Artificial Intelligence Basics

Artificial intelligence
Artificial developmentArtificial lifeCellular evolutionary algorithmCultural algorithmDifferential

evolutionEffective fitnessEvolutionary computationEvolution strategyGaussian
adaptationEvolutionary multimodal optimizationGrammatical evolutionParticle swarm
optimizationMemetic algorithmNatural evolution strategyNeuroevolutionPromoter based genetic
algorithmSpiral optimization algorithmSelf-modifying codePolymorphic code
Genetic algorithm
ChromosomeClonal selection algorithmCrossoverMutationGenetic memoryGenetic fuzzy

systemsSelectionFly algorithm
Genetic programming
Cartesian genetic programmingLinear genetic programmingMulti expression

programmingSchemaEuriskoParity benchmark
vte
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence
displayed by humans and animals, which involves consciousness and emotionality. The distinction
between the former and the latter categories is often revealed by the acronym chosen. 'Strong' AI is
usually labelled as AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) while attempts to emulate 'natural'
intelligence have been called ABI (Artificial Biological Intelligence). Leading AI textbooks define the
field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions
that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.[3] Colloquially, the term "artificial
intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that
humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".[4]
As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often
removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect.[5] A quip in Tesler's
Theorem says "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet."[6] For instance, optical character recognition is
frequently excluded from things considered to be AI,[7] having become a routine technology.[8]
Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human
speech,[9] competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go),[10]
autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, and military
simulations.[11]
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1955, and in the years since has
experienced several waves of optimism,[12][13] followed by disappointment and the loss of funding
(known as an "AI winter"),[14][15] followed by new approaches, success and renewed
funding.[13][16] After AlphaGo successfully defeated a professional Go player in 2015, artificial
intelligence once again attracted widespread global attention.[17] For most of its history, AI research
has been divided into sub-fields that often fail to communicate with each other.[18] These sub-fields
are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g. "robotics" or "machine
learning"),[19] the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical
differences.[22][23][24] Sub-fields have also been based on social factors (particular institutions or
the work of particular researchers).[18]
The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation,
planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and manipulate
objects.[19] General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals.[25] Approaches include
statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in
AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural networks, and
methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science,
information engineering, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many other fields.
The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely described
that a machine can be made to simulate it".[26] This raises philosophical arguments about the mind
and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence. These issues have
been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[31] Some people also consider AI to
be a danger to humanity if it progresses unabated.[32][33] Others believe that AI, unlike previous
technological revolutions, will create a risk of mass unemployment.[34]
In the twenty-first century, AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent

advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI
techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many
challenging problems in computer science, software engineering and operations research.[35][16]

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Artificial intelligence

Artificial developmentArtificial lifeCellular evolutionary algorithmCultural algorithmDifferential

ChromosomeClonal selection algorithmCrossoverMutationGenetic memoryGenetic fuzzy

Cartesian genetic programmingLinear genetic programmingMulti expression

In the twenty-first century, AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent

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