Unite 1-6 First Draft Geo

Unit 1
The Natural Topography
1. Define topography
Topography is the study and description of the surface features of land, which includes both
natural and artificial features.
Pakistan can be divided into six major natural topographical areas:
a. The Northern Mountains and North-Western Mountains

b. The Western Mountains
c. The Balochistan Plateau
d. Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
e. The Indus Plain
f. Deserts
2. State the topographical features of Northern Mountains and North-Western

Mountains.
Parallel ranges run mainly from West to East

The height of the ranges increases from South to North
Attain high altitude – rise to over 6000 m up to 8475 m.
High passes such as Khunjerab Pass, Lawari Pass and Shandur Pass
Snow fields / glaciers
Snow-capped peaks/steep slopes
Deep narrow valleys mostly U and V shaped valleys
Precipitation mainly in the form of snow
Bare rocks devoid of vegetation.
3. State the difference between Landslide and Avalanche
Landslides are the movements of rocks and soil down the mountain slopes. Avalanches are huge
masses of snow that move down the slopes.
4. Name the popular valleys present in the northern mountains.
Valleys Northern Mountains

1 Swat Hindu Kush
2 Chitral Hindu Kush
3 Dir Hindu Kush
4 Gilgit Karakoram
5 Hunza Karakoram
6 Baltistan Karakoram
7 Murree and Gallies Himalayas
8 Kaghan Himalayas
5. State the importance of Northern Mountains.
Importance of Northern Mountains
a. Snowcapped peaks melt during summer to drain water into River Indus and its tributaries
which irrigate vast Indus plains.
b. A natural border to China and Central Asian Republics. A land route through Karakoram
Highway has been opened to carry out trade.
c. Mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the cold winds from Central Asia.
The temperature does not go below freezing point over the upper Indus Plain and climate
remains tolerable throughout the year.
d. Historical passes connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan.
e. A source of valuable minerals, timber and fruits. Provides raw material to several
industries e.g. furniture, paper, Clipboard industry chemical industry etc.
f. Scenic beauty promotes tourists resorts which are a source of income to local people
during summer.
6. How do the economic activities affected in the Northern Mountains?
a. The economy in the Northern Mountains has developed on traditional lines therefore;
much of the Northern Mountains area is characterized by a very low economic growth
rate combined with a high rate of population growth, which prevents growth in the
already low level of per capita income (average income per person.
b. Life is difficult in Northern Mountains due to lack of infrastructure facilities i.e. bridges
over the rivers and roads.
c. Most of the population is dependent on agriculture, primarily subsistence agriculture and
cattle breeding.
d. Farming is practiced on terraced fields where wheat, rice, barley, maize and vegetables
are grown.
e. During winter many people work in cottage and small-scale industries. The output of
these industries is carpet, embroidered material and rugs and other handicraft items.
f. The domestic and foreign tourists visit these places, mainly during the summer season.
g. The major industries include the processing of food grains, making vegetable oil and
refining sugar. Fruit processing is also an important industry.
h. Due to difficult terrain and limited transport facilities it is difficult to carry out regional
trade on a large scale.
i. Tourism is also popular in Northern Mountains but it has had an adverse impact on
regions where tourists’ number exceeds the facilities available.
7. How do economic changes and increase in population are threating the ecology of
the Northern Mountains?
a. Deforestation in the foothills of the mountains and overgrazing on the high pastures have
led to soil erosion,
b. Deforestation has increased due to the demand for firewood and the extensive tree
trimming in order to feed livestock,
c. The construction of roads in the border regions have increased the destruction rate of
forest and the number of land slides,
d. Rapid population growth has accelerated population, and the streams that were once clear
are now polluted with refuse and sewage,
e. Hill people who use the water for drinking suffer from dysentery, cholera and typhoid.
Other epidemics are also common due to poor unhygienic conditions.
8. Name some important Glaciers in Pakistan.
a. Baltoro: 58 km long, in the Karakoram Range

b. Batura: 58 km long, in the Hunza Valley in the Karakoram Range
c. Siachen: 78 km long, located in the Karakoram Range
9. How do Glaciers change the landscape?
Like rivers when glaciers move down, they do three things:
a. Erosion (abrasion and plucking) of soil and rocks – these form their load.
b. Transportation of their load.
c. Deposition of their load.
10. Define abrasion and plucking.
a. Abrasion: It is the scraping of the surface by rocks frozen into the moving ice.
b. Plucking: It occurs when ice freezes onto rock surfaces and pulls off pieces or blocks of
rocks when moves again.
11. State the topographical features of glaciers.

Topographical features of glaciers:
Sharp peaks
Abrasion and plucking
Rock bare of vegetation
12. Describe the Term Natural Drainage.
The term ‘natural drainage’ means the natural run off of water from an area in rivers and streams.
‘Drainage system’ and ‘network of rivers’ are term used to describe the natural drainage of areas.
13. Describe the Northern tributaries of River Indus. Or Explain drainage pattern of
Northern tributaries of River Indus.
The River Indus and its tributaries which originate from Northern Mountains dominate the
drainage pattern of the Northern Mountains. The river Indus starts its journey from Manasarovar
Lake in the Karakoram Range. While passing through the Hindu Kush to the north-west, at
Attock River Kabul joins River Indus which is already joined by River Swat. After forming
deeply dissected valleys and gorges River Indus takes a south turn at Kalabagh and enters into
plain areas. During its journey the huge glaciers of the Karakoram and Hindu Kush feed the
river.
14. Explain Eastern tributaries of River Indus.
The eastern tributaries of River Indus (Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, Beas) originate from
Himalayas and, after passing through Kashmir enter into the plain areas where thy join River
Indus.
15. Define the features of River Indus and its tributaries associated with river action in
high altitude areas.
While crossing the high altitude mountain ranges, River Indus and its tributaries form the
features which are normally associated with river action in all high altitude areas such as:
GORGES: When the river erodes the land and flows downhill, the less resistant rocks are
eroded leaving behind vertical hard rocks which are called gorges.
WATER FALLS: a steep fall of river water from a resistant rock.
RAPIDS SERIES: of very short and fast waterfall.

STREAMS AND SPRINGS: when the snow melts from the mountain tops water flows down in
form of streams and springs which flow out of the valley side.
16. Describe the Importance of Passes of Western Mountains
• Khyber pass provide passage for troops/military troops

• Kurram pass provides a route to Afghanistan
• Tochi Pass connects Gazhni and Banu.
• Khyber pass provides the route to fertile valley of Peshawar
• Bolan pass connects Kachi Sibi plain to Quetta
Refer Figure 1.27 on Page No. 10
17. Give the summary of the Western Mountains.
Figure 1.28 on Page No. 10
18. How do topographical features effect the life and economic activities of Western
Mountains?
a. FARMING: The western mountains are mostly bare of vegetation. The climate and relief
do not support farming. Canal irrigation is not possible because of mountainous terrain
and rugged landscape.
b. TRASPORTATION: Transport facilities are limited. Except for a few urban centers like
Peshawar and Kohat, the rest of the area is not connected by air or rail networks. Only a
few areas are accessible through main (metaled) roads. Most of the areas are accessible
only by un-metaled roads.
c. INFRASTRUCTURE: Life in the Western Mountains is difficult because of the rugged
landscape. The cost of supplying infrastructure – water supply, transport facilities,
electricity, and telephone lines is much higher than in the plains. As a consequence
developmental projects e.g. mining activities, industries, educational facilities, have not
been established.
d. NOMADIC LIFESTYLE: Nomadic lifestyle is common and sheep and goat rearing is the
main occupation.
e. Population: The population density is lower than 100 people per sq. km.
f. Mineral Resources: there are abundant mineral resources in the Western Mountains but
due to the difficulty of extracting them, they have not been explored or exploited.
19. Write Drainage Features of Western Mountains.
a. Valve of Peshawar drained by River Kabul & Swat

b. Banu Valley is drained by River Khuram and Streams
c. Kohat Valley dotted with springs and streams
d. River Kurram drain Waziristan Hills.
e. Meanders and braided channels are seen during floods
20. Write down the difference between Northern and Western mountains.
Northern Mountains Western Mountains

• Mountains ranges run from east to west • Mostly mountains run from north to south
• Deep narrow valleys with sharp peaks • Valleys mostly fertile and dotted with
springs. Also steep valleys
• Rugged landscape • Difficult landscaped
• Fast flowing rivers with streams and water • Rivers are smoth and drained by different
falls regions like Swat and Kabul etc.
• Glaciers • No. Glaciers
21. Where is the Balochistan Plateau Located?
The Balochistan Plateau is located in the south-west of Pakistan with altitudes mainly ranging
from 600-3010 meters.
22. What is an area of Balochistan?
The area of Balochistan is 347, 190 sq. km with a number of distinct natural topographical and
drainage features.
23. How many Basins are there Balochistan?
There are two Basins in Balochistan as follow:
Basins of Northern Balochistan

Basins of Western Balochistan
24. Where is Basins of Northern Balochistan located?

The Balochistan Plateau has a number of irregular depressions such as the Zohab and Loralai
basins which are situated between the Toba Kakar Ranges and the Sulaiman Range.
25. Where is Basins of Western Balochistan located?
There are a number of basins between mountain ranges such as the Chagai Hills, Ras Koh,
Siahan and Central Makran.
26. What are Inland drainage basins?
The basins of Western Balochistan have no outlet to the sea. Therefore, when rain, which is
infrequent, dose fall it drains into temporary rivers and streams which flow into the basins and
either soak into the ground or gather in temporary lakes. These basins are therefore, known as
inland drainage basins.
27. What is Humuns and Salt pan?
The temporary lakes are called ‘humuns’ in the local language. They are salt lakes and when
their water is evaporated away a salty crust is left behind; it is then called a salt pan.
28. Where is the largest temporary lake located in Balochistan?
The largest of these temporary lakes is called the Humun-i-Mashkel which is located in the
western part of the Kharan Desert.
29. Name the mountain ranges of Balochistan Plateau.
Ras Koh Central Brahui Range

Hala Range Toba Kakar Range
Makran Coast Range Siahan Range
30. Describe the Coastal Areas of Pakistan.
The coastal areas of Balochistan Plateau can be divided into eastern and western parts.
The eastern part comprises the Lasbela Plain which is marked by gravel and sand dunes.
The western part is known as the Makran Coast where the Makran Coast Range projects into the
sea and forms a narrow coastal plain.
The important rivers are the Hab, Porali, Hingol and Dasht, which flow into the Arabian Sea.
31. Balochistan’s economic potential
Topography
•Surrounded by and crossed by mountians.

•To the south is a narrow coastal plain bordering Arabian Sea
•The area has low rainfall so dry and extream climate
•The Largest Province of Pakistan but neglected
•Population density is the lowest in the whole of Pakistan
Water Resources
•No major source of water

•The supplies are mostly dependent on the Karez system
Trasnport and Communication
•Most of the roads and railways lines have been built without keeping in view economic
considerations
•There is an absence of link-roads between the producing areas and the main raods.
•The railway line covers only a limited area.
32. Economic Wealth of Balochistan consist of:
Mineral Resources
•Rich in mineral
•Resources development cooperation
•Saindak Copper-Gold Project
•Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC)
•Existence of antimony and gold in Punjgore and Kharan districts
•Deposits of crude oil and natural gas - sui
Agriculture
•The main fruits grown are dates, grapes, apples, almonds, apricots, plums, peaches, melons and
pomegranates. (Export Quality)
•The surplus of fruits produced is estimated to be about 75%
•Karachi is the largest market for Balochistan fruits.
Fishing
•The three fishing ports are

•Gawadar
•Pasni
•Ormara
33. Future Prospects
The untapped sources should be utilized through the employment of experts and
consultants
The mineral resources in which the province is quite rich, should be developed.
Sheep and goats should be raised on modern, scientific lines. Livestock products
are exportable but also need improvement, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Deep-sea Gwadar Port and Saindak Copper-Gold Project should be untilized to

improve the economy of the province
Development of the fishing industry by using latest technology could lead to its
further development.
34. State the location and area of the Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range.
The Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range are located to the south of Islamabad between the River
Indus and the River Jhelum.
35. State the location and area (physical features) of the Potwar Plateau.
It is an open, undulating land with extensive flat areas. The height of the Potwar Plateau mainly
varies from 300 to 600 meters above the sea level. Residual hills such as Kala Chitta and Khairi
Murat rise to just over 100 meters and are the result of resistant rock being left behind after the
erosion of less resistant rock. A large part of the Plateau has been dissected and eroded by the
action of running water. It presents a varied landscape. This dissected land is termed as a badland
topography and is a landscape of ridges, ravines and trough.
Also refer Figure 1.45 on page No. 17 for Question No. 37
36. Which is the most dominated feature of the Potwar Plateau?
The Soan River is the most dominant feature of the region. It forms gullies and large alluvial
plains, mainly used for agriculture.
37. Which mineral are found in the Potwar Plateau?
The Potwar Plateau is rich in minerals like rock salt, gypsum, limestone, coal and oil.
38. Describe the physical features of the Salt Range.
a. The mountain range which covers most of the Jhelum, Chakwal, Kalabagh and Mianwali
districts has become famous as the Salt Range.
b. The world’s 2nd largest Salt mine is situated in these Ranges at Khewra, a small town
about 160 km from Islamabad.
c. The Salt Range comprises parallel ranges and rises to an average height of 750-900
meters.
d. The Sakesar Peak (1527 m) is the highest point in the Salt Range.
e. The ranges are badly faulted and eroded by rivers. Some lakes like Kallar Kahar and
Khabeki, add to the scenic beauty of the area.
f. The Salt Range is rich in minerals like rock salt, gypsum and limestone.
39. Explain Economic Activity and Lifestyle in the Potwar Plateau.
a. The Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range are rich in non-metallic minerals – limestone,
marble, rock salt, clays, dolomite and soapstone – which provide raw materials to the
cement, ceramics and chemical industries.
b. A number of oil and gas fields are also located in this region.
c. Attock Oil Rfinery has been set up to refine the oil from the oilfields of Potwar Plateau.
d. Farming in the Potwar Plateau depends on rainfall.
e. The rugged landscape does not allow for canal irrigation.
f. Wheat, Maize, barley and gram are cultivated.
g. By and large the Potwar Pleateau is a productive region and accessible by road, rail and
air transport.
h. Some urban settlements like Jhelum, Chakwal, Rawalpindi/Islamabad have been
developed, encouraging a high population density.
40. What is Doab?
A land between two rivers is called doab.
41. Where is the best place to build a house on a doab? Explain why?
Houses are to be made on Alluvial terraces because of flat surface and rich agricultural
soil. Also a safe place from flooding.
42. Write the names of Doabas.
a. Sindh – Sagar doab between river Indus and Jhelum

b. Chaj doab between River Jhelum and Chenab.
c. Rachena doab between Ravi and Chenab
d. Bari doab between River Bias and Ravi
43. Draw a map and locate the Doabs of upper Indus plain.
44. Distinguish between Upper and Lower Indus Plain.
For these questions please refer Figure 1.50 on page No. 19.
45. Describe the Natural Topographical Features of the Indus Plain by referring figure
1.59 on page No. 20-23.
a. The Active Flood Plains
The narrow strip of land on both sides of the rivers is called the active flood plain area. It is
locally known as ‘bet’ or ‘Khaddar’ land.
b. Old Flood Plains
They are covered with ‘old alluvium’, alluvium deposited in the past.
c. Alluvial terraces
Alluvial terraces or bars are areas of higher ground between rivers formed by erosion of old
alluvium. They are formed in the Upper Indus Plain in Chaj, Rechna and Bari Doabs. They are
also called ‘scalloped interfluves’.
d. Piedmont plains
Piedmont Plains are located at the foothills of the Sulaiman, Kirthar and Himalayan Mountains.
e. Tidal delta
A delta is often triangular or fan shaped with the main distributaries branching out from the main
river the ribs of the fans.
f. Rolling sand plains
Sand dunes are the most dominant features of desert areas. A sand dune is a mound or a ridge of
sand. It is formed where an obstacle occurs in the path of moving sand, thus forcing some of the
sand to be deposited behind the obstacle.
46. What is the effect of Physical Features on the economic activities of the people of
Indus plain?
a. The Indus plain is the most productive region of Pakistan. The relief and drainage of the
Indus Plain encourages the growth of settlements.
b. The doabs of the Upper Indus Plain and the old and active flood plains of the Lower
Indus Plains are excellent areas for farming.
c. Crops are grown the whole year round on the fertile flat land and undulating slopes;
cotton, rice and sugar-cane are grown in summer and wheat in winter.
d. An extensive system of canal irrigation has been developed because of the favorable
relief for the construction of canals.
e. The Indus plain is the most developed region of Pakistan. Infrastructure facilities are
easier to provide. The transport network of road, rail and air is dense. Electricity is
supplied to all the urban centers like Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sukkur and
Hyderabad. Many of the rural areas have been supplied with electricity.
47. Describe the location of Desert Areas.
Desert areas are located at three places.
a. The Sindh Sagar Doab or Thal Desert is located between the River Indus and River
Jhelum.
b. The Thar Desert is located towards south-eastern Pakistan. It is also caleed south-
eastern desrt. It can further be divided into three main areas:
i. Cholistan
ii. Nara
iii. Tharparkar (Thar)
c. The Kharan desert is located in Balochistan.
48. Differentiate between upper and lower Indus Plain.
Refer figure 1.66 on Page No. 25
49. Describe topographical feature of the Thar Desert.
Refer tabulated information on Page No. 26
50. Describe the effect of physical features on the life and economy of people of desert
areas.
a. Life in desert areas is predominantly affected by the environment.

b. Lack of water and constant erosion of land by strong winds does not allow many
productive activities like farming. However, desert areas can be made productive if
irrigation facilities are provided.
c. A major part of Thar Desert has been converted into farmland by canals from the Sukkur
Barrage build on the Indus.
d. The desert may have rich mineral deposits especially mineral oil.
Unit 2
Climate
1. Distinguish between Climate and Weather.
Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions (Temperature, rainfall, humidity and pressure) of
an place for short period of time. It is often localized.
Climate is generalization of day to day weather conditions over a long period of time, usually
thirty years.
2. Describe Climatic Zones of Pakistan briefly.
a. High Land Climate

i. The region includes northern mountains, north-western mountains and western
mountains.
ii. Winters are long, cold and snowy.
iii. Summers are short, mild and rainy.
iv. Rainfall depends upon the altitude i.e. higher the altitude more the rain.
v. Highest amount of rainfall in northern mountains.
vi. Murree and Hazara receive 1500 mm to 2000 mm of annual rainfall.
vii. Gilgit and Chitral are rain shadow areas.
viii. Amount of rainfall decreases south of Waziristan hills.
b. Low Land Climate (Semi-arid to arid)
i. The region includes Indus plain (UIP and LIP)

ii. Continental climatic effect
iii. Arid and semi-arid / extreme climate
iv. Winters are cold, summers are hot and rainfall in summer only.
v. Amount of rainfall decreases southwards.
vi. Range of temperature increases southwards
vii. Thunder storms are common in northern and north-western parts of Indus plain (Aril,
May and June)
c. Coastal Climate
i. The region includes, Karachi Coastline, Makran coastline, Indus Delta and Rann of Kach.
ii. Maritime influence is seen.
iii. Range of temperature remain moderate throughout the year (25° - 35° C)
iv. Sea breeze prevail (blow) throughout the year.
v. Rainfall is scanty (rare)
vi. Small amount of rainfall during summer at Karachi coast.
vii. Small amount of rainfall during winter at Makran coast.
d. Arid Climate
i. The region includes south-western Balochistan and south-eastern desert.

ii. Hot and dry climate.
iii. Hot dusty winds prevail.
iv. Mark difference between day and night temperature.
v. Scanty rainfall (5-10 days per year).
3. How many seasons are there in Pakistan.

Pakistan: The Seasons
Winter (Mid
Dec to Mar)
Post
monsoon( The Early Summer
Oct to mid (April to June)
Seasons
Dec)
Later summer
monsoon
(July to
September)
Note: Study Figure 2.3on page No. 29 and try to learn the temperature, rainfall and pressure
conditions that normally prevail in Pakistan with reference to some particular areas.
4. Climatic Elements
There are four main climatic elements – temperature, pressure, rainfall and winds. These are
responsible for the regional and seasonal variations in the climates of Pakistan.
Temperature
Winds Pressure
Rainfall
i. Temperature
Diversity of temperature in various regions is due to the following factors
• Large spread of latitude from 24°N to 37°N.

• Diversity of relief ranging from the very high mountains (up to 8610 meters) in the
north, to low lying coastal areas in the south.
Explain the seasonal and regional variations of Temperature in Pakistan.
Refer Fig 2.8 on page No. 31
What are the factors that affect temperature of Pakistan?
Refer additional information on page No. 31 in a table.
ii. Rainfall
The rainfall as a whole decreases from Himalayas towards the south.
What are the sources of rainfall in Pakistan?

a. Monsoon winds
The main monsoon winds blow from the Bay of Bengal. After crossing Bangladesh and North
India, the tail end of the wind enters northern Pakistan. The winds normally start to blow in June
and cause heavy rainfall in northern Punjab in July.
Some monsoon winds blow across south-east Pakistan from the Arabian Sea. These are weak
winds and have little effect. However, sometimes an over-active monsoon system brings heavy
monsoon rainfall in Karachi and coastal areas of Sindh damaging the infrastructure of the region.
b. The Western Depressions
Western Depressions are the cyclones which originate in the Mediterranean Sea, travel across
Afghanistan and Iran then reach the western areas of Pakistan. After striking the north-western
areas such as Peshawar and northern Pakistan, the winds move towards western and south-
western parts. By the time they teach to south-western Balochistan they are robbed of their
moisture. These winds cause the rainfall in these areas from December to March. For example,
Quetta receives most of its rainfall during the winter seasons.
c. Convectional currents causing thunderstorms
At the start of summer hot air rises u which also contains a high moisture content. When it
reaches the higher layers of the atmosphere, condensation takes place. This causes rainfall often
as thunderstorms. Strong winds accompanying the storms may pick up dust as well.
d. Relief rainfall
Relief rainfall is related to the height of land. It occurs where moist unstable air moves up a
mountain or scarp edge and it is chilled. This chilling causes heavy condensation and
precipitation, on the windward side.
e. Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclones may bring a few hours of very heavy rainfall with destructive winds to the
coastal areas. They originate over the Arabian Sea quite often but only rarely do they reach the
coast of Pakistan, usually once every few years. Therefore, this source of rainfall is totally
unreliable both in terms of when and where on the coast it will occur.
iii. Pressure and

iv. Winds
During the summer season, the temperature in central Pakistan is high. This causes the hot air to
rise up and form a low pressure zone. At the same time oceans and seas have comparatively low
temperature. This is because water absorbs and discharges heat slowly as compared to the land.
The air pressure over the oceans and seas is higher than over the land during summer. This leads
to the movements of monsoon winds from sea to land, which are moisture-laden and bring heavy
rainfall to the upper and lower Indus Plain in the months of July and August.
During winter the whole situation is reversed because the pressure over the land gradually
increases and a high pressure area is created in the north-west of Pakistan. The summer
monsoons gradually retreat in autumn and are replaced by land winds blowing out from high-
pressure area. These winds are called the winter monsoon or the north-east monsoon. These
winds are generally light and dry.
What is an effectiveness of rainfall?
i. The rainfall in Pakistan is mainly from monsoon winds and Western Depressions. The
monsoon winds bring rainfall during the summer season, which is variable in amount,
timings and distribution. That is why the effectiveness of monsoon rainfall is of limited
value to agriculture.
ii. Another factor that limits the usefulness of rainfall is high temperature conditions from
June to September over the Indus Plain. This leads to great degree of evapotranspiration.
iii. Monsoon rainfall comes in heavy showers which is not very useful for the crops, because
the land dose not absorb the rainwater. Most of the water from the monsoon rainfall
drains away causing floods in the low-lying areas. However, reservoirs of the dams on
River Indus and its tributaries help to store extra water during the rainy season that can
later be utilized in the dry season.
iv. The variable nature of monsoon rainfall also lessens its usefulness for the farmers. Crop
planning is very difficult if the amount and timings of rainfall have above normal
fluctuations.
v. Only a tiny fraction of the Potwar Plateau has canal irrigation. For the rest, it is ‘barani
land’ because of impracticability of lifting irrigation water up to the flat plateau surface
and also of irrigating the heavily eroded badland areas.
vi. The winter rainfall is more effective for farmers because it comes in light showers that
continue for several days. However, the amount of winter rainfall is not sufficient and
cannot be relied upon.
Describe an Effects of Climate on Life and Economic Activities of people in Different

Regions
a. Highland Zone
Climatic Conditions and Location Effect

Severely cold winters and mild to warm Therefore, during winter farming is not
summer characterize the climate in northern possible. People are involved in indoor
and north-western areas of the highland zone. activities like carpet weaving, embroidery
In northern areas the temperature falls below work, property etc.
freezing point. The growth of tree is retarded,
the grass, the grass is buried under snow and at Transhumance is also practiced i.e. moving the
some places rivers and torrents also freeze. flocks up to the cooler highland in summer and
returning to the plain areas in the cold winter.
The barren hills of the Khyber Pakhtunkwa are
sparsely populated.
Most of the Pathan tribes still live as nomadic

herdsmen, keeping goats and sheep. Due to
extremely low temperatures during winter, they
have to move to lowland areas with their
animals. The Vale of Peshawar is the greenest
part of this region with extensive woodlands,
orchards and irrigated fields.
In the extreme north, many areas are not Therefore, Hampering transport links. Job
accessible due to landslides and heavy snowfall opportunities are also limited in this region and
economic activities are difficult to carry out.
As you move towards the south, temperature Therefore, lack of water supply discourages
increases in both summer and winter. The human settlements.
western highlands and barren mountains of Crop cultivation is also difficult in these areas.
Balochistan are also sparsely populated due to However, apples, mangoes, apricots and grapes
harsh physical conditions. Annual rainfall is are grown in the valleys of high altitude areas.
125-250 mm in most of the areas and occurs
mainly during winter.
b. Arid Zone

This zone occurs in two parts; the south eastern Therefore, a region so deficient in moisture
deserts and the Kharan Desert (including the and so extreme in its temperature cannot be
Chagai Hills). The climate is one of extremes; ideal for habitation or cultivation.
with low annual rainfall, cool-mid winters and
hot summers. Summers are very hot during day Due to scanty rainfall and excessive
time. evapotranspiration, a unique systime of
underground irrigation ‘Karez’ – is practiced.
Karez is a narrow subterranean canal, which
starts from the base of the hills and mountains
where subsoil water is present. After coming
to the surface, Karez irrigates the orchards and
agricultural fields many of which are sheltered
Date palms. This indigenous method prevents
the water from being evaporated by the heat of
the sun or absorbed by the thirsty land
The highland areas of Balochistan with cold ……Suitable for the growing of fruits (grapes,
and dry climate and winter rains due to apples, peaches and melons). Other crops
depression are……… include millet, wheat and barley.
In terms of rainfall desert covers almost the Therefore, under such extreme heat and low
whole of Sindh and the southern part of precipitation, crop cultivation is very difficult.
Punjab. The area receives only 100mm of However, large areas have been reclaimed for
annual rainfall and the average monthly farming through the construction of perennial
temperatures in summer rise to over 38°C. …. canals enabling the irrigation of the western
part of southern Punjab and wide strip either
side of the Indus Sindh. In those areas rice,
wheat, cotton oilseeds are cultivated.
The remaining areas of the Thar desert are still …Because they wear thick and rough clothes
barren desert. The life style of the people is to protect themselves from hot winds and also
also affected by the climate….. wear turbans. They place to place in search of
water for themselves and their cattle.
c. Lowland Zone – Semi-arid to Arid

The fertile plain of Punjab, drained by the Therefore, Punjab is economically more
Indus River and its four tributaries has a productive agricultural region of Pakistan.
continental or extreme type of climate. It is
because of the northerly position of Punjab
Plain. In the daytime summers are extremely
hot. Winters are cool to mild.
…..there is a well-developed canal irrigation
In spite of the generally varied and irregular
rainfall …… system to raise crepe like wheat, millet, Cotton
and sugarcane.
Due to Punjab’s alluvial plains, moderate …it is the most densely populated province of
rainfall and tolerable summer and winter Pakistan.
temperatures
d. Coastal Zone

• Pakistan has a delta coastline in Sindh i. Therefore, the winter months (November
and the hilly Makran coast in to February) are generally considered the
Balochistan. Karachi Thatta and Badin best time to visit Karachi.
are important enters on the Sindh coast ii. The extent of precipitation affects the
and Gwadar, Ormara and pasni are supply drinking water in Gawadr District
located on the Markran coast. as most of it is provided from reservoirs
which are rain-dependent.
• Karachi has mild climate with a low iii. The moderate climate was one of the
average precipitiation (approximately important factors in the development of
250 mm per annum), the bulk of which Gwadar port as it would make it
occurs during the July-August monsoon operational throughout the year for trade
season. Winters are mild and summers activities.
are hot. However, the proximity of the iv. Due to the mild climate of the Sindh coast
sea maintains humidity at a high level economic activities cane be carried on
(60%-70%) and cool sea breezes throughout the year.
relieve the heat of the summer months. v. Farming is possible almost throughout the
year depending on the availability of water
• The Climate of the Makran Coast is dry from irrigation channels.
and hot. The Maximum temperature in vi. The seaports are often all the year round to
June remains between 31°C and 40°C carryout international trade.
and in the coolest month of January it vii. Road and rail transport links to inland
varies from 18°C to 19°C. The oceanic areas never closed for business and
influence keeps the temperature lower economic activities
and higher in winter. Humidity prevails viii. Air flights are rarely cancelled due to
all along the coast and average annual climatic reasons.
rainfall is below 250 mm. ix. All types of industries ranging from
cottage and small-scale to large-scale
manufacturing are operational in all
season.
x. During summer months, tropical cyclones
sometimes cause coastal flooding in low-
lying areas causing damage to
infrastructure, shanty homes and farming
land of the Indus delta.
xi. Fishing is nearly impossible when the sea
is wild. Thus finshing communities suffer
economic losses due to tropical cyclones.
5. River Flood
Excessive water in the rivers may cause floods.
What are the human and physical reasons of floods?
Refer Figure 2.36 on page No. 42

What can be done to reduce the flood risk?
Refer Bullet points on Page No. 43
What are the benefits of Floods?
Refer Bullet points on Page No. 43
Describe different types of Storms.
a. Thunder Storm
Thunderstorms are common in the northern and north-western areas of Pakistan. In the summer
(April to June) and the post-monsoon (September to October) the atmospheric pressure falls and
convectional cause sporadic and localized rainfall in the extreme north and the Safed Koh
mountains. This accompanied by strong winds from 60-80 km per hour. Stormy rainfall and hail
also occurs as a result of these winds, which cause the destruction of apples, pears and other
crops grown there.
b. Dust Storm
In the summer season, in southern plains and north-western parts of Balochistan, due to low
pressure, dust storm and strong winds are also experienced. Sometimes such dust storms also hit
the upper Indus Plain and like floods, damage crops and orchards. When the windstorm is of
high intensity, the roofs of the houses are badly affected.
c. Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones from the Arabian Sea can also affect the coastal areas of Sindh and
Balochistan. In May 1999 a tropical cyclone ‘2A’ hit the coastal areas of Sindh, causing wide-
spread damage to the people and their belongings.
Explain different types of Droughts in Pakistan.
Refer an answer on Page No. 44
What are the human and Natural Factors that Caused Drought in Pakistan?
Refer Bullet points on Page No. 44 in a tabulated form

What are the Effects of drought on the physical and human environment?
How 2000 – 01 Drought Affected Pakistan?
In Pakistan permanent and seasonal droughts affect the life and economy of the desert areas of
Sindh and Balochistan to a great extent. In 2001 the 26 districts of Balochistan suffered from
severe famine as a result of drought. Out of these 26 districts the famine situation in 22 districts
had reached crisis point. Many people were trapped in inaccessible areas. The lives of some
20,000 families and more than a million cattle were severely affected.
Some of the area’s most seriously affected by drought are the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan
and Sindh. Pakistani officials have reported the following facts about the drought:
• Over 3.3 million people have been affected, including thousands who are now refugees.
• Hundreds of People have already died of thirst and starvation.
• About 30 million livestock have been affected, including over 2 million that have
already died.
• Most areas have had no rain for three to eight years.
• No significant amount of rain is expected.
What are the ways to manage drought?
Refer Figure 2.49 and related information on Page No. 46-47
Sample Questions and Marking schemes from Past Papers
2015
(ii) Explain the effect of flooding on the local economy and transport links in communities
along the River Indus.[4]
Local economy
Livestock/crops/farm equipment/fisheries lost (causing loss of income)
Factories/workplaces temporarily closed (causing damage/unemployment/loss of
production/income/profit)
Electricity supply disrupted (factories closed)
Build up of silt behind dams (less water storage/effect on HEP production)
Alluvium/nutrients deposited by flood water (fertilises soil)
Transport Links
Bridges washed away (limiting ability to trade)
Roads/railways destroyed/damaged/flooded (making journeys longer/slower/more
dangerous)
Rivers become unnavigable (communications cut/villages cut off)
Allow development of points illustrated by information in parentheses
2013
(ii) Compare the amount and pattern of rainfall in Lahore and Peshawar during the
monsoon season. [3]
Lahore
more rain/higher maximum
increase then decrease
earlier maximum/max in July
tails off more slowly
comparative figures (other than those from (i))
Peshawar
Credit comparison of above [
(iii) Explain how the monsoon winds bring rainfall to northern Pakistan. [4]
The main monsoon winds blow from the Bay of Bengal. After crossing Bangladesh and North
India, the tail end of the wind enters northern Pakistan. The winds normally start to blow in June
and cause heavy rainfall in northern Pakistan in July. These winds increase the moisture content
in the air which rises over the land. The cool air condenses and caused rainfall in northern
Pakistan.
from the sea/Bay of Bengal/Indian Ocean

this increases the moisture content
rise over land
air cools
condensation
(iv) Suggest two reasons why Murree has a higher rainfall than Lahore and Peshawar [2]
1. Murree receives more rainfall as compare to Lahore because of high altitude and
mountains.
2. It has also more vegetation and forestry areas causing more rainfall as compare to
Lahore.
3. Murree also receive more rainfall because of windward slope and western depressions.
higher altitude/mountainous
more thunderstorms
more western depressions
windward slope
more vegetation/forests [
(c) Explain the benefits and problems of high rainfall on either farming or road travel.
Circle your choice. FARMING ROAD TRAVEL [6]
Benefits (Farming)
1. Water supply for irrigation purpose

2. Rainfall brings flood and floods bring fertility to soil by depositing alluvium.
3. High rainfall increases better growth of the crops resulted high yield.
4. High yield means high income of the farmers.
5. Rainfall is beneficial for animals because there is enough water for livestock.
6. Rainfall prevents the problem of salinity because water washout all the salt from the
surface.
Problems (Farming)
1. High rainfall cause floods

2. It creates the problem of waterlogging because heavy rainfall keeps the water on the
fields for longer duration and do not absorbed in the soil causing waterlogging.
3. Continuous rainfall washed away the soil which caused soil erosion.
4. Leaching is a major problem due to high rainfall because rain water drained away from
the soil all useful minerals or chemicals causing soil infertile.
5. High rainfall can damage the crops at the time of harvesting.
6. It also reduces the income of those who work on daily wages and unable to do work
during rain.
ROAD TRAVEL
Benefits (res. 2):
lays the dust
water to cool engine
Problems (res. 2):
flooding blocks roads/restricts access
washes away surface
destroys bridges
danger of lightning
danger to driving, e.g. slippery
2012
(c) In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live in
mountainous
areas? [6]
snow covers ground (or reference to snow)
water shortage / water freezes
no farming in winter / nothing grows / need to store food / no fishing
live indoors / cannot work outside
animals kept in sheds / need feeding / no pasture
roads or railways blocked / closed / no travel / communication
damage to buildings eg. by avalanches, landslides, frozen pipes / death of people
fog / no air travel
power lines cut
telephone lines cut / no telecommunication
no tourism
need to keep warm / need for heating
long nights / short days
less income / less work / less trade / economic activity stops
(d) (i) What is the meaning of the following livestock farming terms: [2]
A Transhumance?
Seasonal movement to higher pastures in mountains in summer and return in winter
B Nomadic farming?
(Seasonal) movement in search of pasture / water / food
Settled
Visual Resource
Climate of Pakistan (complete documentary) HD - YouTube

▶ 26:50
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8Bt3pNBpOo
1.
Nov 12, 2013 - Uploaded by Usama Arif
RILLS School video about Pakistan's climate and weather The video ... Climate
of Pakistan (complete ...
Unit 3
Natural Resources – an Issue of Sustainability
1. What is the difference between Resources and Natural Resources?
Resources are defined as a means of meeting a need, particularly an economic or social need, of
the people. The term usually refers to natural resources like land, water, air. Natural resources
are largely unchanged materials of the land that are valuable to people and used in a variety of
ways.
2. Classify the types of Natural Resources.
Natural resources can be described as renewable or non-renewable. Refer Fig. 3.1 on page No.
50 in your book.
a. Renewable
Renewable resources can be recycled or reused. Provided they are managed with care, they will
not be run-out. Renewable can be:
i. Continuous so that they can be used over and over again e.g. water, sunlight, wind power,
tidal power, geothermal power.
ii. Sustainable e.g. vegetation, fish, wildlife, soils. Their value may be reduced over time,
for example, if forests are cut down and not replaced or soil is exhausted, the result may
be harmful.
b. Non-Renewable
Non-renewable natural resources occur in limited quantity and if their use continues they will run
out like fossil fuels and minerals.
3. Explain Hydrological Cycle.
Water is a natural resource. The water that reaches the ground from the atmosphere falls in
various ways such as rain, snow, or hail. All these are included in the term “precipitation”. Some
of the water runs directly off the earth’s surface as rivers and streams, draining into lakes and the
sea. The rest of it is either utilized by plants or soaks into the ground. Water is returned to
athmosphere as water vapour through evaporation from surface water and by transipiration from
plants. Rising into the atmosphere the water vapour cools to form water droplets and this system
is called “condensation”. This cycle is called the Hydrological Cycle. Refer figure 3.2 on page
No. 51 on your book.
4. Why do think that rivers are important for Pakistan?
5. How many river systems are there in Pakistan?
There are two river systems in Pakistan as follow: The Indus River System and Rivers of
Balochistan.
I. Fed by glaciers of Karakoram and Hindu Kush.

II. Passes through mountainous areas of Gilgit
6. Describe briefly The Indus System.
Baltistan, Valley of Kashmir in deep gorges
III. Enters plains of Punjab at kalabagh
IV. Passes through western Sindh & finally flows into
The Indus River System Arabian Sea
V. Eastern tributaries are Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and
Jhelum.
VI. Western tributaries are Swat, Kabul, Kurram, Tochi,
Gomal and Zhob
Eastern Tributaries of Western Tributaries of

River Indus River Indus
The rivers Sawat and

The Sutlej, Chenab, Kabul
Jhelum = Becomes
Panjnad at Mithankot The rivers Tochi, Kurram
& Gomal
7. Describe the drainage patterns of Rivers of Balochistan.
Refer bullet points on Page No. in your book on page No. 53
8. Ground Water
Refer figures 3.7 & 3.8 very carefully on page No. 53.
9. What are the Uses of Water?
a. Domestic use of water (Drinking, Cooking, Washing and Sanitation)
b. Industrial use of water (Refer figure 3.9 on Page No. 54)
c. Agriculture use of water
i. Irrigation
• Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to the land to encourage plant growth.
• It is very important in arid regions but is also used in many humid regions to improve
yield.
• In Pakistan about 75% of the cultivated areas is under irrigation.
• The irrigation system of Pakistan has developed from traditional lift irrigation to complex
canal system of today.
• Pakistan’s agriculture mainly depends on irrigation.
ii. Why we need Irrigation
Most of the areas of Pakistan experience arid to semi-arid conditions, aridity increasing from
north to south, since there is no or very less rain in Pakistan therefore, rain is ineffective in
Pakistan. Due to rain’s ineffectiveness Pakistan heavily depends upon irrigation. The
ineffectiveness of rain may be described in following ways.
Refer Figure 3.10 on page No. 55 on your book. (It’s an answer of Why we need irrigation?)
iii. Factors leading to Development of the Canal Irrigation System in

Pakistan
Refer Figure 3.11 on page No. 55 on your book
10. What are the factors leading to Development of the Irrigation System in Pakistan?
Pakistan has a well-developed and an extensive system of canal irrigation. However, seasonal
canals are still in practice along with the modern system of large perennial canals. The latter
were introduced by the British and further developed after the Indus Water Treat 1960.
11. What are the reasons to develop Irrigation System in Pakistan?
• Soft soil type and level land of Indus Plain: Digging is easier than in mountains and
Balochistan.
• Cheap labor is available so cost is low.
• Efficient water management: Millions of water utilized which would have flow into
Arabian sea.
• Natural Slope of River South wards: Water flows towards south makes the
construction easier.
• Huge quantity of water from monsoon rainfall and melting of snow stored in reservoirs
during summer.
• Irregular supply of water in rivers (higher in rainy seasons, less during winter) can be
regulated through dams, barrages and canals.
• To irrigate vast areas, even deserts e.g. western part of Thal desert had been reclaimed.
Development of the Irrigation System in Pakistan
12. List Conventional Methods of Irrigation System in Pakistan.
i. Shaduf : In the shaduf system water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a
bucket which is attached to a pole on one side and weight on the other side.
ii. Charsa: In Charsa, animal power is used to pull water from the well. The charsa
system is not used by many farmers now.
iii. Persian Wheel: it is a system of continuous supply of water Powered by a

blindfolded bullock. It turns a horizontal wooden wheel geared to a vertical wheel at
the distant end of the shaft, to which is attached a chain of earthenware pots. The pots
raise water from the well and spill their contents into channels that leads to fields.
iv. Karez: A Karez is a horizontal underground canal in the foothills that brings
underground water to the surface. The underground canal may be several km long. It is
dug by a group of people who then share the water for irrigating their crops. Vertical
shafts are also dug down to the canal so that it can be cleared and repaired to prevent
any blockage in the flow of water.
v. Inundation Canals: Long canals taken off from large rivers are called inundation
canals. They receive water when the river is high enough and especially when it is in
flood.
vi. Tank Irrigation: Thank irrigation is practiced by constructing mud banks across
small streams to make a small reservoir which collect excess water during the rainy
seasons.
13. Write Uses and effectiveness of Conventional Methods of Irrigation.
On large farms there has been a shift from conventional to modern methods due limited water
supply because conventional methods have some disadvantages:
• Irrigate limited areas of land as only small amount of water can be obtained.
• Require manual labour or animals and are more time consuming.
• Are difficult to build, maintain and use e.g. Karez.
• Inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when water from metling snow and
ice enters the rivers.
14. Write Modern System of Irrigation.
i. Perennial Canals: They are linked to dams and barrages to provide water
throughout the year and they irrigate a vast area.
ii. Tubewells: Tubewell have diesel or electrically operated pumps that can raise
water from the depth of 92 metres (300 feet) or more to irrigate farms of more than
1000 hectares.
iii. Sprinkler or Spray Irrigation: Sprinklers are connected to public water supply
pipes. They are centrally placed in fields to water the plants.
iv. Tankers: Tankers collect water from the ponds and lakes and provide it to
households and fields in case of emergency. This method is very expensive and is
rarely used for irrigation.
15. What is Indus Water Treaty?
In 1947, the creation of Pakistan, the province of Punjab was also divided into East and West
Punjab. The head works of the canals of the Sutlej and Ravi remained in India as the share of
India whilst their drained areas became part of Pakistan. In 1948 India threatened to stop the
water supply from these head works. That would have in danger the prosperity of Indus Plain.
The water dispute was eventually resolved through the mediation of World Bank. In September
1960, and agreement was signed that is known as the Indus Water Treaty.
16. What are the benefits of Indus Water Treaty?
• Canal water dispute was resolved

• Control of three rivers to Pakistan – Indus, Jhelum & Chenab
• Control of three rivers to India – Sutlej, Ravi and Beas
• Two dams were build – Terbela & Mangla
• Five barrages – e.g. Chasma, Rusal, Marala, Qadirabad
• 8 link canals were constructed – e.g. Marala-Ravi, Rusal-Qadirabad, Qadirabad-Balloki,
Chasma-Jhelum.
17. What is the purpose of link Canal?
• To bring water from one river to other

• To divert the excess water during floods
• To carry the water from one barrage to another e.g. from Chasma to Rusal
18. What are the physical requirements for the construction of dam?
• Mountainous areas • Enough water supply

• Large catchment area for rainfall • Solid rock
• Ridge to construction dam • Narrow valleys for dams/deep valleys
• Large basins • Low evapotranspiration
• Slow rate of siltation/forested valley • Area of high precipitation (high
sides to hold soil average rainfall
19. Name of the Link Canals
See the Names on page No. 59.
20. Write location and length of Mangla Dam.
The Mangla Dam is located on River Jhelum. It is one of the longest (3100 meters at the crest)
earth-filled dams in the world.
21. What is the function of Mangla dam?
• It is a multipurpose project designed to control and conserves the flood-waters of the

Jhelum of irrigation.
• It is to generate hydro-electric power.
• The Mangla lake, besides serving as the reservoir of the dam, has also been developed as
a fishing center and a tourist resort.
22. What do you know about Terbela Dam?
• The Tarbela Dam is built on the Indus at Bara near the village of Tarbela.
• It is about thirty km from the town of Attock. It is 143 meters high, it has a reservoir area
of 143 square km, a storage capacity of 119 billion cubic meters of water and it has nine
huge gates to control the outflow of water.
• The Tarbela Dam is the world’s largest earth-filled dam and the second project that was
constructed under the Indus Water Treaty.
23. Distinguish between Small and Large Dams
24. What is Siltation in Reservoirs?
When the rivers leave the foothills of the Himalayas, carry a large quantity of silt, as a result of
deep erosion in mountain areas. This is deposited in the plains of Punjab and Sindh. Siltation is
menace that can destroy the purpose of dam and barrages i.e. irrigation and generation of hydro-
electric power, by filling the reservoirs with silts.
25. Write the causes of siltation.

26. Write the effect of siltation.
27. How can we control situation?
For these three above questions please refer figure 3.27 on page No. 61
28. Compare the height and length of a barrage with those of a major dame like
Terbela.
• Dams are shorter length wise barrages are longer

• Dams are higher height wise barrages are shorter
• Dams are built in mountainous areas barrages are built in plains
• Dams are built over a lake or reservoir barrage directly on rivers.
• Dams provide water for irrigation and generate electricity barrages mainly supply water
for irrigation.
• Dams construction cost is high and construction cost of barrages is low.
29. What do you know about barrages?
Barrages in Pakistan are very long structures used for irrigation and flood control. The cost of
construction of a barrage is significantly less than that of a dam. Unlike dams, which require
mountainous terrain, barrages can be made even in flat areas. Apart from providing water for
agriculture, barrages also encourage human settlements and commercial and industrial activities.
30. Write the names of barrages with reference to their location and areas in Pakisan?
See Figure 3.28 on Page No. 61
31. Describe Waterlogging and Salinity.
Water logging and salinity are two of the outcomes of canal irrigation in Pakistan. When only
inundation canals were used, water for crops was only available during summer season. A
balance was maintained between the precipitation and evapotranspiration that kept the water
table low. With the introduction of perennial canals, water was available throughout the year
resulting in a rise of the water table. Salts in the soil also raise the surface of water table. The
water on reaching the surface evaporates and the salts are deposited on the surface, rendering the
land unsuitable for farming.
32. What is Waterlogging and Salinity?
The rise of water table to the surface level is called water logging and appearance of salty
patches is called salinity.
33. How to solve the problems of waterlogging and Salinity
See solutions on page No. 62.
34. What do you mean by SCARP?
It is an abbreviation of Salinity Control and Reclamation Project SCARP.
35. What is Surface water pollution?
Dumping of Industrial and Agricultural waste and inadequate sewage disposal systems cause
surface water pollution. In industrial cities like Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad the problems are
more severe than in the other areas. It is common practice to let the waste water flow into open
drains, which ultimately discharge into streams, rivers and then the sea.
36. Water as a resource for Economic development
Water is a resource for economic development in many ways:
• Agricultural Products:
• Processing and manufacturing industries:
• Domestic use
37. Management of Water Resources
• A fair and just distribution

• Water accord 1991
• Indus River System Authority
38. Water supply issues leading to conflicts
a. International
• Impact of Indus Water Treaty 1960

• Violation of Indus Water Treaty by India
b. Provincial
• Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)

• Sindh and Punjab
c. Users
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Domestic and other users
39. List the main users of water sectors wise.
Water is used by various sectors such as:
Agriculture: 70%
Industry: 10%
Domestic and others: 20%
Unit 4
Forests
1. Define Forest.
Forests are extensive, continuous areas of land dominated by trees.
2. What do you know about productive forests and protection forests?
There are two main types of forest i.e.
• Productive Forests
These are mainly natural forests. In these forests the tree density is high and the forest canopy is
closed. Such forests have great commercial value and they are mainly used for extraction of
timber and other products.
• Protection Forests
These forests are mainly planted by people and are usually linear. They are planted to facilitate
public along roads, in parks and along railway lines. The protection forests have limited
commercial value because many of them do not supply valuable species of wood.
3. Describe importance of forests.
From ecological point of view forests help:
i. To maintain a balance in the environment by checking pollution.

ii. To prevent soil erosion by wind, water (rainfall) especially on slopes of mountains.
iii. To prevent soil erosion, the trees on the slopes of hills regulate the water supply to the
reservoirs thereby reducing floods.
iv. To ensure food supply to population by protecting soil fertility due to humus.
v. To provide natural habitat for wild life.
From Commercial and Industrial point of view forest help:
i. To provide timber for construction and transport vehicles.

ii. To provide raw material for wood based industries.
iii. To provide Ephedra a medicinal shrub used by pharmaceutical industries.
iv. To provide employment for people in forest based industries.
v. To supply of fruits.
4. Name the types of forest and their location in Pakistan.
Refer Figure 4.3 on page No. 72 in the book.
5. Why do Coniferous/Alpine forests grow in highland areas?
Because
• These have stunned growth due to low temperature and less sunlight.
• Conical shape and sloping branches prevent snow accumulation.
• Small, Thick, leathery and needle shaped leaves checks excessive transpiration.
• The tress can tolerate extremely cold weather.
• The trees can easily manage to grow in poor soil.
• The trees can absorb water from melting snow with shallow roots.
6. List advantages and disadvantages of irrigated plantation in Pakistan.
Refer tabulated information on Page No. 74
7. What are the factors that determine the type and density of forests?
There are number of factors that determine the type and density of forests.
• Areas with different altitude have different altitude have different types of forests.
• Aridity prevailing over the Balochistan Plateau and the southern part of the Indus Plain is
not favorable to support plant growth and results in thorny bushes and scrub.
• Higher precipitation in the Northern Mountains encourages the growth of coniferous
(evergreen) forests.
• In the Indus and Hab deltas the deposition of alluvium in the salt water has encouraged
the growth of mangroves vegetation.
• Edaphic factors (type of soil) also determine the type and density of forests in different
areas of Pakistan.
8. List those factors that determine the type and density of forests.
• Rainfall (Precipitation) • Temperature (Aridity)

• Altitude • Edaphic Factor (Type of Soil)
9. Briefly describe causes of deforestation in Pakistan.
i. Large forests are cut down to grow crops and to carry out mining activities.
ii. Trees are also cleared to accommodate human settlements. Therefore increasing
urbanization is the main cause of deforestation.
iii. The forests are cut down to make roads for transportation.
iv. Wood based industries require wood which is a major cause of deforestation.
v. The rural population depends on wood for heating and cooking which results in excessive
cutting of trees.
vi. Over grazing of land by cattle, goat and sheep has also converted forests into deserts.
10. What are the Effects of deforestation? Or How deforestation cause soil erosion?
Reckless cutting of trees for firewood or any other commercial purposes can result in
deforestation. The effects of this are extremely harmful and can result in degeneration and
destruction of our environment and loss of food and resources. Look at the following figure
which shows that how deforestation affects the ecological system in many different ways.
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Species Air Habitat Exposed Climate Changes lead

extinction Pollution Loss Soil to more aridity
Water erosion Wind erosion Increased surface run

off
Siltation in
reservoirs Flood
s
Environmental Disturbs water

Loss supply Loss of Property
& Crops
Low crop Loss of

yield food
May lead to starvation

i. Deforestation exposes the soil to the forces of wind and water especially on the
foothills of the mountains.
ii. The upper layer of the soil is eroded away and leaves behind infertile coarse sand.
iii. With heavy rainfall the water gushes down the mountains carrying with it large
quantities of silt and sand.
iv. With no trees to hold the soil together may cause heavy floods.
v. Large amounts of silt from the Northern Mountains are also carried down and they
accumulate in the reservoirs of the dams. This reduces the capacity of the reservoir
and disrupts the generation of hydro-electricity.
vi. Deposition of silt also harms fisheries and blocks irrigation canals. Continuous
disruption of water badly affects the crops and food production is reduced.
vii. Cutting of trees disturbs the natural environment. The natural habitat is destroyed
which results in the extinction of a number of valuable species. The wildlife also gets
disturbed.
viii. With less vegetation there is less evapotranspiration. The climate changes, resulting
in less rainfall which may lead to lower crop yields.
ix. In Pakistan, forest resources are already meager and under constant stress due to
reckless and unauthorized cutting of trees. Political pressures and administrative
mismanagement intensify the crisis.
11. What are the benefits of Mangrove forests? Or why do we need to develop
mangrove forests?
i. Mangroves are extremely important for the growth and health of marine life because
mangroves provide a nursery for shrimps, crabs and several species of fish.
ii. The mangrove forests also produce honey from the blossoms of the Avicenna marina
species.
iii. Mangroves protect coastline from erosion, storm damage and wave action.
iv. Mangroves act as barriers against intensity of earthquakes and tsunamis by absorbing
shock waves.
v. Supply of fire wood and coastal communities used these forests for timber.
12. List the forest products
• Timber • Fuel Wood

• Minor Products i. Resin ii. Mazri iii. Ephedra
13. Describe Positive and Negative Effects of forests or Merits or demerits of Forest.
Refer Figure 4.19 & 4.20 on Page No. 79

14. How to solve the problems caused by deforestation?
Deforestation’s dreadful effects on our environment are shown in question No. 10. Once an area
is cleared of vegetation, it requires a lot of efforts and money to regenerate it. The following
measures could be helpful to solve the problems caused by deforestation.
• Supplying irrigation facilities to the deforested areas with effective enforcement and
regeneration programs.
• Commercial species of tree, which grow rapidly, should be planted.
• By reserving land for fuel wood plantation only, the valuable species of trees could be
saved. In Pakistan, precious forests resources have been cut down just to supply fuel
wood for domestic use.
• Creating awareness among the people by the government agencies, non-governmental
organization (NGOs) and the community workers, about the hazards of deforestation.
• Supply of natural gas to Northern areas will make life easier for the population and will
eventually help to ease the pressure on the environment. Rapid deforestation had forced
local people, especially women, to trudge ever greater distances on foot to forage for fire
wood which they then have to carry home in heavy bundles. The local availability of
Natural Gas should put an end to this ordeal for them.
• By improving the techniques of raising nurseries and planting trees, deforested areas
could be regenerated in a short period.
• Forest management should try to find ways to make forestry more sustainable, e.g.:
o Restricting the use of bulldozers and heavy destructive machinery in forest.

o Ensuring that logging companies only use selective cutting methods.
o Strict enforcement of forest laws.
o Enforcement of village/farm forestry programs.
o Urban forestry programs which include planting of trees along main road sides
and in open spaces.
• Planting fruit trees on the slopes of hills would provide food to the local people and
would help to protect the soil as deforested slopes are more susceptible to wind and
water erosion. Some other suggested methods of preventing or, at least, limiting soil
erosion are shown in figure 4.23 on page No. 80. Various techniques such as terracing,
replanting of trees, grass and hedges, contour ploughing and strip cultivation can reduce
soil erosion.
15. What is terracing?

Steps are cut into steep hill sides and the front of each flat terrace is edged with mud or stone
walls known as bunds. The bunds hold back the water and the soil.
16. What is Contour ploughing?
The crops are planted parallel to the contours on the sides of the hills.
17. What is strip farming?
Strip farming is when two or more crops are grown in the same fields. Sometimes one crop may
grow under the shelter of a taller crop for the sake of protection.
18. Name the projects of afforestation.

19. What are the aims of these projects?
The government of Pakistan as well as NGOs has started a number of important projects which
include:
i. The Terbala/Mangla Watershed Management Project, Pakistan, which aims at the

afforestation of privately owned bad lands in the catchment areas of the Terbela and
Mangla dams. Soil conversation, the establishment orchard and sustainable agricultural
systems are the other main component of the project.
ii. A mega progjec the forestry sector, named “Rachna Doab Afforestation Project” has been
started by the government.
iii. An afforestation campaign in Baltistan during 1995 started by AKRSP (Aga Khan Rural
Support Program) was successful. As a result of this program 830 thousands trees were
planted.
20. What is sustainable forestry?
Sustainable development is defined as that “meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs”. This means that the
resources should be used in such ways that not only the present generation benefits from them
but the future generation also continue to benefit from them.
21. What does sustainable forestry implies?

It implies continues production of things; such as wood (the primary product traditionally),
water, wild life habitat, recreational opportunities and so on.
22. How can the forest be managed properly?
Trees vary in their rate of growth to maturity mainly due to varying climatic conditions. They
must not be cut down at a rate faster than they can be replaced. This means that in an area where
trees take, e.g. 30 years to mature then no more than 1/30th of the forest should be cut down in
any one year.
Every tree cut down must be replaced with the sapling from a nursery.
When areas of forest have to be cut down for essential human requirements such as housing,
schools, roads, etc. then new areas of forest must be planted to replace them.
Unit 5
Mineral Resources
1. What are Minerals?
Minerals are inorganic natural substances e.g. Rock Salt, Coal, Iron ore, coal etc.
2. List methods of mining.
There are three main methods of mining as shown in the figure:
i. Open-cast Mining
Some minerals like coal and iron often lie near the surface. Open mining scoops up these mineral
from near the surface.
ii. Adit mining
An adit is an opening passage. Adit mining is done in hilly district where a mineral seam is
exposed on a hillside.
Underground Mining
iii. Shaft mining
Vertical shafts are dug down to the minerals, especially for coal. Tunnels are then dug
horizontally to the layers or seams of the minerals which is then removed through the tunnels.
This method is expensive and can be dangerous.
Refer Figure 5.1 on page No. 84.
3. Describe the problems of mining.
• For both adit and shaft mining consideration must be given to the problems of ventilation
and underground transport.
• Dangerous gasses are also present underground, with the risk of poisoning and
explosions, casing the tunnel roofs to collapse.
• Another hazard in some areas is flooding.
• Miners have been trapped deep underground on many occasions.
4. List Names/examples of metallic and non-metallic minerals.

Refer table on Page No. 85
5. What are the metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals?
Metallic minerals are those that are made up of a metal compound or resemble a metal, for
example iron ore, copper, bauxite. Non-metallic minerals include gypsum, rock salt, marble, clay
and limestone.
6. Differentiate between the metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.
7. What is Quarrying?
Quarrying is an open excavation from which any useful stone is extracted for building and
engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by different methods and equipment such as hand
tools, explosives, or power saws, etc.
8. Describe the uses of following non-metallic minerals.
Refer figure 5.6 on page No. 87.
9. Describe the uses of following metallic minerals.
Refer figure 5.7 on page No. 88.
10. What are the economic uses/benefits of mining in Pakistan?
Development of mining sector is essential for the economic development of Pakistan. Extraction
of more minerals resources may bring the following economic benefits to Pakistan
a. Industrial uses
Non-metallic minerals such as limestone, gypsum, clays are used in the construction industry
such as pavements alongside the roads, bridges, houses and other buildings and shopping plazas
etc. this boost up the infrastructure development of the country. Metallic minerals are rather
more precious as they are used as raw material in high value industries. Therefore, if metallic
and non-metallic minerals are produced domestically, a country can have sound industrial
development. That can ensure more revenue generation ensuring a sound economy.
b. Agricultural uses
Minerals also help to promote the agriculture sector as well. Cement is used for lining of canals,
making dykes in agricultural fields, building of reservoirs for irrigations etc. Metallic minerals
are used for making agricultural implements, tractors, gates of the barrages etc. Therefore, with
substantial reserves of mineral resources, agriculture can also be developed on modern lines that
ensure increased income for the country boosting up its economy.
c. Improving Balance of Payment
Export of metallic minerals and mineral products have high value in the international market.
This will increase the value in of exports and increase foreign exchange earnings. If Pakistan
produces minerals for its industries domestically, it might not need to improve valuable minerals.
That will save the precious foreign exchange resources of Pakistan. For example, import of
mineral oil is a major part in Pakistan’s import bill causing a negative balance of payment.
d. Employment in the Mining Industry
Development of the mining sector can provide employment opportunities in mining industries
and other mineral-based industries.
e. Generation of electricity
Some non-metallic minerals such as coal, oil and natural gas help to produce the electricity. If a
country makes maximum use of these minerals, an electricity crisis can be avoided. For example,
if Thar Coal Fields are fully utilized, Pakistan’s electricity problems can be solved to a great
extent.
f. Development of Remote areas
Extraction of minerals such as coal, natural gas, copper, chromate etc. promotes economic
development of remote areas such as the Balochistan Plateau and the Western Mountains
bordering Afghanistan where other economic activities such as farming are difficult due to
climate and topography.
g. Increase in GDP (Gross Domestic Products)
Production of minerals will eventually increase a country’s domestic income and will improve its
financial position.
11. Describe the uses of following metallic minerals.
12. Explain problem s of the mining Industry.
A number of problems exist in the development of the mining sector:
i. Lack of financial Resources
Pakistan does not have enough money to invest in the exploration of minerals.
ii. Lack of Technical experts
Mining operations have gone through major technical changes in developed countries of the
world. Mining requires high-tech experts with in-depth theoretical and practical knowledge of
geology, computerized mining operation, specialized mining machinery etc.
iii. Inaccessible mineral deposits
Most of the metallic and non-metallic minerals in Pakistan are found in those areas where
transport links are poorly developed. For example coal, copper, Sulphur, natural gas, chromite
are found in Balochistan. This province has poor infrastructure and low population density.
Therefore, most of the minerals cannot be exploited due to their inaccessibility.
iv. Security of mining companies
This issue had been created after 9/11 due to the increase in terrorists’ activities in Pakistan.
Many of the foreign mining companies are reluctant to carry out their mining operations in
Pakistan due to the possible terrorist attacks on their employees.
v. Low priority given to mineral excavation
The emphasis is given to agriculture due to predominately agricultural base therefore; mining
sector is ignored by the higher authorities.
vi. Institutional mismanagement
Like most of the departments in Pakistan, mineral offices are also victims of corruption and low
standards of work. This has resulted in low productivity in the mining sector.
13. Which institutions are there in Pakistan to develop mineral resources in Pakistan?
Refer Figure 5.9 on page No. 89.
14. What are the effects of mining on the environment?
15. What does sustainable development imply in mining?
In mining Sustainable Development implies that the mineral raw material needs of society are
met, without compromising the ability either of future societies to meet their needs, or of the
natural environment to sustain them indefinitely. That means exploring, extracting, producing,
adding value to, using, re-using, recycling and, when necessary, disposing of mineral and metal
products in the most efficient, competitive and environmentally responsible manner.
16. What measures can be taken to sustain the development in the mining sector?
To have sustainable development in the mining sector, the following measure should be taken.
• The government should consider the concept of sustainable development when making
policies which affect the minerals and environmental protection.
• The application of science and technology to enhance the industry’s competitiveness and
environmental protection.
• The discharge of toxic substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or
concentrations which is harmful to environment, should be strictly or irreversible damage
is not inflicted upon ecosystems.
Unit 6
Fishing Industry
1. What is aquaculture?
With the progress of civilization, fishing communities started breeding fish. This is called fish
farming or ‘aquaculture’.
2. Write the uses of Fish.
Uses of Fish waste: fish waste is used to make fertilizer and poultry feed.
Food Supply: a delicious, nutritious white meat. Preferred as a low cholesterol diet.
Oil Extraction: oil extracted from fish provides a source of nutrition (contains vitamins A & D)
3. What is subsistence fishing?
When the fisherman and his family consume the fish they catch. Some fishing communities on
the coast are engaged in subsistence fishing, as fish is the main component of their diet.
4. What are the conventional (old) (traditional) techniques of fishing?
A subsistence fisherman uses conventional techniques like the traditional net, a small wooden
sail boat which does not travel far out to sea.
5. What is In Commercial Fishing?
When the fish is sold in the market as source of income then it is called in commercial Fishing.
6. Name the two main centers of commercial fishing.
There are two main centers of commercial fishing: Karachi and Gwadar. The Sindh coast is more
important and accounts for nearly 68% of the total marine catch.
7. What are the factors that account for the development of fishing along the Sindh
coast?
There are number of factors that account for the development of fishing along the Sindh coast:
• It has numerous creeks, sheltered harbours and a wide shallow sea beyond.
• It has the advantage of a wider continental shelf than the Makran coast.
• The Indus delta is rich in fish food much of which is brought down to the delta by the
River Indus.
• It has better export and processing facilities.
8. Describe the new techniques of catching fish.
These are used in in commercial fishing. The gill-netters and mechanized boats have made it
possible to fish 50-60 km from the coast in deep-sea waters.
9. List types of Marine Fish Catch.
• Sharks • Croakers • Skates

• Drums • Cat fish • Rays
10. List types of Marine Fish Catch.
• Manaseer • Palla • Thalla

• Rahu • Trout • Grass, Silver – Chinese
species of Carp
11. Describe the location of Inland fishing.
i. Inland fishing is practiced in almost all the rivers and lakes in the country.
ii. The large reservoirs behind dams, the lakes (dhands) of Sindh and abandoned river or
irrigation channels are all utilized for fish farming.
iii. Dug ponds have also been made for this purpose.
iv. A number of the fish farms spread throughout Punjab, Sindh and a few areas of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.
12. Describe the layout and features of fish farm.
Fish farms are rectangular man-made ponds for breeding of fish. They have a concrete or
cemented impervious base to prevent water losses through leakage. The side of the farm is edged
with solidified mud. Trees are normally planted around the fish farms to provide oxygen, to
minimize water losses through evaporation and to keep the water body cool. This facilitate the
growth and fertilization of fish.
13. List down main fishing centers in Pakistan.
• Machhar Lake in Dadu District

• Kairi (Keenjhar) Lake north of Thatta
• Haleji Lake west of Thatta
• Reservoirs of Mangla and Tarbela Dams
• River Indus at Sukkur, Kotri & Thatta
14. What steps are taken by the government to develop fisheries?
The government is taking a number of steps to improve the fisheries sector which includes:
• The introduction of new fishing methods.

• The development of value-added products such as canned or frozen fish by providing fish
processing facilities.
• Guidance and weather information for the fishermen through broadcasting services and
the meteorological departments of the government.
• The execution of development projects by the Marine Fisheries Department (MFD) such
as ‘Monitoring of Deep sea Fishing Vessels’, ‘Strengthening of Quality Control
Laboratories’ and additional improvement in MFD Labs in view of WTO’s [World Trade
Organization] requirements.
15. How does marine fish reach to the market?
Marine fisheries are supplied to the local fish markets through wholesale dealers. In Karachi, the
main fishing centers, street hawkers also buy some of the fish catch and provide a door-to-door
service. Frozen or processed fish is supplies to only a few large departmental stores in urban
areas, because people prefer to buy fresh fish and prawns rather than the processed ones.
16. Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan?
During recent years, it has been realized that fish farming has greater scope for the people and
economy of Pakistan due to following factors:
• Greater return to fishermen

• Increased employment
• Use of technology and upgrading of skills will ensure increased fish production.
• Favorable impact on foreign exchange earnings
• Reduces burden on crop and live stocks
17. What are the problems of fishing industry?
The main problems facing the fishing industry in Pakistan are:

a) Water Pollution
Pollution on the coast of Pakistan is mostly limited to the Karachi area. The Karachi fish harbor
is severely affected by a variety of pollutants. Spillage of oil from the ships and domestic and
industrial waste is causing great harm to our fishing industry.
Water pollution is not only limited to the Karachi coast but it is also affecting the rivers of
Pakistan. With increasing population, Industrialization and urbanization, increasing of amounts
of waste material are dumped into rivers. Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in
agriculture is another source of water pollution as they leach into the river system. In order to
protect fish resources a system of waste disposal needs to be developed so that pollutants do not
enter the rivers and seas.
b) Over Fishing
Another problem associated with the fishing industries is that of over fishing of shrimps
throughout the year even in breeding season. This problem is due, in the main, to foreign
trawlers. This limits the production of shrimps.
c) Threat to Mangroves
Mangroves act as a barrier and protect the coast lines from high and low tides. The mangroves
that are a breeding ground for fish and shrimps cannot thrive well in polluted sea water.
d) Lack of Financial Resources
Pakistan does not have enough capital to develop the fishing industry on modern lines. In
Pakistan most of the fishing is done on traditional lines which result in low output. Introducing
modern technology will increase fish production but it requires capital and skills labour.
Moreover, due to traditional ways of handling fish, Pakistan faces international restrictions by
developed countries on its export of fish. Unreliable income from export and low profits from the
fishing industry also decreased investment and keeps production low.
18. What is a Sustainable fishery?
Sustainable development means that fisheries should be developed to increase the food
production for the present age. Balance and affective measures should be taken to ensure that
fish populations are capable of growing and are accessible to future ages.
19. Describe the factors responsible for the low performance of fisheries.
a) Over fishing (both by foreign trawlers and local fishermen),
b) Catching baby fish,
c) The use of illegal nets,
d) The destruction of mangroves,
e) Water pollution caused by industrial, as well as domestic waste resulting in the extinction
of fish species.
20. How can we sustain the development of fishing industries?
In order to develop fisheries on sustainable lines the government should take all those factors
into consideration and should:
• Not allow foreigner deep sea trawlers to operate in the area of Arabian sea which is under
the control of Pakistan in order to avoid overfishing and to maintain a sustainable fish
population.
• Implement the laws of banning the use of illegal nets. These have small holes which can
catch the baby fish.
• Maintain ecological balance by strict enforcement of laws against the cutting of
mangrove forests and water pollution.
21. What are the benefits of sustainable fisheries?
The development of fisheries on sustainable lines could result in the following advantages:
a) The provision of more food in form of white meat that contains low cholesterol, vitamin
D and other nutrients.
b) An increased in employment opportunities in fishing industry.
c) An increased in foreign exchange earnings by exporting raw and processed fish and
shrimps to Japan, Sri Lanka and Middle East.
d) The training and education of fisherman by teaching modern technological skills such as
use of gill-netters, Satellite Navigation, the use of shoals for locating fish etc.
e) The development of industries which are relating to fishing such as boat making industry,
net making industry, fish processing industries such as, salting, canning, refrigerating,
packing etc.
f) An improvement in infrastructure facilities such as better roads, electricity supply etc.

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Unit 1

The Natural Topography

Pakistan can be divided into six major natural topographical areas:

a. The Northern Mountains and North-Western Mountains

2. State the topographical features of Northern Mountains and North-Western

Parallel ranges run mainly from West to East

3. State the difference between Landslide and Avalanche

4. Name the popular valleys present in the northern mountains.

Valleys Northern Mountains

5. State the importance of Northern Mountains.

Importance of Northern Mountains

6. How do the economic activities affected in the Northern Mountains?

8. Name some important Glaciers in Pakistan.

a. Baltoro: 58 km long, in the Karakoram Range

9. How do Glaciers change the landscape?

Like rivers when glaciers move down, they do three things:

10. Define abrasion and plucking.

11. State the topographical features of glaciers.

12. Describe the Term Natural Drainage.

14. Explain Eastern tributaries of River Indus.

WATER FALLS: a steep fall of river water from a resistant rock.

RAPIDS SERIES: of very short and fast waterfall.

16. Describe the Importance of Passes of Western Mountains

• Khyber pass provide passage for troops/military troops

Refer Figure 1.27 on Page No. 10

17. Give the summary of the Western Mountains.

Figure 1.28 on Page No. 10

a. Valve of Peshawar drained by River Kabul & Swat

Northern Mountains Western Mountains

21. Where is the Balochistan Plateau Located?

22. What is an area of Balochistan?

23. How many Basins are there Balochistan?

There are two Basins in Balochistan as follow:

Basins of Northern Balochistan

24. Where is Basins of Northern Balochistan located?

25. Where is Basins of Western Balochistan located?

26. What are Inland drainage basins?

27. What is Humuns and Salt pan?

28. Where is the largest temporary lake located in Balochistan?

29. Name the mountain ranges of Balochistan Plateau.

Ras Koh Central Brahui Range

30. Describe the Coastal Areas of Pakistan.

31. Balochistan’s economic potential

•Surrounded by and crossed by mountians.

•No major source of water

Trasnport and Communication

32. Economic Wealth of Balochistan consist of:

•The three fishing ports are

Deep-sea Gwadar Port and Saindak Copper-Gold Project should be untilized to

Also refer Figure 1.45 on page No. 17 for Question No. 37

36. Which is the most dominated feature of the Potwar Plateau?

38. Describe the physical features of the Salt Range.

39. Explain Economic Activity and Lifestyle in the Potwar Plateau.

40. What is Doab?

A land between two rivers is called doab.

42. Write the names of Doabas.

a. Sindh – Sagar doab between river Indus and Jhelum

a. The Active Flood Plains

b. Old Flood Plains

f. Rolling sand plains