G11/12

EARTH SCIENCE
Q U A R T E R 2 – M O DU L E I V

Photograph by CHRISTIAN D. JAMISOLA

Earth Science– Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Endogenic Processes

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Heidi F. Abelita

Editor/Reviewer: Manuel F. Teodoro

Emily Esmabe
Helen Cornelio

Layout Artist: Christian D. Jamisola

 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe the changes in mineral

components and texture of rocks due
to changes in pressure and
temperature (metamorphism).
(S11/12ES-Ic-17)

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Module 4: Endogenic Process
 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

B E G I N !
Understanding the concepts that happens within
the Earth’s interior is one of an integral part of your
learnings in Earth Science. In this module, you will be
LESSON
learning the process of metamorphism - how rock
METAMORPHISM composition and texture changes due to several
factors. The learning activities were designed to
enhance further your knowledge of the process.

YOUR TARGET!

After studying this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the process of metamorphism
2. Describe the changes in mineral components
LEARNING and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure
OUTCOMES
and temperature
3. Appreciate the importance of metamorphism.

WORD BANK

Foliation - layering of the rock

Metamorphism - the process by which the structure, mineral content, or both of a
rock is changed while the rock remains solid
Metamorphic rock - rocks that are formed by the alteration of preexisting rock in
response to the effect of pressure, temperature, or the gain or loss of chemical
components.
Mineral - a naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic element or compound that
possesses a fairly definite chemical composition and a distinctive set of physical
properties.

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 TRY THIS!

Directions: Identify what is asked or described in each

PRE-TEST
. item then write the letter of the correct answer

1. In which classification of rocks metamorphism occurs?

a. igneous
b. metamorphic
c. pyroclastic
d. sedimentary
2. Which of the following is NOT a common metamorphic rock?
a. gneiss
b. granite
c. schist
d. slate
3. What change is caused primarily by heat, with very little pressure involved?
a. contact metamorphism
b. hydrothermal metamorphism
c. regional metamorphism
d. shear metamorphism
4. What process of metamorphism results from the circulation of hot solutions?
a. contact metamorphism
b. hydrothermal metamorphism
c. regional metamorphism
d. shear metamorphism
5. Which of the following rock composition changes once it undergoes metamorphism?
a. Structure
b. Mineral content
c. Both of these
d. None of these

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 DO THIS!
Word Puzzle

Direction: Unscramble each clue word to get the correct

term. Take the letters in the circles form the final answer
or main keyword.
.
1. H A M O T M C S R E P I

2. I G S E N S

3. T E L S A

4. N I L O F I A T O

5. M B A R E L

6. L O I E S M E T N

7. Z U Q A T R

8. R S S E R U E P

9. S O H R N F L E

10. R I N G A

11. C H T S I S

12. M A I C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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 EXPLORE!

MODELING Direction: Perform the activity and answer the question.

METAMORPHISM

You may use any locally-available materials as substitute for unavailable materials.

1. Obtain a ball of homemade clay (a mixture of 50% flour-salt modeling clay or you
may use mud and 50% uncooked rice) that is approximately 8 centimeters in
diameter.
2. What does the flour-salt modeling clay represent?
3. What do the rice grains represent?
4. Using a book or other hard, flat object, apply pressure to the top of the clay-rice
mixture so that it flattens out to about 4 cm high. Observe the flattened block from
both the top and the sides.

Questions:
1. What happened to the uncooked rice grains when pressure was placed on the
ball? Explain your answer
2. What caused the change in its appearance?
3. How will you relate it to metamorphism?
4. Based on your observations, how will you explain metamorphism?

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 KEEP THIS IN MIND!

Magmas that cool to form igneous rocks are created by high temperatures deep
inside the Earth’s interior, and sedimentary rocks are formed when sediments are buried and
lithified just below the Earth’s surface. Metamorphic rocks are created by the conditions that
exist in a zone in the Earth’s interior between 10-30 km in depth, below the region where
rocks are lithified and above the region where they are melted.

About 15% of the Earth’s crust is metamorphic rock. Metamorphism is the process
by which the structure, mineral content, or both of a rock is changed while the rock remains
a solid. All igneous and sedimentary rocks can be metamorphosed, and any metamorphic
rock can be subjected to further metamorphism. The agents of metamorphism are heat,
pressure, and chemically reactive hot-water solutions. The resulting metamorphic rock
depends on these influences as well as on the composition of the parent rock being
metamorphosed.

Temperature increases with crustal depth at the rate of about 30ºC/km, so the
temperature at 15km (9mi) is about 4000 times as great as the pressure at the Earth’s
surface. Pressure can either confining pressure (equal in all directions) or directed pressure
(strongest in a certain direction). The texture, the mineral composition, or both can change
as a rock is metamorphosed. For example, in the metamorphism of organic limestone to
marble, the texture of the rock is changed, but not its mineral content. Organic limestone is
made of fossils and a cement matrix, both of which are composed of small calcite crystals.
When the limestone undergoes temperature and pressure changes, the calcite crystals grow
large. All traces of fossiliferous (formed fossils) limestone texture are obliterated in the
marble, but the calcite content remains the same.

In general, if the parent rock contains only one mineral, then the metamorphic rock
will be composed of that mineral alone 9 for example, calcite, in the case of limestone);
however, if the parent rock contains several minerals, then metamorphism will create new
and different minerals. For example, shale is commonly composed of clay quartz, mica and
chlorite. Once exposed to increasing pressure and temperature, it metamorphoses first to
slate, then to schist, and finally to gneiss (pronounced “nice”). As it progresses through each
stage, both its texture and its composition change. If the temperature and pressure are high
enough, then the gneiss will melt and become magma.

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Source: Earth Science Teaching Guide (CHED)

Classification of Some Common Metamorphic Rocks

Foliated Rocks
Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock Key Minerals Characteristics
Shale Slate Clay, Quartz, Mica, Fine grains, slaty
Chlorite cleavage
Shale, basalt, slate Schist Chlorite, plagioclase, Coarse grains, well-
mica, garnet foliated
Shale, granite, slate, Gneiss Plagioclase, garnet, Coarse grains, light
schist kyanite, sillimanite and dark colored
bands

Nonfoliated Rocks
Parent Rock Metamorphic Rock Key Minerals Characteristics
Limestone Marble Calcite Coarse interlocking
calcite grains
Sandstone Quartzite Quartz Fine to coarse
interlocking quartz
grains
Shale, basalt, or any Hornfels Mica, quartz Fine grains, variable
fine grained rock composition

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 Although it is difficult to make clear-cut separations, we recognize several kinds of
metamorphism, including contact, shear, regional, and hydrothermal metamorphism.
Contact metamorphism is change brought about primarily by heat, with very little pressure
involved. Such change commonly occurs in shallow bedrock when it is subjected to the heat
of a molten body of magma moving up for greater depths. Contact metamorphism is most
obvious at such a shallow depth because bedrock near the Earth’s surface is normally cool,
and the effects of great temperature changes are therefore quite pronounced. The rock
immediately next to the molten magma experiences intense metamorphism and may be
coarse grained, but it grades out into finer grained rock that has been less severely
transformed by heat. This dark, fine grained rock, containing recrystallized minerals with
random crystal orientation, is known as hornfels.
Rock changed more by pressure than by temperature are said to have undergone
the effects of shear (catalastic) metamorphism, which is most common in active fault
zones where on rock unit slides past another. Mechanical deformation shatters the grains or
changes their shapes plastically. Recrystallization accompanies the more intense forms of
shear metamorphism, but the significant physical effects are more obvious.
Most metamorphic rocks have been affected by both high temperature and high
pressure and have therefore experienced both mechanical deformation and chemical
recrystallization. Regional metamorphism, as this type of change is known, gets its name
from the extremely vast area it generally effects. Although much remains to be learned about
regional metamorphism, it appears to affect rocks undergoing intense deformation during
mountain building.
In rocks subjected to regional metamorphism, the mineral grains (most often mica)
are flattened, elongated, and aligned perpendicular to the direction of the directed pressure.
The flattened mineral grains become aligned parallel to one another, and this arrangement
of mineral grains results in a pronounced layering of the rock called foliation. Rocks that are
metamorphosed solely by the heat of contact metamorphism do not develop foliation.
The progressive metamorphism of shale is a good illustration of changes that occur
as a sedimentary rock is subjected to more intense regional metamorphism. Shale, after
relatively mild metamorphism, is transformed into slate, a fine-grained metamorphic rock
similar in many respects to shale but different fundamentally in its excellent slaty cleavage. A
rock exhibiting slaty cleavage breaks apart very easily along the planes of its thin, smooth
layers. If the shale is subjected to more intense heat and pressure, then it will change into a
schist, a foliated metamorphic rock whose grains are visible to the unaided eye. Very intense
regional metamorphism produces gneiss, an even coarser-grained rock with rough foliation
characterized by distinct banding. Higher grades of metamorphism therefore produce larger
grains but rougher foliation.

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 Source: Earth Science Teaching Guide (CHED)

Metamorphic rocks may be either foliated or nonfoliated. Metamorphic rocks that lack
foliation include such well-known examples as marble, which is formed from limestone, and
quartzite, which is metamorphosed sandstone.
Hydrothermal metamorphism is the chemical alteration of preexisting rocks by
chemically reactive, hot water solutions, which dissolve some ions from the original minerals
and replace them with other ions, thus changing the mineral composition of the rock. Most
hydrothermal metamorphism takes place at divergent plate boundaries on the ocean floor,
where both heat and water are abundant. Verde (pronounced as “verd”) antique is a
hydrothermally metamorphosed rock composed of serpentinite, a hydrous magnesium
silicate.

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 Source: Earth Science Teaching Guide (CHED)

Source: Earth Science Teaching Guide (CHED)

APPLY WHAT YOU

HAVE LEARNED

A. Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. How does temperature and pressure change with depth in the Earth?

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2. What kind of rock is produced at great depths?

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 _________________________________________________________________________________
3. Distinguish contact, shear, and hydrothermal metamorphism.
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4. Define the term foliation.

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5. Describe how shale progressively metamorphosed into three types of

metamorphic rock.
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B. Fill in the table with the appropriate information about the metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic
Foliated/Nonfoliated Key Minerals Parent Rock
Rock
Gneiss
Hornfels
Marble
Quartzite
Schist
Slate

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 DO THIS!

4 PICS IN ONE WORD Direction: Guess the word being depicted by the given
(http://www.4pics1word.com) set of pictures.

1. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 2. __ __ __ __ 3. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

EXPLORE!

ACTIVITY
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON MUDSTONE OR SHALE
(http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/resources/jesei/meta/students.htm)

Objective:

To simulates the formation of slate.

Materials:
Matchsticks or short pieces of spaghetti
2 rulers
Table or bench

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 Procedure:

1. Pour the matchsticks, or short pieces of spaghetti onto the bench, so that they
lie in all directions. These represent the microscopic, flaky clay minerals in
mudstone or shale.
2. Place two rulers on either side of the matchsticks and push the rulers together
to trap the matchsticks forcing them to line up parallel to the moving rulers.

Question for Analysis:

1. What do the matchsticks, or short pieces of spaghetti represent?

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2. What does this activity tells us?

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KEEP THIS IN MIND!

The above activity shows the formation of slate where the tiny, flaky clay minerals in
a mudstone or shale are made to line up at right angles to the lateral forces. The slate will
split along the planes made by the new minerals more easily than along the original bedding.
This property is called rock cleavage (see figure below). You can use the matchsticks /
spaghetti to show how such rocks can split along the cleavage by using a ruler to separate
the aligned ‘minerals’. Simply slide a ruler between the aligned pieces of spaghetti and move
them apart. A piece of slate, cut thinly, under the microscope showing the cleavage running
from top left to bottom right formed by the aligned minerals under conditions of ever-
increasing temperatures and pressures, such slates can be metamorphosed into higher-
grade metamorphic rock such as schists and ultimately gneisses.

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Index Minerals for Metamorphic Rocks

Minerals become unstable and change into another mineral without necessarily a
compositional change in response to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Examples
include diamond and coal wherein only the mineral structure is affected. The mineral
composition of the resulting metamorphic rock is influence by: the mineral composition of the
original rock, the composition of fluid phase that was present and the attained pressure and
temperature during metamorphism. Certain minerals identified as index minerals are good
indicators of the metamorphic environment or zone of regional metamorphism in which these
minerals are formed (Tarbuck, E.J. et al.).
Fine grained sedimentary rocks (e.g. shale or mudstone) can transform into different
metamorphic rocks depending on the degree of metamorphism. At relatively low grade of
metamorphism (low temperature and pressure conditions), shale can metamorphose into
slate. At a still higher degree of metamorphism, slate can transform into phyllite. (A definite
sequence of metamorphic rocks can form with increasing degree of metamorphism). The
resulting metamorphic rock type is composed of minerals that are stable at the attained
temperature, pressure, and chemical condition of metamorphism. Some rocks, however,
such as pure quartz sandstone or pure limestone, provide no clue as to the intensity of
metamorphism (Monroe, J. S., et al., 2007).

Textural changes in rocks that are subjected to metamorphism

In general, the grain size of metamorphic rocks tends to increase with the increasing
metamorphic grade. With the increasing metamorphic grade, the sheet silicates become
unstable and mafic minerals like hornblende and pyroxene start to grow. At the highest
grades of metamorphism all of the hydrous minerals and sheet silicates become unstable
and thus there are few minerals present that would show a preferred orientation. Most
metamorphic textures involve foliation which is caused by differential stress. Sheet silicates
such as clay minerals, mica and chlorite tend to have a preferred orientation when subjected
to differential stress. Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss are foliated rocks, texturally
distinguished from each other by the degree of foliation. Differential stress is formed when
the pressure applied to a rock at depth is not equal in all directions. Effects of differential
stress in the rock’s texture if present during metamorphism include:
• Rounded grains can become flattened in the direction of the maximum
compressional stress.

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 • Minerals that crystallize or grow in the differential stress field may develop a
preferred orientation. Sheet silicates and minerals that have an elongated habit will
grow with their sheets or direction of elongation orientated perpendicular to the
direction of maximum stress.

Non-foliated metamorphic rock is formed when heat is the main agent of

metamorphism. Generally, non-foliated rocks are composed of a mosaic of roughly
equidimensional and equigranular minerals. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are generally of
two types: those made up of mainly one mineral like quartzite (from medium- to high-grade
metamorphism of quartz-rich sandstone) and marble (from low- to high-grade metamorphism
of limestone or dolostone), and those in which the different mineral grains are too small for
the naked eye, such as hornfels (hornfels if the grain size is small and granulite if the grain
size is large such that individual minerals are easily identified with a hand lens).

APPLY WHAT YOU

HAVE LEARNED

A. Making a Flow Chart

Direction: Create a flow chart showing the following pieces of information to
describe what happens to the rocks’ mineral composition and texture following
metamorphism.

1. Mineral changes in metamorphic rocks

2. Textural changes in metamorphic rocks

B. 6 THINKING HATS

Direction: Answer the questions written on the 6 thinking hats. The blue hat focuses
on how you process your learning, white hat on your basic knowledge, red hat on
your feelings, green hat on alternatives and possibilities, yellow hat on usefulness of
ideas, and black hat on difficulties (adopted from “six thinking hats” approach of
Edward de Bono 1985).

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 How did you learn metamorphism?

What is metamorphism?

How do you feel about some factors like human

activities that could affect the process of
metamorphism?

What can you do to lessen the disturbance on the earth’s

endogenic processes?

What do you think is the importance of your

knowledge on metamorphism?

What are the difficulties you encountered in learning

metamorphism?

REFLECT

Take some time to think about your learning experience on this module by
completing the phrases below.

I have learned that

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 I wish to ask my teacher about

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ASSESS WHAT YOU

HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Identify what is being asked or described in each item. Write the letter of the
correct answer on your paper.
1. What is formed when heat and pressure act on igneous or sedimentary rock?
a. lava
b. magma
c. metamorphic rock
d. pyroclastic
2. What is the process of changing the structure or mineral content of a rock while the
rock remains solid?
a. foliation
b. lithification
c. metamorphism
d. bedding
3. Which class of rocks does metamorphism occur?
a. igneous
b. metamorphic
c. sedimentary
d. all of these
4. What type of metamorphism is brought about mostly by heat?
a. contact
b. hydrothermal
c. regional
d. shear

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5. What type of metamorphism is brought about by pressure?
a. contact
b. hydrothermal
c. regional
d. shear
6. Which of the following factors does NOT affect metamorphism?
a. temperature
b. pressure
c. chemically active fluids
d. weathering
7. What process is the recrystallization of minerals in rocks due to a change in pressure
and temperature conditions?
a. crystallization
b. melting
c. metamorphism
d. lithification
8. Which of these pertains to the temperature and/or pressure condition(s) to which a
rock has been subjected during metamorphism?
a. metamorphic grade
b. foliation
c. contact metamorphism
d. compression
9. Which pertains to pervasive planar structure that results from the nearly parallel
alignment of sheet silicate minerals and/or compositional and mineralogical layering
in the rock?
a. Foliation
b. Metamorphism
c. Weathering
d. crystallization
10. Which of the following influences the mineral composition of the resulting
metamorphic rock?
a. the mineral composition of the original rock
b. the composition of fluid phase that was present
c. the attained pressure and temperature during metamorphism
d. all of these

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 REINFORCEMENT

1. What type of metamorphism occurs in the following rocks:

a. rocks formed underneath a volcano
b. rocks formed by magma moving near the surface
c. rocks formed in a subduction zone where one tectonic plate slides under
another
2. Explain the relationship of metamorphism and plate tectonics (i.e. expected
metamorphic grade in a specific tectonic setting).
3. What is the importance of metamorphism in the earth’s processes?

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 ANSWER KEY

Try this!
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. C

Do This!

1. METAMORPHIC 8. PRESSURE
2. GNEISS 9. HORNFELS
3. SLATE 10. GRAIN
4. FOLIATION 11. SCHIST
5. MARBLE 12. MICA
6. LIMESTONE HiddenWord: METAMORPHISM
7. QUARTZ

Do this!

1. Pressure
2. Heat
3. Chemicals

Asses what you have learned

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. A
10. D

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 REINFORCEMENT

Rock deep under a volcano exists in a high-temperature and a high pressure

environment; therefore, it is altered by regional metamorphism. High temperature magma
cooling near the surface is altered in a low-pressure environment defined by contact
metamorphism. Near a subduction zone, the pressures are extremely high but the
temperatures are not, and the rock is therefore altered by shear metamorphism.

GLOSSSARY

• Metamorphic rocks - rocks that are formed by the alteration of preexisting rock in
response to the effect of pressure, temperature, or the gain or loss of chemical
components.
• Metamorphism - the process by which the structure, mineral content, or both of a
rock is changed while the rock remains solid.
• Mineral - a naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic element or compound that
possesses a fairly definite chemical composition and a distinctive set of physical
properties.
• Contact metamorphism - a change brought about primarily by heat, with very little
pressure involved.
• Shear (cataclastic) metamorphism - a rock change brought about more by
pressure than by temperature.
• Regional metamorphism - this type of rock change is in extremely vast area
generally affected.
• Hydrothermal metamorphism - a chemical alteration of pre-existing rocks by
chemically reactive, hot-water solutions, which dissolve some ions from the original
minerals and replace them with other ions, thus changing the mineral composition of
the rock.
• Foliation - layering of the rock
• Metamorphic grade - pertains to the temperature and/or pressure condition(s) to
which a rock has been subjected during metamorphism.
• Temperature - a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a
substance

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 REFERENCES

Monroe, J. S., et al, Physical Geology Exploring the Earth, 6th ed., 2007, pp 243-249.
Shipman, James T., et. al., 2013. An Introduction to Physical Science. Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd. p. 649-652
SHS Earth Science Teacher’s Guide (CHED)
SHS Earth Science Curriculum Guide (DepEd)
Tarbuck, E.J. et al, Essentials of Geology, 11thed., pp192-193.
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/metamorphic-rocks-lesson-14
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/metatexture.htm/