Foreign Literature

FOREIGN LITERATURE
El-Halim Said, 1997, p. 19). To improve the educational productivity, some of the teaching staff
sought to mainstream technology within education, developing traditional techniques & using new
educational methods (Al-a’ny, 2000). Mainstreaming the technological media within what is called
‘‘Multimedia’’ is the pattern which led to infinite applications of computer technologies. The concept of
this technology came into being with the appearance of sound cards, then compact disks, then came the
use of digital camera, then the video which made computer an essential educational tool. Nowadays,
multimedia expanded to become a field on its own. The concept of multimedia technology is broad & it
has infinite usage fields; it is a profound element as an educational technology in addition to its use in
medical & statistical domains & in establishing databases. Moreover, the entertainment sector is one of
the sectors that had the lion’s share in using this technology. Interaction is the main element in
multimedia technology as most of its applications are characterized by interaction. Consequently,
multimedia programs may provide a more effective & more influential experiment than using each
technology separately.
The researcher thinks that multimedia is one of the best educational techniques because it
addresses more than one sense simultaneously, as it addresses the senses of sight & hearing.
Multimedia programs provide different stimuli in their presentations which include a number of
elements some of which are (Aloraini, 2005, p. 55–75): Texts, spoken words, sound & music, graphics,
animations and still pictures.
These elements were mainstreamed in a comprehensive presentation so as to provide effective
education, which in turn will support the participation of the different senses of the learners in diverse
syllabi. (Hadmin,2000).
Thorndike, like many of the early behavioral learning theorists, linked behavior to physical
reflexes. In his early work he also viewed most behavior as a response to stimuli in the environment.
This view that stimuli can prompt responses was the forerunner of what became known as stimulus-
response (S-R) theory (Elliot et al, 1996). Thorndike developed his Law of Effect which states that if an
act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood that the act will be repeated in
similar situations increases. According to Thorndike, pupils learn more effectively and easily, and
retain that learning longer, if it has pleasant consequences.
Parents’ positive attitude towards child’s education is important in determining school attendance
and academic achievement of the child. Favorable attitude towards schooling and education enhances
parental involvement in children’s present and future studies .
Often, the affluent parent will have access to educational resources for his/her child directly or
indirectly. It is more likely that these parents will have higher regards for education, set educational
goals for the child and/or be models. Also, it is more likely a child with doctors as parents will end up
pursuing higher education- possibly medical school, than the child whose parent’s education stopped at
a high school diploma. This is not to stay that the child’s education is predetermined by the parent’s
education; however it is merely one factor that can affect the student’s desire to learn.
Krashen (2005) concluded that students whose parents are educated score higher on
standardized tests than those whose parents were not educated. Educated parents can better
communicate with their children regarding the school work, activities and the information being taught
at school. They can better assist their children in their work and participate at school (Fantuzzo&Tighe,
2000; Trusty, 1999).
Theory of Educational Productivity by Walberg (1981) determined three groups of nine factors
based on affective, cognitive and behavioral skills for optimization of learning that affect the quality of
academic performance: Aptitude (ability, development and motivation); instruction (amount and
quality); environment (home, classroom, peers and television) (Roberts, 2007). The home environment
also affects the academic performance of students. Educated parents can provide such an environment
that suits best for academic success of their children. The school authorities can provide counseling and
guidance to parents for creating positive home environment for improvement in students’ quality of
work (Marzano, 2003). The academic performance of students heavily depends upon the parental
involvement in their academic activities to attain the higher level of quality in academic success
(Barnard, 2004; Henderson, 1988; Shumox& Lomax, 2001).
Parental involvement in a child’s education along with environmental and economic factors
may affect child development in areas such as cognition, language, and social skills. Numerous studies
in this area have demonstrated the importance of family interaction and involvement in the years prior
to entering school (Bergsten, 1998; Hill, 2001; Wynn, 2002). Research findings have also shown that a
continued effort of parental involvement throughout the child’s education can improve academic
achievement (Driessen, Smit&Sleegers, 2005; Fan, 2001; Hong & Ho, 2005). Academic failure has
been linked with risk behaviors and negative outcomes such as; substance abuse, delinquency, and
emotional and behavioral problems (Annunziata, Houge, Faw, &Liddle, 2006).
Mary Chamberlain (2002) said that that great teacher make a difference. They have passion that
seeps through the skin- a love of learning. Great progress (‘a revolution’) was made but a working hum
and engagement is now not enough. What are now needed are quality learning conversations between
teachers and learners. It is about extending rather than supervising, about linking to the child’s world,
about creating lines of desires, about not seeing the curriculum as a straightjacket. The curriculum it
seems is more a direction.
LOCAL LITERATURE
According to Fabian (2007), the world is changing fast.
Technology continues to advance at lightning speed and anyone who doesn’t keep up is in
danger of being left behind. As a result, the way students study has changed significantly. While books
still remain a valuable tool, the need to spend hours and hours sitting in the library has reduced
dramatically. Students now have numerous options available to them when it comes to learning
techniques.

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FOREIGN LITERATURE

multimedia technology as most of its applications are characterized by interaction. Consequently,

animations and still pictures.

These elements were mainstreamed in a comprehensive presentation so as to provide effective

retain that learning longer, if it has pleasant consequences.

parental involvement in children’s present and future studies .

2000; Trusty, 1999).

(Barnard, 2004; Henderson, 1988; Shumox& Lomax, 2001).

emotional and behavioral problems (Annunziata, Houge, Faw, &Liddle, 2006).

seems is more a direction.

According to Fabian (2007), the world is changing fast.

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