Surface Coating: Toxicology Considerations in Nanomedicine

Surface Coating
Surface coatings are used to protect the surface of magnesium and

its alloys to prevent their direct contact with air and moisture so that
the electrochemical corrosion reactions described above will not
occur or occur at a very low rate Surface coatings are frequently
applied in one or more layers to customize QD for specific
applications, such as the use of hydrophilic coatings to increase
solubility in biologically compatible medium, coatings (or ‘shells’)
that reduce leaching of metals from the core and reactive surface
groups that facilitate conjugation to therapeutic and diagnostic
macromolecules, receptor ligands, or antibodies.
Toxicology Considerations in Nanomedicine
Surface coating can be utilized on nanomaterial for modifying or

diminishing the adverse effects associated with them. Surface
coatings can also be used to modify properties like stabilization
of particles and arrest dissolution and discharge of noxious ions .
Coating on the surface of nanomaterials was used to conceal
surface charge and surface composition. Sometimes coatings on
nanomaterials are degradable and liable in the biological medium
that leave the toxic material in its initial arena. Several reports
suggested that severe inflammatory and immunological responses
can occur due to substances used in surface coating of
nanomaterials. Further in some nanomedicines such as QDs,
coating is necessary in order to limit the adverse affect of core
material (cadmium). Moreover, a coating can increase core’s
robustness, limits ion leaching, and enhances water dispersibility
Self-assembled, nanophase particle coating
Surface coating that enables strong covalent bonding at the substrate–

coating interface can offer an enhanced performance and long-term
stability to a substrate. Nanoparticles and nonstructured, recently, have
gained increasing interest for industrial application such as wear
and abrasion resistance. This novel approach to robust interface
bonding is based on a preformed, self-assembled, nanophase particle
sol–gel system that has the potential to produce a fully dense protective
surface coating. The fundamental principle is to generate
nanoscale particles from an aqueous solution with an inorganic core by
arresting the particle growth using a surfactant and a subsequent
creation of polymerizable or reactive organic exterior with an inorganic
core. This is further crosslinked with an organic crosslinking agent to
crosslink the nanoparticles to form a dense, protective film on the
substrate Nanostructured surface coating based on SNAPs in a
polymeric matrix can be a potential candidate for wear-resistant,
lubricating coating. Significant property enhancements have been
reported for such hybrid systems including increased toughness, wear
resistance, barrier characteristics, and increased oxidation Therefore, a
polymeric coatingincorporating such a multifunctional nanostructured
component is able to offer many demanding properties of a self-
lubricating surface.
Membrane properties in membrane distillation
Surface coating is a simple and inexpensive method for surface

modification of the membrane and it can be done easily in industrial
operations and also on a large scale. In this way, the membrane structure is
covered by a coated layer. There is a possibility of penetration of the
coated layer into the pores of the membrane, so it should be used in very
high molecular weight polymerfor the coated layer. The coated layer can
be controlled by adjusting the operating parameters. Membranes with a
coated layer have a good stability in the long term without being wet. The
use of these membranes reduces cost and consumption because there is
less heat loss surface between them. coated layer on the membrane surface
is unstable, so it is the major problem in the surface coating method. This
is because there is a relatively weak interaction between the membrane
surface and the coated layer and the coated layer is separated from the
membrane surface during the process or during washing operations. In
order to anchor the coated layer, chemical treatments such
as sulfonation or crosslinking on the membrane surface can be used in
some cases. The surface coating is applied for the surface modification of
both hydrophyllic and hydrophobic surfaces.
Electrochemical and Chemical Modifications of Electrode

Surfaces and Interphases for Li–Ion Batteries
Surface coatings on the composite electrode can be prepared by simple
processes like dip coating and spray pyrolysis.article a dip coating procedure
with a precursor of acrylic monomerand a UV-active initiator which could
be conveniently applied to fabricate thin polymer layers onto
LiCoO2 composite electrodethrough free-radical polymerization.79 More
refined deposition methods (e.g., CVD and ALD), as previously described,
can also be applied at the composite level. A comparative study of
applying a nanoscale Al2O3 coating on both the active material of natural
graphite and its composite electrode by ALD technique was presented.100 It
showed a drastic fading of cycling performance of ALD-treated active
material powders, but superior cell behaviour in the ALD-treated
composite electrode. This indicates that applying coating on the composite
electrode may be favourable to maintain the overall
electric conductivity within the composite.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT WINDOWS: PRESENT AND
FORTHCOMING TECHNOLOGY
Surface coatings with thicknesses in the range 0.01 to 1 μm can modify

the radiative surface properties of glass and thereby
produce end efficiency. Two techniques are in widespread use for
preparing such coatings on the scale of square metres, viz. Sputter
deposition and spray proylysis. A detailed description of the
technologies is not attempted here, but their operating principles and
pros and cons will be outlined.
Surface coated fabrics
Surface coatings applied to filter fabrics can enhance one or more

of the filtration properties of the fabric. The coating may be sprayed
on as a liquid or laid down as a sheet which is then bonded to the
fabric. Microporous polymer coatings may be used to provide a
smoother and fine aperture size to the fabric surface, which may
enable easier detachment of the cake and prolong the lifetime of
the medium.

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Surface Coating

Surface coatings are used to protect the surface of magnesium and

Toxicology Considerations in Nanomedicine

Surface coating can be utilized on nanomaterial for modifying or

Self-assembled, nanophase particle coating

Surface coating that enables strong covalent bonding at the substrate–

Membrane properties in membrane distillation

Surface coating is a simple and inexpensive method for surface

Electrochemical and Chemical Modifications of Electrode

Surface coatings with thicknesses in the range 0.01 to 1 μm can modify

Surface coated fabrics

Surface coatings applied to filter fabrics can enhance one or more

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