BKLT Deaerator
BKLT Deaerator
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of the oxygen. The deaerated water is stored until the boiler calls for water and it is pumped from the bottom of the tank to the boiler. Important Features: 1) A path in one direction for the steam to carry the oxygen toward the vent, effectively isolating it from the deaerated water. 2) Spring-loaded spray nozzles that provide a fine spray at varying flow rates for rapid heating and oxygen removal.
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The principle on which a deaerator works is Henry's Law, expressed graphically above. At the chosen pressure the amount of dissolved gases goes to zero when the water is at the boiling temperature for that particular pressure. Since it takes time for a bubble of oxygen to form and rise, boiling the water hard shortens this time. It is therefore possible to have a deaerator work at vacuum, atmospheric pressure, or a higher pressure. Atmospheric and low pressure (5 PSI) are most often used. SHIPCO manufactures both of these deaerators. Advantages and disadvantages are as follow: Atmospheric Advantages: No ASME Code tank expense No float drainer for overflow No safety valve Less steam loss at partial load No orifice in vent Shell & tube vent condenser/preheater advantage for larger temperature rise heating requirements Pressurized Advantage: Faster response of pressure pilot A steam manifold is boiling the water hard near the bottom of the tank with volumes of steam rising. The incoming water is sprayed into the top of the tank just below the vent, condensing the steam and heating the incoming water. It then cascades through the baffles further heating the water, condensing more steam, and releasing oxygen which travels up toward the vent with the steam. The water, then mostly deaerated, drops to the surface where the bubbling steam purges the last
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A series of baffles further providing for heating of water, condensing of steam, and release of oxygen, as well as providing the one-direction pathway. A steam manifold with narrow slits to provide good distribution of fine steam bubbles to scrub the last of the oxygen from the stored water. It will operate relatively quietly above 160F. This scrubbing heater (a little above the bottom) assures the pumps are getting the most thoroughly deaerated water in the unit. Since heat rises, steam added at the bottom is more effective in heating the bottom as opposed to adding heat at a higher level. Furthermore, the rising steam bubbles are very effective in carrying any remaining tiny air bubbles to the surface.
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6) Noticeably better deaeration can be obtained when flows increase or decrease gradually. Sudden increases and decreases, such as a large on and off flow from a condensate pump, will hinder performance unless a surge tank is used with modulated flows from the surge tank to the deaerator tank. A system with 80% to 100% make-up water can operate efficiently without a surge tank as the water flow can be modulated from the domestic water supply, but larger percentages of pumped returns require a surge tank for best performance. 7) A shell and tube vent condenser/preheater, if added to the vent of the deaerator, increases the efficiency of the deaerator by heating low temperature water hotter before spraying, and condensing nearly all of the steam from the vent.
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needed to handle this pressure and the steam control regulator must be sized for this nighttime lowpressure setback. Determine NPSH NPSH stands for Net Positive Suction Head. The available NPSH is essentially the measure of how close the water in the suction passage of the pump is to boiling, with the attendant formation of steam within the impeller, thus diminishing the pumps performance. Since we have a deaerator where the water is at the saturation point or boiling point, the available NPSH is at zero, located at the bottom of the steam manifold. Various physical designs of pump have various NPSH requirements. In order for any pump to operate successfully, the NPSH available must be greater than the NPSH requirements. With a deaerator the only way you can increase the NPSH available is to elevate the tank a greater distance than the pump requires. For example, a pump with an NPSH requirement of 4 ft. must be elevated at least 4 ft. plus a safety factor (usually 1 to 2 ft.). The SHIPCO model P pump requires only 2 ft. of NPSH at the best efficiency point; therefore, our standard elevation is 4 ft. or 48 inches. Suction strainers hurt NPSH calculations since you cant measure the pressure drop through a strainer. In addition, if it works it will destroy the pump by causing it to run dry. For this reason suction strainers are never used with centrifugal pumps like the SHIPCO model P or D pumps. Suction strainers are only used when turbine pumps are supplied since even a little dirt and debris will cause this style of pump to go bad due to the close tolerances within the design. The standard rule of thumb is to add one additional foot of stand elevation to compensate for this suction strainer. Determine Receiver Size The receiver size on a deaerator is based on the total load of all boilers being fed by the unit at any one time. The receiver size is generally based on 10 minutes of net storage when using a single compartment with returns. If the system utilizes a surge tank with the deaerator, then the surge tank will be sized to handle the 10 minutes of net storage time required, with the deaerator being sized for only 5 minutes of net storage. A deaerator without returns (100% make-up) requires only 5 minutes of net storage. As demonstrated, the selection of the receiver size may vary based on the characteristics of the system.
How to Determine Transfer Pump (Gallons per Minute) GPM All deaerator units are rated in lbs/hr of steam. The transfer pumps on the surge tank units are sized based on this rating. Lbs/hr divided by 500 equals the evaporation rate in GPM for these pumps. The pumps are sized as follows: If transfer pumps are feeding a deaerator on a free-standing by itself surge tank (-2T) system, the pump rate in GPM equals the evaporation rate or the total load rating on the deaerator. For example, if deaerator system is rated 10,000 lbs/hr, then each transfer pump should be rated for 20 GPM. If transfer pumps feeding a deaerator with the surge tank are part of the complete unit like our twocompartment model (-2C), the transfer pumps are sized differently based on being an atmospheric or pressurized deaerator. If a pressurized two-compartment deaerator unit is used (-2C), the pump rate equals the evaporation
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rate or the total load rating on the deaerator (as mentioned earlier). If an atmospheric two-compartment deaerator is used (.005 DA-2C or .03 DA-2C), the pump rate in GPM equals the evaporation rate of the deaerator multiplied by 1.5. For example, if deaerator is rated 10,000 lbs/hr, then each transfer pump should be rated for 30 GPM (20 GPM x 1.5). This is to allow recirculation of water through the vent condensers. In addition, this is the only type of surge tank where NPSH is a concern and pumps should have an NPSH requirement lower than the height of the stand to be safe. Recirculation for these continuously running transfer pumps may be required. The SHIPCO Model P and D pumps have as standard a bleed line that does not require any additional recirculation when pumping liquids lower in temperature than the saturation or boiling point. How to Determine the Pump Discharge Pressure PSIG The surge tank pumps are sized as follows: A) To overcome the operating pressure of the deaerator B) Spray nozzles C) Friction loss in pipe D) Vertical lift between deaerator and surge tank E) Safety margin generally 5 PSIG F) Pressure drop associated with transfer valve The amount of these values, or these values added together, is normally expressed in feet of head. To convert to pounds per square inch, or PSIG, 2.31 ft. = 1 PSIG. Generally the surge tank is located beside the deaerator or when it is part of the deaerator itself; therefore, a transfer pump discharge of 25 PSIG, if feeding an atmospheric deaerator, or 35 PSIG, if feeding a pressurized deaerator, is used as our
standard since our standard transfer modulating valves are sized for 100% of the deaerator load with a 10 PSIG drop across valve. How to Size and What Style of Make-Up to Use Since the purpose of a surge tank is to gather all the returns from the system and mix the makeup water with the returns to blend the temperature, the make-up valve should be a standard close closing solenoid valve activated by a float switch in the tank. By using a modulating make-up valve you are wasting money on an expensive valve and controller that serve no purpose unless your system is larger than 75,000 lbs/hr. The make-up valve capacity should be sized for 100% of the total load of the system so you have emergency backup. In addition, make sure that your city water supply pressure is adequate for the pressure drop through this valve. What Special Equipment Should I Have? If you are purchasing a high quality deaerator with high and low water alarms and pump low water cut-off, your surge tank should be equipped with the same alarms and cut-offs. In addition, since surge tanks are vented to atmosphere, they will corrode. Surge tanks should be cast iron, Plasite lined with #7156 or made of 300 series stainless steel for about the same price. Determining Receiver Size The receiver on a surge tank is sized based on the total load of all boilers in the system or the deaerator rating, the same sizing as that of a standard boiler feed unit. The receiver size is generally based on 10 minutes of net storage as a general rule of thumb just like the deaerators. The suggested specifications, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manuals, Dimension Prints, Piping Details and Bulletins are located for your convenience behind the appropriate catalog tab.
Special HS Systems Deaerators .005 DA-ISTP-2THS, .005 DA-STP-2THS, .005 DA-ISTP-2CHS or .005 DA-STP-2CHS Pressurized two-compartment or two-tank units where most if not all the returns coming back are above the saturation point. Condensate returns are not vented to atmosphere.
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cause a pump to destroy itself by doing its job of collecting dirt and debris. No one can calculate the pressure drop through a suction strainer and therefore you cant calculate stand height to avoid NPSH problems. The strainers belong in the return lines and make-up lines to the unit. The reason suction strainers are commonly found is that they are used with turbine pumps. Turbine pumps were the forerunner to todays multi-stage centrifugals, and these turbines had to have suction strainers because of the close tolerance and wear. A little bit of dirt could and would destroy these pumps, causing high maintenance problems. Centrifugal pumps are much more durable and can handle the dirt and debris. 16) In hospital applications a two-tank system is better than a two-compartment or duo-tank design. Hospitals cant go down, and when two compartment units need replaced the customer must get a rental unit. It would be smarter to put a twotank system in so you could have the surge tank pumps feed directly into the suction of the boiler feed pumps and inspect or replace the deaerator. If you want the surge tank replaced or to be inspected, run the make-up directly into the deaerator and bypass the surge.
SHIPPENSBURG PUMP COMPANY, INC., P.O. BOX 279, SHIPPENSBURG, PA 17257 PHONE 717-532-7321 FAX 717-532-7704 WWW.SHIPCOPUMPS.COM