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    Yaba College of Technology: Civil Engineering Department Fluid Mechanics (Cec107) Lecturer: Olayinka Ojewunmi (Wk3)

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    Abdulsabur Adeniji
    The document discusses the concepts of equilibrium of floating bodies, buoyancy, center of buoyancy, stable and unstable equilibrium, and methods for calculating metacentric height. It provides definitions for key terms and concepts. It also includes two worked examples calculating the volume of water displaced by a floating object and the position of the center of buoyancy, and determining the amount of concrete needed to produce a certain downward pull on a floating buoy.

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    Yaba College of Technology: Civil Engineering Department Fluid Mechanics (Cec107) Lecturer: Olayinka Ojewunmi (Wk3)

    Uploaded by

    Abdulsabur Adeniji
    38 views6 pages
    The document discusses the concepts of equilibrium of floating bodies, buoyancy, center of buoyancy, stable and unstable equilibrium, and methods for calculating metacentric height. It provides definitions for key terms and concepts. It also includes two worked examples calculating the volume of water displaced by a floating object and the position of the center of buoyancy, and determining the amount of concrete needed to produce a certain downward pull on a floating buoy.

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    LECTURE WEEK 3

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    The document discusses the concepts of equilibrium of floating bodies, buoyancy, center of buoyancy, stable and unstable equilibrium, and methods for calculating metacentric height. It provides definitions for key terms and concepts. It also includes two worked examples calculating the volume of water displaced by a floating object and the position of the center of buoyancy, and determining the amount of concrete needed to produce a certain downward pull on a floating buoy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    38 views6 pages

    Yaba College of Technology: Civil Engineering Department Fluid Mechanics (Cec107) Lecturer: Olayinka Ojewunmi (Wk3)

    Uploaded by

    Abdulsabur Adeniji
    The document discusses the concepts of equilibrium of floating bodies, buoyancy, center of buoyancy, stable and unstable equilibrium, and methods for calculating metacentric height. It provides definitions for key terms and concepts. It also includes two worked examples calculating the volume of water displaced by a floating object and the position of the center of buoyancy, and determining the amount of concrete needed to produce a certain downward pull on a floating buoy.

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    YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

    CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


    FLUID MECHANICS (CEC107)
    LECTURER: OLAYINKA OJEWUNMI (WK3)
    EQUILIBRRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES
    Introduction:

    Whenever a body is placed over a liquid, either it sinks down or floats on the liquid. If we
    analyze the phenomenon of flotation, we find that the body, placed over a liquid, is subjected
    to the following 2 forces namely: Gravitational force and the Upthrust of the liquid.

    Since the 2 forces are opposite to each other, therefore we have to study the comparative
    effect of the forces. A consideration shows that if gravitational force is more than the upthrust
    of the liquid, the body will sink down. But if the gravitational force is less than the upthrust of
    the liquid, the body will float. This is better understood by Archimedes principle which states
    that:

    Whenever a body is immersed partially or wholly in a fluid, it is lifted up by a force equal to


    the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

    BUOYANCY
    The tendency of a fluid to uplift a submerged body, because of the upward thrust of the fluid, is
    known as the force of buoyancy. It is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
    body. If the force of buoyancy is greater than the weight of the body, It will be pushed up till
    the weight of the fluid is displaced is equal to the weight of the body and the body will float.
    But if the force of buoyancy is less than the weight of the body, it will sink down.

    CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
    This is the point through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act. It is always the centre
    of gravity of the volume of the liquid displaced. In other words, the centre of buoyancy is the
    centre of area of the immersed section.

    Conditions of Stability of floating body


    The condition of stability of these bodies depends on the position of its metacentre, centre of
    buoyancy and centre of gravity. The relationship between these points and the stability of body
    is described below.
    Stable equilibrium: a body is said to be in a stable equilibrium if it returns back to its original
    position, when given a small angular displacement. This happens when M > G of the floating
    body.

    Unstable equilibrium: a body is said to be in an unstable equilibrium if it does not return to its
    original position and heels farther away, when given a small angular displacement. This
    happens when M < G of the floating body.

    Neutral equilibrium: when a body occupies a new position and remains at rest in this new
    position when given a small angular displacement then it is said to be in a neutral equilibrium
    i.e M coincides G

    WORKED EXAMPLES:

    I. A floating buoy in harbor is to be assisted in floating upright by a submerged weight of


    concrete attached to the bottom of the buoy. How many cubic meters of concrete of
    concrete weighting 23kN/m3 must be provided to get a net downward pull of 3.25kN
    from the weight? Take specific weight of sea water as 10kN/m3.

    Solution:

    Given: W of concrete = 23 kN/m3

    Downward pull = 3.25kN

    W of water = 10 kN/m3

    Weight of 1m3 of concrete in sea water = 23-10 = 13kN/m3

    Weight of concrete required = downward pull = 3.25

    Wgt of concrete in H2O 13 = 0.25m3

    II. A block of wood 4m long, 2m wide and 1m deep is floating horizontally in water. If the
    density of the wood be 6.8, find the volume of the water displaced and position of the
    centre of buoyancy.

    Solution:

    Given; size of wooden block = 4*2*1(m)

    Density of wood = 6.87

    Vol of water displaced

    Volume of wooden block = 4*2*1= 8m3

    Weight of block = 8*6.87 = 55kN

    Hence vol of water displaced= weight of block = 55

    Density of water 9.81 = 5.6m3


    Depth of immersion = volume = 5.6

    Sectional area 8 = 0.7m

    METACENTRIC HEIGHT
    The distance between the centre of gravity of a floating body and the metacentre is called the
    Metacentric height. Metacentre is the point where a floating body in liquid, given a small
    angular displacement starts oscillating.

    ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR METACENTRIC HEIGHT


    Consider a ship floating freely in water. Let the ship be given a clockwise rotation through all
    angle 0 in radian as shown in the figure below. The immersed section has now changed from
    acde to cd1e1.
    The original centre of buoyancy B has now changed to a new position B1, it may be noted that
    the triangular wedge aom has come out of water, whereas the triangular wedge ocn has gone
    under water. Since the volume of water displaced remains the same, therefore the two
    triangular wedges must have equal areas.

    A little consideration will show that as the triangular wedge aom has come out of water, thus
    decreasing the force of buoyancy on the left, therefore it tends to rotate the vessel in an anti
    clockwise direction about 0. Similarly, as the triangular wedge ocn has gone under water, thus
    increasing the force of buoyancy on the right, therefore it again it tends to rotate the vessel in
    an anti clockwise direction. It is thus obvious, that these forces of buoyancy will form a couple,
    which will tend to rotate the vessel in anti clockwise direction about 0. If the angle Ꝋ through
    which the body is given rotation, is extremely small, then the ship may be assumed to rotate
    about M

    Let l = length of the ship

    B = breadth of the ship

    Ꝋ = very small angle (in radians) through which the ship is rotated,
    and

    v = volume of water displaced by the ship

    From the geometry of the figure, we find that

    am = cn = bꝊ/2

    Hence: Volume of wedge of water aom

    = ½(b/2 * am)l = ½(b/2 * bꝊ/2)l

    = b2Ꝋl/8

    Therefore weight of this wedge of water

    = wb2Ꝋl/8 where w is specific weight of water.

    And arm of the couple = (2/3) b

    Moment of the restoring couple = wb2Ꝋl * 2 b = wb3Ꝋl

    8 3 12

    And moment of the disturbing force = w.V*BB1


    Engaging the two moments, wb3Ꝋl/12 = w.V*BB1

    Substitute lb3/12 = I (I = moment if inertia of the plan of the ship) and BB1 = BM * Ꝋ in the
    above equation

    W. I. Ꝋ = w * V (BM*Ꝋ)

    BM = I/V = Moment of inertia of the plan

    Volume of water displaced

    Now Metacentric height GM = BM ± BG

    + is used if G < B and – is used if G > B

    Examples:

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