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    Buoyant Force & Centre of Buoyancy

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    Torong V

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    Buoyant Force & Centre of Buoyancy

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    Torong V
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    ADRE

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    Buoyant Force & Centre of Buoyancy

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    Adrenalin Alvie I.

    Gozun
    BSEE-2C
    ASSIGNMENT #3

    1. BUOYANT FORCE & CENTRE OF BUOYANCY


     Buoyancy is the force that causes objects to float. It is the force exerted on an
    object that is partly or wholly immersed in a fluid. Buoyancy is caused by the
    differences in pressure acting on opposite sides of an object immersed in a static
    fluid. It is also known as the buoyant force. Buoyancy is the phenomena due to
    Buoyant Force.
     When an object is immersed in a liquid it experiences an upward force known
    as Buoyant Force.
     The unit of the buoyant force is the Newton (N).

    Force of Buoyancy:
     When we submerge an object in a fluid, an upward force is experienced by the
    object. This force is applied by the fluid on the object which makes it to, rise
    up and is called the Force of Buoyancy. The scale of this force is precisely
    equal to the amount or weight of the liquid displaced.

    Center of Buoyancy:
     The point where the force of Buoyancy is applied or the point on the object
    where the force acts are termed as the Center of Buoyancy. It should be
    illustrated that the force of buoyancy is a vertical force, and thus, the Center of
    Buoyancy is the point situated on the centre of the gravity of the liquid that is
    being displaced by the object submerged.
    The buoyant force depends on:

     The volume of the body immersed which is equal to the volume of fluid displaced.
     The density of the fluid.
    Applications of Buoyancy
    It is due to buoyancy that human swimmers, fish, ships, and icebergs stay afloat. Some
    applications of buoyancy are given in the points below.

    Submarine:
    A submarine has a large ballast tank, which is used to control its position and depth
    from the surface of the sea. A submarine submerges by letting water into the ballast
    tank so that its weight becomes greater than the buoyant force.

    2. BOUYANCY & FLOATATION PROBLEM 1

    A standard basketball (mass = 624 grams; 24.3 cm in diameter) is held fully


    under water. Calculate the buoyant force and weight. When released, does the
    ball sink to the bottom or float to the surface? If it floats, what percentage of it
    is sticking out of the water? If it sinks, what is the normal force, F N with which
    it sits on the bottom of the pool?

    SOLUTION

    The weight of the ball is

    To calculate the buoyancy, we need the volume of displaced water, which is the
    volume of the ball because it is being held completely submerged.

    The buoyant force is equal to the weight of that volume of water.

    That's a lot stronger than the 6.1N downward pull of gravity, so the ball will rise to
    the surface when released. The density of the ball is
    which is 8.3% the density of water. The ball will therefore be floating with 8.3% of its
    volume below the level of the surface, and 91.7% sticking out of the water.

    3. BOUYANCY & FLOATATION PROBLEM 2

     Weight of an object in air is 100 N. The object is placed in a liquid. Increase in volume
    of liquid is 1.5 m3. If specific weight of the liquid is 10 N/m3, what is the weight of the
    object in liquid.
    Known :
    Object’s weight in air (w) = 100 Newton
    Increase in volume of liquid = volume of the object in liquid (V) = 1.5 m3
    Specific weight of the liquid = 10 N/m3
    Wanted : Object’s weight in liquid
    Solution :
    Object’s weight in liquid = object’s weight in air – buoyant force
    Object’s weight in liquid = 100 Newton – buoyant force
    Formula of buoyant force :
    FA = ρ g V
    FA = buoyant force = the force exerted by the liquids on the object in water
    ρ = density of liquid
    g = acceleration due to gravity
    V = object’s volume in liquid
    Specific weight :
    Specific weight of liquid = 10 N/m3
    w / V = 10 N/m3
    m g / V = 10 N/m3
    m (10) / V = 10 N/m3
    m / V = 1 kg/m3
    ρ = 1 kg/m3
    The density of liquid is 1 kg/m3

    The magnitude of buoyant force :


    FA = ρ g V = (1 kg/m3)(10 m/s2)(1.5 m3) = 15 kg m/s2 = 15 Newton
    Object’s weight in fluid :
    Object’s weight in fluid = 100 Newton – 15 Newton
    Object’s weight in fluid = 85 New ton

    4. BUOYANCY & FLOATATION METACENTRE


    Whenever a body floating in liquid, is given a small angular displacement, it starts
    oscillation about a point. This point, about which body starts oscillation is called
    Metacentre.
    Metacentre is intersection of line passing through the original centre of buoyancy and
    centre of gravity of the body, and vertical line passing through the new centre of
    buoyancy.
    5. METACENTRIC HEIGHT
    Metacentric height is the distance between the centre of gravity of a floating body and
    its metacentre.” The distance GM is called metacentric height.
    GM - This measurement is calculated by subtracting KG from KM (GM = KM - KG). GM
    is a measure of the ship's initial stability.
    G - Center of Gravity: The point at which all forces of gravity acting on the ship can be
    considered to act. "G" is the center of mass of the vessel. The position of "G" is
    dependent upon the distribution of weights within the ship.
    M - Metacenter: As the ship is inclined through small angles of heel, the lines of
    buoyant force intersect at a point called the metacenter.
    6. METACENTRIC HEIGHT PROBLEM 1
    A rectangular pontoon is 5 m long, 3 m wide and 1.40 m high. The depth of immersion
    of the pontoon is 0.60 m in seawater. If the centre of gravity is 0.7 m above the bottom
    of the pontoon, determine the metacentric height. The density for seawater = 1045

    kg/m3.

    7. METACENTRIC HEIGHT PROBLEM 2

    A block of material of specific gravity 0.45 floats in water. Determine the meta-
    centric height of the block if its size is 3 m * 2 m* 0.8 m.
    8. STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
    Any floating body is subjected by two opposing vertical forces. One is the body's
    weight W which is downward, and the other is the buoyant force BF which is
    upward. The weight is acting at the center of gravity G and the buoyant force is
    acting at the center of buoyancy BO. W and BF are always equal and if these
    forces are collinear, the body will be in upright position as shown below.
    The body may tilt from many causes like wind or wave action causing the center
    of buoyancy to shift to a new position BO' as shown below.

    Point M is the intersection of the axis of the body and the line of action of the
    buoyant force, it is called metacenter. If M is above G, BF and W will produce a
    righting moment RM which causes the body to return to its neutral position, thus
    the body is stable. If M is below G, the body becomes unstable because of the
    overturning moment OM made by W and BF. If M coincides with G, the body is
    said to be just stable which simply means critical. The value of righting moment
    or overturning moment is given by
    RM or OM=Wx=W(MGsinθ)

    9. STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES PROBLEM


    For the shown figure below, a cube of wood of side length (L) is float in
    water. If the specific gravity of the wood is 0.88. Determine if this cube is
    stable or not.

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