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    5 Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrices: Definitions: A Matrix With Complex Elements Is Said To

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    Jessica Reddy
    Charles Hermite proved an important theorem in 1855 concerning matrices A where A = A*, which are now called Hermitian matrices. Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices are generalizations of real symmetric and real skew-symmetric matrices, respectively. A matrix A is Hermitian if A = A* and skew-Hermitian if A = -A*. The document then provides examples and theorems about properties of Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices.

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    5 Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrices: Definitions: A Matrix With Complex Elements Is Said To

    Uploaded by

    Jessica Reddy
    622 views4 pages
    Charles Hermite proved an important theorem in 1855 concerning matrices A where A = A*, which are now called Hermitian matrices. Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices are generalizations of real symmetric and real skew-symmetric matrices, respectively. A matrix A is Hermitian if A = A* and skew-Hermitian if A = -A*. The document then provides examples and theorems about properties of Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices.

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    M_1.5_RM

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    Charles Hermite proved an important theorem in 1855 concerning matrices A where A = A*, which are now called Hermitian matrices. Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices are generalizations of real symmetric and real skew-symmetric matrices, respectively. A matrix A is Hermitian if A = A* and skew-Hermitian if A = -A*. The document then provides examples and theorems about properties of Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    622 views4 pages

    5 Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrices: Definitions: A Matrix With Complex Elements Is Said To

    Uploaded by

    Jessica Reddy
    Charles Hermite proved an important theorem in 1855 concerning matrices A where A = A*, which are now called Hermitian matrices. Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices are generalizations of real symmetric and real skew-symmetric matrices, respectively. A matrix A is Hermitian if A = A* and skew-Hermitian if A = -A*. The document then provides examples and theorems about properties of Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    5

    Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrices


    Charles Hermite (1822-1901), in 1855, proved an
    important theorem concerning any matrix 𝑨 for which
    𝑨 = 𝑨∗ , resulting in such matrices being named after him.
    Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian matrices are
    generalizations of real symmetric and real skew-symmetric
    matrices respectively.
    Definitions: A matrix 𝑨 with complex elements is said to
    be Hermitian if 𝑨 = 𝑨∗ (conjugate transpose), that is, the
    (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡𝑕 element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is the complex conjugate of the (𝑗, 𝑖)𝑡𝑕
    element, 𝑎𝑗𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , that is,
    𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑚
    𝑎 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑚
    𝑨 = 12
    ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ,
    𝑎1𝑚 𝑎2𝑚 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑚
    where the 𝑎𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, … , m, are real.
    and 𝑨 skew-hermitian if 𝑨 = −𝑨∗ , that is, the (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡𝑕 element
    𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑠 − 1 times the complex conjugate of the (𝑗, 𝑖)𝑡𝑕 element,
    −𝑎𝑗𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , that is,
    𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑚
    −𝑎12 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑚
    𝑨= ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ,
    −𝑎1𝑚 −𝑎2𝑚 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑚
    where the 𝑎𝑖𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑚 is either zero or purely imaginary.
    Example: If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, 𝑕, 𝑘 are real numbers and if
    𝑖 = −1, then
    𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓
    𝑏 − 𝑖𝑐 𝑑 𝑕 + 𝑖𝑘
    𝑒 − 𝑖𝑓 𝑕 − 𝑖𝑘 𝑔
    is hermitian and
    𝑖𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓
    −𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑑 𝑕 + 𝑖𝑘
    −𝑒 + 𝑖𝑓 −𝑕 + 𝑖𝑘 𝑖𝑔
    is skew-hermitian.
    Theorem: A Hermitian (skew-Hermitian) matrix is square,
    and a real Hermitian (skew-Hermitian) matrix is symmetric
    (skew-symmetric).
    Proof: The proof that Hermitian and skew-Hermitian
    matrices are square is left to the student. If 𝑨 is real
    𝑇
    Hermitian, then 𝑨 = 𝑨∗ = 𝑨 = 𝑨𝑇 , and 𝑨 is symmetric; if 𝑨
    𝑇
    is real skew-Hermitian, then 𝑨 = −𝑨∗ = − 𝑨 = −𝑨𝑇 , and
    𝑨 is skew-symmetric.

    We now list some theorems whose straightforward proofs


    are left as exercises for the student.
    Theorem: If 𝑨 is Hermitian (skew-Hermitian), then 𝑖𝑨 and
    – 𝑖𝑨 are skew-Hermitian (Hermitian).
    Theorem: If 𝑨 is Hermitian, then 𝑨 = 𝑴 + 𝑖𝑵, where 𝑴 is
    real symmetric and 𝑵 is real skew-symmetric.
    Theorem: If 𝑨 is a square matrix, then 𝑨 + 𝑨∗ is Hermitian
    and 𝑨 − 𝑨∗ is skew-Hermitian.
    Theorem: Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum
    of a Hermitian and a skew-Hermitian matrix.
    Theorem: If 𝑨 is any matrix (not necessarily square), then
    𝑨∗ 𝑨 and 𝑨𝑨∗ are both Hermitian.
    Theorem: If 𝑨 is Hermitian, then so also is 𝑩∗ 𝑨𝑩 for every
    conformable matrix (a matrix is conformable if its
    dimensions are suitable for defining some operations) 𝑩.

    Some more Results


    1. 𝑨 𝑚 × 𝑚 real: 𝑨 is Hermitian ⟺ A is symmetric.
    2. 𝑨, 𝑩 𝑚 × 𝑚 Hermitian, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ:
    a. 𝑐𝑨 is Hermitian.
    b. 𝑨 ± 𝑩 is Hermitian.
    c. 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 ⇔ 𝑨𝑩 is Hermitian.
    d. 𝑨 ⊙ 𝑩 is Hermitian.
    3. 𝑨 𝑚 × 𝑚 Hermitian, 𝑩 𝑛 × 𝑛 Hermitian:
    a. 𝑨 ⊗ 𝑩 is Hermitian
    b. 𝑨 ⊕ 𝑩 is Hermitian
    4. 𝑨 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑚 × 𝑚 Hermitian:
    a. 𝑨𝑇 is Hermitian.
    b. 𝑨∗ is Hermitian.
    c. 𝑨−1 is Hermitian, if 𝐴 is nonsingular.
    d. 𝑨𝑖 is Hermitian for 𝑖 = 1,2, …
    e. 𝑨 is Hermitian.
    f. 𝑨 𝑎𝑏𝑠 is Hermitian.
    g. 𝑨∗ 𝑨 = 𝑨𝑨∗ , that is, 𝐴 is normal.
    5. 𝑨 𝑚 × 𝑚 :
    a. 𝑨𝑨∗ is Hermitian
    b. 𝑨∗ 𝑨 is Hermitian.
    c. Three exist unique Hermitian 𝑚 × 𝑚 matrices 𝑩, 𝑪
    such that 𝑨 = 𝑩 + 𝑖𝑪.
    6. 𝑨 𝑚 × 𝑚 : 𝑨 is Hermitian ⟺ 𝑨∗ 𝑨 = 𝑨.

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