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    4 Transducer Bridges and Amplifiers

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    nebil
    electronics strain gauge

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    4 Transducer Bridges and Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    nebil
    26 views2 pages
    electronics strain gauge

    Original Title

    978-1-349-13345-1_4

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    electronics strain gauge

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views2 pages

    4 Transducer Bridges and Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    nebil
    electronics strain gauge

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    4 Transducer Bridges and

    Amplifiers

    In the previous chapter we discussed transducers for all the main forms of energy
    except the electrical form. Electrical transducers may be modifiers, self-
    generators or modulators, of course, but the most important here are those
    having an electrical output, such as amplifiers and bridge circuits, since these are
    usually required to follow the transducers already discussed. Both are strictly
    modulators, since they involve a separate power source which is modulated by
    the (small) electrical signal. It is necessary to consider these devices at this stage
    so that we can deduce the responsivities of the transducers to be discussed in the
    next chapter.

    4.1 Transducer bridges

    As we have seen above, many transducers are modulators and control the flow of
    (usually electrical) energy. For example, a thermistor transduces temperature into
    change in resistance, but to obtain a usable signal a current must be applied and
    the resulting voltage measured. In general, where the transduction is into an
    electrical form, such as resistance, capacitance or inductance, some form of
    bridge circuit is required. Bridges may be excited by direct current, in which case
    they are always resistive, or by alternating current, when they may be resistive,
    capacitive or inductive.

    4.1.1 D.c. bridges (resistive)

    The most general form of resistive bridge is the four-arm arrangement, shown in
    figure 4.1 together with its equivalent circuit. Any one or all of the resistors may
    actually represent transducers. In measuring temperature one arm may be a
    thermistor and the others fixed (or variable) resistors; alternatively, in measuring
    strain with a cantilever beam, all four arms could be suitably connected strain
    gauges.

    40
    M.J. Usher et al., Sensors and Transducers
    © M.J. Usher and D.A. Keating 1996
    TRANSDUCER BRIDGES AND AMPLIFIERS 41

    +V

    .~ R,
    .~ . R3

    v.
    :~
    . R2 ·~ R4

    -V

    Figure 4.1 General d.c. resistive bridge and its equivalent circuit.

    There are three cases of interest.

    (i) Double push-pull: all four anns are identical transducers, with
    Rt = R2 = R3 = Rt = R
    and

    The equivalent circuit reduces to that in figure 4.2(a).


    (ii) Single push-pull: Rt and R2 are transducers with
    Rt = R2 = R
    and
    l)Rt = -l)R2 = l)R
    R3 and Rt are fixed and equal (often equal toR).
    The equivalent circuit becomes that in figure 4.2(b).
    (iii) Simple transducer: R 1 is the only transducer. Usually

    Rt = R2 = R3 = Rt = R
    We now have the equivalent circuit of figure 4.2(c).

    Note that in figure 4.2(c) the resistance of R1 in parallel with R2 does not
    remain constant, unlike cases (a) and (b) where 3R1 = -3R2 • This causes a non-
    linear output for large changes in R1·

    4.1.2 A.c. bridges

    An a.c.-excited resistive bridge could, of course, be obtained by simply replacing

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