Applied Electronics II (Chapter 1)
Applied Electronics II (Chapter 1)
Applied Electronics II (Chapter 1)
March 2017
Overview
1 Types of Feedback
2 The General Feedback Structure
Basic Feedback Amplifier
3 Feedback Topologies
4 Properties of Negative Feedback
Gain Desensitivity
Noise/Interference Reduction
Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion
Control of Impedance level & Bandwidth Extension
5 Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers
Voltage-Series (Voltage Amplifier) Feedback
Method of Analysiis of Feedback Amplifiers
Current-Series (Transconductance Amplifier) Feedback
Current-Shunt (Current Amplifier) Feedback
Voltage-Shunt (Transresistance Amplifier) Feedback
6 Exercise
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 2 / 45
Types of Feedback
Type of Feeedback
Negeative Feedback
Example
Introducing resistor at the emitter of BJT common-emitter circuits
stabilizes the Q-point against variation transistor parameters.
Solution Apply KCL at B-E loop
V-
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 4 / 45
The General Feedback Structure
Feedback Systems
Thus xo = A(xs − βxo )
The gain with feedback ,Af
xo A
Af = =
xs 1 + βA
The open-loop gain, A represents the transfer gain of the basic
amplifier without feedback. Implicit in the description is that the
source, the load, and the feedback network do not load the basic
amplifier. That is, the gain A does not depend on any of these three
networks.In practice this will not be the case.
if |Af | < |A| the feed back is negative or degenerative
if |Af | > |A| the feed back is positive or regenerative
If, as is the case in many circuits, the loop gain Aβ is large, Aβ 1,
then it follows that
1
Af u
β
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 6 / 45
The General Feedback Structure Basic Feedback Amplifier
Ii I Io = IL
Comparato + Basic + +
Signal Sampling
r or Mixer Vi Amplifier, V Vo RL
Source - -
Network -
Network gain A
If
Feedback
Network b
Sampler Sampler
A RL A RL
b b
Figure: (a) Voltage or node sampling Figure: (b) Current or loop sampling
If
+
Vf b b
-
Feedback Topologies
Feedback Topologies
Gain Desensitivity
Variation in the circuit gain as a result of change in transistor
parameters is reduced by negative feedback
From the previous slides the gain with feedback,Af is given as
xo A
Af = =
xs 1 + βA
Assuming β is constant and taking the derivative of Af with respect to
A,
dAf 1 A 1 dA
= − β= or dAf =
dA 1 + βA (1 + βA)2 (1 + βA)2 (1 + βA)2
Dividing both sides the gain with feedback yields
dA
dAf (1+βA)2 1 dA
= A
=
Af 1+βA
1 + βA A
Gain Desensitivity
dAf 1 dA A dA Af dA 50
= = = = × 25%
Af 1 + βA A A(1 + βA) A A A 5 × 104
dAf
= 0.025%
Af
Noise/Interference Reduction
Under certain condition feedback amplifiers can be used to reduce
noise/interference.
This can be achieved if a preamplifer which is (relatively)
noise/interference-free precessed the noise/interference-prone
amplifier
Under such conditions the Signal-to-Noise ratio can be improved (
compare to noise/interference-prone amplifier without feedback)
by the factor of the preamplifier gain
Fundamental Assumtions
Some fundamental assumptions are taken in order to analyze the four
feedback configurations.
Input is transmitted through the amplifier only, not through the
feedback.
The feedback signal transmitted feedback network only, not
through the amplifier.
β is independent of the load and source impedance.
Ii Ro Io
+ +
+
Vs +
− Vi Ri AvoVi Vo RL
−
- -
- Vf +
Rif Rof R’of
+ +
ßVo − Vo
-
Vs = Ii Ri + βAv Vi = Ii Ri + βAv Ii Ri
VS
Rif = = Ri (1 + βAv )
Ii
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 19 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Voltage-Series (Voltage Amplifier) Feedback
+
−
ßVo
Figure: Ideal structure of a Voltage-Series feedback amplifier
Output Impedance: To find Rof must remove the external signal (set
Vs = 0 or Is = 0), let RL = ∞, impress a voltage Vx across the output
terminals and calculate the current Ix delivered by the test voltage Vx
Vx − Avo Vi
Ix =
Ro
Since Vi = −βVx
Vx Ro
Rof = =
Ix 1 + βAvo
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 20 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Voltage-Series (Voltage Amplifier) Feedback
Ro RL
0 Rof RL Rof + RL
Rof = =
Rof + RL RL
1 + βAvo
Ro + RL
0
Taking Ro = Ro k RL
0
0 Ro
Rof =
1 + βAv
Voltage gain with feedback: Avf taking the load into account.
Ro + RL
Vs = Vi + βVo = Vo + βVo
Avo RL
Vo Avo
Avf o = =
Vs 1 + βAvo
In conclusion
Input Impedance: increased by a factor 1 + βAv
output Impedance: decreased by a factor 1 + βAv
Voltage Gain: decreased by a factor 1 + βAv
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 22 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Voltage-Series (Voltage Amplifier) Feedback
Example (Continued)
The A circuit is Calculating A1 and A2
Example (continued)
From A circuit we have
When evaluated
4 × 4 × 10[10 k (1 + 9)]
A= = 173.913 V /V
1 + 4(1 k 9)
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 29 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Method of Analysiis of Feedback Amplifiers
Ro RD2 k (R1 + R2 ) 10 k (1 + 9)
Rout = Rf = = = = 271.87Ω
1 + Aβ 1 + Aβ 1 + 173.913 × 0.1
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 30 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Current-Series (Transconductance Amplifier) Feedback
Input Impedance:
Vs Ro
Rif = ; Vs = Ii Ri + βIo ; Io = Gm Vi
Ii Ro + RL
Ii Ri + βGm Ii Ri RoR+R
o
L
Ro
Rif = = Ri (1 + βGm )
Ii Ro + RL
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 31 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Current-Series (Transconductance Amplifier) Feedback
The β circuit.
RC3
RF
RC2 Vo +
Vf RE1 RE3 Io
RC1 Q3
Q2
-
Io
Vf [(RF + RE1 ) k RE2 ]Io RFR+R
E1
E1
Q1 β= =
+ Io Io
RF
Vs
RE1 × RE2
- RE1 RE3 β= = 11.9Ω
RF + RE1 + RE2
A1 = −14.92V /V
Chapter 1: Feedback Amplifiers () SECE March 2017 35 / 45
Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers Current-Series (Transconductance Amplifier) Feedback
A2 = −131.2V /V
The gain of Q3
Io Ie3 1
A3 = = =
Vc2 Vb3 re3 + (RE3 k (RF + RE1 ))
when evaluated
A3 = 10.6mA/V
Example (continued)
The gain without feedback
Example (continued)
The output resistance
Rof = Ro (1 + Aβ)
RC2
Ro = [RE3 k (RF + RE1 )] + re3 +
hf e + 1
When evaluated Ro = 143.9Ω
Ii Io
+ +
Is Vi Ri Ro Vo RL
AiIi
- -
Rof R’of
Rif
ßIo Io
Rof R’of
Rif
ßVo
0 Ro k RL
Rof = Rof k RL =
1 + βRM
Exercise
The following questions in the text book are exercises to be done for
the tutorial session.
10.36
10.52
10.57
10.65