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    Chapter V Logical Reasoning

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    Alda Betterthanyou
    Logical reasoning involves using premises and relations between premises to logically infer conclusions. There are two main types: deductive reasoning which uses general premises to reach specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which uses observations to derive general conclusions. Logical reasoning tests evaluate a person's ability to analyze data and draw logical conclusions. These include inductive reasoning which looks for patterns to assess complex situations, deductive reasoning which uses general information to reach specific conclusions, and abstract reasoning which identifies trends and differences in patterns. Logical process modeling represents business processes by detailing all activities from initial data gathering to outcome. It describes gathering and controlling data, determining next tasks, delivering data to tasks, ensuring all data and actions occur, and accepting results. The

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    Chapter V Logical Reasoning

    Uploaded by

    Alda Betterthanyou
    20 views5 pages
    Logical reasoning involves using premises and relations between premises to logically infer conclusions. There are two main types: deductive reasoning which uses general premises to reach specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which uses observations to derive general conclusions. Logical reasoning tests evaluate a person's ability to analyze data and draw logical conclusions. These include inductive reasoning which looks for patterns to assess complex situations, deductive reasoning which uses general information to reach specific conclusions, and abstract reasoning which identifies trends and differences in patterns. Logical process modeling represents business processes by detailing all activities from initial data gathering to outcome. It describes gathering and controlling data, determining next tasks, delivering data to tasks, ensuring all data and actions occur, and accepting results. The

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    Logical reasoning involves using premises and relations between premises to logically infer conclusions. There are two main types: deductive reasoning which uses general premises to reach specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which uses observations to derive general conclusions. Logical reasoning tests evaluate a person's ability to analyze data and draw logical conclusions. These include inductive reasoning which looks for patterns to assess complex situations, deductive reasoning which uses general information to reach specific conclusions, and abstract reasoning which identifies trends and differences in patterns. Logical process modeling represents business processes by detailing all activities from initial data gathering to outcome. It describes gathering and controlling data, determining next tasks, delivering data to tasks, ensuring all data and actions occur, and accepting results. The

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    20 views5 pages

    Chapter V Logical Reasoning

    Uploaded by

    Alda Betterthanyou
    Logical reasoning involves using premises and relations between premises to logically infer conclusions. There are two main types: deductive reasoning which uses general premises to reach specific conclusions, and inductive reasoning which uses observations to derive general conclusions. Logical reasoning tests evaluate a person's ability to analyze data and draw logical conclusions. These include inductive reasoning which looks for patterns to assess complex situations, deductive reasoning which uses general information to reach specific conclusions, and abstract reasoning which identifies trends and differences in patterns. Logical process modeling represents business processes by detailing all activities from initial data gathering to outcome. It describes gathering and controlling data, determining next tasks, delivering data to tasks, ensuring all data and actions occur, and accepting results. The

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    of 5

    CHAPTER V LOGICAL REASONING

    A. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING


    Logical reasoning is a form of thinking in which premises and relations between premises are
    used in a rigorous manner to infer conclusions that are entailed (or implied) by the premises and
    the relations. Different forms of logical reasoning are recognized in philosophy of science and
    artificial intelligence. Deductive reasoning, considered typical of mathematics, starts with
    premises and relations, which lead to a conclusion. For example, if A = B and B = C (the
    premises), the inevitable conclusion is that A = C because equality is a transitive relation. Note
    that if A ≠ B and B ≠ C, it is not possible to draw the conclusion that A ≠ C because inequality is
    not a transitive relation. Inductive reasoning, necessary in empirical sciences, uses observations
    to arrive at premises as well as relations between premises, which are then used to arrive at
    conclusions.

    B. WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT LOGICAL REASONING

    These tests evaluate a person’s capacity to analyse given data and draw logical conclusions. A
    deeper inquiry can reveal versatile character traits that can demonstrate if you’re good at
    problem-solving or flexible thinking. Different tests target different logical thinking skills.
    Inductive reasoning is an ability to come to conclusions relying on the patterns and sequences to
    assess the situation as a complex whole. Inductive reasoning is used every day for basic planning
    such as time management and task setting. Inductive reasoning abilities can demonstrate how
    good you will be with business routines.
    Deductive reasoning involves coming to specific conclusions about a situation or an object using
    general information. For example, Michelangelo is your friend’s tortoise, all tortoises eat fruit,
    therefore Michelangelo will eat an apple. Deductive reasoning plays a crucial role in creative
    problem-solving as it involves finding solutions on limited information.
    Abstract reasoning is also called conceptual reasoning as it also uses conceptual thinking.
    Abstract reasoning is used to identify trends, logical rules, or differences in patterns. The levels
    of abstract reasoning ability show the flexibility of your intellectual abilities and determine how
    well you handle new skills and your potential for career growth.
    How to pass logical reasoning tests
    Solving these tests doesn’t require specific knowledge or skills, they evaluate your way of
    thinking, so your main objective is to keep calm and take the tasks one at a time.
    Don’t overthink them. Read the description and choose a suitable answer, no matter how easy it
    may sound.
    Don’t rush, but don’t spend too much time on a question you can’t figure out; skip it and return
    to it later. Giving a hard task a second look might help you spot a sequence or pattern you didn’t
    notice first time around.
    Be prepared. The best way to avoid rookie mistakes is to practise. This familiarity will help you
    to plan your time and build your potential for success.

    C. TYPES OF REASONING
    There are 4 types of reasonings:-
    1. Deductive Reasoning:- Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific.
    Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. We might begin with thinking up a
    theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that
    we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the
    hypotheses.
    2. Inductive Reasoning:- Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific
    observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a
    "bottom up" approach (please note that it's "bottom up" and not "bottoms up" which is the kind
    of thing the bartender says to customers when he's trying to close for the night!). In inductive
    reasoning, we begin with specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and
    regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up
    developing some general conclusions or theories.
    3. Critical Thinking:- Critical thinking is a process of rational thought that seeks to draw
    conclusion in an objective thorough and inform manner.
    4. Intution :- Intuition are judgements that are made by the mind perceived by the unconcious .
    Such judgements exhibit intelligence but the processes by which they are generated are not well
    understood.

    CHAPTER VI LOGICAL PROCESS

    A. WHAT IS LOGICAL PROCESS


    Logical Process Modeling is the representation of a business process, detailing all the activities
    in the process from gathering the initial data to reaching the desired outcome. These are the

    kinds of activities described in a logical process model:


     Gathering the data to be acted upon
     Controlling access to the data during the process execution
     Determining which work task in the process should be accomplished next
     Delivering the appropriate subset of the data to the corresponding work task
     Assuring that all necessary data exists and all required actions have been performed at
    each task
     Providing a mechanism to indicate acceptance of the results of the process, such as,
    electronic “signatures”
    All business processes are made up of these actions. The most complex of processes can be
    broken down into these concepts. The complexity comes in the manner in which the process
    activities are
    connected together. Some activities may occur in sequential order, while some may be
    performed in parallel. There may be circular paths in the process (a re-work loop, for example).
    It is likely
    there will be some combination of these.
    The movement of data and the decisions made determining the paths the data follow during the
    process comprise the process model. The contains only business activities, uses business
    terminology
    (not software acronyms, technical jargon, etc.…), completely describes the activities of the
    business area being modeled, and is independent of any individual or position working in the
    organization. Like its sibling, Logical Data Modeling, Logical Process Modeling does not
    include redundant activities, technology dependent activities, physical limitations or
    requirements or
    current systems limitations or requirements. The process model is a representation of the
    business view of the set of activities under analysis.
    Heretofore, many applications and systems were built without a logical process model or a
    rigorous examination of the processes needed to accomplish the business goals. This resulted in
    applications that did not meet the needs of the users and / or were difficult to maintain and
    enhance.
    Problems with an unmodeled system include the following:
     Not knowing who is in possession of the data at any point in time
     Lack of control over access to the data at any point in the process
     Inability to determine quickly where in the process the data resides and how long it has
    been there
     Difficulties in making adjustments to a specific execution of a business process
     Inconsistent process execution
    B. WHAT IS LOGICAL PROCESS MODEL

    Logical process modeling methods provide a description of the logical flow of data through a
    business process. They do not necessarily provide details about how decisions are made or how
    tasks are
    chosen during the process execution. They may be either manual or electronic, or a combination
    of methods. Some of the logical modeling formats are:
     Written process descriptions
     Flow charts
     Data flow diagrams
     Function hierarchies
     Real-time models or state machines
     Functional dependency diagrams
    A function is a high-level activity of an organization; a process is an activity of a business area; a
    sequential process is the lowest-level activity. Therefore:
    Functions consist of Processes. Functions are usually identified at the planning stage of
    development, and can be decomposed into other functions or into processes. Some examples of
    Functions would include: Human Resource Management, Marketing, Claims Processing
    Processes consist of Sequential Processes. Processes are activities that have a beginning and an
    end; they transform data and are more detailed than functions. They can be decomposed into
    other
    processes or into Sequential Processes. Some examples of Processes would be: Make Payment,
    Produce Statement of Account, Verify Employment
    Sequential Processes are specific tasks performed by the business area, and, like a process,
    transform data. They cannot be further decomposed. Examples of Sequential Processes are:
    Record Customer
    Information, Validate Social Security Number, Calculate Amount Due
    Each business activity in a logical process model is included in a decomposition diagram, given a
    meaningful name and described in detail with text. As in Logical Data Modeling, naming
    conventions
    are quite important in process modeling. Names for processes begin with a verb and should be as
    unique as possible while retaining meaning to the business users. Nouns used in the activity
    name
    should be defined and used consistently. In a decomposition diagram, each level completely
    describes the level above it and should be understandable to all appropriate business users.

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