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Neoclassical Economics

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Neoclassical economics

The preceding portrait of microeconomics and macroeconomics is characteristic of the elementary


orthodox economics offered in undergraduate courses in the West, often under the heading
“neoclassical economics.” Given its name by Veblen at the turn of the 20th century, this approach
emphasizes the way in which firms and individuals maximize their objectives. Only at the graduate level
do students encounter the many important economic problems and aspects of economic behaviour that
are not caught in the neoclassical net. For example, economics is, first and foremost, the study of
competition, but neoclassical economics focuses almost exclusively on one kind of competition—price
competition. This focus fails to consider other competitive approaches, such as quantity competition
(evidenced by discount stores, such as the American merchandising giant Wal-Mart, that use economies
of scale to pass cost savings onto consumers) and quality competition (seen in product innovations and
other forms of nonprice competition such as convenient location, better servicing, and faster deliveries).
Advertising also plays an important role in the process of competition—in fact, it may be more
significant than the competitive strategies of raising or lowering prices, yet standard neoclassical
economics has little to say about advertising. The neoclassical approach also tends to ignore the
complex nature of business enterprises and the organizational structures that guide effective
production. In short, neoclassical economics makes important points about pricing and competition, but
in its strictest definition it is not equipped to deal with the varied economic problems of the modern
world.

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