection
In addition to the requirements for 24-hour every six months of control and limiting The amendment
unattended operation, the high water level equipment that is not subject to the regular to the BetrSichV
must also be limited in this mode using a checks by the operator. dated 18 December
separate switching amplifier. Furthermore, With this type of equipment, the operator's 2008 stipulates that,
limiters for the maximum conductivity of the responsibilities are extended to include with effect from
boiler water and equipment for monitoring maintenance, therefore demanding a greater 31 December 2012, all
the water quality (top-up water, condensate) in-depth knowledge than is necessary for the technical regulations
are required and additional control panel operation of simpler systems. (TRD), which are no
requirements must be met. longer maintained
In conjunction with advanced control systems following introduction of
The operating modes described in points (e.g. PLC), it is possible to transfer boiler data the Pressure Equipment
1 to 3 are practically irrelevant today. to a control centre. Control functions can Directive, will lose their
also be triggered from this control centre. validity, i.e. by this date,
Due to the current standard of safety Furthermore, automatic fuel changeover is also all the old technical
technology and equipment reliability, new possible for dual-fuel combustion systems. regulations must have
boiler systems are equipped for unattended The boiler must always be manually reset on been superseded by the
operation for a period of 24 or 72 hours. The the boiler itself after a safety shutdown has new TRBS.
present trend is towards unattended operation taken place. Quality requirements
for 72 hours (BosB 72h). The following will be governed by the
aspects must be observed as a condition for EN regulations.
unattended operation:
The operator must carry out the test

procedures specified in the operational
requirements, record their completion in the
operator's log and confirm such entries with
his/her signature. A time switch for complying
with the test intervals is not compulsory.
F.1 Operation
F.1.2 Standards and regulations Paragraph 3 of the BetrSichV stipulates the

governing operation compulsory requirement for employers to
prepare a risk assessment. In preparing the
In Germany, the principle regulation for assessment, all risks must be identified that
operation is the BetrSichV ([German] Health could arise in the area of the steam boiler
& Safety at Work Act). Paragraph 12 thereof system, with the aim of ensuring provision and
stipulates that systems must be operated in evaluation of the equipment without risk.
accordance with the rules formulated by the
Commission for Health & Safety at Work at the Category III high pressure steam boilers (for
Federal Ministry for Labour (BMA) (Technical a product of volume in litres and maximum
Regulations for Operational Safety – TRBS). permissible pressure in bar exceeding 1000)
and those in category IV are subject to regular
However, these regulations are not yet inspections by the approved monitoring body
completely available at the moment. (ZÜS).
Consequently, the TRD still apply to steam
boilers in accordance with the transitional According to paragraph 15 of the BetrSichV,
regulations. New systems may only be operators are obliged to notify the relevant
operated after the "Inspection prior to authority of the inspection intervals they
commissioning" has been carried out. For have determined within six months of
boilers in category III and IV, this inspection commissioning. The approved monitoring
must be conducted by the approved body must verify the determined inspection
monitoring body (ZÜS), which certifies the intervals. In the event of disagreement
correct condition of the system. between operator and approved monitoring
body regarding these intervals, the authority's
Personnel trained in operating the system decision is final and binding.
must be available during commissioning. For
high pressure systems, these are qualified The inspection intervals are based
boiler operators who have completed an on specifications issued by the boiler
approved training course [in most cases, at manufacturer, who makes relevant
the German Technical Inspectorate [TÜV]). recommendations in the Declaration of
Individuals who have the relevant technical Conformity. According to the [German]
knowledge on account of their training are Health & Safety at Work Act (BetrSichV), the
considered to be of equal status. maximum intervals are as follows:
External inspection 12 months
Correct operation also requires the use of Internal inspection 3 years
operating instructions. These instructions must Strength test 9 years
contain all information required by the operator These intervals must not be exceeded.
for operation, maintenance and inspection
work. This also includes a list of the actions
operators must take on each individual piece
of boiler equipment and at what intervals
(see operating and service instructions for the
Vitomax 200-HS).
An operator's log must be available for each

boiler where all inspections are recorded, and
each entry is confirmed by the signature of
the person carrying out the inspection. The
log serves the purpose of verifying correct
operation and maintenance of the boiler
system and must be submitted as and when
required to the authorised inspector and the
relevant regulatory authority.
286/287
F.1.3 Inspection intervals for boilers F.1.3.1 Requirements for regular

according to the Pressure inspection according to TRD 505
Equipment Directive – external inspection –
The design work carried out by Viessmann A) Scope

in accordance with current regulations leads This guideline applies to the external
to the longest possible inspection intervals inspection of all Vitomax high pressure steam
during operation. Viessmann prepares designs and high pressure hot water boilers with the
in accordance with TRD in conjunction with following parameters: TS > 120 °C, PS > 1 bar,
the trade association agreements and under which are employed as land-based steam
consideration of the DIN/DIN EN standards. boilers for generating high pressure hot water
As a manufacturer, we recommend the and steam.
following inspection intervals a) for our
products: B) Inspection intervals
An expert inspection every six months. See Declaration of Conformity (e.g.
This can also be conducted by Viessmann Vitomax 200-HS type M75A, Fig. C14.1-3) for
Industrieservice (same scope as the annual the respective boiler type. The intervals begin
inspection) after the system has been commissioned.
After one year, external inspection by Insofar as internal inspections are due at the
the approved monitoring body (ZÜS). All same time, the external inspection must take
safety equipment (safety valve, control and place on conclusion of the internal tests.
limiting equipment, condition of threaded
fittings, state of the system, expertise of C) Extent of the external inspection
boiler operator, inspection of the operating The regular external inspection of the steam
log). The boiler may be operational boiler system extends to the steam boiler and
After 3 years in operation, internal the components of the steam boiler system,
inspection by the approved monitoring i.e. every piece of equipment required for
body (ZÜS). At the same time, the boiler operating the boiler system.
is inspected and all components examined
on the water and gas sides
After nine years, a strength test (water
pressure test) by the approved monitoring
body (ZÜS)
Based on our Declaration of Conformity, the

operator recommends the aforementioned
inspection intervals to the relevant authority.
The authorised inspector from the approved
monitoring body either agrees or demands a
shorter inspection interval. Until now, neither
Viessmann Werke nor Viessmann customers
have experienced any difficulties with this
procedure.
a)
see also Appendix. G, Tb.10.
F.1 Operation
D) Execution of the regular external D 2) Safety-related equipment on the

inspection water and steam side, namely:
On carrying out the inspection, e.g. function devices for limiting water level, pressure and
test, the operation will be interrupted. No temperature with regard to their function;
hazardous conditions may arise in the system controllers only insofar as they fulfil a safety
due to testing. The system operator is function
responsible for identifying any defect, damage Feed pump operational availability
or unusual occurrence that comes to light Network circulation pump operational
during the observation period. availability
Compliance of the system with the permit and Safety equipment to prevent excess
the system condition are generally checked pressure: response pressure, function:
in accordance with the following points, safeguarding against unintentional
whereby the system is inspected together adjustment
with the operator or a person authorised by Pressure maintaining equipment in hot
the operator. water systems with external pressure
maintenance; determination of the
D1) Assessment of the general system switching points and changeover testing, if
condition, namely: applicable
the boiler components and hot water Flue gas non-return devices, shut-off and
expansion vessels that are accessible during drainage equipment
operation, the spot check of the combustion
chamber through inspection ports, the D 3) Safety-related combustion equipment
sheet metal casing, the thermal insulation, with regard to function:
the closures, the inspection ports, the Equipment on fuel tanks
determination of leaks, signs of condensation, Safety equipment on fuel oil pre-heaters
discolouration and vibration. Fuel supply lines and equipment, including
Combustion and the fuel supply/charging, valves for easily flammable, liquid and
storage and treatment equipment, air gaseous fuels
lines, air pre-heaters, flue ducts and flue Safety shut-off equipment, also checking
silencers for tightness and tightness/leak testing
Feedwater, steam, hot water, drain and equipment
dewatering lines Burner, shut-off and actuating equipment
for combustion air, air shortage prevention
devices, ignition equipment, flame
monitoring equipment, fuel/air control
equipment, safety equipment leading to
a shutdown, giving due consideration to
the possible operating modes, safety,
maintenance, flushing and ignition times
Observation apertures for the combustion
chamber, the burner lining and the flame
appearance
Devices for combustion chamber pressure
regulation
288/289
D 4) Safety power circuit F.1.3.2 Requirements for regular

The safety power circuit of the steam boiler inspection according to TRD 506
system is tested for such possible faults that – internal inspection –
cannot be established as part of the function
test on individual pieces of equipment. A) Scope
This guideline applies to the internal inspection
D 5) Operating mode of all Vitomax high pressure steam and high
Visual inspection of the operating records pressure hot water boilers with the following
regarding the quality of the feedwater and parameters: TS > 120 °C, PS > 1 bar, which
boiler water as well as inspection of the are employed as land-based steam boilers for
additional equipment for operation with limited generating high pressure hot water and steam.
supervision or without constant supervision.
B) Inspection intervals
D 6) Operation The interval for the recurring internal
A check is made with regard to the availability inspection is three years1). The intervals begin
of suitable operating instructions and the after the system has been commissioned. An
familiarity of operating personnel with the internal inspection must be conducted prior to
operation of the boiler system. re-commissioning if the steam boiler has been
non-operational for more than two years.
E) Test certificate
The tester must produce a report of the C) Extent of the internal inspection
inspection (see EN 12953-6, Appendix C) and The recurring internal inspection extends to
suitable measures must be initiated if defects the steam boiler and the feedwater pre-heater
are discovered. located in the flue gas flow of the combustion
chamber.
The steam boiler includes all the equipment
and lines associated with the boiler, including
the shut-off equipment. This does not apply
to parts connected with the inlet, outlet and
drain lines that can be shut off from the boiler
and those parts in which the generated steam
is superheated that can be shut off from the
boiler, unless these are located wholly or
partially inside a container that is part of the
steam boiler.
Fig. F.1.3.2-1 Inspection intervals for recurring internal testing in selected member states
D F B I L NL GB S
Pressure vessel 5 1.5 - 3 1-3 1-2 5 4 2.17 3
Steam boiler 3 1.5 1 2 1.5 2 1.17 1
1)
= country-specific.
F.1 Operation
D) Execution of the recurring internal Deposits are assessed. The walls on the
inspection flue gas and combustion side and the
The recurring internal inspection is generally external walls are inspected, insofar as
confined to a visual inspection that may they are accessible, in particular the flame
be carried out, if necessary, using suitable tubes, flanges, connectors, manhole covers,
auxiliary means, such as inspection devices inspection ports and boiler supports. The
(endoscopy), or by additional simple testing, boiler body insulation need not be removed for
such as measuring the wall thickness or conducting these inspections.
checking for surface cracks.
Profiles and fittings are inspected externally,
If there is other cause (operating mode) to whereby particular attention is paid to welding
assume the existence of damage that cannot seams, flange collars, brackets and supports.
be detected with the means mentioned in the Casings for water level controllers and limiters
previous section, additional inspection actions are also inspected internally. For other fittings,
are required that extend beyond the general the following section applies.
scope. Normally, these are test methods such
as supplementary water pressure checks, Flue gas feedwater pre-heaters are visually
ultrasound testing, material tests, surface inspected on the flue gas side; on the water
crack inspections and chemical analysis of side, only insofar as detachable closures are
deposits. available. The inspection includes checking
for corrosion, particularly as a result of
D1) The recurring internal inspection is temperatures falling below the dew point.
carried out as follows:
boiler jackets and floors, flame tubes, reversing E) Test certificate
chambers and similar are inspected, insofar as The tester must produce a report of the
they are accessible, taking into consideration inspection (see DIN EN 12953-6, Appendix
the welded and threaded connections, the C) and suitable measures must be initiated if
flanges, the anchors (end anchor, tensioning defects are discovered.
anchor and similar), the connectors, the pipe
connections, the attachment and condition
of built-in parts, the manhole covers and the
inspection ports.
290/291
F.1.3.3 Requirements for regular For steam boilers and system components
inspection according to TRD 507 with test pressures of up to 42 bar, test
– water pressure testing – pressure must be maintained for the entire
duration of the test. In the case of test
A) Scope pressures in excess of 42 bar, the pressure
This guideline applies to the external prior to ramping to the level of the permissible
inspection of all Vitomax high pressure steam operating pressure must not fall below 42 bar.
and high pressure hot water boilers with the When reducing the pressure, the rate of
following parameters: TS > 120 °C, PS > 1 bar, pressure change should correspond to that
which are employed as land-based steam when the pressure was applied.
boilers for generating high pressure hot water
or steam. C3) Water requirements
Water used for filling the system must not
B) Inspection intervals contain any coarse contaminants. Under
The interval for the recurring water consideration of the operating conditions, the
pressure test is normally nine years1). The water must not contain any constituents that
intervals begin after the system has been would attack or contaminate the walls. During
commissioned. inspection, the filling water temperature
should not exceed 50 °C.
B1) Extent of the water pressure test
The recurring water pressure test extends to C4) Visual inspection of the walls
the steam boiler and the feedwater pre-heater Pressurised components must be checked
located in the flue gas flow of the combustion visually for the presence of cracks,
chamber. impermissible deformation and leaks. Visual
spot checks are permissible if the authorised
C) Execution of the recurring water inspector can assess the safety-relevant
pressure test condition of the system components to be
C1) Test pressure level tested on the basis of these checks. The
Test pressures must not exceed those applied thermal insulation is removed as far as is
during the first water pressure test. appropriate if there is good reason to assume
For Vitomax: see type plate2) that damage has occurred.
For Turbomat: see approbation drawing
For flue gas water pre-heaters, the test D) Test certification
pressure is equal to the test pressure level of The tester must produce a report of the
the associated steam boiler. inspection (see DIN EN 12953-6, Appendix
C) and suitable measures must be initiated if
C2) Applying and maintaining the defects are discovered.
test pressure
The test pressure must be applied in the
presence of the authorised inspector, after
the components to be tested have previously
been subjected to operating pressure.
Where no alternative values are stated by the
manufacturer, the rate of pressure change
must not exceed 10 bar per minute up to
approx. 75 % of the test pressure and
thereafter approx. 1-2 bar per minute.
The test pressure must be applied for approx.
30 minutes before the authorised inspector
begins testing the pressurised components.
The test pressure must be checked with a test
pressure gauge.
1)
Country-specific requirements must
be observed.
2)
This ensures compliance with the
requirements of TRBS 1201.
Vitomax 200-HS, 26 t/h, Austria
292/293
G Appendix
293 G Appendix
294 [A 1] Standard circuit diagram; other diagrams

can be found in the cover inside pocket
296 [A 2.1] Thermal insulation of pipes
297 [A 2.2] Contact protection insulation
298 [A 3] Technical Guide on water quality – extract
302 [A 4] Sketch of steam boiler container system
304 [Tb. 1.0] SI units / conversion table
305 [Tb. 1.1] 1. Conversion table – BTU / BHP / KW / t/h
306 [Tb. 2.0] Steam table (saturation state)
309 [Tb. 2.1] Properties of superheated steam
313 [Tb. 2.2] Properties of saturated steam
314 [Tb. 2.3] Enthalpy/Entropy
315 [Tb. 3.0] Internal pipe roughness
316 [Tb. 3.1] Pipe friction factor / Reynolds number
317 [Tb. 4.0] Pressure drop in steam pipes
318 [Tb. 4.1] Pressure drop in steam pipes – example
319 [Tb. 5] Conversion for the units of water hardness
320 [Tb. 6] Re-evaporation in condensate expansion
311 [Tb. 7] Pipe cross section for given steam parameters – example
322 [Tb. 8] Pressure drop in water pipes for a particular flow rate – example
323 [Tb. 9] Flow velocities (standard values)
324 [Tb. 10] Steam boiler inspection checklist
G.1 Appendices
[A 1] Standard circuit diagram

294/295
G.1 Appendices
[A 2.1] Thermal insulation of pipes
Ambient temperature: 9 °C

Wind speed: 5 m/s
Number of hours run: 8000 h/a
Cost-effective thermal insulation for pipes
°C 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
DN
10 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60
15 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60
20 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 70 70 70
25 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 70 70 80 80
32 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 70 70 70 80 80 80
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 60 60 60 60 70 70 70 70 70 80 80 80 80
50 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 60 60 60 70 70 70 70 70 80 80 80 90 90 90
65 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 60 60 70 70 70 70 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 100
80 40 40 40 50 50 60 60 60 70 70 70 70 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 100 100 100
100 40 40 50 50 50 60 70 70 70 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 100 100 100 100 110 110
125 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 110 110 110
150 40 50 50 60 60 80 80 80 90 90 90 100 100 100 100 110 110 110 120 120 120 120
200 40 50 50 60 80 80 80 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 110 110 120 120 120 150 150 150
250 50 50 60 60 80 90 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 120 120 120 150 150 150 160 160
300 50 50 60 80 80 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 110 120 150 150 150 150 150 160 160 170
350 60 60 60 80 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 120 120 150 160 160 160 160 160 170 170
400 60 60 80 80 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 120 150 150 150 160 170 170 170 170 170 190
500 60 80 80 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 150 150 160 160 160 170 190 190 190 190 190
600 60 80 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 120 150 160 160 170 170 170 190 190 190 200 200
700 60 80 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 120 150 150 160 170 170 180 180 190 190 200 200 200
800 80 80 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 150 150 160 160 170 180 180 190 190 200 200 200 210
900 80 90 90 100 100 110 110 120 120 150 160 160 170 170 180 190 190 200 200 200 210 210
1000 80 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 150 150 160 170 170 180 180 190 200 200 200 210 210 220
1100 90 90 100 100 100 110 110 120 150 160 160 170 170 180 190 190 200 200 210 210 220 220
1200 90 90 100 100 100 110 120 120 150 160 170 170 180 180 190 190 200 200 210 220 220 230
1400 90 90 100 100 110 110 120 150 150 160 170 180 180 190 190 200 200 210 210 220 230 230
1500 90 90 100 100 110 120 120 150 160 160 170 180 190 190 200 200 200 210 220 220 230 240
1600 100 100 100 100 110 120 150 150 160 170 170 180 190 190 200 200 210 210 220 230 230 240
1800 100 100 100 110 110 120 150 160 160 170 180 180 190 200 200 210 210 220 220 230 240 240
2000 100 100 100 110 120 120 150 160 170 170 180 190 190 200 210 210 220 220 230 230 240 240
2400 110 110 110 110 120 150 150 160 170 180 180 190 200 200 210 220 220 230 230 240 240 240
2800 110 110 110 110 120 150 160 160 170 180 190 190 200 200 210 220 230 230 240 240 240 240
3200 120 120 120 120 120 150 160 170 180 180 190 200 200 200 210 220 230 240 240 240 240 240
3600 120 120 120 120 120 150 160 170 180 190 190 200 200 210 210 220 230 240 240 240 240 240
4000 120 120 120 120 120 150 160 170 180 190 190 200 200 210 220 220 230 240 240 240 240 240
Flush 120 120 120 150 150 150 160 170 180 190 200 200 210 210 220 230 230 240 240 240 240 240
wall
296/297
[A 2.2] Contact protection insulation Contact protection insulation [A 2.2]
Contact protection insulation on pipes and containers/cylinders
Design data:
Surface temperature on the weather jacket: 60 °C
Ambient air temperature: 20 °C
Wind speed: 3 m/s
Insulating material: mineral mat
DN/t 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800
(°C)
10 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 70
15 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 60 80
20 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 60 80
25 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 70 90
32 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 70 90
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 70 100
50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 60 80 100
65 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 120
80 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 50 60 90 120
100 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 120
125 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 60 70 100 130
150 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 60 80 100 130
200 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 80 120 140
250 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 80 120 150
300 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 120 160
350 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 90 120 160
400 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 70 80 90 130 170
500 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 130 180
600 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 140 190
700 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 100 140 190
800 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 120 150 200
900 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 90 120 150 210
1000 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 90 120 160 210
1100 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 160 210
1200 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 70 80 100 120 160 220
1400 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 70 80 100 120 170 240
1500 30 30 30 30 30 40 60 70 80 100 120 170 240
1600 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 100 120 170 240
1800 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 120 130 180 240
2000 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 90 120 130 180 250
2400 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 90 120 130 190 260
2800 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 90 120 140 190 270
3200 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 200 270
4000 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 200 280
Hori. +
vert. wall 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 50 60 70 100 140
G.1 Appendices
[A 3] Technical Guide on water quality - extract
7HFKQLFDOJXLGH±ZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUVWHDPERLOHUV\VWHPV
8VHRIWKLVWHFKQLFDOJXLGH
The specified limits apply to steam generators made from unalloyed ■ to reduce the risk of corrosion,
or low-alloyed steel. They are based on many years' experience ■ to reduce the formation of deposits,
gained by Viessmann in the steam boiler sector as well as the mini- ■ and to safeguard the separation of sludge.
mum requirements specified by the EN 12953-10. This facilitates safe, economical system operation over a long service
$LP life.
Maintaining the aforementioned water parameters enables system
operators
6WHDPERLOHU
In its natural state, most untreated water will be unsuitable as boiler These requirements, plus those appertaining to the boiler water
feedwater. The type of boiler feedwater treatment should be matched (according to table 2), mean that – depending on the condition of the
to the raw water quality. As its quality may change, regular checks are untreated water and the amount of top-up water – at the very least a
required. suitable chemical or thermal water treatment system should be instal-
The water feed pipe downstream of the boiler feedwater treatment led and there should be a facility for adding oxygen binders (possibly
should be equipped with a suitable water meter to record the volume alkalines and phosphates) into the feedwater tank supply line.
of top-up water added to the return condensate; this also provides an The requirements are monitored by measurements made by suitable,
indirect check on the steam draw-off volume. preferably uncomplicated devices (either every 24 h or 72 h or in line
In all circumstances, it is advisable to return as much condensate as with national requirements, subject to the mode of operation). These
possible to the feedwater tank. The condensate may also have to be test values, the volume of top-up water, the chemical consumption and
treated so it conforms to the requirements of the boiler feedwater the required maintenance should be entered into a boiler log to enable
(according to table 1). the operating conditions to be checked at any time.
7DEOH6DOLQHERLOHUIHHGZDWHUUHTXLUHPHQWV
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pH value at 25 °C >9 >9
Conductivity at 25 °C µS/cm Only standard values applicable to boiler water
Total alkaline earths (Ca2+ + Mg2+) mmol/litre < 0.01 < 0.01
Oxygen (O2) mg/litre 0.05 < 0.02
Bound carbon dioxide (CO2) mg/litre < 25 < 25
Iron, total (Fe) mg/litre < 0.2 < 0.1
Copper, total (Cu) mg/litre < 0.05 < 0.01
Oxidability (Mn VII ඎ Mn II) as KMnO4 mg/litre < 10 < 10
Oil, grease mg/litre < 1 <1
Organic substances — see footnote
7DEOH%RLOHUZDWHUUHTXLUHPHQWV
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3HUPLVVRSHUDWLQJSUHV EDU XSWR ! !
VXUH
pH value at 25 °C 10.5 to 12 10.5 to 11.8 10 to 11
Acid capacity (KS 8.2) mmol/litre 1 to 12 1 to 10 0.1 to 1.0
Conductivity at 25 °C µS/cm < 6000 see Fig. 1, page 3 < 1500
Phosphate (PO4) mg/litre 10 to 20 10 to 20 6 to 15
Silicic acid (SiO2) mg/litre Subject to pressure; see Fig. 1 (page 3) and 2 (page 3)
*HQHUDOO\RUJDQLFVXEVWDQFHVDUHPL[WXUHVRIGLIIHUHQWFRPSRXQGV7KHFRQVLVWHQF\RIVXFKPL[WXUHVDQGWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHLUFRP
SRQHQWVXQGHUWKHRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHERLOHUDUHKDUGWRSUHGLFW2UJDQLFVXEVWDQFHVFDQGHJUDGHLQWRFDUERQGLR[LGHDQGRWKHUDFLGLF
SURGXFWVWKDWZRXOGLQFUHDVHWKHFRQGXFWLYLW\DQGUHVXOWLQFRUURVLRQDQGGHSRVLWV7KH\FDQDOVROHDGWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRIIRDPDQGRUFRDWLQJV
WKDWVKRXOGEHPLQLPLVHG7KH72&FRQWHQW7RWDO2UJDQLF&DUERQVKRXOGDOVREHNHSWWRDPLQLPXP
:KHQXVLQJGHPLQHUDOLVHGZDWHUZLWKPL[HGEHGTXDOLW\/)6FPDSKRVSKDWHLQMHFWLRQLVQRWUHTXLUHG$VDQDOWHUQDWLYHDQ$97
RSHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQLQJZLWKYRODWLOHDONDOLVLQJDJHQWVIHHGZDWHUS+YDOXH싩DQGERLOHUZDWHUS+YDOXH싩PD\EHXVHG,QVXFKFDVHV
WKHFRQGXFWLYLW\GRZQVWUHDPRIDVHYHUHO\DFLGLFFDWLRQH[FKDQJHUPXVWEH6FP
5822 454 GB
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,ISKRVSKDWHLVXVHGKLJKHU32FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDUHSHUPLVVLEOHVXEMHFWWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIDOORWKHUYDOXHVHJZLWKEDODQFHGRUFRRUGLQDWHG
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2
WATER QUALITY FOR STEAM BOILER SYSTEMS
298/299
Technical guide – Water quality for steam boiler systems (continuation)

Note
The addition of phosphate is recommended, but not always essential.
Conversion: 1 mol/m3 = 5.6 °dH; 1 °dH = 0.179 mol/m3; 1 mval/kg = 2.8 °dH
Operation with salt-free boiler feedwater is also possible as an alternative to operation with saline boiler feedwater.
Maximum permissible direct boiler water conductivity as a function of pressure

Feedwater conductivity > 30 ˩S/cm

'LUHFWFRQGXFWLYLW\LQw6FP

2SHUDWLQJSUHVVXUHLQEDU
Figure 1
Maximum permissible silicic acid content (SiO2) of the boiler water as a function of pressure
B

A

6LOLFLFDFLGFRQWHQW6L2LQPJO
B

B

B

2SHUDWLQJSUHVVXUHLQEDU
Figure 2
A This level of alkalinity is no longer permissible > 20 bar

B KS 8.2 value in mmol/l
5811 454
Water quality for steam boiler systems 3

G.1 Appendices
Conditioning
Certain feedwater and boiler water properties must be improved by Conventional conditioning agents may, for example, contain sodium
means of chemical treatment. and potassium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium sulphite,
This conditioning can contribute to: ammonia and diamide.
ŶSupporting the formation of magnetic layers or other protective
Note
oxide layers,
Use of some of these chemicals may be restricted in certain
Ŷ5HGXFLQJFRUURVLRQE\RSWLPLVLQJWKHS+YDOXH
countries or processes.
ŶStabilising the hardness and preventing or minimising boiler scale
and deposits,
Ŷ Achieving chemical bonding of residual oxygen
General information regarding conditioning

ŶConductivity ŶOxygen and carbon dioxide or oxygen binders
– Saline Carbon dioxide and oxygen are expelled from the feedwater by
This refers to feedwater with an electrical conductivity of total thermal deaeration. Should it prove to be impossible to keep
> 30 μS/cm (e.g. downstream from a softening system). the oxygen content of the feedwater below the permissible values
– Low-salt in practical operation, e.g. due to repeated idle periods, then the
This refers to feedwater with an electrical conductivity of use of oxygen binders is necessary. This "correction chemical" is
0.2 - 30 μS/cm (e.g. downstream from a T.D.S. system). admixed to the feedwater via the dosing equipment.
– Salt-free
This refers to feedwater with an electrical conductivity of Note
< 0.2 μS/cm and a silicic acid concentration < 0.02 mg/l , as well
as condensate with an electrical conductivity of < 5 μS/cm (e.g.
downstream from full T.D.S. systems with mixed bed quality).
ŶAcid capacity KS 4.3 Note
Evaporation of the boiler water leads to concentration of the solute
Elevated alkalinity (m value) in raw/soft water implies too much
non-volatile boiler constituents in the remaining boiler water (salts,
bonded carbon dioxide. This results in an increased alkalinisation of
solid conditioning agents). This is referred to as "thickening" of the
the boiler water, which in turn leads to an increased risk of corrosion
boiler water. Such conditions can lead to local alkali concentrations
in the steam boiler and also in the steam network downstream from
that result in stress fracture corrosion. Therefore, with only mildly
the boiler due to separation of vapour-volatile carbon dioxide.
buffered feedwater (feedwater with low salt content) with a
ŶSetting the alkalinity
conductivity of < 30 μS/cm, sodium hydroxide is only permissible
The selection of the alkalising agent depends, amongst other as an alkalising agent if the recommended pH range cannot be
things, on the use of the steam, the steam pressure and the type achieved with sodium phosphate alone. At the same time, low
of water treatment. There are solid and volatile alkalising agents.
Balanced conditioning with phosphate or its derivatives can also be pH value.
organic conditioning agents have also been in use for years.

If organic conditioning agents are used, the amounts and processes
the supplier of the chemical products.
Deviation during conditioning

If actual values deviate during continuous operation from those The chemical composition of the boiler water can be monitored
Ŷ,QDGHTXDWHWUHDWPHQWRIWKHWRSXSZDWHU blow-down of a part of the water volume. This must be carried out
in such a way that both solute and suspended contaminants can be
eliminated.
Ŷ Advanced corrosion of certain system components
ŶContamination of the water due to ingress of contaminants from
other systems, e.g. condensate tank, heat exchangers.
Appropriate changes must be carried out immediately to reinstate
correct operation. For example, returned condensate must not affect
the feedwater quality and may have to be treated.
Conditioning/Warranty
Note
The warranty becomes void:
ŶLIGRVLQJDJHQWVDUHXVHGWKDWDUHQRWOLVWHGLQWKHJXLGHOLQHVRUKDYHQRWEHHQDJUHHGZLWK9iessmann.
5811 454
4
Water for steam
quality boiler systems
300/301
Sampling
Sampling of water and steam from the boiler system must be The sample should be analysed immediately after it has been
conducted in compliance with ISO 5667-1; the treatment and taken, since values may change as a result of prolonged settling.
handling of samples in compliance with ISO 5667-3. Opaque or contaminated sample water must be filtered prior to
Samples are taken by means of a sampling cooler. This cools testing.
down the water sample to a temperature of approx. 25 °C.
See also "Sampling cooler operating instructions"
In order to take a usable sample, the sampling line must be
flushed for an appropriate period.
Sampling points
Provision must be made for sampling points at representative ŶTop-up water downstream from the top-up water treatment
locations in the system. system or the storage tanks
ŶCondensate at the outlet from the condensate tank, if installed
Typical sampling points are:
Otherwise, the sample must be taken from as close as
ŶBoiler feedwater inlet valve possible to the feedwater tank.
ŶBoiler water from a downpipe or a continuous T.D.S. line
Analysis
General information Note
Verification of compliance with the values specified in Table 1 For some types of water, the amount of solute matter can be
(page 2) and Table 2 (page 2) must be provided by means of estimated based on its conductivity. Furthermore, a correlation
analysis. exists between the pH value and both conductivities.
If the analyses are conducted according to other standards or by For continuous monitoring of the O2 and pH values as well
means of indirect methods, those methods must be calibrated. as water hardness, Viessmann supplies water analysis
A clean work surface with water supply and drainage must be
components.
available for carrying out the analyses. The required equipment
must also be stored at this workplace in a cabinet.
Analysis method/Test equipment

Boiler values can be measured adequately with the test Sodium ISO 9964–1
equipment during ongoing boiler operation. In the event of TOC*7 ISO 8245
severe deviation in values, the actual values must be confirmed Total harness as Ca + Mg ISO 6059
by means of the corresponding standardised analysis methods
and corrective measures identified. The acid conductivity in the form of the hydrogen ion
concentration must be measured continuously in the same
Parameters must be checked in accordance with the following
way as the conductivity in hydrogen form, after the sample
standards:
has passed through a severely acidic cation exchanger with a
Acid capacity EN ISO 9963-1 volume of 1.5 l.
Conductivity ISO 7888 The exchanger is inserted into a cylinder with a diameter:
Copper ISO 8288 height ratio of 1:3 or less, whereby the exchanger medium takes
Iron ISO 6332 up at least three quarters of the cylinder volume.
Oxygen ISO 5814 The ion exchanger must be regenerated once it has been
pH value ISO 10523 exhausted by two thirds ; this can be recognised when using an
Phosphate ISO 6878–1 exchanger with colour indicator and transparent cylinder.
Potassium ISO 9964–2
Silicic acid*6
Shutdown periods/frost protection

If boiler systems are shut down for longer periods, it is Another option is that of dry preservation, which is
recommended that the systems are completely filled with water recommended for shutdown periods exceeding 4 weeks.
and that the water is enriched with oxygen binders to bind the For detailed relevant information, see manual "Preservation on
oxygen in the water. The boiler must be kept under pressure for the water & hot gas side"
this purpose.
5811 454
*6 There is currently no European or international standard; see for example DIN 38405-21 Standardised German procedure for water, waste water and
sludge examination; anions (group D); photometric determination of dissolved silicic acid (D 21).
*7 As an alternative, the permanganate index can be measured in accordance with ISO 8467, if these values are specified.
Water quality for steam boiler systems 5

G.1 Appendices
[A 4] Sketch of steam boiler container system

302/303
Container system with Vitomax 200-HS 2.9 t/h, 10 bar

RT-Group LLC Ukraine
G.2 Technical data collection and tables
[Tb. 1.0] SI units / conversion table
Pressures
bar mbar mm WC 1 kp/cm2 = 1 at torr
1 bar 1 1000 10200 1.02 750
1 mbar 0.001 1 10.20 0.00102 0.750
1 mm WC 0.0000981 0.0981 1 0.0001 0.07355
1 kp/cm2 0.981 981 10000 1 735.5
1 torr 0.001333 1.333 13.6 0.00136 1
1 Pa 0.00001 0.01 0.1020 0.000012 0.0075
Energy, work, heat
kcal Mcal J Ws kJ MJ kWh
1 kcal 1 0.001 4186.8 4.1868 0.00418 0.001163
1 Mcal 1000 1 4186800 4186.8 4.1868 1.163
1 J = 1 Ws 0.000239 0.000000239 1 0.001 0.000001 0.0000002778
1 kJ 0.2388 0.000239 1000 1 0.001 0.0002778
1 MJ 238.8 0.2388 1000000 1000 1 0.2778
1 kWh 860 0.860 3600000 3600 3.6 1
Output and heat flux
kcal kcal/min J/s W kW MJ/h
1 kcal/h 1 0.01667 1.163 0.001163 0.0041868
1 kcal/min 60 1 69.768 0.69768 0.2512
1 J/s = 1 W 0.860 0.01433 1 0.001 0.0036
1 kW 860 0.01433 1 0.001 0.0036
Temperature
°C °F K °R
°C degrees Celsius 1 1.8 x °C + 32 °C + 273 1.8 x °C + 492
°C degrees Fahrenheit 0.56 x (°F - 32) 1 0.56 x °F - 460 °F + 460
°C degrees Kelvin K - 273 1.8 x K - 460 1 1.8 K
°C degrees Rankine 0.56 x (°R - 492) °R - 460 0.56 x °R 1
The conversion values are rounded

Kelvin - Temperature on the absolute temperature scale,
whereby 1 degree Kelvin = 1 degree Celsius
Rankine - Temperature on the absolute temperature scale,
whereby 1 degree Rankine = 1 degree Fahrenheit
Temperature differential in Celsius division: 1 in gr.
Temperature differential in Fahrenheit division: t in degF.
304/305
[Tb. 1.1] 1. Conversion table - BTU / BHP / KW / t/h 1. Conversion table - BTU / BHP / KW / t/h [Tb. 1.1]
kCal/hr kW BTU BHP t/ha)
562,500 675 2,250,000 68 1
841,667 1,010 3,366,667 101 1.5
1,125,000 1,350 4,500,000 135 2
1,395,833 1,675 5,583,333 168 2.5
1,687,500 2,025 6,750,000 203 3
1,970,833 2,365 7,883,333 237 3.5
2,250,000 2,700 9,000,000 270 4
2,812,500 3,375 11,250,000 338 5
3,375,000 4,050 13,500,000 405 6
3,937,500 4,725 15,750,000 473 7
4,500,000 5,400 18,000,000 540 8
5,062,500 6,075 20,250,000 608 9
5,625,000 6,750 22,500,000 675 10
6,750,000 8,100 27,000,000 810 12
7,875,000 9,450 31,500,000 945 14
a)
12 bar, 102 °C feedwater
temperature.
[Tb. 2.0] Steam table (saturation state)
Absolute Temp. Specific Steam Steam Water Steam Evaporation

pressure volume, volume density enthalpy enthalpy heat
boiling water
S ts Q’ Q” U” K¶ K´ U
bar °C m3/kg 3
m /kg kg/m3 kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
0.010 6.98 0.0010001 129.20 0.00774 29.34 2514.4 2485.0

0.015 13.04 0.0010006 87.98 0.01137 54.71 2525.5 2470.7
0.020 17.51 0.0010012 67.01 0.01492 73.46 2533.6 2460.2
0.025 21.10 0.0010020 54.26 0.01843 88.45 2540.2 2451.7
0.030 24.10 0.0010027 45.67 0.02190 101.00 2545.6 2444.6
0.035 26.69 0.0010033 39.48 0.02533 111.85 2550.4 2438.5
0.040 28.98 0.0010040 34.80 0.02873 121.41 2554.5 2433.1

0.045 31.04 0.0010046 31.14 0.03211 129.99 2558.2 2428.2
0.050 32.90 0.0010052 28.19 0.03547 137.77 2561.6 2423.8
0.055 34.61 0.0010058 25.77 0.03880 144.91 2564.7 2419.8
0.060 36.18 0.0010064 23.74 0.04212 151.50 2567.5 2416.0
0.065 37.65 0.0010069 22.02 0.04542 157.64 2570.2 2412.5
0.070 39.03 0.0010074 20.53 0.04871 163.38 2572.6 2409.2

0.075 40.32 0.0010079 19.24 0.05198 168.77 2574.9 2406.2
0.080 41.53 0.0010084 18.10 0.05523 173.86 2577.1 2403.2
0.085 42.69 0.0010089 17.10 0.05848 178.69 2579.2 2400.5
0.090 43.79 0.0010094 16.20 0.06171 183.28 2581.1 2397.9
0.095 44.83 0.0010098 15.40 0.06493 187.65 2583.0 2395.3
0.10 45.83 0.0010102 14.67 0.06814 191.83 2584.8 2392.9

0.15 54.00 0.0010140 10.02 0.09977 225.97 2599.2 2373.2
0.20 60.09 0.0010172 7.650 0.1307 251.45 2609.9 2358.4
0.25 64.99 0.0010199 6.204 0.1612 271.99 2618.3 2346.4
0.30 69.12 0.0010223 5.229 0.1912 289.30 2625.4 2336.1
0.40 75.89 0.0010265 3.993 0.2504 317.65 2636.9 2319.2
0.45 78.74 0.0010284 3.576 0.2796 329.64 2641.7 2312.0

0.50 81.35 0.0010301 3.240 0.3086 340.56 2646.0 2305.4
0.55 83.74 0.0010317 2.964 0.3374 350.61 2649.9 2299.3
0.60 85.95 0.0010333 2.732 0.3661 359.93 2653.6 2293.6
0.65 88.02 0.0010347 2.535 0.3945 368.62 2656.9 2288.3
0.70 89.96 0.0010361 2.365 0.4229 376.77 2660.1 2283.3
0.75 91.79 0.0010375 2.217 0.4511 384.45 2663.0 2278.6

0.80 93.51 0.0010387 2.087 0.4792 391.72 2665.8 2274.0
0.85 95.15 0.0010400 1.972 0.5071 398.63 2668.4 2269.8
0.90 96.71 0.0010412 1.869 0.5350 405.21 2670.9 2265.6
0.95 98.20 0.0010423 1.777 0.5627 411.49 2673.2 2261.7
1.00 99.63 0.0010434 1.694 0.5904 417.51 2675.4 2257.9
306/307
[Tb. 2.1] Steam table (saturation state) Steam table (saturation state) [Tb. 2.0]

boiling water
S ts Q’ Q” U” K¶ K´ U
bar °C m3/kg 3
m /kg kg/m3 kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
1.5 111.37 0.0010530 1.159 0.8628 467.13 2693.4 2226.2

2.0 120.23 0.0010608 0.8854 1.129 504.70 2706.3 2201.6
2.5 127.43 0.0010675 0.7184 1.392 535.34 2716.4 2181.0
3.0 133.54 0.0010735 0.6056 1.651 561.43 2724.7 2163.2
3.5 138.87 0.0010789 0.5240 1.908 584.27 2731.6 2147.4
4.0 143.62 0.0010839 0.4622 2.163 604.67 2737.6 2133.0
4.5 147.92 0.0010885 0.4138 2.417 623.16 2742.9 2119.7

5.0 151.84 0.0010928 0.3747 2.669 640.12 2747.5 2107.4
5.5 155.46 – 0.3426 2.920 655.78 2751.7 2095.9
6.0 158.84 0.0011009 0.3155 3.170 670.42 2755.5 2085.0
6.5 161.99 – 0.2925 3.419 684.12 2758.8 2074.0
7.0 164.96 0.0011082 0.2727 3.667 697.06 2762.0 2064.9
7.5 167.75 – 0.2554 3.915 709.29 2764.8 2055.5

8.0 170.41 0.0011150 0.2403 4.162 720.94 2767.5 2046.5
8.5 172.94 – 0.2268 4.409 732.02 2769.9 2037.9
9.0 175.36 0.0011213 0.2148 4.655 742.64 2772.1 2029.5
9.5 177.66 – 0.2040 4.901 752.81 2774.2 2021.4
10.0 179.88 0.0011274 0.1943 5.147 762.61 2776.2 2013.6
11 184.07 0.0011331 0.1747 5.637 781.13 2779.7 1998.5

12 187.96 0.0011386 0.1632 6.127 798.43 2782.7 1984.3
13 191.61 0.0011438 0.1511 6.617 814.70 2785.4 1970.7
14 195.04 0.0011489 0.1407 7.106 830.08 2787.8 1957.7
15 198.29 0.0011539 0.1317 7.596 844.67 2789.9 1945.2
16 201.37 0.0011586 0.1237 8.085 858.56 2791.7 1933.2
17 204.31 0.0011633 0.1166 8.575 871.84 2793.4 1921.5

18 207.11 0.0011678 0.1103 9.065 884.58 2794.8 1910.3
19 209.80 0.0011723 0.1047 9.555 896.81 2796.1 1899.3
20 212.37 0.0011766 0.09954 10.05 908.59 2797.2 1886.6
21 214.85 0.0011809 0.09489 10.54 919.96 2798.2 1878.2
22 217.24 0.0011850 0.09065 11.03 930.95 2799.1 1868.1
23 219.55 0.0011892 0.08677 11.52 941.60 2799.8 1858.2

24 221.78 0.0011932 0.08320 12.02 951.93 2800.4 1848.5
25 223.94 0.0011972 0.07991 12.51 961.96 2800.9 1839.0
26 226.04 0.0012011 0.07686 13.01 971.72 2801.4 1829.6
27 228.07 0.0012050 0.07402 13.51 981.22 2801.7 1820.5
28 230.05 0.0012088 0.07139 14.01 990.48 2802.0 1811.5
[Tb. 2.0] Steam table (saturation state)

boiling water
308/309
[Tb. 2.1] Properties of superheated steam Properties of superheated steam [Tb. 2.1]
3UHVVXUH 6SHFLILFHQWKDOS\LQN-NJDWDVWHDPWHPSHUDWXUHLQ&
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±
±

±
±
± ±
± ±
± ±
± ±
±
±
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ±
±
± ± ±
± ± ± ±
± ± ± ±
± ± ± ±
± ± ± ±
± ± ± ±
±
± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±

± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
[Tb. 2.1] Properties of superheated steam
6SHFLILFHQWKDOS\LQN-NJDWDVWHDPWHPSHUDWXUHLQ& 3UHVVXUH
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±
± ±
310/311
Properties of superheated steam [Tb. 2.1]
3UHVVXUH
S
6SHFLILFYROXPHLQPNJDWDVWHDPWHPSHUDWXUHLQ&
EDU

±
–

±
–
± –
± ±
± ±
± ±
– ±

± – –
– ± ±
± – –
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±

– ± ±
± – – –
± ± ± ±
– ± ± ±
± – – –
– ± ± ± ±

± – – – –
± ± ± ± ± ±
– – ± ± ± ±
± – – – – –
± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ±

± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
– – ± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± – – – – – –
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
[Tb. 2.1] Properties of superheated steam
6SHFLILFYROXPHLQPNJDWDVWHDPWHPSHUDWXUHLQ& 3UHVVXUH
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–
± ±
312/313
[Tb. 2.2] Properties of saturated steam Properties of saturated steam [Tb. 2.2]
Properties of saturated steam
Saturated steam Absolute pressure Specific thermal capacity Dynamic viscosity

temperature ts [°C] p [bar] Cp [kJ/kgK] 106 x ǹ [kg/ms]
100 1.01 2.135 11.968
110 1.43 2.177 12.459
120 1.98 2.207 12.851
130 2.69 2.257 13.243
140 3.62 2.315 13.538
150 4.76 2.395 13.930
160 6.18 2.479 14.323
170 7.93 2.583 14.715
180 10.04 2.709 15.107
190 12.56 2.856 15.598
200 15.56 3.023 15.990
210 19.10 3.199 16.383
220 23.21 3.408 16.873
230 27.97 3.634 17.364
240 33.49 3.881 17.756
250 39.79 4.158 18.247
260 46.96 4.468 18.835
270 55.07 4.815 19.326
280 64.22 5.234 19.914
290 74.48 5.694 20.601
300 85.94 6.281 21.288
Specific thermal capacity and dynamic viscosity of saturated steam as a function

of saturated steam temperature (ts)
Notes:
Absolute pressure = operating pressure + 1 [bar]
Conversion factor kJ/kg to kWh/kg
1 kJ/kg = 1/3600 kWh/kg
Kinematic viscosity 1
Density (p) = for: [kg/m2]
Specific volume (Ŷ)
Dynamic viscosity (ǹ)

For: Kinematic viscosity (v) = [m2/s]
Density (S)
[Tb. 2.3] Enthalpy/Entropy
4000
700°C
3 ,0
5
2 ,0
4
10
20
30
40
22
26
50
2,2
2,6
100
3800 0°
C
70
200
600
220
260 0
30
400
3600 600
500
500
3400 500
r
400
0ba
100
400
3200
300
300
enthalpi kJ/kg
3000
200
200
2800
26 0
20
40
3
50
22
10
0
10
5
4
0
0 100
3,
6 ,
2, 2,2 2 0
1,
5
0, 0,4 3
2600 0, 2
0,
1
0,
05 4
0, 0,0 ,03 2
x =1
0 0,0 1
0,0
2400 0,95
0,90
2200
0,85 r
ba
08
0 61
0
C ,0,
0°
0,80
2000
0,
70
h-s diagram
0,7
5
-1 -1
entropi kJ kg K
314/315
Internal pipe roughness [Tb. 3.0]
Internal pipe roughness k in mm for various pipes and pipe materials
Pipes Absolute
Material Description Condition roughness k

in mm
Copper Drawn or pressed New

Brass (also steel pipes
Bronze with specified 0.0013 ÷ 0.0015
Alloys material coating
Glass
Rubber Pressure hose New 0.002

not embrittled
Plastic New 0.0015 ÷ 0.0070
Steel Seamless New 0.02 ÷ 0.06

(commercially available) - Rolling skin 0.03 ÷ 0.04
- Pickled 0.07 ÷ 0.10
- Galvanised
Longitudinally seam-welded New 0.04 ÷ 0.10

- Rolling skin 0.01 ÷ 0.05
- Tarred 0.008
- Galvanised
Seamless and longitudinally Used 0.1 ÷ 0.2

seam-welded - Moderately
rusted
or lightly
encrusted
Cast iron New 0.2 ÷ 0.6

- With casting skin 0.1 ÷ 0.2
- Tarred
Used 0.5 ÷ 1.5
Asbestos cement New 0.03 ÷ 0.1

(e.g. Eternit)
Concrete New 0.1 ÷ 0.2

- Carefully smoothed 0.3 ÷ 0.8
- Sleek 1÷2
- Medium rough 2÷3
- Rough
Pipe friction factor˨ as a function of Re and relative roughness di/k.

[Tb. 3.1] Pipe friction factor / Reynolds number

316/317
Pressure drop in steam pipes [Tb. 4.0]
Fittings and profiles

: C=]
Pipes: C = O l/d with O = 0.0206 acc. to Eberle 'p in Pa
For given pipework components of the same nominal diameter, the flow resistance
coefficients C are determined from Fig. 4. From the total of all individual values 6 C
and the operating data, the total pressure drop 'p in bar results from Fig. 5.
Pi
pe
w
or
k
10
0
ough
valve m
nd ard st raight-thr
Sta
e
alv
l ev
Ang
Tee
Pressure drop value C
Corr Sp
ugat ec
ed pipe ial
comp v alv
ensator
e
.
.
.
Bend
.
e
e valv
ff gat
ut-o
.
Sh
Nominal diameter DN
Fig. 4
Source: GESTRA
[Tb. 4.1] Pressure drop in steam pipes – example
Example:
Pipework sections DN 50 Operating data:
20 m pipe C = 8.11 Temperature t = 300 °C
1 angle valve C = 3.32 Steam pressure p = 16 bar
2 special valves C = 5.60 Speed w = 40 m/s
1 tee C = 3.10
2 pipe bends 90° C = 1.00
C = 21.10 Result p = 1.1 bar

Absolute
pressure p
Speed w
.
.
. Temperature
Flow resistance coefficient C
.
.
.
Pressure drop
.
.
Fig. 80
Source: GESTRA
318/319
[Tb. 9.0] Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten (Richtwerte) Conversion for the units of water hardness [Tb. 5]
Conversion for the units of water hardness
ºdH ºe ºTH ppm mMol/l
Deutsche Grad 1º dH= 1 1,253 1,78 17,8 0,179
Englische Grad 1º e= 0,798 1 1,43 14,3 0,142
Französische Grad 1º TH= 0,560 0,702 1 10 0,1
CaCo3 (USA) 1º ppm= 0,056 0,07 0,1 1 0,01
mMol/l 1º mMol/l= 5,6 7,02 10,00 100,0 1

%
60 P2 = Pressure of condensate and

re-evaporation steam after expansion
50
(in bar abs)
40
Source: Spirax Sarco

30
[Tb. 6] Re-evaporation on condensate expansion
20 p 2= 0.1 1 10 100 bar (abs)
15
10
3 p2= 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 70 100 bar (abs)
kg re-evaporation steam per 100 kg condensate or re-evaporation in %

2
1
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 40 70 100 200 bar (abs)
Pressure before expansion (in bar abs)
50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 350 ˚C
Condensate temperature before expansion (in °C)
All specified pressures in bar

100
80
60
40
30
20
15
10
8
Steam pressure (bar absolute)

2
1.8
1.6
Example
1.4
Steam pressure 5 barO (6 bar abs.)
1.3
Saturated steam
throughput 550 kg/h
1.2 Ergebnis 50 mm
Next larger DN DN 50 (54.5 mm)
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
80
100
120
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
1.1
4 6 8 10 20 40 70 100 200 300 500 700 1.000 2.000 3.000 5.000 10.000 20.000 50.000 100.000 200.000 500.000 1.000.000
Steam throughput (in kg/h) (at 25 m/s steam velocity)
Internal diameter of seamless steel pipes according to EN 10220 "ISO TUBES" in standard wall thickness
Nominal diameter DN 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400
Internal diameter mm 13.6 17.3 22.3 28.5 37.2 43.1 54.5 70.3 82.5 107 132 159 207 260 310 340 389
(example)
section for given
[Tb. 7] Pipe cross
steam parameters
Pipe cross section for given steam parameters - example [Tb. 7]
320/321
[Tb. 8] Pressure drop in water pipes for a particular flow rate - example
Water flow rate
Flow resistance head Hv in m for 100 m straight pipe run
.
Flo
w
ve
.
lo
cit
yW
0.4
m
/s
Nominal diameter DN
Fig. 6
Source: GESTRA
322/323
[Tb. 9.0] Flow velocities (standard values) Flow velocities (standard values) [Tb. 9]
Standard values for flow velocity (w):
Type of pipe Pressure range P (bar) Flow velocity w (m/s)
Steam pipes:
Wet steam ≤ 10 10 - 20
Saturated steam ≤1 10 - 15
> 1 to ≤ 5 15 - 25
> 5 to ≤ 10 25 - 35
> 10 to ≤ 40 35 - 40
> 40 to ≤ 100 40 to ≤ 60
Superheated steam: as for saturated steam, but with selection of the respective "higher" velocity
Safety valve discharge pipes and start-up pipe Against atmospheric ≤ 70

(also mixing cooler air vent pipe)a) pressure
Exhaust vapour and waste steam pipes, expansion steam Against atmospheric 10 - 25
in condensate pipes (open vented system) pressure
Long-distance steam lines < 40 ≤ 20
Water pipes:

Condensate pipes

Feedwater pipes
Pressure line ≥ 2 to ≤ 3.5
Boiler alkali and blow-down pipe ≥ 1 to ≤ 2

(without expansion steam)
Boiler alkali and blow-down pipe ≤1 10 - 15

(with expansion steam) > 1 to ≤ 5 15 - 20
DHW and service water pipes ≥ 1 to ≤ 2
Cooling water Suction line ≥ 0.5 to ≤ 1.5
Compressed air pipes ≥ 10 to ≤ 20
Natural gas pipes Up to ≤ 0,05 ≥ 3 to ≤ 8

> 0.05 to ≤ 1 ≥ 5 to ≤ 10
> 1 to ≤ 6 > 10 to ≤ 25

Fuel oil pipes
Combustion air ducts Suction line ≥ 8 to ≤ 20
Flue ducts Up to chimney connection ≥ 8 to ≤ 15

[Tb. 10] Steam boiler inspection checklist
Operation of steam boiler systems

TRD 601 OperationAppendix 1, /
Part I - General instructions for operators of steam boiler systems
EN 12953 T6, Appendix C
For category IV steam boilers
(see also Section 18.3)
June 1983 edition (unchanged 8/93)
Checklist for a steam boiler system (steam and hot water boiler)
(S = Visual inspection, monitoring for unusual noises; F = Function test)
12 months
6 months
24h / 72h
TRD 601
Operation, maintenance and inspection tasks per: Type of tests (examples)

Sheet 2
Section
Month
Week
BosB
See
3.2.1 Safety valves** S F* F* Venting
3.2.2 Water level - display equipment F F* Blow through and for boilers with p < 32 bar
Comparison of display with directly

3.2.3 Remote water levels S
indicated water level
3.2.4 Filling/sampling facility F Functionality and continuity
3.2.5 Water level controller S F* Blow through and functionality
3.2.6 Water level limiter F* Blow through or reduction to switching point
3.2.7 Flow limiter Flow reduction
3.2.9/12 Temperature or pressure controller S F* Carry out comparative test
3.2.10/13 Temperature or pressure limiter S F* Change in set value/test keys
Checking with precision thermometer /

3.2.8/11 Temperature or pressure indicators (pressure gauges) S
zero-point check
3.2.14 Drain and T.D.S. equipment F F* By activation
3.2.15 Boiler - fittings/valves S By activation
3.3.1 Feedwater and circulation equipment S F By alternate operation
By analytical monitoring in accordance

3.3.2 Feedwater and boiler water examination X
with TRD 611
3.3.3 Devices for monitoring boiler water for ingress of contaminants S F Activation of test key
3.4.1 Flue gas damper limit switch F* Closing and re-opening of the damper
3.4.2 Burner control (servomotors for air and fuel) F* Functionality
3.4.3 Combustion air fan, ignition and/or cooling air fan S F* Quiet operation, power transmission (e.g. V-belt)
3.4.4 Air pressure volume display and air pressure limiter F* Interruption of the pulse line
3.4.5 Fuel shut-off facility S F Functionality
3.4.6 Fuel tank and lines/valves S Functionality, tightness
3.4.7 Fuel pressure display S F
Safety shut-off facility upstream of the burner

3.4.8 S F Functionality, tightness
(for 72-hour operation also in the return line)
3.4.9 Tightness checking facility or intermediate ventilation S F
3.4.10 Burner limit switch Pivoting the burner, pulling the burner lance
3.4.11 Emergency stop switch F F* Activation
3.4.12 Ignition S
03/04/2013 Ventilation S F*
3.4.14 Flame monitor S F By covering the sensor
3.4.15 Assessment of combustion S
3.4.16 Assessment of combustion chambers and hot gas flues F*
3.4.17 Emergency stop switch F
F* - during the six-monthly inspection (according to TRD or EN 12953 Part 6 Appendix C).
** A regular check for easy action of the safety valves is required at least every 6 months in systems with fully demineralised water and in hot water generators.
The interval should not exceed 4 weeks for other types of steam boiler.
324/325
Literature references
(L1) - TRD Technical Regulations for Steam Boilers, 2002 edition

(L2) - Boiler Operating Manual / 11th edition, Publishing house: Dr. Ingo Resch, 2005
(L3) - Steam boiler legislation / Pressure Equipment Directive - 97/23/EC, 2004
(L4) - Thermodynamic Calculations for Combustion and Steam Boiler Systems, Friedrich & Karl Nüber,
R. Oldenburg Munich, 1967
(L5) - Heating Notebook, Air Conditioning, R. Oldenburg Munich, 1995
(L6) - Technical Manual for Water Treatment Systems, Publishing house: Technik Berlin, 1968
(L7) - Centrifugal Pumps and Centrifugal Pump Systems, Vogel Buchverlag, 1994
(L7.1) - Pipe Technology, Vogel Buchverlag, 1993
(L8) - Examples and Exercises: Chemical Processing Technology, Publishing house for the primary
materials industry, Leipzig 1963
(L9) - VDI Heat Atlas, VDI Verlag, 1994
(L10) - Heat manual, Resch Verlag, 1991
(L11) - Gestra Guide, Bremen, 2005
(L12) - Codes of Practice - Spirax/Sarco
Keyword index
277 Acoustic emissions

125 Acoustic emissions from monoblock / duoblock burners
19 Application areas
254 Basic requirements and regulations for the licensing procedure

32 Boiler equipment
226 Boiler lye and blow-down lines
58 Chemical water treatment (CWT)

132 Chemical water treatment system (CWT softening system)
240 Chimney connection and design
49 Combustion air
122 Combustion air, supply air ducts
242 Common flue system, merging of flue gas flows
93 Component layout
21 Components of a steam boiler system
224 Condensate pipes and systems
73 Condensate pumps
160 Condensate pumps - criteria for sizing and operation
66 Condensate treatment
297 Contact protection insulation
86 Control system
305 Conversion table - BTU / BHP / KW / t/h
51 Dual fuel burner
44 Economiser (ECO)
279 Earthquake protection
106 ECO output
105 Economiser (ECO) operation
75, 171 Exhaust vapour condenser
229 Exhaust vapour, waste steam and discharge pipes
76, 174 Feedwater cooler

151 Feed pumps - criteria for design and operation
76 Feedwater preheater
326/327
71 Feedwater pumps & control

227 Feedwater - softened water - drinking water
104 Flame tube temperature monitoring (FTTM)
321 Flow velocities (standard values)
80, 236 Fuel system
232 Fuel lines
136 Function description - reverse osmosis system (RO)
143 Function description of open vented condensate systems
144 Function description of sealed unvented condensate systems
50 Gaseous fuels
65 High pressure condensate

287 Inspection intervals for boilers according to the Pressure Equipment Directive
273 Installation of category III land-based steam boilers (TRD 802)
273 Installation of category IV land-based steam boilers
244 Internal electrical system demand
314 Internal pipe roughness
83 Internal power demand
82, 244 Internal system demand
83, 248 Internal thermal power demand
9 Introduction
324 Keyword index
88 Legal framework
254 Licensing procedure according to Section 13 of the [German] Health & Safety at Work Act
49 Liquid fuels
65 Low pressure condensate
87 Main functions
75, 163 Mixing cooler
38 Multi-boiler system
219 Notes on design engineering of selected pipework systems
283 Operation
284 Operating modes
59 Osmosis systems
265 Overview of German licensing procedures
268 Overviews and summary of application documents and their compilation
271 Overviews for compiling the application documents
130 Partial deaeration system

196 Pipework calculations and sizing
319 Pipe cross section for given steam parameters - example
315 Pipe friction factor / Reynolds number
182, 183 Pipework
78 Pipework system
237 Planning and design information for connection pieces
317 Pressure drop in steam pipes - example
316 Pressure drop in steam pipes
320 Pressure drop in water pipes for a particular flow rate - example
116 Pressure / heat maintenance - steam boiler
272 Principle requirements and regulations for the installation of steam boilers
334 Production
102 Product range
313 Properties of saturated steam
309 Properties of superheated steam
85 Protection against the formation of condensate
70, 150 Pumps
253 Requirements and regulations

67, 180 Sampling cooler

304 SI units / conversion table
98 Selection of the boiler pressure level
239 Sizing the flue system
302 Sketch of steam boiler container system
188 Specifications - materials, welding work
294 Standard circuit diagram
286 Standards and regulations governing operation
24, 26, 103 Steam boilers
328/329
41 Steam boiler in standby mode

322 Steam boiler inspection checklist
274 Steam boiler system installation room
219 Steam pipes / steam distributors
306 Steam table (saturation state)
307 Steam table (saturation state)
210 Strength, expansion, support spans, clearances, routing / mountings
113 Superheater (SH) operation
168 T.D.S. expander

75 T.D.S. expander and lye cooler
293 Technical data collection and tables
298 Technical Guide on water quality - extract
18 Thermal capacity
85 Thermal insulation
296 Thermal insulation of pipes
60 Thermal water treatment (TWT)
129 Total deaeration system
278 Transportation and handling
11 Utilising steam
110 Utilising condensing technology
119 Variable-speed combustion air fan
42, 99 Waste heat boilers

233 Waste water and floor drainage systems
139 Water analysis, general explanations
54, 128 Water treatment
15 What is steam?
52 Wood combustion
The comprehensive range of products and services
from Viessmann
Oil low temperature and Gas low temperature and Solar thermal and
condensing technology condensing technology photovoltaics
13 – 20,000 kW 4 – 20,000 kW
Detached houses
Apartment buildings
Commerce / Industry
Local heating
networks
Individual solutions with efficient systems
The comprehensive range of products and Individual and efficient

services from Viessmann Viessmann offers the right heating system for
The comprehensive range of products and any demand – wall mounted or floorstanding,
services from Viessmann offers individual in individual combinations – all are futureproof
solutions with efficient systems for all and economical. And whether for detached
applications and all energy sources. As houses or two-family homes, large residential
environmental pioneers, the company has, buildings, commercial/industrial use or for
for decades, been supplying particularly local heating networks; for modernising
efficient and clean heating systems for oil existing properties or new build – they are
and gas, as well as solar thermal systems always the right choice.
along with heat generators for sustainable
fuels and heat pumps.
The comprehensive range of products

and services from Viessmann offers top
technology and sets new benchmarks.
With its high energy efficiency, this range
helps to save heating costs and is always the
right choice where ecology is concerned.
330/331
Wood combustion technology, Heat pumps for Air conditioning technology

CHP and biogas production brine, water and air System components
4 – 13,000 kW 1.5 – 2000 kW
The comprehensive range of products and services from

Viessmann: Individual solutions with efficient systems for all
energy sources and applications
Key performers Viessmann is extremely highly specialised in

The Viessmann Group sets the technological all these market segments, yet at the same
pace for the heating industry. This is what the time the company has a crucial advantage over
Viessmann name represents, and also what specialist suppliers: Viessmann understands
the names of the subsidiaries in the Group heating technology as a systematic whole and
represent, as they are founded on the same offers unbiased advice on technology and fuel
pioneering spirit and power of innovation. type. This guarantees the best solution for
every application.
The company offers the following:
Condensing technology for oil and gas

Solar thermal systems
Heat pumps
Wood combustion systems
CHP modules
Biogas plants
Services
The comprehensive range of products and services
from Viessmann
Detached houses Apartment buildings Commerce / Industry Local heating networks
Oil low temperature and

condensing technology
13 – 20,000 kW
Architect's own home, Bad Füssing, Residential development Zi Wei Ameco A380 Hangar Beijing, European Parliament, Strasbourg,
Germany Garden Xi'an, China China France
Gas low temperature and

condensing technology
4 – 20,000 kW
Detached house, Kevelaer, "Wohnoase" residential park in Porsche Leipzig, European Parliament, Brussels,
Germany Regensburg, Germany Germany Belgium
Solar thermal and

photovoltaics
Heliotrop Freiburg, HafenCity Hamburg, City of Tomorrow, Malmö, The Palm Jumeirah,
Germany Germany Sweden Dubai
Wood combustion
technology,
CHP and biogas
production
4 – 13,000 kW
Detached house, Wiesloch, Hotel Lagorai Cavalese, Congressional Centre, Brunstad, Monastery St. Ottilien,
Germany Italy Norway Germany
Heat pumps for

brine, water and air
1.5 – 2,000 kW
Loftcube Regional Garden Show, Studio flats, Brandenburg, University library, Bamberg, Germany Residential estate, Pfäffikon,
Neu-Ulm, Germany Germany Switzerland
The comprehensive range of products and services from Viessmann:

Individual solutions with efficient systems for all energy sources and applications
332/333
Futureproof heating technology for

all requirements
Energy consumption worldwide has doubled In these projects, Viessmann again and
since 1970 and will triple by 2030. The again faces up to the most varied challenges
result: The fossil fuels, oil and gas, are to supply efficient heating technology by
dwindling, energy prices are on the rise and offering innovative solutions – in historical
excessive CO2 emissions continue to affect listed buildings as well as in modern industrial
our environment. Energy efficiency is a must if complexes or in the large-scale residential and
we want our future to be secure. industrial arena.
In almost every industrial nation, supplying

heat to residential and commercial buildings
accounts for the largest share of energy
consumption – consequently it also offers the
greatest savings potential. Advanced efficient
heating systems from Viessmann are in use
around the world, not only in many private
households, but also in numerous major
international projects, where they make a
sizeable contribution to the efficient use of
energy resources.
City of Tomorrow, Malmö, Sweden

The company
334/335
Viessmann – climate of innovation
The Viessmann brand promise concisely Acting in a sustainable manner

expresses all that we hope to achieve. It is For Viessmann, to take responsibility, means
our key brand message and, together with a commitment to act in a sustainable way.
our brand label, is an identifying feature This means bringing ecology, economy and
throughout the world. "Climate of innovation" social responsibility into harmony with each
is a promise on three levels: It is a commitment other, ensuring that current needs are
to a culture of innovation. It is a promise of satisfied without limiting the basis for life
high product utilisation and, at the same time, for the generations to come.
an obligation to protect the environment.
Efficiency Plus
Comprehensive range of products and With the sustainability project "Efficiency Plus"
services for all fuel types Viessmann shows at its Allendorf site, that
Viessmann is one of the leading international the political goals set for 2020 with regard to
manufacturers of heating systems and, with climate and energy can already be achieved
its comprehensive range of products and today with commercially available technology.
services, offers individual solutions in the
shape of efficient systems for all applications This project demonstrates: Viessmann won the German
Sustainability Award 2009 for its
and types of fuel. As an environmental Environmental protection
commitment to climate protection
pioneer, the company has been supplying Efficiency with resources
and efficient use of resources.
particularly efficient and clean heating Securing manufacturing sites for the future
systems.
As a result, fossil fuels have been cut by
40 percent and CO2 emissions reduced by
a third.
For the particularly efficient

utilisation of energy through the
innovative heat recovery centre at
the company's main site in Allendorf/
Eder, Viessmann was rewarded with
Viessmann Werke GmbH & Co. KG the Energy Efficiency Award 2010.
Company details Performance spectrum

Established in: 1917 Condensing technology for oil and gas
Employees: 9000 Solar thermal systems
Group turnover: €1.7 billion Heat pumps
Export share: 50 percent Wood combustion systems
1
6 factories in Germany, France, Canada, CHP modules
Poland, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland Biogas plants
and China Services
Sales organisation in 37 countries
120 sales offices worldwide
3 service providers
Imprint
Technical Guide for steam boilers
Publisher
Viessmann Werke, Allendorf (Eder)
Author
Gerd Sattler
Tilman Schibel
Editing & Design

agentur mp2 GmbH, Melsungen
Overall production
Grafisches Centrum Cuno, Calbe (Saale)
© 2011 Viessmann Werke
Sources
Unless otherwise specified, all graphics and

photographs are from Viessmann.
p 12 Stiftung Deutsches Technikmu-

seum,
Photo: Tilman Schibel
p 13 BLS-Energieplan Berlin
p 14 Silvia Schibel
p 16 Tilman Schibel
p 18 Co. Fissler
p 54 Peter Kuhlmann
336/337
G.1 Appendix
[A 1]
G.1 Appendix
[A 1]
G.1 Appendix
[A 1]
G.1 Appendix
[A 1]
5470 700 GB 03/2011
Copyright Viessmann.
Duplication and alternative use only with prior written consent.
Subject to technical modifications.

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Technical guide

12 History of steam generation

16 Wet steam, saturated steam, superheated steam

18 B.1.2 Thermal capacity

21 C Components of a steam boiler system

26 C.1 Steam boilers

46 Steam superheaters (SH)

49 C.4.1 Combustion air

58 C.5.1 Chemical water treatment (CWT)

64 Condensate management / treatment

65 C.6.1 Low pressure condensate

71 C.7.1 Feedwater pumps & control

74 System-dependent thermal equipment

75 C.8.1 Mixing cooler

82 Internal system demand

83 C.11.1 Internal power demand

84 Insulation of pipes, tanks etc.

85 C.12.1 Thermal insulation

87 C.13.1 Main functions

88 Rules and regulations

88 C.14.1 Legal framework

96 Steam boiler selection

96 D.1 Steam boiler selection

102 Product range

103 D.2.1 Steam boilers

118 Combustion systems

119 D.3.1 Variable-speed combustion air fan

128 Water treatment

129 D.4.1 Total deaeration system

142 Condensate management

143 D.5.1 Function description of open vented condensate systems

151 D.6.1 Feed pumps – criteria for design and operation

162 Sizing the thermal equipment

163 D.7.1 Mixing cooler

183 D.8.1 Pipework

236 Flue system

237 D.9.1 Planning and design information for connection pieces

244 Internal system demand

244 D.10.1 Internal electrical system demand

253 E Requirements and regulations

254 Basic requirements and regulations for the licensing procedure

254 E.1.1 Licensing procedure according to Section 13 of the [German]

273 E.2.1 Installation of category IV land-based steam boilers

284 Operating modes

284 F.1.1 Operating modes

294 [A 1] Standard circuit diagram; other diagrams

326 Keyword index

The integration of heat recovery systems

Vitomax production plant,

The manual must therefore be considered In spite of thorough checking, we cannot

This manual only deals with the generation of

12 History of steam generation

History of steam generation

Fig. A.1-1 Visualisation of boiler house

Practitioners included James Watt and

How many particles switch from one phase to

16 Wet steam, saturated steam, superheated steam

18 B.1.2 Thermal capacity

19 B.1.3 Application areas

120 mm composite thermal insulation