Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits: Fluid Power

Fluid Power
1-800-Lab-Volt Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits

www.labvolt.com
86271-10
Instructor Guide
|3086271100000>~
Fluid Power
Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits

Instructor Guide
86271-10
A
First Edition
Published May 2013
© 2009 by Lab-Volt Ltd.

Printed in Canada
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-89640-342-4 (Printed version)

ISBN 978-2-89640-674-6 (CD-ROM)
Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2009

Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2009
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded, or otherwise, without
prior written permission from Lab-Volt Ltd.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a
commitment on the part of Lab-Volt. The Lab-Volt® materials described in this document are
furnished under a license agreement or a nondisclosure agreement.
The Lab-Volt® logo is a registered trademark of Lab-Volt Systems.
Lab-Volt recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their

respective holders.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and trade
names may be used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and
names or their products. Lab-Volt disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade
names other than its own.
Safety and Common Symbols
III
Safety and Common Symbols
IV
To the Instructor
The Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits system, Model 6080-F, is an add-on to the

Hydraulics Fundamentals system, Model 6080-1. It is used to allow students to
develop their skills in troubleshooting.
The components that have been modified to include faults are:
C Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320

C Pressure Reducing Valve, Model 6323
C Double-Acting Cylinder, 2.54-cm Bore, Model 6340
C Double-Acting Cylinder, 3.81-cm Bore, Model 6341
C Bidirectional Motor and Flywheel, Model 6342
How to Use the Faulty Components
In this guide, the faulty components are presented by numerical order with a
description of the mechanical modification, an exercise suggesting where to use the
faulty components, the answers to procedure step questions obtained with the faulty
components, and the answers to Troubleshooting Reports.
The exercises suggested in this manual are taken from the conventional manual
Hydraulics Fundamentals, part number 30794, or from the manuals in job sheet
format corresponding to the five units of the manual Hydraulics Fundamentals. The
manuals in job sheet formats are titled Introduction to Hydraulics (part
number 39888), Fundamentals (part number 39889), Basic Circuits (part
number 39890), Functional Circuits (part number 39891), and Troubleshooting (part
number 39892).
Once the students have completed the Procedure steps of the suggested exercise,
they must complete the Troubleshooting Report shown in Appendix A to demonstrate
that they have correctly identified the component in trouble. It is suggested that you
duplicate the Appendix A and supply a copy to each student group who begins to
troubleshoot a circuit.
Since the students should not know which component is faulty when they perform
the exercises, it is suggested that you setup the circuits to troubleshoot when the
students are absent.
The order in which the faulty components are used is not important.
If you have many hydraulic systems, you can set up many faulty circuits to provide
work for many student groups. In this case, it is suggested to also set up some
circuits without faulty component.
Identification
The faulty components are identified by the letter F or G in the base of the
component. The component must be turned over to see the letter. On the cylinders,
the letter is also engraved on the flange of the cylinder. See Figure 1.
V
To the Instructor
Two Directional Valves, Lever-Operated have been modified. One is identified by the
letter F, and the second by the letter G.
Figure 1. The arrow points toward the letter identifying a faulty component.
Answers to Procedure Step Questions
The answers to procedure step questions that are not affected by the faulty
components are not included in this guide.
Prerequisite
Before performing the troubleshooting tasks suggested in this guide, the students
should have completed the conventional manual Hydraulics Fundamentals, part
number 30794 [or the corresponding manuals in job sheet format titled Introduction
to Hydraulics (part number 39888), Fundamentals (part number 39889), Basic
Circuits (part number 39890), Functional Circuits (part number 39891), and
Troubleshooting (part number 39892)]. This manual (or the corresponding manuals
in job sheet format) is(are) required to perform the exercises suggested in this guide.
Security
C Before a student begins an exercise, ensure that the equipment is in good

condition and does not represent any risk when used.
C Make sure that the students understand the objectives of the work to be done.
VI
Table of Contents
Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320-G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pressure Reducing Valve, Model 6323-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Double-Acting Cylinder, 2.54-cm Bore, Model 6340-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Double-Acting Cylinder, 3.81-cm Bore, Model 6341-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bidirectional Motor and Flywheel, Model 6342-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix A Troubleshooting Report
We Value Your Opinion!
VII
VIII
DIRECTIONAL VALVE, LEVER-OPERATED
Model 6320-F
FAULT DESCRIPTION
The port A of the Directional Valve, Lever-Operated has been partially blocked,
causing an important oil flow rate reduction through this port.
APPLICATION
If you are using the conventional manual Hydraulics Fundamentals, part

number 30794, perform the following:
C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 4-11 of Exercise 4-2 using the faulty
Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320-F.
C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 19 of Exercise 4-2,
Hydraulic Motor Circuits.
If you are using the manuals in job sheet format, perform the following:
C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 2-4 of Job Sheet 2 in the manual
Functional Circuits (part number 39891) using the faulty Directional
Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320-F.
C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 19 of Job Sheet 2,
Hydraulic Motor Circuits.
ANSWERS TO PROCEDURE STEP QUESTIONS
G 11.
Note: The students should observe that the flow rate is limited
to approximately 1.3 L/min (0.34 gal(US)min) when the Relief
Valve is set to 2800 kPa (400 psi). They may stop their
experimentation at this moment and start with the
troubleshooting, or continue to detect other symptoms.
1
G 12. With a standard component:
THEORETICAL VOLUMETRIC
FLOW RATE ACTUAL SPEED
SPEED EFFICIENCY
2.0 L/min 920 r/min @

1134 r/min 81% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.53 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
2.5 L/min 1250 r/min @

1411 r/min 86% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.66 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
3.0 L/min 1580 r/min @

1690 r/min 93% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.79 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
Table 4-4 (or job sheet Table 2-2). Motor speed and efficiency versus flow rate.
With the faulty component:
SPEED EFFICIENCY
1.3 L/min 630 r/min @

736 r/min 86% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.34 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
Unable to set the flow rate to more than 1.3 L/min (0.34 gal(US)/min)
TROUBLESHOOTING REPORT
G 1. No. Unable to set the flow rate to the values asked in the exercise
procedure.
G 2. The Power Unit; Supply and/or Return Manifolds; Directional Valve,

Lever-Operated; Motor; Flowmeter; and Flow Control Valve.
G 3. The flow rate is limited by the Directional Valve, Lever-Operated.
Note: The results obtained in Exercise 4-2 of the conventional

manual Hydraulics Fundamentals, part number 30794 (or in
Job Sheet 2 of the manual Function Circuits, part
number 39891) using the faulty Directional Valve, Lever-
Operated, Model 6320-F, are the same as those obtained with
the faulty Bidirectional Motor and Flywheel, Model 6342-F. You
may mention to the students that different components can
cause the same symptom.
2
DIRECTIONAL VALVE, LEVER-OPERATED
Model 6320-G
FAULT DESCRIPTION
The identification of ports A and B has been reversed on the subplate of the
valve. The valve operation is reversed. See Figure 2.
Figure 2. The identification of the ports A and B on the subplate is reversed.
APPLICATION

Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320-G.
Note: Make sure to connect the hoses as identified on the subplate of

the directional valve to insert the fault in the circuit.
C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 30 of Exercise 3-1, Cylinder

Control.
3
C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 1-5 of Job Sheet 1 in the manual Basic
Circuits (part number 39890) using the faulty Directional Valve,
Lever-Operated, Model 6320-G.
Note: Make sure to connect the hoses as identified on the subplate of

the directional valve to insert the fault in the circuit.
C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 30 of Exercise 3-1, Cylinder

Control.
G 10. With a standard component: Port P connected to port B. Port T

connected to port A.
With the faulty component: Port P connected to port A. Port T

connected to port B.
G 11. With a standard component: Port P connected to port A. Port T

connected to port B.
With the faulty component: Port P connected to port B. Port T

connected to port A.
LEVER POSITION POWER UNIT ACTION
MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go down
MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go up
CENTERED Stationary
Table 3-1 (or job sheet Table 1-1). Power Unit action versus lever position.
MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go up
MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go down
CENTERED Stationary
4
MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go up
MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go down
CENTERED Stationary
MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go down
MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go up
CENTERED Stationary
G 23.
Note: In this step, the students should observe that the Power
Unit is lowering instead of raising when the lever of the
directional valve is moved outward from the valve body.
G 24.
Note: In this step, the students should observe that the Power
Unit is raising instead of lowering when the lever of the
directional valve is moved toward the valve body.
G 1. No. The Power Unit lowers when it should raise, and raises when it
should lower.
G 2. Bad connections, and the Directional Valve, Lever-Operated.
G 3. Directional Valve, Lever-Operated.
5
6
PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
Model 6323-F
FAULT DESCRIPTION
The O-rings of the main spool have been removed. This fault allows the oil to
bypass the main spool, and to simultaneously flow through the regulated and tank
ports. The pressure regulation is erratic, and the circuit pressure is limited
because of the oil flow that continuously returns to the tank. See Figure 3.
Figure 3. The O-rings of the main spool have been removed.
APPLICATION

Pressure Reducing Valve, Model 6323-F.
Pressure Reducing Valves.
Functional Circuits (part number 39891) using the faulty Pressure
Reducing Valve, Model 6323-F.
Pressure Reducing Valves.
7
G 12. With a standard component: Increasing the circuit pressure does not
increase the pressure level downstream
from the Pressure Reducing Valve since the
pressure reading at Pressure Gauge B
remains stuck at 1400 kPa (200 psi) as the
circuit pressure is increased to 3500 kPa
(500 psi).
With the faulty component: No. Unable to increase the circuit pressure
to 3500 kPa (500 psi).
Note: The students should observe that the circuit pressure is

limited to approximately 3500 kPa (500 psi). They may stop
their experimentation at this moment and start with the
troubleshooting, or continue to observe other symptoms.
G 13. With a standard component: The pressure level downstream from the
Pressure Reducing Valve (Pressure Gauge
B) should still be 1400 kPa (200 psi).
With the faulty component: No, it slightly decreases to 1240 kPa

(180 psi).
G 14. With a standard component: As the load (pressure demand) is

decreased, the oil flow rate increases
downstream from the Pressure Reducing
Valve and the pressure reading at Pressure
Gauge B remains stuck on 1400 kPa
(200 psi). When the pressure demand
becomes lower than the 1400-kPa (200-psi)
setting of the Pressure Reducing Valve, the
oil flow rate stops increasing and the
pressure reading at Pressure Gauge B
begins to drop off until the Flow Control
Valve is fully open. At that point, the load
(pressure demand) is minimum, and the
flow rate is maximum (about 3.5 L/min or
0.92 gal(US)/min), while the pressure level
at Pressure Gauge B is minimum (about
400 kPa (60 psi)).
8
With the faulty component: As the load (pressure demand) is

decreased, the pressure reading at
Pressure Gauge B drops off until the Flow
Control Valve is fully open. At that point, the
load (pressure demand) is minimum, and
the flow rate is about 3.0 L/min
(0.8 gal(US)/min) which is slightly less than
the flow obtained with the standard
component, while the pressure level at
Pressure Gauge B is minimum (about
400 kPa (60 psi)).
G 15. With a standard component: As the pressure demand increases, the

pressure at Pressure Gauge B increases
until it reaches 1400 kPa (200 psi), while
the Flowmeter reading remains at the
maximum flow value. The oil flow rate then
decreases, while the pressure at Pressure
Gauge B remains at 1400 kPa (200 psi).
This is because as the pressure demand
increases downstream from the valve, the
spool inside the Pressure Reducing Valve
moves toward its completely-closed
position, allowing less oil to pass into the
valve to limit the downstream pressure at
the 1400-kPa (200-psi) setting of the valve.
With the faulty component: Conversely to the readings obtained with

the standard component, the Flowmeter
reading does not remain at the maximum
flow value until the pressure at Pressure
Gauge B increases until it reaches
1400 kPa (200 psi). The oil flow rate
decreases as soon as the pressure at
Pressure Gauge B increases.
G 16.
Note: With the faulty component, the circuit pressure at
gauge A is about 2100 kPa (300 psi) instead of 3500 kPa
(500 psi) as obtained with a standard component.
9
G 1. No. The pressure regulation is erratic, and the circuit pressure is limited
to about 2100 kPa (300 psi).
G 2. The Power Unit; Relief Valve; Pressure Reducing Valve; Pressure

Gauge A; and Pressure Gauge B.
G 3. The Pressure Reducing Valve is leaking.
10
DOUBLE-ACTING CYLINDER, 2.54-CM BORE
Model 6340-F
FAULT DESCRIPTION
The U-cup packings and the magnet of the cylinder piston have been removed.
This modification allows the oil to bypass the piston. The lack in sealing causes a
reduction in power capability of the cylinder. See Figure 4.
Figure 4. The U-cup packings and the magnet of the cylinder piston have been removed.
APPLICATION

C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 1-26 of the Exercise 1-2 using the faulty
Double-Acting Cylinder, 2.54-cm Bore, Model 6340-F.
Demonstration of Hydraulic Power.
Introduction to Hydraulics (part number 39888) using the faulty Double-Acting
Cylinder, 2.54-cm Bore, Model 6340-F.
Demonstration of Hydraulic Power.
11
G 16. With a standard component: The Power Unit should go up until the
piston rod is fully retracted, then it should
stop.
With the faulty component: The Power Unit should go up until the
piston rod is fully retracted. Once the lever
of the Directional Control Valve is released,
the Power Unit should slowly move
downward.
G 18. With a standard component: The cylinder rod should stop. Thereafter,
the Power Unit should remain immobile
With the faulty component: Momentarily, the cylinder rod should stop.
Thereafter, the Power Unit should move
downward because of the lack in sealing.
G 19. With a standard component: No, it should not.
With the faulty component: Yes. The Power Unit may be already lying
on the floor.
G 1. No. The Power Unit moves downward when the Directional Valve, Push-
Button Operated is at the center position (which is a blocked center).
G 2. The Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, and the Double-Acting Cylinder,

2.54-cm Bore.
G 3. The piston of the Double-Acting Cylinder, 2.54-cm Bore is leaking.
Note: The students may use another Directional Valve, Lever-

Operated or Double-Acting Cylinder, 2.54-cm Bore to identify
the faulty component with certitude.
12
DOUBLE-ACTING CYLINDER, 3.81-CM BORE
Model 6341-F
FAULT DESCRIPTION
A restriction has been added to the quick-connect fitting at the rod-end of the
cylinder. This restriction limits the oil flow rate causing the extension and
retraction times of the cylinder rod to be longer.
APPLICATION

C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 3-5 of Exercise 3-1 using the faulty Double-
Acting Cylinder, 3.81-cm Bore, Model 6341-F.
C Ask the students to perform the Procedure steps of Exercise 3-1, Cylinder
Control.
C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 1-5 of Job Sheet 1 in the manual Basic
Circuits (part number 39890) using the faulty Double-Acting Cylinder, 3.81-cm
Bore, Model 6341-F.
C Ask the students to perform the Procedure steps of Job Sheet 1, Cylinder
Control.
PRESSURE
SYSTEM PRESSURE RETRACTION TIME
CYL. MOVING CYL. STOPPED
2800 kPa (400 psi) 2.5 s @ 38EC (100EF) 1700 kPa (250 psi) 2800 kPa (400 psi)
3500 kPa (500 psi) 2.5 s @ 38EC (100EF) 1700 kPa (250 psi) 3500 kPa (500 psi)
Table 3-3 (or job sheet Table 1-3). Effect of pressure control on cylinder speed.
13
PRESSURE
SYSTEM
RETRACTION TIME
PRESSURE
CYL. MOVING CYL. STOPPED
2800 kPa (400 psi) 5 s @ 38EC (100EF) 2700 kPa (390 psi) 2800 kPa (400 psi)
3500 kPa (500 psi) 5 s @ 38EC (100EF) 3400 kPa (490 psi) 3500 kPa (500 psi)
Table 3-3 (or job sheet Table 1-3). Effect of pressure control on cylinder speed.
G 29. With a standard component: Pressure Gauge A showed the pressure

needed to overcome the resistance of the
load on the cylinder. This resistance
corresponds to the weight of the Power Unit
plus the resistance of the Flow Control
Valve. The pressure will not change
because the weight of the Power Unit and
the resistance of the Flow Control Valve do
not change as the Relief Valve pressure
setting is modified.
With the faulty component: Pressure Gauge A shows different pressure

values for the two relief valve settings. This
means that the pressure indicated by this
meter does not correspond only to the
weight of the Power Unit plus the resistance
of the Flow Control Valve. Another
resistance is present in the circuit.
FLOW CONTROL VALVE SETTING RETRACTION TIME
1 TURN OPEN 3 s @ 38EC (100EF)
3 TURNS OPEN 2 s @ 38EC (100EF)
Table 3-4 (or job sheet Table 1-4). Effect of flow control on cylinder speed.
FLOW CONTROL VALVE SETTING RETRACTION TIME
1 TURN OPEN 6 s @ 38EC (100EF)
3 TURNS OPEN 4 s @ 38EC (100EF)
Table 3-4 (or job sheet Table 1-4). Effect of flow control on cylinder speed.
14
G 1. No. The extension and retraction times of the cylinder rod are much
longer than normal. The cylinder seems to operate with difficulty.

Lever-Operated; Flowmeter; Flow Control Valve; and Double-Acting
Cylinder, 3.81-cm Bore.
G 3. The Double-Acting Cylinder, 3.81-cm Bore operation is erratic.
15
16
BIDIRECTIONAL MOTOR AND FLYWHEEL
Model 6342-F
FAULT DESCRIPTION
One of the quick-connect fittings of the Motor has been partially blocked causing
an important oil flow rate reduction through this fitting.
APPLICATION

Bidirectional Motor and Flywheel, Model 6342-F.
C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 19 of Exercise 4-2, Hydraulic
Motor Circuits.
C Set up the circuit shown in Figure 2-4 of Job Sheet 2 in the manual Functional
Circuits (part number 39891) using the faulty Bidirectional Motor and Flywheel,
Model 6342-F.
C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 19 of Job Sheet 2, Hydraulic
Motor Circuits.
G 11.
Note: The students should observe that the flow rate is limited
to approximately 1.3 L/min (0.34 gal(US)/min) when the Relief
Valve is set to 2800 kPa (400 psi). They may stop their
experimentation at this moment and start with the
troubleshooting, or continue to detect other symptoms.
17
SPEED EFFICIENCY
2.0 L/min 920 r/min @

1134 r/min 81% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.53 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
2.5 L/min 1250 r/min @

1411 r/min 86% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.66 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
3.0 L/min 1580 r/min @

1690 r/min 93% @ 38EC (100EF)
(0.79 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF)
SPEED EFFICIENCY
1.3 L/min 630 r/min @ 86% @

736 r/min
(0.34 gal(US)/min) 38EC (100EF) 38EC (100EF)
Unable to set the flow rate to more than 1.3 L/min (0.34 gal(US)/min)
G 1. No. Unable to set the flow rate to the values shown in the exercise
procedure.

Lever-Operated; Motor; Flowmeter, and Flow Control Valve.
G 3. The flow rate is limited by the Motor.
Note: The results obtained in Exercise 4-2 of the conventional

manual Hydraulics Fundamentals, part number 30794 (or in
Figure 2-4 of Job Sheet 2 of the manual Function Circuits, part
number 39891) using the faulty Directional Valve, Lever-
Operated, Model 6320-F, are the same as those obtained with
the faulty Bidirectional Motor and Flywheel, Model 6342-F. You
may mention to the students that different components can
cause the same symptom.
18
Appendix A
Troubleshooting Report
G 1. Once the Procedure steps are completed, can you conclude that the
circuit operates normally? If not, describe the symptom(s).
G 2. Identify the component(s) that can cause the fault.
G 3. Analyze your circuit and/or test the suspected components (out of the
circuit or by modifying the circuit connections) to identify the component
that is the most probable cause of the fault. You may also compare the
actual results with those previously obtained with the standard
components.
Name the faulty component and give a brief description of the fault
(where applicable, describe your approach to identify the component).
G 4. Ask the instructor to validate your conclusion.
A-1
We Value Your Opinion!
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innovative systems to meet the needs of our users. Please contact us by e-mail at:
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Fluid Power

1-800-Lab-Volt Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits

Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits

© 2009 by Lab-Volt Ltd.

ISBN 978-2-89640-342-4 (Printed version)

Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2009

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

The Lab-Volt® logo is a registered trademark of Lab-Volt Systems.

Lab-Volt recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their

The Troubleshooting Hydraulic Circuits system, Model 6080-F, is an add-on to the

The components that have been modified to include faults are:

C Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320

How to Use the Faulty Components

Answers to Procedure Step Questions

C Before a student begins an exercise, ensure that the equipment is in good

Directional Valve, Lever-Operated, Model 6320-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Appendix A Troubleshooting Report

We Value Your Opinion!

DIRECTIONAL VALVE, LEVER-OPERATED

If you are using the conventional manual Hydraulics Fundamentals, part

ANSWERS TO PROCEDURE STEP QUESTIONS

G 12. With a standard component:

2.0 L/min 920 r/min @

2.5 L/min 1250 r/min @

3.0 L/min 1580 r/min @

With the faulty component:

1.3 L/min 630 r/min @

G 2. The Power Unit; Supply and/or Return Manifolds; Directional Valve,

G 3. The flow rate is limited by the Directional Valve, Lever-Operated.

Note: The results obtained in Exercise 4-2 of the conventional

DIRECTIONAL VALVE, LEVER-OPERATED

Figure 2. The identification of the ports A and B on the subplate is reversed.

If you are using the conventional manual Hydraulics Fundamentals, part

Note: Make sure to connect the hoses as identified on the subplate of

C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 30 of Exercise 3-1, Cylinder

Note: Make sure to connect the hoses as identified on the subplate of

C Ask the students to perform Procedure steps 1 to 30 of Exercise 3-1, Cylinder

ANSWERS TO PROCEDURE STEP QUESTIONS

G 10. With a standard component: Port P connected to port B. Port T

With the faulty component: Port P connected to port A. Port T

G 11. With a standard component: Port P connected to port A. Port T

With the faulty component: Port P connected to port B. Port T

G 12. With a standard component:

LEVER POSITION POWER UNIT ACTION

MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go down

MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go up

With the faulty component:

LEVER POSITION POWER UNIT ACTION

MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go up

MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go down

G 16. With a standard component:

LEVER POSITION POWER UNIT ACTION

MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go up

MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go down

With the faulty component:

LEVER POSITION POWER UNIT ACTION

MOVED TOWARD VALVE BODY Go down

MOVED OUTWARD FROM VALVE BODY Go up

G 2. Bad connections, and the Directional Valve, Lever-Operated.