Presentation 9 - Paraphrasing Techniques

HELLENIC REPUBLIC
UNIVERSITY OF CRETE
Academic English
Section 9: Paraphrasing techniques
Kallia Katsampoxaki-Hodgetts
School of Sciences and Engineering
Why paraphrase?
Effective paraphrasing is vital in academic writing

to avoid the risk of plagiarism
Plagiarism
quoting directly without attribution
it constitutes academic dishonesty
it signals a lack of integrity and can ruin

your academic career
http://www.dailywritingtips.com/the-whys-and-hows-of-paraphrasing/
Paraphrasing and translation
unconnected natural language processing tasks
translation represents the preservation of meaning in

the words of a different language
paraphrasing represents the preservation of meaning

using different words in the same language
https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~ccb/publications/callison-burch-thesis.pdf (2015)
Rule of thumb
 Less than 10 percent of an academic paper or article

should consist of direct quotations from research
sources.
 In physical sciences, direct quotations are not
allowed.
http://www.dailywritingtips.com/the-whys-and-hows-of-paraphrasing/
Eight pitfalls of paraphrasing
Forgetting to acknowledge Adding your opinion
source or author
Summarizing rather than
Misreading the original paraphrasing
Including too much of the Substituting inappropriate

original synonyms
Leaving out important Expanding or narrowing

information the meaning
http://www.usca.edu/asc/pdf/writing%20room/paraphrasing.pdf
http://www.nova.edu/chcs/studentaffairs/success/forms/apa-how-to-paraphrase.pdf
Paraphrasing techniques
Acknowledge sources Change word class
 Nouns to verbs
 Verbs to nouns
 Adjectives to adverbs
Changing vocabulary  Adverbs to adjectives
 synonyms & keywords
Break long sentences
Varied sentence patterns into short ones
 passive voice, gerund
Making abstract ideas

Change order of ideas more concrete
Forgetting to document
 sources
 author’s position
 author’s thinking
Verbs
 To introduce quotations and paraphrases

http://www.awc.metu.edu.tr/handouts/Verbs_to_Introduce_Paraphrases_and_Quotations.pdf
Referring to sources
Recent in vitro studies have shown that X can …(Patel et al.,1997;Jones et
al.,1998)
Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
Recent evidence suggests that … (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).
A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).
It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … (Smith,
1998).
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/referring-to-sources/
Referring to author’s ideas or position
 According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective

 As noted by Smith (2003) X is far more cost effective, and therefore …
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/referring-to-sources/
Use synonyms & keywords
Change sentence patterns
Change word order
Change word class
Change percentages & numbers
Careful note-taking
 Jot down key ideas
 Summarize main concepts without looking at
the original
 Acknowledge sources
Rubric
 In-text reference added/ author acknowledged
 Sentence structure changed
 Own words/ style used
 No missing ideas from the original
 No new ideas added

References
 http://www.awc.metu.edu.tr/handouts/Verbs_to_Introduce_Para
phrases_and_Quotations.pdf
 http://www.usca.edu/asc/pdf/writing%20room/paraphrasing.pdf
 http://www.lib.sfu.ca/sites/default/files/12333/techniquesforpara
phrasing.pdf
 http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/referring-to-sources/
 https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/02/
 http://www.nova.edu/chcs/studentaffairs/success/forms/apa-
how-to-paraphrase.pdf
End of Section
Financing
• The present educational material has been developed as part of the
educational work of the instructor.
• The project “Open Academic Courses of the University of Crete” has only
financed the reform of the educational material.
• The project is implemented under the operational program “Education and
Lifelong Learning” and funded by the European Union (European Social
Fund) and National Resources.
Notes
Licensing Note
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NoDerivs 4.0[1] International license or later International Edition. The individual works of
third parties are excluded, e.g. photographs, diagrams etc. They are contained therein and
covered under their conditions of use in the section «Use of Third Parties Work Note».
[1] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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Reference Note
Copyright University of Crete , Kallia Katsampoxaki-Hodgetts 2015. Kallia
Katsampoxaki-Hodgetts. «Academic English. Section 9: Paraphrasing
techniques». Edition: 1.0. Heraklion 2015. Available at:
https://opencourses.uoc.gr/courses/course/view.php?id=349.
Preservation Notices
Any reproduction or adaptation of the material should include:
• the Reference Note
• the Licensing Note
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HELLENIC REPUBLIC

Effective paraphrasing is vital in academic writing

quoting directly without attribution

it constitutes academic dishonesty

it signals a lack of integrity and can ruin

translation represents the preservation of meaning in

paraphrasing represents the preservation of meaning

 Less than 10 percent of an academic paper or article

Including too much of the Substituting inappropriate

Leaving out important Expanding or narrowing

Making abstract ideas

 To introduce quotations and paraphrases

 According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective

 Sentence structure changed

 Own words/ style used

 No missing ideas from the original

 No new ideas added

• As Non-Commercial is defined the use that:

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