Active Learning Task 9 Review Part 1

100 Points: Total based on points shown for each problem. Immediately below is a table of
formulas you may or not need for ALT 11.

Formula Description
Class Interval Width = Calculates the width of class intervals for a
( X Largest −X Smallest ) +1 frequency distribution based on the number of
Number of Class Intervals desired intervals
Relative Frequency (rf) = Calculates the relative frequency of scores in
a class interval.
Number of occurrences of the score .
Total number of scores .
Percent Frequency (%f) = rf X 100 Calculates the percentage of scores in a class
interval.
ΣX Calculates the mean of a sample.
X=
n

ΣX Calculates the mean of a population.

μ=
N

Range = XHighest – XLowest Calculates the range of a sample or

population.
IQR = X75 – X25
Calculates the range of scores that include the
middle 50% of a distribution.

SIQR = IQR/2 = (X75 – X25)/2

Calculates the range of scores that include the
middle 25% of a distribution.
2 ∑ ( X−μ ) 2 Calculates the variance of a population.
σ =
N

∑ ( X−μ ) 2 Calculates the standard deviation of the

σ=
√ N
population.

∑
2 ( X− X ) 2 Calculates the variance of a sample as an
s ¿ unbiased estimate of the population variance.
n−1

∑ ( X−X ) 2 Calculates the standard deviation of a sample

s¿
√ n−1
as an unbiased estimate of the population
standard deviation.
X - µ Calculates the z score value for an individual
Z =
obs
s raw score value, using population values for
mean and standard deviation.
 X −X Calculates the z score value for an individual
Z obs=
s raw score value, using sample values for
mean and standard deviation.
Probability (of A) = Calculates the empirical probability of an
event A.
Number of possible occurrences of target event A .
Total number of possible event outcomes .

Calculates the standard error of the sampling

σ distribution of the mean from population data.
σ X=
√n
s Calculates the standard error of the sampling
sX =
√n distribution of the mean from sample data,
using the unbiased estimate of the population
standard deviation.
X −μ x Calculates the z score for a sample mean,
ZX= within a sampling distribution using
σX
population mean and standard deviation.
X −μ x Calculates the z score for a sample mean,
ZX= within a sampling distribution using
sX
population mean and the unbiased sample
standard deviation.
X −1.96 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X + 1.96 ( s X ) Calculates the 95% confidence interval on the
sample mean as an estimate of the unknown
population mean.
X −2.58 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X + 2.58 ( s X ) Calculates the 99% confidence interval on the
sample mean as an estimate of the unknown
population mean.

A researcher interested in cognitive aging decides to test the hypothesis IQ declines with age
because of loss of cardiovascular and respiratory capacity with age. He knows that mean IQ (μ ¿
of the US population is 98 with a standard deviation of 15 ( σ ) . He recruits a sample of 16, 70-
year-old adults from the population of Americans to participate in a test of his research
hypothesis.

He provides each of the 16 participant with a stationary bicycle for home use and engages them
in a monitored exercise routine for a 6-month period. After a gradual build up in the first month,
the sample participants cycle at moderate intensity for 60-minutes a day, 5 times a week for the
five months.

At the end of 6 months he measures the IQ of these 16 participants.

The data he collected from the 16, 70-year-old aerobic exercisers is shown in the table below:
 Row Exercise ( X −X ) ( X −X )2
Labels X

1 105 -7 49
2 106 -6 36
3 107 -5 25
4 108 -4 16
5 109 -3 9
6 110 -2 4
7 111 -1 1
8 112 0 0
9 112 0 0
10 113 1 1
11 114 2 4
12 115 3 9
13 116 4 16
14 117 5 25
15 118 6 36
16 119 7 49

Sums 0.00 280.00

Mean 112
Median 112
Mode 112
Variance 18.6666667
Std Dev 4.3204938

1. Compute the Mean, Median Mode, Variance, and Standard Deviation for these data. Paste
copies of any formula you use here and show your answers in the last 5 rows of the table,
above. An Excel template is available on Blackboard. (10 points)
( X− X ) 2 ΣX
Variance: s2 ¿ ∑ mean: X =
n−1 n
∑ ( X−X ) 2
√
Standard Deviation: s ¿
n−1

2. Based on the similarity and differences in the values of the mean, median and mode would
you describe this distribution of scores as (2 points):
a. approximately symmetrical.
b. negatively skewed.
c. positively skewed.
d. perfectly symmetrical.
 3. The researcher described above predicted that 6-months of aerobic exercise training will
increase IQ. (one tailed) Test this researcher’s hypothesis using the 5-step hypothesis testing
procedure described in Lecture 11-2. These 5-steps are summarized in the PowerPoint slides
for Lecture 11-2, should you need to refresh your memory. Justify your choice of a
probability criterion in Step 2. This table provides the Z score critical values for the four
frequently used hypothesis testing situations you may choose to use. (23 points)

Two Tailed, Non-Directional One Tailed, Directional

∝level .05 .01 .05 .01
Z Critical 1.96 2.58 1.64 2.33
Copy and paste the appropriate figure in Step 3 of problem 3 and problem 8, to describe the
rejection region of your hypothesis test:

H0 Less than or equal to 98

H1Is greater than 98

Level of α =0.05, more likely to find a statistically significant outcome.

Critical limit 1.64, any score larger means we reject the null
X −μ x
ZX= = 112-98/3.75=3.73
sX
15
for pop.= sigma X = =3.75
√ 16
We find our test statistic to be 3.73 which is greater than zcrit of 1.64, therefore we reject the null hypothesis.
4. Compute the 95% confidence interval for the sample mean ( X ) and the sample standard
deviation (s) you computed for Question 1. (10 points)
X −1.96 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X + 1.96 ( s X )
112−1.96 ( 1.08 ) ≤ μ ≤112+1.96 ( 1.08 )
109.88 ≤ μ ≤ 114.12

5. In a few sentences, compare and contrast what the results of your hypothesis test tell you
versus what information the 95% confidence interval provides. (5 points)

98 does not fall in the boundary we have created. This confidence interval confirms that the
sample mean of 112 excludes the possibility of 98.
The researcher interested in cognitive aging decides to conduct a different test of his hypothesis
that IQ declines with age because of loss of cardiovascular and respiratory capacity with age. He
knows that mean IQ (μ ¿of the US population is 98 with a standard deviation of 15 ( σ ) . He
recruits 16, 70-year-old adults from the population of Americans to participate in a test of his
research hypothesis.

He pays his 16 participants to watch at least 14 hours of streaming video, every day for 6 months
on the 80” flat screen TVs he provides, from the comfort of adjustable beds he also provides.

At the end of 6 months he measures the IQ of these 16 participants.

The IQ data he collected from the 16, 70-year-old, bedridden, video streaming “WALLYS” is
shown in the table below:

Row WALLYS ( X −X ) ( X −X )2
Labels X
1 50 -44 1936
2 73 -21 441
3 80 -14 196
4 90 -4 16
5 91 -3 9
6 92 -2 4
7 93 -1 1
8 94 0 0
9 94 0 0
10 95 1 1
11 96 2 4
12 97 3 9
13 98 4 16
14 108 14 196
15 115 21 441
16 138 44 1936

Sums 0 5206
Mean 94
Median 94
Mode 94
Variance 347.066667
Std Dev 18.6297254

6. Compute the Mean, Median Mode, Variance, and Standard Deviation for these data. Paste
copies of any formula you use here and show your answers in the last 5 rows of the table,
above. An Excel template is available on Blackboard. (10 points)
 ∑ ( X− X ) 2 ΣX
mean: X =
2
Variance: s ¿
n−1 n
∑ ( X−X ) 2
√
Standard Deviation: s ¿
n−1

7. Based on the similarity and differences in the values of the mean, median and mode would
you describe this distribution of scores as (2 points)
a. approximately symmetrical.
b. negatively skewed.
c. positively skewed.
d. perfectly symmetrical.

8. Use your own judgment to decide what pair of statistical hypothesis make most sense to use
for this research situation. Use the 5-step hypothesis testing procedure described in Lecture 11-2
to conduct what you believe to be the most reasonable analysis of these data. These 5-steps are
summarized in the PowerPoint slides for Lecture 11-2, should you need to refresh your memory.
Justify your choice of a probability criterion in Step 2 and copy and paste the appropriate figure,
from above, for Step 3. This table provides the Z score critical values for the four frequently
used hypothesis testing situations you may choose to use. (23 points)

Two Tailed, Non-Directional One Tailed, Directional

∝level .05 .01 .05 .01
Z Critical 1.96 2.58 1.64 2.33

Ho =greater than or equal to 98

H1 =less than 98
Level of α =0.05, more likely to find a statistically significant outcome.
Critical limit 1.64, any score less than means we reject the null
X −μ x
ZX= = 94-98/3.75= -/+1.06
sX
15
sigma X = = 3.75
√16
Since 1.06 falls closer to the mean than 1.64, We fail to reject the null hypothesis
9. Compute the 95% confidence interval for the sample mean ( X )and the sample standard
deviation (s) you computed for Question 6. (10 points)
X −1.96 ( 4.66 ) ≤ μ ≤ X +1.96 ( 4.66 )
94−1.96 ( 4.66 ) ≤ μ ≤ 94+1.96

84.87 ≤ μ ≤103.13

10. In a few sentences, compare and contrast what the results of your hypothesis test tell you
versus what information the 95% confidence interval provides. (5 points)

We fail to reject the null hypothesis, calculating the critical value of the Z score. -1.06 was
greater than -1.64, closer to the mean,
Our confidence interval of 84.87 to 103.13 contains the mean of 94.
We can be 95% confident that our mean falls within the given confidence interval.