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    Observer's Frame Is Important

    Uploaded by

    MASUD RAIHAN
    This document discusses the Doppler effect and length contraction from the perspective of different frames of reference. It provides examples of how the Doppler effect changes the observed frequency of sound depending on whether the source or observer is moving. For light, only the relative motion between source and observer is meaningful, as light propagates through empty space. It also gives an example problem involving finding the proper length of an astronaut measured in their moving spacecraft's frame of reference compared to an observer on Earth.

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    Observer's Frame Is Important

    Uploaded by

    MASUD RAIHAN
    109 views17 pages
    This document discusses the Doppler effect and length contraction from the perspective of different frames of reference. It provides examples of how the Doppler effect changes the observed frequency of sound depending on whether the source or observer is moving. For light, only the relative motion between source and observer is meaningful, as light propagates through empty space. It also gives an example problem involving finding the proper length of an astronaut measured in their moving spacecraft's frame of reference compared to an observer on Earth.

    Original Title

    Relativity Lecture-2

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    This document discusses the Doppler effect and length contraction from the perspective of different frames of reference. It provides examples of how the Doppler effect changes the observed frequency of sound depending on whether the source or observer is moving. For light, only the relative motion between source and observer is meaningful, as light propagates through empty space. It also gives an example problem involving finding the proper length of an astronaut measured in their moving spacecraft's frame of reference compared to an observer on Earth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views17 pages

    Observer's Frame Is Important

    Uploaded by

    MASUD RAIHAN
    This document discusses the Doppler effect and length contraction from the perspective of different frames of reference. It provides examples of how the Doppler effect changes the observed frequency of sound depending on whether the source or observer is moving. For light, only the relative motion between source and observer is meaningful, as light propagates through empty space. It also gives an example problem involving finding the proper length of an astronaut measured in their moving spacecraft's frame of reference compared to an observer on Earth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Observer’s frame is important

    Problem # An observer on a spacecraft moving at 0.700c relative


    to the earth finds that a car takes 40.0 min to make a trip. How
    long does the trip take to the driver of the car? (Exercises 2,
    Page-49)

    We know,

    In this problem we are looking for t = ?


    **Observer’s frame is important**
    Here,
    t= 40 min or (40x 60) s= 2400 s [Observer’s frame]
    Speed of the car = 0.7 c
    Time for the car to complete a trip t0= ?
    We know,
    𝑣 2
    𝑡0 = 𝑡 1−( )
    𝑐

    0.7𝑐 2
    or, 𝑡0 = 2400 1−( )
    𝑐
    • Measurements of lengths as well as of time intervals are
    affected by relative motion.

    • The length L of an object in motion with respect to an


    observer always appears to the observer to be shorter than
    its length Lo when it is at rest with respect to him.

    • This contraction occurs only in the direction of the relative


    motion.
    • The length L0 of an object in its rest frame is called its proper
    length.
    length contraction
    • In the figure below, the length of the ruler is measured by two observers moving relative
    to each other.
    • The proper length is the length measured in the frame at which a body is at rest.
    • Mavis measures the length of a ruler in
    her frame, using a source and mirror as 2l0
    before, l0 = cDt0/2, or Dt0 =
    c

    • Stanley sees the light go a distance d1 =


    l + uDt1, which is longer than the ruler
    (because of the movement of the far
    end), bounce off the mirror, then go a
    shorter distance d2 = l – uDt2 coming
    back. But d1 = cDt1, and d2 = cDt2.
    • Eliminating d1 and d2, we have
    l l 2l
    Dt1 = ; Dt2 = ; Dt = Dt1 + Dt1 =  2
    c −u c+u c
    2l0
    But Dt = Dt0 =  so l=
    l0
    c 
    Problem

    An astronaut is standing in a spacecraft parallel to its direction of


    motion. An observer on the earth finds that the spacecraft speed is
    0.60c and the astronaut is 1.3 m tall. What the astronaut’s height is as
    measured in the spacecraft?

    L= Relative length = Measured from different frame = 1.3 m


    L0= Proper Length = measured from same frame where the
    event is observing = ?
    v = speed of the spacecraft = 0.60c , c= light velocity.
    • We are all familiar with the
    increase in pitch of a sound when the source
    approaches us (or we approach the source)

    OR
    Decrease in pitch when the source recedes from us (or we
    recede from the source), whose origin is straightforward.
    The Doppler effect in sound varies depending on whether the
    source or the observer or both are moving.

    But
    This appears to violate the principle of relativity:

    Because all that should count is the relative motion of source


    and observer.
    Here, one thing we should consider that sound is a
    mechanical wave which requires medium to propagate
    from one to another.

    The sound waves occur only in a material medium such


    as air or water and

    This medium is itself a frame of reference with respect


    to which motions of source and observer are
    measurable.

    There is no contradiction.

    But for the light it is NOT the case.


    For light …NO medium is involved and only relative
    motion of source and observer is meaningful.

    Therefore,

    The Doppler effect in light must be


    different from that in sound.
    Doppler effect on frequency when source
    approaching observer
    This is known as the Doppler Effect.
    The relationship between the source frequency ν0 and
    the observed frequency ν is given by

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