EconomicGeology

Vol. 80, 1985, pp. 666-687

Pb-Zn Depositsand Salt-BearingDiapirs in SouthernEurope

and North Africa

H. ROUVIER,
UniversitdP. et M. Curie,Laboratoirede GdologieAppliqude,4, placeJussieu,75230 ParisCedex05, France

V. PERTHUISOT,
Laboratoirede Gdologie,EcoleNormaleSupdrieure,45, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, Cedex05, France

AND A. MANSOURI

OfficeNational desMinesde Tunisie,26, rue d'Angleterre,Tunis,Tunisia

Abstract

Many diapirswith Triassicevaporitesuccessions in southernEurope and North Africa

are accompaniedby strata-boundPb-Zn mineral deposits.These are of two types: (1)
epigeneticmineralizationfilling cavities,exhibitinganalogieswith Mississippi Valley-type
deposits;and (2) syndiagenetic mineralizationin sedimentsrich in organicmaterials.This
secondtype is very similarto the so-called(volcanic)exhalativetype. In mostof theseore
deposits,diapirismseemsto be a determiningfactor in the developmentof basemetal
concentrations.Diapir growth can be divided into four distinct stages:initiation, ascent,
piercement,and subsequentdeformation.Study of North African and southernEuropean
depositshasled to a geneticmodelof diapiremplacement andassociatedPb-Znmineralization.
The sourceof thesemetalsis unknown.The transportof the metalsis providedor facilitated
by the brine from adjacentTriassicevaporites.Depositionof sulfidesoccurswhere the
deep fluidsmeet the upper beds.Thesedepositscan be remobilizedwith eachnew phase
of diapir growth.

Introduction Middle Cretaceousstrata envelopingthe Nefate-

Fedj el Adourndiapir (Laatar,1980). Thesestudies
THE close relationship between certain lead and completedthe resultsobtainedby the OfficeNational
zincconcentrationsandsalt-bearing diapirformations desMines from the neighboringKebbouchdeposit
of Triassicage in North Africa had already been severalyearspreviously.Finally, thanksto the re-
emphasizedby the end of the last century (Levat, sumptionand developmentof exploratorywork
1894). Many of thesedepositswere being exploited aroundthe edgesof the JebelLorbeusdiapir (Giot
before 1914 and their scientificstudyincited some et al., 1981), the TunisianOfficeNationaldesMines
interest (de Launay, 1913). Then the economic (ONM) and teamsfrom the FrenchBureaude Re-
crisis and the Second World War led to the closure
chercheG6ologiqueet Mini•re (BRGM)havedem-
of many minesand only the most importantcould onstratedthe presenceof a depositat Bou Grine
be kept active. These depositsenabled Schneider- which is economicallypromising.
h/Jhn(1941) to perfect his views on the idea of These discoveries should contribute to a resur-
secondaryhydrothermaldepositswhich he estab- genceof a numberof basicresearch themesrelating
lished from his studies in the Black Forest and
to strata-bounddeposits.In effect,hypotheses con-
illustratedwith Alpine examples(Bolze and Schnei- cerning the genesisof base metal depositsin a
derh6hn, 1951; Schneiderh6hn,1954). But interest
subsiding basinin an orogenforelandsuchas that
in North Africandeposits,which had little economic in North Africaare necessarily subjectto constraints
value, fell rapidly. which differ from the constraintsupon deposits
The discoveryof newmetalreservesin the Nefate- formed on the borders of a basin near a terrestrial
Fedj el Adoum• depositcausedrenewedinterestin environment.This has encouragedus to press on
peridiapiricconcentrations in Tunisia.As a resultof with an assessment of both the results obtained on
this discovery,local metallogenicstudieshavedem- the peridiapiricdepositsand their structuraland
onstratedthe presenceof Pb-Zn concentrationsin palcogeographic environment andalsoof the prob-
lemswhich are as yet unresolved.This assessment
•Work by the SociSt$ Tunisienne d'ExpansionMini•re will be completedby the description
of a modelof
(SOTEMI) and the BulgargeomineCompany, 1976-1979. lead-zincmineralizationemplacementaround the

0361-0128/85/S9S/666-2252.50 666
 DIAPIRS IN S. EUROPEAND N. AFRICA 667

peripheries of diapirs which we hope will form a gypsumand rock salt with a few dolomiticinterca-
basis for further discussion and research. latinns (Busson,1967). Only those Triassicbeds
upliftedby diapirismare knownin the north (Fig.
Distribution of Pb-Zn Depositsin Regions 1). These are the equivalentsof the evaporitese-
with Diapiric TriassicRocks quencein the south,which, in fact, they closely
North African ranges resemble.
2. From the Upper Jurassicand duringthe Cre-
Geologicsetting:From the beginningof the Me-
taceous,the deepeningof the Tethys along the
sozoic,the structuraland palcogeographical evolu-
tion of Tunisia and eastern Algeria was broadly as
presentMediterraneancausedthe separationof a
follows: deeply submergedzone in northern Tunisia.Two
typical palcogeographicunits may then be distin-
1. During the Triassic, these regions formed a guished:the Tunisiantroughin the northwest,and
homogeneouspalcogeographicunit. It constituteda the neritic shelf in the south and east which forms
vastshelfwhere neritic sedimentationpredominated the northward extension of the Saharan craton.
with a marked evaporite component.The complete In the Tunisiantrough,the sedimentarysequence
Triassicsequenceonly cropsout in the southof the isverythick(about5,000 m in the Cretaceous
alone
country. The Lower and Middle Triassic units are in the E1 Kef area) and is composedmainly of
composedof sandstonesand dolomites and above carbonatesor detrital beds (limestones,marls,sand-
these lies a thick sequence of some 1,000 m of stones).

x----._•MAGHIREB[/////•//l(Iocalil•
map? () I•.,• • ,n• ""w'"" .•'• •

--' -- Z• •29 '-v •

• •" • • 28• .• • • • rocks
' v• V.• ß ß

•t . • :-' • . • ,•ll ••
• • •*•,' • • -- • •/ • (GroupI)

• • • ' • H•ofhef/bo//yconnected
•/?htheNeogenevo/con/sm
• ,'• (Group2 )
<>o
,,
4,'4,. 0 Touchk•9the Tr/ass/brocks (Group

50 km
i
[• or
/nthe Middle Cretaceous
(neriticfacies)
not Triassic rocks ( Group 4)
touching
.,," $4g !½ASSERIlYE

FIG. 1. Pb-Zn and siderite deposits connected with the Triassic evaporites in the northeast
Maghreb. Numbersrefer to depositslisted in Table 1.
668 ROUVIER,PERTHUISOT,
AND MANSOURI

On the southernneritic shelf, the thicknessesare Tunisia:(a) the Triassicevaporites--athick evaporite

reducedand gapsoccur locally in the sequence. layer at the base of the Mesozoic sequence;(b)
The faciesof somebedsare clearlydifferentfrom marineJurassicand Cretaceoussequencesthat are
their northernequivalents,especiallyin the Upper particularlythick in the northandcontainreef facies
and Middle Cretaceous. Thusthe upper Aptianis in the Middle Cretaceousin the south; and (c) a
represented by a reef facieson the shelfandby a Cenozoic sequencewhich varies both in thickness
deep-waterfaciesin the north (except for a few and in facies.
isolatedreef zonesassociated with the diapirsnear
the shelfitself). From a structuralpoint of view, the initial defor-
3. From the middle Eocene onward, the Tunisian mations which may be detected in the Mesozoic
troughno longerexistedasa paleogeographic unit. were smallandproducedsimplediscordances. They
The first of the Alpine earth movementscaused were due to relative movements of blocks which
emergencein the whole area sothat areasof deep- can be seen in the southand east of the country
water sedimentationpersistedonly farther north. from the upper Aptian onward. The first diapir
The stratigraphicsequenceis markedlydiversified; ascents can be correlated with these initial move-
it becamemoreand more continentalasthe Alpine ments.Most of the diapirsthat crop out at present
progenytook place. were emplacedduring the closeof the Cretaceous,
Typical stratigraphiccolumnsfor the different as will be explainedin more detail below. Most of
paleogeographic unitsduringthe Mesozoicare out- them are situatedin the northernpart of the country,
lined in Figure 2, which thus providesa summary more preciselyin the northern part of the southern
of the essentialcharacteristicsof the lithologyin shelf, in the Tunisian trough, and in even more
northerlyzones.
The first compressionalmovementswhich her-
m NEOGENE aided the beginningof the Alpine tectonicphases
date from the Eocene.They causedminor folding
PALEOGENE -- Upl•er
and the return of halocineticphenomena.During
Middle
the Neogene,compression wasmuchmoreimportant
1000 --
andcausedthe deformationof the preexistingstruc-
o tures. This deformation was most marked to the
TRIASSIC

northwest,toward the interior of the range.In these

internal zonesthe deformationphaseswere accom-
Lower panied by magmatism.
Turonlen
Thus,four unitsor structuralzonesmaybe distin-
Upper
guished from southeastto northwest: (1) a folded
Albion zone with few visiblediapirs;(2) a markedlyfolded
zone where the diapirs are especially large and
numerous--this is the diapir zone aroundthe Tunis-
Teboursouk-E1Kef line (Perthuisot, 1978, 1981);
(3) a zone where tangentialdeformationis the most
marked element, i.e., the nappe zone (Rouvier,
1977); and (4) a zone of numerousdiapirsformsthe
:D 5000
U.I O
I IiLimestone__
ß northward extensionof the diapir zone (2) and is
Upper
Apt•on partly coveredby nappes.It shouldbe noted that
the boundariesof the structuralzonestrendobliquely
acrossthe boundariesof the paleogeographic zones.
u I The diapir zone occursin the north in the Tunisian
Morethan I More than trough and in the southin the southernshelf.
IOO0 m
Characteristicsof the ore deposits:In Tunisia and
TRIASSIC •ß • eastern Algeria the ore deposits are distributed
RIASSIC
spatially around the salt-bearingTriassic outcrops
BASEMENT• BAg EMENT which are aligned on northeast-southwest structural
TUNISIAN TROUGH SHELF ZONE trends (Fig. 1). This preferred direction is one of
the notable characteristicsof maps of the mineral
FIG.2. Schematic stratigraphic
logsin Tunisiaandassociateddepositsof Tunisia (Sainfeld,1952; Nicolini, 1968).
ore deposits.Cap-rockmineralizations are not shownin this
figure. Patterns:
-- -- argillite,marl;-- = argillaceous limestone;The characteristicsand locationsof the ore deposits
III = limestone; .... sandstone; /k/k = evaporite; blank are summarizedin Table 1. An analysisof thistable
= conglomerate. leadsus to distinguishfour groupsof deposits,each
 DIAPIRSIN S. EUROPEAND N. AFRICA 669

of which is characterizedby a particular geologic were associatedwith a particularstratigraphic

facies
settingor age. This distributioninto four groups of the hostrock,for example,Aptianreefsdeveloped
closelycorrespondsto the distributionof mineral on diapiric shoals.
formationsaccordingto the Bulgarianschool(Vas-
sileffand Popov, 1979). Pyrenean-Provenqal
ranges
Geologicsetting:The Basque-Cantabrian
zone
Group 1: Pb-Zn mineralizationwith arsenicand
comprises the southern flanksof the Pyreneesand
antimonyeitherassociated with continental
Neogene
their prolongationalongthe northerncoastof the
strataor situatedimmediatelybelow them (Table 1:
Iberian peninsula.It alsoincludesthe Cantabrian
deposits1, 5 to 12, 18). basin farther south. This vast sedimentarybasin
Group 2: Pb-Zn mineralizationwith arsenicand trends west-northwest-east-southeast and is the
mercuryin fractureslocallyinjectedwith Neogene
counterpartof the Aquitainebasinin France(Fig.
volcanics(Table 1: deposits2, 3, 4). The genetic
3). The basinis itself scarcelydislocated,but its
relationshipbetween mineralizationand volcanism northern and northwesternborderswere subjectto
is hypothetical.
intensePyreneanfoldingduringthe Eocene.
Groups1 and 2 are well developedin the nappe
The stratigraphicsequencewhich may be ob-
zone. Neogenemineralizationis characterizedby served in these regionsis very similar to those
the importanceof karstphenomenain the Neogene describedin Tunisia.Above a Hercynianbasement
beds and even more so below them. The Triassic
the Triassicsequencebeginswith sandstones
and
rocks behave like any other sedimentaryrock in then becomesevaporitic.The Jurassicand Creta-
relation to continental alteration. The karstic Triassic
ceousbeds are marine except for a continental
dolomitesconstitutean excellentreceptaclefor sul-
fides,asin the caseofAYnAllega, Bazina,and Djalta.
episodeat the endof the Jurassicandin the Lower
Cretaceous (Wealdian).The Tertiarybedsare only
The prototypeof the depositsin this zone is that of
J. Hallouf-Sidi bou Aouane where the Senonian coast.
well representedin the northof the areaalongthe
limestones rather than the Triassic rocks became
As in Tunisia, there is a quite clear contrast
karstic(Nicolini, 1968; 1970; Rouvier, 1971; Man- between a shallow shelf zone in the north and west
souri, 1980, 1981). In these groups,the Neogene
volcanism or continental alteration could constitute anda deepersubsiding
zonein the positionof the
Cantabrian basin. This contrast is marked here in
the originalsourceof the metals.
additionby faciesvariations
duringthe Aptian,with
Group3: Pb-Zn mineralizationin rocksenveloping reef facies in the north and west (the Urgonian
the diapirsor in cap-rockbrecciasfrom certainpost-
facies)anddeep-waterfaciesin the basin.
Triassichorizons,which may or may not have been
NumerousTriassicdiapirsoccurin the Cantabrian
reworked (Table 1: deposits 13, 14, 17, 20 to 24,
basinwhere they trend in a west-northwest-east-
27 to 30). This group is well developed in the southeastdirection and generallyhave a regular
Tunisian trough zone.
outline.The initial piercementof thesediapirsdates
Group4: Mineralizationin neriticbeds,especially
from the Cretaceous(Brinkmannand L6gters, 1967;
reefs above or against the diapirs, within Pb-Zn
Kind, 1967). Other diapirsmaybe seenin the Bilbao
deposits(Table 1: deposits 15, 25, 26, 32 to 34)
and Santanderareaswhere they have irregular out-
and siderite deposits (Table 1: 16, 19, 26, 31).
lines asa result of deformationsduring the Pyrenean
Group 4 correspondsto the ore depositsof the
neritic shelf zone. folding.
The Vocontianzone is situatednorth of the Pyr-
It is clear that within each group, a certain enean-Provenqal chain, west of the Alps (Fig. 4).
relationshipexistsbetween the basemetal deposits Duringthe Mesozoicthisregionwasoccupiedby a
and the salt-bearingbodies.Theserelationshipshave stableshelfthat wasprolongedwestwardby the dry
been deducedfrom the following observations:(1) land area of the MassifCentral. It correspondedto
the group 1 Pb-Zn depositshave no direct genetic the forelandof the Alpine orogenicedifice. The
link with Triassichostrocks;(2) the group2 Pb-Zn- stratigraphic
sequencecloselyresembles
that of the
Hg depositshave only deep fracturingin common Basque-Cantabrianzones.LateCretaceousrocksare
with the diapirs--these fractures apparently con- absentin placesbecauseof the emergenceof the
trolled both salt diapirismand Neogene vulcanicity; Pyrenean-Provenqal orogeny.During the Middle
and (3) group 3 and 4 Pb-Zn depositsin the trough Cretaceous,pelagicsedimentationoccurredin the
and on the neritic shelfcouldbe geneticallyrelated Vocontian basin in the center of the Vocontian zone,
to the Triassicdiapirs,if the presenceof a diapir is while reef sedimentation(the Urgonianfacies)oc-
a necessary conditionfor mineralization.
Conversely, curred on the flanks of the zone.
group 3 and 4 deposits could have an indirect The Vocontian basin was folded in an east-west
relationshipwith the diapirs, if the mineralization direction in the south and in a northwest-southeast
670 ROSIER, PERTHUISOT,AND MANSOURI

z • • • z• z
 DIAPIRSIN S. EUROPEAND N. AFRICA 671

+• +• +• +• +• +• +• +•
672 ROUVIER,PERTHUISOT,
ANDMANSOURI

direction in the north. It is crossedby major

faultstrendingnortheast-southwest,
north-south,and
northwest-southeast.
The diapirsare infrequentand
occur at the intersections of these faults.
Characteristicsof the ore deposits:In northern
Spain (Fig. 3), in the Basque-Cantabrianzone, the
zonal distribution of ore depositsis the same as
that of the Tunisiandepositsfor groups3 and 4.
The shelfzonein the northwestis markedby very
importantPb-Zn and sideritedepositsin the Aptian
reefs which are closely comparableto those in
centralTunisia.Theseoccurin the Bilbao(siderite)
andSantander-Reocin (Pb-Zn)areas(Monseur,1961,
1965; Vadala, 1981; Vadala et al., 1981). In the
trough zone in the Cantabrianbasin, a few Pb-Zn
deposits,suchasat Altube,occurnearthe Murguia
diapir (Grabert,1956; von Stackelberg,1967).
In the Vocontianbasin,diapir-relatedbasemetal
depositsare not commonalthoughsomePb-Zn min-
eralizationis found near diapiricTriassicoutcrops
(Fig. 4). Instead mineral depositsof this type are
found in fracturesof Upper Jurassicrocksalong
importantdislocations followingthe C•vennestrends
(NE-SW), but there is no systematic relationshipof
Pb-Zn depositsto Triassicdiapirs. For example,
major mineralizationsuchas that at Pi•mard (Men-
glonmine)is not accompanied by Triassicoutcrops
(Rouvier, 1962). When such a relationshipdoes
occur, the depositis generallynot situatedin the
immediatevicinity of the diapir. This is the case
with the Benivay-Propiacdepositsand those with
celestiteat Condorcet.At Orpierre, the fracture
networkof the ore mineralizationconvergestoward
the Montronddiapirthat is severalkilometersaway.
In the rest of this study,only thosedepositswill
be analyzedwhichprobablyowe their existenceto
the presenceof active diapirism.
Pb-Zn Depositsand Their Relationshipto the
Sedimentaryand Tectonic Evolution of a Salt-
Bearing Diapir: SomeTunisian Examples
Mineralization characteristics

The characteristics of base metal stratiform de-

positssurroundingthe diapirs or occurringin the
cap-rock breccias are illustrated in two Tunisian
examples;one, at Bou Grine, which is scarcely
deformed or not at all, and the other, at Fedj el
Adoun, which has been highly dislocated(Fig. 5A
and B).
At Bou Grine the depositoccursin the northeast-
ern periclinal extremity of a fold whose axis is
occupiedby a Triassicdiapir (Orgeval et al., 1981;
Sahliet al., 1981). The absenceof major concentra-
tionson the flanksof the anticlinesuggests that the
Pb-Zn mineralizationtook place on the top of the
diapiric structure. Only at the periclinal extremity
 DIAPIRSIN S. EUROPEAND N. AFRICA 673

SAAITAAIDEfi'
.•. CAIV
TABR/ AIV Sœ
A Paleogene

Upper

Cretaceous

Middle

, ,o,m, "'"',• •,lAJV'BASIN;I•PLø/vA Cretaceous

ß Triassicrocks
More than
• Pb-Zn deposits IOOOm

Domain of
+++
+ Basement
//•Siderite
+ deposits ß

Basement

FId. 3. Pb-Zn-Badeposits
in the Cantabrian
basin(northernSpain).Seepatternidentification
in
Figure 2.

of the structurehas the ore-bearingcover of the beneath the main Triassic body. This structural
diapir been protected from erosion. arrangementhasbeeninterpretedby Laatar(1980).
At Fedj el Adoum,mostof the ore depositoccurs The mineralizedcap rock is only preservedin the

rn

• Pb-Zn
and/or
Bo-Sr
deposits
ß Triassic
rocksD/EO /
i upper
Cretaceous

Middle
toad Cretaceous
]_

Lower

Cretaceous

/ 200(

EASIN
upper
5OO(
durossIc

4OO(

M)ddle
map•,
Jurossic

x
5OO(
More hon
3000 rn

sEA

FIG. 4.
RANE
AN

Pb-Zn and Ba-Sr depositsin the Vocontianbasin (southeastern

r•Iir..•
ß

France). See pattern

Triass Basement

identificationin Figure 2.
674 ROUVIER,PERTHUISOT,AND MANSOURI

80 m

I• I Bo u G r i ne * *\•----'•,•.•-••-•...•__-•
J A A A • A
/ • • • •
•I I
Upper Senonion:
I iimeslones

/ •o
/ ". ••••3 • Lower
Senonion:mo,l,
/ / • A • •A
/ / i • • .'•// • orgilloceous
limestones

I I • • i //•/•/ .• hole • Lower.•,onion:

/ / I • ; •!//// t I I(Bahloul Formation)

I •0 t I r• /1•/•// • upper Glbian-•n•anian:

I 560 • ' - ß• ' '

Fed j el A d o u m • Triassic:
evaporites

Fig. 5. Schematiccrosssectionsthrough two depositsrelated to diapirs.A. Bou Grine (after

ONM and BRGM documents).B. Fedj el Adoum (after Bulgar Geomine documentsand Laatar,
I980). Seepatternidentificationin Figure 2.

overturnedflankof a synclinebeneathan overthrust ies lie conformablyon the argillaceouslimestones

of upperMioceneagewhichaffectsthe diapir itself. (often dolomitized)or sandstoner_ocks.
These host
Stratiformbodies:Generallythe mineralizedbod- rocksvary in age from Aptian-Albianto the lower
Turonian or lower Oligocene.Mineralizationalso
occurs in networks of fissures of all sizes which
permeatethe rocks.In the stratiformdeposits,
sulfide
crystallizationoccurredjust after the depositionof
the host rock.
In the Albian-Aptiandeposits,the minerali?.ation
host rock is dolarenite; the clasts of this rock are
essentiallyof Triassicage. They are cementedby
calcite,silica,and by Pb, Zn, and Fe sulfides(Fig.
6). Thistype of ore is includedin dolomiticbedsof
probable Triassicage in the cortical zone of the
diapirsand in the cap-rockbreccias.The dolarenite
issimilarto thehostrockof solution-disaggregated
Pb-Zn depositsin carbonatebeds such as those
described from the Triassic of Upper Silesia in
Poland(Bogaczet al., 1973; Ruckmicket al., 1979),
from the Triassicof the easternAlps (Omenettoand
Vailati, 1977; Asseretoet al., 1977a and b), and
from the Lower Jurassicof the Caussesin France
(Macquarand Lagny, 1981).
IntheTunisian
deposits,
thistypeofsedimenta/y
rockis frequenfiyrecrystallized
andhighlyfractured,
makingobservationdifficult.In somecasesattribu-
tion to the Cretaceousremainsin doubt. It may thus
justifiably be asked if any Triassicmineralization
FIC. 6. Sphalerite-galenaore of Fedj el Adoum (beddedand occurred before Cretaceous' mineralization. These
mineralized dolarenite). first depositscould have been transportedupward
 DIAPIRS IN S. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA 675

by diapirism.The argumentagainstthis hypothesis

is that the mineralizedhostrocksare never present
in the core of the diapirsbut only on their flanksin
the contact zone with Cretaceous limestones which
themselves are oft6n mineralized. This transition
zonecontainsthe bulk of the Fedj el.Adourndeposits.
At Bou Grine, on the other hand, the economic
importanceof this zone is muchreduced.
In the lowerTuroniandeposits,the mineralization
hostrockis finelybeddedbiomiorite.Sulfides,which
are sphalerite and pyrite, emphasizethe bedding
and fill foraminiferatests (Fig. 7); these sulfides
crystallizedduring early aliagenesis (Orgevalet al., 4 cl•rl
1981). The depositssuperficiallyresemblea black
shale in both their color and their high organic
matter content(Fig. 8). They form the bulk of the
depositsat Bou Orine.
In lower Oligocenedeposits(Koudiat-Safrade- FIG. 8. Thin bedded biomicrite from the Bou Grine Turonian.
posits),the host rock is a fine-grained,poorly con- Sphaleriteunderlinesthe lamination.
solidatedsandstone with crossbedding. The dominant
sulfideis galenawith smalleramountsof sphalerite
and pyrite. Galenais the major cementand com- is probablydueto a remobilization of sulfides
within
monly emphasizesthe details of the sedimentary the rocks,but for the largerfractures,new additions
structures(Fig. 9). The early appearanceof the or mineralized solutions cannot be excluded.
sulfidesis provedby the reworkingof the galenain In the fracturesgalenais more abundantthan in
the burrows(Rouvier,1967).Thishostrockhasnot the stratiformbodies.In the ganguecelestite,barite,
hitherto producedmajor economicconcentrations, and kaolinite accompanythe calcite. At Fedj el
but it would certainly be worth additional pros- Adoum, sulfur is associatedwith these minerals in
pecting. the caprock. Finallythe presenceof hydrocarbons
Veinmineralization:The hostrocksof all deposits,
whether carbonateor sandstone,are crosscutby
mineralized fissures which contain the same sulfides
asthe stratiformdeposits.In the veins,Pb- and Zn-
bearingmineralsare generallywell crystallizedand
often automorphic.In the case of the carbonate
rocks,sphaleriteandpyrite developin concretionary
structures.In the small fractures, the mineralization

FIG. 7. Planetonicforaminifera(Globigerina)from the Bou

Grine Turonian.The interior of the testis occupiedby sphalerite FIG. 9. Oligocene sandstonefrom Koudiat Safra• The
(X 200). crossbedding
is emphasizedby galena.
676 ROUVIER, PERTHUISOT,AND MANSOURI

maybe notedbothin the veinsandin the stratiform explains

the factthatthe diapirsare localizedalong
bodies. For example,in the Bou Khil depositan faulted zones.
Upper Cretaceousdolomitizedlimestonecontains In Tunisia the northeast-southwest to north-
sphaleriteand is filled with hydrocarbons. northeast-south-southwest
alignmentof the diapirs
The veins cut indiscriminantlyacrossall post- suggests
that they mayparalleltransverse
basement
Triassicsedimentaryformationsbut are particularly shearfaultswhich crossthe whole Maghreb (Glan-
well developedat the intersectionof the limestone geaud, 1951; Jauzein,1962). In the Cantabrian
levels of Cenomanian-Turonian and Senonianage basinthe diapirsseemto be alignedalongdislocations
as, for example,at the E1 Akhouat and Fedj el with a Pyreneanwest-northwest-south-southwest
Adoum deposits.Mineralizedveins are generally trend(Fig. 3). As for the Vocontian basin,the few
bandedwith a widespreaddevelopmentof schalen- diapirswithin it are situateddirectlyaboveknown
blende.Homogenization temperaturesof fluidinclu- dislocations
in the basement(Baudrimontand Du-
with the sulfidesgive bois,1977), especially
sionsof calcite associated thoseof the C•vennessystem
formationtemperatureson the order of 100øC, (Fig. 4).
togetherwith very high salinities(Laatar, 1980). The link betweenthe mineralizedzoneperipheral
to the diapirsandcertainmajordislocations thought
Stagesof diapir evolutionand the processof to exist in the basement is, to some extent, similar
Pb-Zn mineralization
to the relationshipbetweenstrata-bound Pb-Znde-
Diapiricstructures developin characteristic phases positsandthe borderfaultswhichcontrolthe strati-
themselvesdependenton a variety of the local graphicfaciesof the sedimentary hostrock.Examples
geologicconditions. Factorswhichaffectdiapirde- may be cited from the C•vennesdislocations (NE-
velopmentincludethe thicknessof the evaporite- SW) controllingthe Pb-Znsub-C•vennes zonebor-
bearingbeds,the structuralfabric,the basement of deringthe southeastern basinin France(Bernard,
the salt-bearingbeds,the localandregionalpressure- 1958) and the faultsin the pre-Cambrianbasement
temperatureconditions at the time of diapirism,and of the ViburnumTrend in the United States(Kisvar-
the compositionof the evaporite-bearing horizons. sanyi,1977) or in the Pine Point districtof Canada
All the diapirs discussed in this sectionfit into a (Campbell, 1967).
homogeneousgroup with the following common Ascentphase:This phasebeginswhen the cover
characteristics.They all have:a Triassicsalt-bearing stratafracturesunderthe influenceof pressurefrom
horizon,a zoneof peri-Alpinesedimentation, anda lessdensesalt-bearing beds.Breakageandascentof
historyof strongAlpine tectonicmovement. the saltmaybe facilitatedby varioustectonicmove-
Moreover,the temporaland structuraldevelop- ments,notablyshearingor extensional movements.
ment of Tunisiandiapirscanbe analyzedwith some In Tunisia, this phase must have taken place
degreeof precision,notablybecauseof the fossilif- duringthe Middle Cretaceousin a certainnumber
erousand marinenature of mostof the post-Triassic of diapirsasis demonstrated by the greatthickening
formationsand becauseof the relatively weak de- of the Lower Cretaceousrocks in the interdiapiric
formationthat the rocks underwent during recent basins.It probablyalso occurred,during the same
tectonic phases(Perthuisot, 1978). Thus several time interval, in the SpanishCantabrian country.
successiveand indeed probably repetitive phases Evidenceis lackingas to whether or not the ascent
can be distinguished: initiation, ascent,piercement, phasehasan identicalage throughoutthe Vocontian
and subsequent deformation(Fig. 10A to J). zone.However,in the Suzettediapir,the firstproven
Initiation phaseand diapirism localization:The piercementhasbeen related to the Pyrenean-Pro-
data on this phaseare indirect and, to someextent, venial orogenicphaseknownto occurbetweenthe
speculative.The phaseprobably occursvery soon Upper Cretaceousandthe lower Eocene(Perthuisot
after the depositionof salt-bearingformations,with and Guilhaumou,1983).
accumulations of salt-bearing materialdirectlyabove The,rise of the diapir leads to developmentin
faultsor suchdiscontinuities (Perthuisot,1978). In the coveringstrataof sedimentary or tectonicwedg-
various basins where post-Triassicsedimentsare ing that convergestoward the intrusivebody, and
very thick, the initiation phase of diapir growth to varyingdegreesof deformationin the basinfloors
probablyoccurredthroughoutthe greaterpart of (Fig. 10B and C). This deformationstyle hassome-
the Jurassic. Thus,there probablywasan important timesbeen invokedto explainthe establishment of
phaseof materialmovementincludingfluids,during reef bodies in the Middle Cretaceous in central
the period both in the salt-bearingbody and in its Tunisiaas at the Jerissadeposits(Mahjoubiand
immediateenvironment.It may be consideredthat, Samama,1980) and it may be imaginedthat the
in all these areas, structural discontinuitiesin the appearanceof sucha reef sheetcouldbe one of the
pre-Triassicbasementseemto have influencedthe reasonswhy someintrusivebodies(aborteddiapirs)
initial migrationsof the salt-bearingmaterial.This are kept at depth.
 DIAPIRSIN S.EUROPE
ANDN. AFRICA 677

SUCCESSIVE STAGES

OF THE DIAPIRIC EVOLUTION

AND ASSOCIATED ORE DEPOSITS

DEPOSITS

(• INFISSURES

(• INCAVITIES

(• INTHE
SEDIMENTS

SA LIFEROUS 'CA P-ROCK

FIG. 10. Successive

stagesof the diapiricevolutionandassociated
ore deposits,

In Tunisia and the Vocontian basin, the ascent zoneswere the sites of major thermal anomalies
phasewasaccompanied by an intensefluid circula- causedby thehighthermalconductivity of evaporites
tion which allowedthe crystallizationof potassium and by deep-seated thermalanomalies associated
andmagnesium silicatesin the caprocks(Perthuisot with the extensive fracture network in the basement.
and Saliot, 1979). Study of these mineralsand of Theseinitialstagesin diapirdevelopment (initia-
the inclusionswithin them has shownthat the diapir tionandascent phases) characterizedby the intensity
678 ROSIER, PERTHUISOT,AND MANSOU-RI

and the permanenceof the deformationin certain these structuresin the stressfield. In this respect
favoredsitesare closelycomparableto the stagesin the Tunisian structuresare very similar to those in
the evolution of mineralized sites on basin borders Spain, in that both exhibit a comparablestyle of
where faultingand flexuralmovementsare frequent deformationbetween a nappe zone and a more or
during the depositionstage. less tabular shelf zone. On average,the observed
Piercementphase:In Tunisia, at the end of their result is a more or less asymmetricaland fractured
ascent,the Triassicrockspierced their coverunder- anticline cored by a diapir of salt. The mineralized
water.Thispiercementwasthusaccomplished during stratiform bodies are themselves deformed like the
the Middle Cretaceousunder differentbathymetric envelopeand broken by fractures,which in Tunisia
conditionsand with varyingsedimentological effects. are highlighted by Pb-Zn vein mineralization
This produced the zone of diapirs which trends (Fig. 10J).
obliquelyto the facieszonesdefinedby Cretaceous The intensityof the regionalandlocaldeformation
sedimentaryrocks(Fig. 10D). seemsto exhibit an influenceon the depth to which
With a deep-waterlayer (Fig. 10) in the trough erosionhasreached.This fact canexplainthe scarcity
zone, the disturbancesin the environmentbrought or even the complete absencein certain areas of
aboutby saltintrusionare smallcomparedto those outcropsof mineralizeddeposits.Thus the diapiric
featuresthat can be observedon an ordinaryshoal. structures in the Vocontian zone, which have been
If the diapir appearson the sea floor, the solution erodeddownto the Middle Jurassic rocks,are rarely
of the salineelementsfrom the diapir causesbreccia mineralized whereas those in Tunisia, which are but
formation on its outer parts and the liberation into little eroded, are mineralized as at Bou Grine. Con-
the sedimentaryenvironmentof fine insolublemin- versely, if tectonic deformationsafter the initial
erals (bipyramidalquartz included in gypsum,for piercementare weak, then the structuresand ma-
example). This is the case in the lower Eocene in terials correspondingto the initial diapiric phase
Tunisia. often become buried beneath more recent rocks,
Emergenceof the diapir onto the earth's surface even if the central part of the diapir has continued
may be precededor accompanied by the establish- its ascent(Fig. 10H and I). This could be the case
ment of carbonate reefs that form massifs(Slata, in most of the diapirs in the Cantabrian basin in
Ouenza,Jerissa)or isolatedpatches(Lorbeus,Keb- contactwith the Upper Cretaceousand Tertiary.
bouch).The temporalrelationshipof diapir pierceq
ment and reef formation has been demonstrated for Discussion
the Valle de Mena diapir in northernSpain(Schroe-
der, 1979) (Fig. 10E). Certain characteristicsof diapir-related deposits
Important changesaffect the top of the diapir are close to those of the MississippiValley type
during the piercementphase,especiallywhen the which were discussed by Ohle (1980). This compar-
top has emerged. These changesinclude dolomiti- ison has already been made for the concentrations
zation, karstification,and redepositionof insoluble in the cap rocksof the Gulf Coast(Price and Kyle,
materials in the karst cavities. These phenomena 1983). In the same area certain structuresform
caused the formation of host rocks of the Tunisian traps for hydrocarbonsor contain sulfur deposits
Middle Cretaceousdeposits,i.e., Fedj el Adoum (Ruckmicket al., 1979; Davis and Kirkland, 1979).
(Fig. 1OF). In the Tunisianexamples,as well as the depositsin
The successionof phasesoutlinedabove(initiation, the cap rocks accompaniedby hydrocarbonsand
ascent, and piercement) can recur, provided that sulfur, concentrationsalso occur in the peridiapiric
certain conditions are fulfilled which establish a new
beds. This fact justifiesfurther analysisin support
imbalance. These conditions include: burial, contin- of this comparison.
ued supply to the salt-bearingbody, or erosional The Tunisiandepositsare poor in differentmineral
elimination of any blockage.The latter condition types and it is impossibleto link their genesisto
seems to have occurred in Tunisia and in northern magmaticphases.The depositsare contained in
Spainfor the piercementthat occurredduring Late rocks situated directly above the diapirs. These
Cretaceous to Eocene time. The stratiform miner- rocksare thin comparedwith the thick interdiapiric
alization of Koudiat Safra in sandstonesof upper basin rocks. The host rocks are dolomites or lime-
Eoceneto Oligoceneage may be correlatedwith an stonesand occasionallysandstones. Zn is mostoften
earlier phaseof piercement (Fig. 10G to I). associatedwith the carbonate rocks, whereas Pb is
Subsequent deformation:In mostcases,the diapir associatedwith the sandstones. Two types of min-
structuresthat formedduringthe Cretaceousin the eralizationsmay be distinguished:epigeneticmin-
peri-Alpine zone were subject to Late Cretaceous eralization filling cavitiesand syndiageneticminer-
and Tertiary deformations.The intensity of the alization in sedimentswhich are rich in organic
deformationvaried accordingto the positionsof materials.
 DIAPIRS IN S. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA 679

In the firsttype, the filling takesplacein cavities seef,1959) or by a hydrothermalepigeneticprocess

of variouskinds:fracturevoids,solutionvoidsrelated related to spilite emplacement(Glangeaud,1935).
to unconformities,and porosity in the cap-rock In the secondstage, the Triassicrocks (including
brecciaor in dolarenites.
Thesedepositsoccures- evaporites)were broughtup to the surfaceby tec-
sentiallyunderunconformities
according to the clas- tonic movements(diapirismor nappeformation)and
siftcation
proposedby Callahan(1964). Their overall the mineralswere redepositedin an oxidized or
characteristics
enablethem to be comparedwith sulfideform by watersthat had percolatedinto the
Mississippi Valley-typedeposits. Triassic rocks.
In the secondtype, the mineralizationbeganin a In the secondgroupof hypotheses, emplacement
sediment such as calcareous mud or sand. The bed- occursin a singlestage:the fracturesbringing the
ded mineralsare very similarto the so-called(vol- diapir into contactwith the surroundingrockscould
canic)exhalativetype. They resemblethe mineral- have allowed deep-seatedhydrothermalactivity to
ized H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale of the McArthur River well up (de Launay,1913; Berthon,1922; Solignac,
districtin Australia(Williams,1978). Sangster
(1970) 1927; Sainfeld, 1952). A modificationof this hy-
putsthem in the Remac-typeore of the Kootenay pothesissuggeststhat surfacewaters which have
arc in southeastern British Columbia. beenburiedandheatedat depthcouldhaveleached
Depositsassociated with diapirsthus form com- out the base metals in the basement or in the cover.
posite structuresresultingfrom the coexistenceof Thesesolutionscouldhavedepositedtheir contents
severalphenomena:(1) the formationof the cap along the diapir contacts.The resulting deposits
rock and its reworkingafter its emergencein the were all then consideredepigeneticand thus post-
Middle Cretaceous, (2) mineralization
by cavityfill- date the last orogenic phase in the Quaternary
ing, and (3) in the lower Turonianand in the lower (Bolze and Schneiderh/Shn, 1951). Such deposits
Oligocene,syndiageneticmineralizationwhich oc- havebeen describedby theseauthorsas secondary
curredon the top of the diapir.The lowerTuronian hydrothermalor regenerated.
phaseis particularlyinstructivefrom the genetic Some adjustmentshave had to be made to the
point of view. It was an anoxicphasewhich has view that the Triassicsalt diapirs systematically
beenrecognized in the oceans andmaybe correlated influencethe genesis of lead-zincdeposits. In Tunisia,
with a high sea level (Jenkyns,1980). This fact becausenot all depositsare associated with diapirs,
supportsfield observationswhich prove that the there must be recourseto explanationswhich do
diapir wassubmergedand coveredwith sediments not involveTriassicrocks(GottisandSainfeld,1952).
again.It alsoprovesthat the solutionscarryingthe In Francethe depositsin Diois and Baronnieshave
basemetalsdid indeedcomeup from the depths been explainedby the washingout of metal traces
•tndhavecontaminated thesedimentary environment in the Callovian-Oxfordianby connatewaters(Rou-
'onthe top of the diapir.Thisenvironment wasfairly vier, 1960, 1962).
deep and calm as the thinly beddednature of the Recentlynew hypothesesconcerningdepositsin
host rocks and the ore demonstrates. direct relationshipwith Triassic rocks have been
presented.In Tunisia,the role of Triassicsaltdiapirs
in Cretaceouspaleogeography, whichwasproposed
PreviousViews on the Genesisof the Deposits by Bolze (1954a and b), led Nicolini (1968) and
Massin(1968) to stressthe local influenceof shoals
From the beginningof the presentcentury,the and"paleotalus"(Bernard,1958, 1964; Launeyand
genetichypotheses proposedhavetried to link the Leenhardt,1959; Bernardand Foglierini,1967). In
presenceof Triassicrockswith the emplacement of addition, the idea of a continental cation source has
mineralization.The absenceof chronologicaldata often been suggested. Thus, for Pb-Zn depositsin
aboutdeformations involvingTriassicrocksand the the Aptian reefs which Handous(1971) studiedin
fact that distinctions were not made between differ- central Tunisia, Fuchs (1973) proposeda sudden
ent types of association
and Triassicrocksand ore metalliferous
supplyto the sedimentary
environment.
depositsled authoritiesto proposesimilarexplana- Fuchssuggested
that this supplywas causedby a
tory mechanisms. reworking of soil horizons enriched with heavy
One groupof hypotheses suggests that emplace- metalsasa resultof epirogenicmovements.In fact,
ment occurredin two stages.In the first stage,the the distancefromdry landof anyimportancewhich
Triassicrockswere mineralizedeitherby a synge- would yield the cationsis suchthat the problemof
netic process(P. Termier, unpub. rept., 18952; their actualsourcehasbeen systematically avoided.
Termier, 1920; Berthier, 1914; Brives, 1972; Mois- Only recentlyhasdiapirismas a metallogenic phe-
nomenonbeen suggested(Laatar, 1980; Laatar et
report on the Calaminedepositof Jebelel al., 1981). In depositsof a very similartype, as at
Unpublished
Akhouat. Reocin in Spain,the interventionof salinesolutions
680 ROUVIER, PERTHUISOT,AND MANSOURI

from diapir formationsas metal vectorshas been zoneswithin the diapir to the top, (2) an appropriate
envisaged(Vadala, 1981; Vadala et al., 1981). chemistry and temperature of the mineralization
fluidswhich will mobilize and transportthe metallic
A Model for Peridiapiric Metal Concentration elements,(3) an abundantsourceof sulfur,and (4)
the existence of a trap for mineralization fluids
The model proposed herein takes into account located at or near the top of the diapir. A very
the characteristicsof peridiapiric concentrations similarmodel to ourshasbeen proposedfor mineral
themselves.First, the depositswere isolatedin the depositsoccurringin the cap rock of a Texasdiapir
midst of a vast basin; the depositshad no direct
(Price and Kyle, 1983). Moreover, our model is a
continentalsupply.Second,the emergedsurfacesof variantof the "pal•insule"modelproposedby P•I-
the Thiassicrockswere exposedin onlya smallarea; issonnier (19,59, 1962, 1967), which brings into
this makesreworkingof pre-Triassicmineralization
play the conceptof the "bottleneck." Our model
an unlikelyhypothesis. Third, whenthe salt-bearing alsotakesinto accountthe manysimilaritiesbetween
formations were mineralized, the mineralization oc-
peridiapiric Pb-Zn mineralization and Mississippi
curred only at the upper tectoniccontactwith the Valley-type deposits,i.e., the sameoccurrenceof
surroundingsedimentaryrocks.In fact, in the case traps which are (systematically)higher than the
of Turonian mineralization, the absenceof reworked
basinfloors,similaritiesin sedimentological,hydro-
Triassic rocks and the great homogeneityof the logical, and structuralcharacteristics between de-
stratigraphic
faciesprecludesthe existenceof Triassic position sites and certain hydrocarbontraps; and
outcrops.Emplacementmodelsin which the imme- compatabilityof temperaturesand salinitiesof the
diate sourceof supplyis continentaland where the mineralizing fluids. Finally this model takes into
trap is located at the geochemicalboundary of accountthe data recently obtained about the fun-
continentaland marineenvironments(Lagny, 1980) damentalrole of compactionin the genesisof strata-
are thereforenot applicable.Thus,a differentprocess bounddepositsaccordingto the hypothesis proposed
mustbe suggestedfrom that of simplesupplyfrom by Noble (1963) and subsequently developedin a
atmospheric weatheringandleachingof a preexisting recent synthesis by Wolf (1976).
metal-rich continental source. The source of the
metal can only be situatedat depth. Sourcesand movementof fluids
In the proposedmodel the followingfour main Postsalt-bearingcover: With compaction fluid
factorshave to be taken into consideration:(1) an presentin the poresof the sedimentaryrockmigrates
internal and external structuralarrangementof the upwardto the top of the diapir structurewhere the
diapirwhichwill channalizefluidsfromthe superface fluid pressureis lower whateverthe stageof diapir
of the salthorizon,the diapir itself, or from deeper development maybe (Fig. 11). The quantityof fluid

iccurnulation

in:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
¾rnigfation
offluids ....¾';:.•.."'
"•¾:¾ of the fluids in the

enrichment of the brines

ration of fluids in the saliferous body

FIG. 11. Diagramof the fluid circulationarounda burieddiapir(the arrowswith diagonallines

show the movement of Pb-Zn-enriched brines).
 DIAPIRS IN S. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA 681

that migrateddependsin particularon the size of exist,andif they are relatedto basementdislocations,
the peripheralzone of the diapir involvedin this then the fluids can move up the structure along
migration. fractures, permeable zones, or solution conduits
In the initial stages,compactionis fairly rapid. within the diapir body itself.
Betweendepthsof 0 to 1,000 m, compactionof a
clayformationis some40 percentandonlyreaches Channalizationof fluids along the contact
50 percent at a depth of severalthousandmeters of the diapir
(Athy, 1930). It maybe supposed that mostof the The diapir contactzone, on either side of the
fluidsrelatedto thisrapidchangein volumemigrate edgeof the saltdiapir, is markedby intensefractur-
up towardthe basinedge.Where a sedimentcontains ing andbrecciation.This zone is the major drain for
60 percent water at the outset, the loss of 40 fluid migrationresultingfrom the postsalt-bearing
percentof one volumeresultsin a new pore water cover compaction.These fluids are composedof
contentof 33 percent.Thus, it is probablethat a watersincludedin the evaporitesandwaterswelling
large part of thesefluidsthen migratetowardthe up from basementfaults (Fig. 11).
edgeof the sedimentary basin,ashasbeenenvisaged The extent of fluid circulation in this zone is
for PinePoint(Jackson andBeales,1967;Billingset shownby the abundanceof new silicate and mag-
al., 1969), or towardthe drainrepresented
by the nesiummineralsoccurringin both the Tunisianand
diapir structure. the Vocontiandiapirs(Perthuisotand Saliot, 1979).
In the caseof a standardTunisiandiapir during Part of theseminerals(micas,talc, and potashfeld-
of the compactable spars)date back to the Middle Cretaceous(K/Ar
the Aptian,the originalthickness
clay formation between the Neocomian and the method)(Bellonand Perthuisot,1977). This age is
Aptianmaybe about3,000 m (coreOB 101), from approximatelythe dateof the firstdiapirpiercement
Fourni$ and Pacaud(1973). If 100 km2 is the and the first mineralization.Thus it seemsprobable
estimatedsurfacearea drainedby the diapir, then that the fluid which precipitated the initial base
about300 km3 of sediments haveundergone pro- metals is related to the solutionsthat precipitated
gressive compaction; the sediments thus enclosed thesenew silicates(Fig. 12).
approximately200 km3 of interstitialwater. If a
third of thisvolumecanmigratelaterally,then 70 Mobilizationand transportof metallicelements
kma of waterwill movetowardthe diapir.With
metal contentsof similarmagnitudeto thoseknown The problemof the basemetal sourceof peridi-
in the brinesin centralMississippi,
i.e., 450 mg/1 apiric mineralizationhas not yet been solved as is
Pb-Zn (Carpenteret al., 1974), the sum of the mostoften the casein manyother typesof deposits.
metalspotentiallytransported
(some30 milliontons) Therefore only speculationis possible.
is well above the tonnage estimatedfor the two It seemsprobablethat metalliccationswere orig-
largestdeposits
of thistype knownin Tunisia,Fedj inally dispersedthroughoutthe sedimentaryforma-
el Adoum and Bou-Grine (in all, 1,300,000 tons tions in the basin, partly in solutionin interstitial
Pb-Zn). watersbut mainly as cationsadsorbedon the clay
Evaporitebeds:The evaporitescontaina great particles(Noble, 1963; Krauskopf,1967); the pos-
volume of water. It consists of interstitial connate sible existence of base metal cation concentrations
water, brines containedin the inclusions,and waters in post-Triassicrocksor even in Triassicstratais not
derivedfromthe dehydrationof gypsumbodies. excluded. This is the case in Tunisia where the
In principle, evaporitebeds are thought to be Lower Jurassicoften containsPb-Zn deposits(Sain-
relativelyimpermeable.In the caseof an evaporite feld, 1952). A finalandvery hypotheticalpossibility
horizoncontaininga notableproportionof carbonates would be the presence in the Triassic evaporite
and detrital minerals,then enoughdiscontinuitiesbasin of mineralized brines identical to those found
can exist in the impermeablebeds to enable fluids in the Red Sea(Bischoff,1969; Brookset al., 1969).
to pass through. Such is the case in the Triassic These brines could have accompaniedthe opening
evaporitesof North Africa and southernEurope phase of the Triassic basin. The mobilization and
whichcontainsandstone anddolomitebedsreaching transport conditionsof the base metals must also
severaltensof metersin thickness. Thesepermeable remain speculative.
beds,especiallywhen they are dislocatedasis the The return of metallic ions to solutioncan only
casein the diapirs,act as drainsthat direct the fluid occur if conditionschange.The important changes
movement.Moreover, if the hypothesisof diapir includean increasein temperatureandpressure,an
locationdirectlyabovemajorfaultsin the basement increase in the salinity of the solutionsas they
is correct,then at the base and the lower parts of migrate(Neglia, 1979), andthe presenceof organic
the saltdiapirtheremustbe a discontinuity favoring compoundsfrom the maturationof kerogen. The
the passageof fluids (especiallythe deep-seated increasein the grain sizeof the clay mineralsduring
fluidsunder the salt-bearingseries).If suchfluids late diagenesisnecessarilybrings about a decrease
682 ROUVIER,PERTHUISOT,
AND MANSOURI

FIG. 12. Fluid circulationarounda piercingdiapir (left) or in the processof piercement(right).

in the surfaceareawhichmaybe usedfor adsorption. in the brine. The Pb-Zn-Ba content of these fluids
Some of the metallic cations could thus be freed to is sometimeslarge enoughfor barite, galena,or Pb
reenter the pore-watersolutionand migratein fluid metalto crystallizein certainore conduits.Scattered
channelwaysin accordancewith the methodsde- depositsare alreadyknownin Gulf Coastsaltdomes
scribedabove.In this hypothesis,the transportation (HannaandWolf, 1934; Smith,1970a andb). Similar
efficiencyof the metals(andhydrocarbons) from the depositshave been demonstratedin the Cheleken
cover strata toward the dome would be assuredby oil field on the edge of the CaspianSea (Lebedev,
a salinesolution.The frequent presenceof hydro- 1967).
carbonsin the host rocks of certain peridiapiric A similarproeessean be envisagedfor the origin
concentrations in Tunisia(Fedj el Adourn,Kebbouch, of eertaindepositsfounddose to diapirs.Brine from
Boukhil)suggests that the basemetal-bearingsaline a Triassiesalt-bearingbody eould have migratedin
fluids were oil field brines. This hypothesisis in- part to the lower zonesof the postsalteover and
creasingin importance at present as a result of the aeeumulatednear the diapir strueture.Part of the
work of Jacksonand Beales (1967) and that of brine would thus have beeome enriehed in Pb-Zn-
Sverjensky(1984) more recently. Ba (and depletedin K) as it erossedthe day layers.
In Tunisia, it is, in fact, difficult to decide whether Another part may have remainedwithin the diapir
the migrationsof the hydrocarbonsand the metal- strueture and supplied the potash and magnesium
bearingfluid were simultaneous or successive. Nev- minerals to the earbonates in the eortieal zone of
ertheless, the presence of hydrocarbonsin base the diapir.
metal-mineralizedbeds proves the hydraulic con- In the Gulf Coast it has been shown that brine
nection between the base metal-mineralized site and movementhasonly reallybeen importantafterburial
a more or less distantpetroleum parent rock. The to at least 1,500 m with temperatureson the order
probablehydrocarbonsourcerocksare Cretaceous, of 50 ø to 75øC (Moore and Druekman, 1981). In
but Jurassicor even pre-Triassicformationscannot all the easesproposedhere, sueheonditionswere
be excluded.As a variant of this hypothesis,the eertainlyreaehedfairly early duringthe Cretaeeous.
mobilizingand transportingfluidscouldbe trapped This generalizedeireulationsystemdeseribedfor
in the salt beds after crystallization.These highly the whole eover is perfeetly eompatiblewith the
concentratedbrinescanin fact occupya largevolume restrictedsystemdose to the diapir, with the latter
(up to 50%) in a salinesediment,which preservesa only being neededfor the first phaseof mineraliza-
very high porosity as long as salt recrystallization tion.
does not intervene. In all the eases eonsidered, the fluids tend to
Such brines could be the origin of saline fluids aeeumulatein the apiealpart of the diapir strueture
rich in Ba-Pb-Znin the petroliferousMesozoicbeds as long as piereementhas not oeeurred.During or
of the Gulf Coast (Carpenter et al., 1974). Highly a little before piereement,when the diapir eover is
concentrated brine saturated in NaC1 and rich in K, suffieientlydistended,fluidsmigraterapidly toward
Mg, and SO4initially trapped in the evaporitebeds the outside and can deposit their metal contents
(Louansalt)couldhavemigratedslowlythroughthe where loeal eonditionsfavor sulfidepreeipitation.
postsaltcover to a clay formationwhere potassium
wouldbecomefixedon the clay minerals.This fixing Modes of deposition
would be accompaniedby a recrystallizationof the The possibleeausesof the preeipitationof Pb and
clays,thusaidingthe solutionof the adsorbedmetals Zn mineralsin MississippiValley-typedepositshave
 DIAPIRS IN S. E•OPE AND N. AFRICA 683

been listed by Heyl et al. (1959). Among these samestructuresand were probablyformed in the
causesmay be notedthe loweringof salinitylevels same way.
and of temperaturesor pressures.This must occur Examplesof diapir zones,with few or without
when the dome approachesthe surface.The exten- sulfidedeposits,includethe Gulf Coastandthe Gulf
sionfracturescausedby hydraulicfracturingaround of Mexico, the Canadian Northern Territories, north
the intrusionsoffer a channelwayfor the fluids and Germany and the North Sea, the PersianGulf and
thusacceleratethe circulationsystemat depth (Fig. its borders,and the north Caspiandepression.
12). Mixing of the metal-saturatedbrine solution When diapir structuresare emplaeedin several
with surface water that is colder and undersaturated stages,asoftenseemsthe ease,we haveshownthat
in metalsthen inducesthe precipitationof the base the depositionof significantamountsof basemetals
metals.Metabolic reductionof the evaporitesby could have occurred during the initial phase of
micro-organisms providesthe sulfurfor the galena, ascentandpiercement.Thisinitialdepositmaylater
pyrite, and sphalerite.The lowering of the fluid be buried by local sedimentation,with the result
pressure also contributes to base metal mineral that discoveryof the mineralizedzonescan only
precipitation(P•lissonnier,1982). The formationof occur if tectonic movements and erosion enable
cap rocksand the sulfur often associatedwith them them to be exposed.In the areasthat are scarcely
is generallyattributedto mixingof two distincttypes affectedby compressional tectonics,it is possible
of fluids,one,originatingat depth,whichis highly that Pb-Zn depositsdo exist at depth around the
salineand the other, originatingnear the surface, diapirs,either in solutionor in the form of Pb-Zn-
which containslittle salt (Ruckmicket al., 1979; bearing mineralsallied to related sedimentaryor
Davis and Kirkland, 1979). Thus the depositionof tectonic structures.
base metal sulfides can occur under the same con- In the caseof the Gulf Coastdomes,the scarcity
ditions as sulfur itself. 3 of sulfidedepositsmaybe explainedby the factthat
The above outline can account for the different Zn- and Pb-bearing
fluidsare ?appedin nearby
types of basemetal depositsfound arounddiapirs. hydrocarbondeposits.Migrationsof these fluids
The stratiformsulfides in theTuronianandOligocene through any deformationphasewould causeboth
bedscouldhave precipitatedfrom the fluidscon- the precipitationof sulfidesin the upper parts of
tainedin an,asyet,unconsolidated sedimentary bed the structuresand the lossof mostof the hydrocar-
directlyaboveor adjacentto the domes.Aboutthe bons.Thus it is not in oil fields that importantPb-
sametime as this syndiageneticmineralizationwas Zn depositsmaybe found.The samereasoningcould
produced,sulfidecrystallization couldoccurin the apply to other diapir and oil field areaswhich are
spacesin the cap rock or in the fractures in the characterizedby the relative persistenceof sedi-
consolidated part of the cover. mentaryfluids(Germany,the Middle East).Unfor-
The differentmodesof emplacement of this first tunately,informationabout the Pb-Zn contentsof
generationmineralizationdo not precludea subse- these fluids is too scarce to conclude that base metal
quent redistribution of the metal stock. Remobili- depositsare absent. Nevertheless,no base metal
zationcouldhave occurredwhen a bed bearingan anomalyseemsto be indicatedin thesezones.
initial deposit was subject to solutionor became In the ease of northern Germany, it may be
karsticduringemergence.Similarly,remobilization observedthatevaporiteformations differappreciably
by the ascentof an initial mineralizationmay also fromthe EuropeanandAmericanTethysformations,
be a possibilityduringa subsequent diapirphase. especiallyby the presenceof potassiumsalts.The
natureof thesebrinesand the porosityof the evap-
Limits of the model orite materialis thereforevery different.The same
If the proposedmodelis correct,it mustaccount compositionaldifference probably applies to the
for all the possibleobservations and especiallythe southAriantiesalt diapirs.
spatialrelationshipcommonly observedbetweenthe Elsewhere,the presenceof high local or regional
saltdiapirsandvariousbasemetaldeposits. Although thermal gradientsis perhapsnecessary for mineral-
the previouslymentionedrelationshipshave been ization to occur. Regional thermal gradients are
demonstratedin the area around the Mediterranean, especiallynecessaryfor facilitatingthe movement
it mustbe recognizedthat many diapir zoneslack of fluids and the depositionof their metal load. In
significantPb-Zn deposits.However, they have the this respect,it is dear that the Tethys zone from
the eastern Mediterranean to the Gulf of Mexico
wasthe preferredlocationof regionalthermalanom-
a In the Tunisiancasesstudied,zonedcap-rockformations alies during the Triassic to Lower Jurassic,the
have not been encountered like those described from the
Middle Cretaceousand the Eocene to Oligoeene
summitsof domesin Germany or the Gulf Coast. However, the
calcitizationoften observedon the apicalrock of diapirsclearly periods.Suggestions as to why some diapir zones
seemsto be the equivalent of that marking the classiccap-rock are ore bearingand othersare not shouldnot hide
calcitic zone. one fact:the ore-bearingdiapir zonesare restricted
684 ROUVIER,PERTHUISOT,AND MANSOURI

to geographicaldomainsthat are preferentiallyen- more in the diapir zone of Tunisiawhere the con-
riched in certain metal concentrations such as lead centration reaches the Oligocene beds. Without
and zinc (Boyer et al., 1975; Routhier, 1983). This diapirism it is unlikely that these depositscould
fact alonecouldexplainwhy, outsidethesedomains, have been exposedand thus reveal the presenceof
diapir-rich zonesare devoid of base metal deposits. a buried lead-zinc zone.
Nevertheless,the limits of metal provincesmust be
determined with more precision in many regions Acknowledgments
around the world.
We are grateful to Ali Attya, PresidentGeneral
Conclusions Director of the Office National des Mines of Tunisia
who kindly grantedpermissionto publishthispaper
The principal characteristics of peridiapiric de- and to Pierre Routhier for his critical reading.We
posits and MississippiValley-type depositsshow are alsogratefulto Alwyn Scarthfor the translation
somestrikingsimilarities,as previouslyemphasized of this article.
by PriceandKyle (1983). In the caseof the Tunisian
depositswhich have been discussedhere, some July 18, 1983; December13, 1984
characteristics
are similarto the exhalative(volcanic)
sedimentarytype of deposits.
REFERENCES
The processes proposedherein for the genesisof
peridiapiricconcentrations couldbe usedto explain Assereto,R., Jadoul,F., and Omenetto,P., 1977a, Stratigrafia
similar concentrations on basin borders. It would e metallogenesi
del settoreoccidentaledel distrettoa Pb, Zn,
then be necessaryto abandoncompletely the hy- fluorite e barite di Gorno(Alpi bergamasche):
ItalianaPaleon-
tologia Rivista, no. 3, p. 395-532.
pothesisof a nearby continent source of metallic Assereto, R., Brusca,C., Gaetani, M., and Jadoul, F., 1977b,
elements and substitute a model involving base The Pb-Zn mineralization in the Triassic of the Dolomites.
metal-saturatedfluid ascenttowardthe basinedges. Geologicalhistoryand geneticinterpretation:l'IndustriaMi-
Within this framework,the present model is but a neraria, v. 28, p. 1-34.
particularcaseof the moregeneralmodelattempting Athy, L. F., 1930, Density, porosityand compactionof sedi-
mentaryrocks:Am. Assoc.PetroleumGeologistsBull., v. 14,
to explain all strata-associated
mineralizations.It p. 1-24.
would be interestingto be able to demonstratea Attya, A., 1967, Les min•ralisationsmercurif•resde Tunisie
geochemicalkinshipbetween the fluidstrappedin septentrionale:Tunis, Office Natl. Mines Tunisie, unpub.
the ore minerals and the fluids from the bottom of rept., 50 p.
the basin. Unfortunatelythe latter fluids are inac- Baudrimont,A. F., andDubois,P., 1977, Un bassinm•sog•en
cessible. du domainep•ri-alpin: le sud-estde la France:Centre Re-
chercheExplor.ProductionElf-AquitaineBull., v. 2, p. 261-
The followinghave been identifiedas precondi- 308.
tionsnecessary for the formationof diapir-associatedBellon,M., andPerthuisot,V., 1977, Age radiom•trique(K/Ar)
basemetal deposits:(1) the existenceof a basement de feldspathspotassiques et de micasn•oform•sdansle Trias
de Tunisie septentrionale:Soc. G•ol. France Bull., v. 19, p.
complex, an evaporite bed, and a cover; (2) an 1179-1184.
appropriatearrangementof beds to channel the Bernard,A., 1958, Contributionh l'•tude de la provincem•tal-
fluid upward; (3) the existenceof salinefluids;(4) lif•re sous-c•venole:Sci. Terre Nancy, v. 7, p. 123-403.
the presenceof extensionfracturesthat initiate a -- 1964, Precipitationet adsorptions•dimentaire:Develop-
high thermal gradient; (5) the successionin the ments in Sedimentology,v. 2, p. 19-27.
samezone of tectonicor epirogenicmovementsthat Bernard,A., and Foglierini, F., 1967, Etude m•thodologique
sur la g•n•se des gisementsstratiformesde plomb-zincen
facilitateremobilization;and (6) the appearanceand environnementcarbonate:ECON.GEOL.MON. 3, p. 267-276.
maintenanceof a contactzone (either at a point or Berthier,J., 1914, La formationdesg•tesm•tallif•restunisiens:
along a line) between a deep zone with hot and Soc.Industrie Min•rale Saint-EtienneBull., v. 5, p. 81-93.
saline fluids, and an outer zone with cold fresh Berthon, L., 1922, L'industrie min•rale en Tunisie: Tunis,
water. Barlier Ed., 272 p.
These conditionscould explain the presenceof Billings,G. K., Kessler,S. F., andJackson, S. A., 1969, Relation
of zinc-rich formation waters, northern Alberta, to the Pine
peridiapiricbase metal depositsas recurrent con- Point ore deposit:ECON.GEOL.,v. 64, p. 385-391.
centrationson a diapiric structurein a metal zone Bischoff,J. L., 1969, Red Seageothermalbrine deposits:Their
that was deeply buried under a thick sedimentary mineralogy,chemistryand genesis,in Degens,E. T., and
cover. This seems to be true in the case of the Ross,D. A., eds.,Hot brinesand recent heavymetal deposits
Upper Jurassicdepositsin the Vocontianzone and in the Red Sea: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-
Verlag, p. 368-401.
the easternprolongationof the sub-C•vennes border,
Bogacz,K., Dzulyncsi,St., andHaranczyk,Cz., 1973, Sphalerite
whichitselfis preferentiallymineralizedin Triassic- ore reflecting the pattern of primary stratificationin the
and Lower Jurassic-age strata.This is alsothe case Triassicof the Cracow-Silesianregion: Geol. Soc. Poland
in the Pyrenean-CantabrianCretaceous,and even Annals,v. 63, p. 285-300.
 DIAPIRS IN S. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA 685

Bolze,J., 1954a,Diapirismeet m•tallog•nieen Tunisie:Internat. Grabert, H., 1956, MetasomatischeBlei-Zink-Erzein Nordspan-

Cong.G•ol. 19th, Algiers,1952, CompteRendu,sec. 12, p. ien: Zeitschr.Erzbergbau-Metallh/ittenWesen, v. 9, p. 575-
91-104. 581.
-- 1954b, Ascensionet peronedesdiapirsau Cr•tac• moyen Handous, H., 1971, Le Djebel Azered et ses min•ralisations:
dansles montsde T•boursouk(Tunisleseptentrionale): Soc. Algiers, Office Natl. Mines Tunisie, unpub. rept., 50 p.
G•ol. FranceComptesRendusSommaires, no. 7, Apr. 5, p. Hanna, M. A., and Wolf, A. G., 1934, Texas and Louisiana salt
139-141. dome cap rock minerals:Am. Assoc.Petroleum Geologists
Bolze, J., and Schneiderh6hn,H., 1951, M•tallog•nie hydroP Bull., v. 18, p. 212-225.
thermaledansles montsde T•boursouk(Tunisleseptentrion- Heyl, A. V., Agnew, A. F., Lyons, E. J., and Behre, C. H., Jr.,
ale): Soc.G•ol. FranceBull., v. 1, no. 7, p. 381-388. 1959, The geologyof the upper MississippiValley zinc-lead
Boyer, F., Routhier, P., and Rouvier, H., 1975, Mise en •vidence district:U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 309, 310 p.
dequelques ceintures m•tallog•niques d'Europe;consequencesJackson, S. A., andBeales,F. W., 1967, An aspectof sedimentary
th•oriqueset praque:Acad.Sci. ]Paris]ComptesRendus,v. basin evolution: The concentrationof MississippiValley type
280, p. 1333-1336. oresduringlate stageof diagenesis: CanadianPetroleumGeol.
Brinkmann,R., andLiStgers, H., 1967, Die Diapireder spanischen Bull., v. 150, p. 383-433.
WestpyrenSen und ihresVorlandes:Geol. Jahrb.,v. 66, p. 1- Jauzein,A., 1962, Contribution• l'•tude g•ologiquedesconfins
20. de la dorsale tunisienne (Tunisle septentrionale):Annales
Brives,A., 1922, Contributionh l'•tude des gltes m•tallif•res Mines G•ologie [Tunis],no. 22, 475 p.
de l'Alg•rie:Algiers,CarbonnelEd., 112 p. Jenkyns,H. C., 1980, Cretaceousanoxicevents:From continents
Brooks, R. R., Kaplan, I. R., and Peterson, M. M. A., 1969, to oceans:Geol. Soc. London Jour., v. 137, p. 171-188.
Trace elementcompositionof Red Seageothermalbrine and Kind, H. D., 1967, Diapire une alterterti•ir im siid6stlichen
interstitialwater, in Degens,E. T., and Ross,D. A., eds., Hot Baskenland(Nordspanien):Geol. Jahrb,v. 66, p. 127-174.
brinesandrecentheavymetaldepositsin the Red Sea:Berlin, Kisvarsanyi,G., 1977, The role of the Precambrian igneous
Heidelberg,New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 180-202. basementin the formationof the strataboundlead-zinc-copper
Busson,G., 1967, Le M•sozoi'quesaharien:CentreRecherches depositsin southeastMissouri: ECON. GEOL.,v. 72, p. 435--
sur ies ZonesArides ComptesRendus,Paris,Ed. CNRS, no. 442.
8, 194p. Krauskopf,K. B., 1967, Sourcerocksfor metal-bearingfluids,
Callahan,W. H., 1964, Paleophysiographic premisesfor pros- in Barnes, H. L., ed., Hydrothermal ore deposits:London,
pectingfor strata-bound basemetal mineraldepositsin car- Holt, Rinehart, Winston, p. 1-33.
bonaterocks:Mineralogy Geology andBaseMetalsSymposium, Laatar, E., 1980, Gisementsde plomb-zinc et diapirisme du
Ankara,Turkey, Sept. 14-18, 1964, CENTO Proc.,p. 191- Trias salif•re en Tunisie septentrionale:Les concentrations
248. p•ridiapiriques du district minier de Nefate-Fedj el Adourn:
Campbell, M., 1967, Tectonics, reefs and stratiform lead-zinc Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, 3rd cycle, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab.
depositsof the Pine Point area, Canada: ECON. GEOL.MON. G•ologieAppl., 280 p.
3, p. 59-67. Laatar, E., Perthuisot, V., and Rouvier, H., 1981, Le district
Carpenter, A. B., Trout, M. L., and Pickett, E. E., 1974, rainier de Nefate-Fedj el Adoum (Tunisie septentrionale):
Preliminary report on the origin and chemicalevolutionof Exemple de concentrations de Pb-Zn h la p•riph•rie d'un
lead- and zinc-richoil field brinesin centralMississippi: diapir de Trias: Cong. Natl. Sci. Terre, Tunis, Sept. 1981,
ECON. GEOE.,v. 69, p. 1191-1206. ComptesRendus (in press).
Davis, J. B., and Kirkland, D. W., 1979, Bioepigeneticsulfur Lagny, P., 1980, Les gisementsstratiformesassoci•saux •vap-
deposits: ECON.GEOL.,v. 74, p. 462-468. orites: Position dans le temps et place dans l'espace des
Dubourdieu, G., 1956,Etudeg•ologique dela r•giondel'Ouenza bassins s•dimentaires •vaporitiques:
CentreRechercheExplor.
(confins Alg•ro-Tunisiens): ServiceCarteGeol.d'Alg•riePub., ProductionElf-AquitaineBull., v. 4, p. 445-478.
no. 10, 659 p. Lataillade,J. C., 1970, Etude g•ologiqueet m•tallog•niquedes
Fourni•,D., andPacaud, M., 1973,Esquisses s•dimentologiques min•ralisationsferrif•res de la minedu Djebel Djerissa(Tunisie
et pal•og•ographiques surle Cr•tac• inf•rieur de Tunisiedu centrale): Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, 3rd cycle, Univ. P. et M.
Berriasien auBarrYmien: LivreJubilaireM. Solignac, Annales Curie, Lab. G•ologieAppi., 62 p.
MinesG•ologie[Tunis],no. 26, p. 149-168. Launay,L. de, 1913, Trait• de m•tallog•nie. Gites min•raux:
Fuchs, Y., 1973, Sur les relations entre •mersion et concentration Paris-Liege,B•ranger Ed., v. 3, 934 p.
m•tallif•re(quelques exemples tunisiens):LivreJubilaireM. Launey,P., andLeenhardt,R., 1959, Lesbr•chess•dimentaires
Solignac,AnnalesMines G•ologie[Tunis],no. 26, p. 479- du Sin•murien du Lot: Soc. G•ol. France Bull., v. 2, p. 467-
5O9.
484.
Gharbi, M., 1977, Etude des min•ralisations mercurif•res de
Lebedev, L. M., 1967, On contemporaneous
depositsof native
l'accidentGhardimaou-Cap Serrat(Tunisiede Nord-Ouest): lead from the thermal brines of Cheleken: Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.
Unpub.Ph.D. thesis,3rd cycle,Univ. Nancy,131 p. Doklady, v. 174, p. 197-200.
Giot, D., Ferraud,J., Sahli,R., Monciardini,A., Snoep,C., and Levat, D., 1894, Gisementsde phosphatede chauxet gisements
Orgeval,J. J., 1981, Histoire g•ologiquede la couverture de calaminede la Tunisie: Cong. l'Assoc.Franqaisel'Avance-
cr•tac•e surle fiancnord-ouestdu Massifdu JebelKebbouch ment Sci., 23rd, Caen, ComptesRendus,p. 420-431.
(Gouvernorat du Kef, Tunisie):Cong.Natl. Sci.Terre, Tunis, Macquar, J. C., and Lagny, P., 1981, Min•ralisations Pb-Zn
Sept. 1981, ComptesRendus(in press). "sousinconformit•s"dess•riesde plates-formes carbonat&es.
Glangeaud, L., 1935, Originedesgltesm•tallif•resdu Nord de Exemple du gisement de Tr•ves (Gard, France). Relations
l'Alg•rie:Cong.Internat.Mines,M•tallog•nie,G•ologieAppl., entre dolomitisations, dissolutions et min•ralisations: Miner-
Paris, ComptesRendus,v. 1, p. 245-258. alium Deposita, v. 16, p. 283-307.
1951, Interpretationtectono-physique des caract•res Madre, M., 1969, Contributionh l'•tude g•ologiqueet m•tal-
structurauxet pal•og•ographiques de la M•diterran•e occi- log•nique du Djebel Ouenza (Est alg•rien): Unpub. Ph.D.
dentale:Soc.G•ol. FranceBull., v. 6, p. 735-762. thesis,3rd cycle, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab. G•ologie Appl.,
Gottis,C., andSainfeld,P., 1952, Les gltesm•tallif•restunisiens: 112 p.
Internat. Geol. Cong., 19th, Algiers, 1952, 2nd ser., no. 2, Mahjoubi,H., andSamama,J. C., 1980, ModUlede concentration
104 p. superg•ned'amassid•ritique,le casdu Djebel Jerissa, Tunisie
686 ROUVIER, PERTHUISOT, AND MANSOURI

labs.l:Internat. Geol. Cong., 26th, Paris 1980, v. 3, sec. 13, du domainep•rialpin: Soc.G•ol. FranceBull., v. 15, p. 397-
Abstracts,p. 963. 410.
Mansouri, A., 1980, Gisements de Pb-Zn et karstification en Perthuisot, V., and Saliot, P., 1979, N•oformations silicat•es
milien continental:le district minier du Djebel Hallouf-Sidi dansle Trias des diapirstunislens:R81edes solutionshydro-
bou Aouane (Tunisle septentrionale):Unpub. Ph.D. thesis, thermales:Sci. Terre Nancy, v. 23, no. 2, p. 75-83.
3rd cycle, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab. G•ologie Appl., 257 p. Popov,A., 1968, Les typesmorphologiques et la r•partition
• 1981, Le gisementde Pb-Zn du Djebel Hallouf-Sidibou desgisements de zincet de plomben A!g•rie:AnnalesMines
Aouane: Cong. Natl. Sci. Terre, Tunis, Sept. 1981, Comptes G(•ologie[Tunis],no. 23, p. 103-203.
Rendus(in press). Price, P. E., and Kyle, J. R., 1983, Metallic sulphidedepositsin
Massin,J. M., 1968, Contribution•t l'•tude du glte ferro- Gulf Coastsalt-domecaprocks:Gulf CoastAssoc.Geol. Socs.,
plombo-zincif•re du Djebel Kebbouch-Sud(Tunisle): Soc. Trans., v. 33, p. 189-193.
G•ol. France Bull., v. 10, p. 103-109. Roedder, E., 1967, Environment of deposition of stratiform
-- 1971, Le champ ferrif•re de Nebeur. Contribution •t (MississippiValley type) ore deposits,from studiesof fluid
l'inventaire des ressourcesminiSres de la Tunisle: Paris, Bur. inclusions:ECON. GEOL.MON. 3, p. 349-362.
RecherchesG•ologie MiniSresBull., 2nd ser., sec. 2, no. 4, Routhier, P., 1983, Where are the metals for the future? The
p. 29-66.
metal provinces.An essayon global metallogeny:Orleans,
Mo•sseef,A., 1959, Etude g•ologiqueet m•tallog•nique du Ed. Bur. RecherchesG•ol. Min., 373 p.
district minier E1 Grefa-Bazina,Le Sem•ne, Tunisie: Unpub.
Ph.D thesis, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Lab. G•ologie Appl., Rouvier,H., 1960, Contribution•t l'•tude g•ologiqueet m•tal-
152 p. log•niquedes min•ralisations plombo-zincif•res du Diois et
Monseur,G., 1961, Etude m•tallog•niquedu sectcurcentral desBaronnies:Unpub. Ph.D. thesis,3rd cycle,Univ. P. et M.
du gisement de zinc de R(•ocin, Province de Santander, Curie, Lab. G•ologie Appl., 120 p.
Espagne:Soc.G•ol. BelgiqueAnnales,v. 85, m(•m.2, 70 p. -- 1962, Exemplede gisements plombo-zincif•res (•pig•n•-
-- 1965, Contribution•tl'•tude s•dimentologiqueet g•n•tique tiques dans des niveaux calcairesde sillon subsident:les
du gisementplombo-zincif•re de R•ocin (Espagne):Acad. min•ralisations du Diois et des Baronnies: Soc. G•ol. France
RoyaleSci. d'Outre-Mer [Bruxelles],v. 16, no. 5, 87 p. Bull., v. 4, p. 816-825.
Moore, C., and Druckman, Y., 1981, Burial diagenesisand -- 1967, Sulfureset r•gime hydrodynamiquedu milieu de
porosity evolution, Upper JurassicSmackover,Arkansasand s•dimentation. Exemple tunisien: le mineral de plomb du
Louisiana:Am. Assoc.Petroleum GeologistsBull., v. 65, p. Koudiat Safra:Mineralium Deposita, v. 2, p. 38-43.
597-628. 1971, Min•ralisationsplombo-zincif•reset ph•nom•ne
Neglia, S., 1979, Migration of fluidsin sedimentarybasins:Am. karstique.Exempletunisien:!e gisementdu Djebel Hallouf:
Assoc.PetroleumGeologistsBull., v. 63, p. 573-597. Mineralium Deposita, v. 6, p. 196-206.
Nicolini, P., 1968, Les gisementsplombo-zincif•res de Tunisle: -- 1977, G•ologie de l'extr•me-nordtunisien:Tectoniques
AnnalesMinesG(•ologie[Tunis],no. 23, p. 207-240. et pal•og•ographies superpos•es•tl'extr•mit•orientalede !a
-- 1970, G•tologiedesconcentrations min•ralesstratiformes:
cha•nenord-maghr•bine: Unpub.thesis,Doctoratd'Etat,Univ.
Paris, Gauthier-Villars Ed., 792 p. P. et M. Curie, Lab. G•ologie App!., 703 p.
Noble, E. A., 1963, Formation of ore deposits by water of
compaction:ECON. GEOL., v. 58, p. 1145-1156.
Ruckmick,J. C., Wimberly, B. M., and Edwards,A. F., 1979,
Ohle, E. L., 1980, Some considerationsin determining the Classificationand genesisof biogenic sulfur deposits:ECON.
GEOL., v. 74, p. 469-474.
origin of ore depositsof the MississippiValley type. Part II:
ECON. GEOL., v. 75, p. 161-172. Sahli, R., Giot, D., Orgeval, J. J., Lenindre, Y. M., Sureau,F.,
Omenetto, P., and Vailati, G., 1977, Richerche geominerarie and Snoep,J., 1981, Schemades principaux(•v•nements
nel settore centrale del distretto a Pb, Zn, fluorite et •barite diag•n•tiquesaffectantless•riessulfato-carbonat•esassoci•es
di Gorno (Lombardia):l'Industria Minerari, v. 28, p. 25-44. aux min&ralisationsplomb-zinc du Jebel Kebbouch, Jebel
Orgeval,J. J., Giot, D., Sahli,R., Lenindre, Y. M., Gharbi, M., Lorbeus et Jebel Dogra (Gouvernoratdu Kef, Tunis). Essai
and Monciadini, C., 1981, Caract•risation des concentrations d'interpr•tationdiag•n•tique:Cong. Natl. Sci. Terre, Tunis,
sulfur•esassoci•esaux faciesde calcairesdu Bahloul(C•no- Sept. 1981, ComptesRendus(in press).
manien-Turonieninf(•rieur)du sectcurdu Djebel Bou Grine: Sainfeld, P., 1952, Les gltes plombo-zincif•resde Tunisle:
Cong. Natl. Sci. Terre, Tunis, Sept. 1981, ComptesRendus AnnalesMines G•ologie [Tunis],no. 9, 285 p.
(in press). Sangster,D. F., 1970, Metallogenesis
of someCanadianlead-
P•lissonnier,H., 1959, Un contr•le g•ologiquetr•s g•n•ral des zinc depositsin carbonaterocks:Geol. Assoc.CanadaProc.,
grands gisementsstratiformes de plomb, zinc et cuivre: la v. 22, p. 27-36.
structurepal•insulaire:Acad. Sci. [Paris]ComptesRendus,v. Schneiderh/Shn, H., 1941, Lehrbuch der Erzlagerst/ittenkunde:
248, p. 1691-1692. Iena, G. FischerEd., 858 p.
-- 1962, Un factcurde concentrationm•tallique: l'•trangle-
ment: Acad. Sci. [Paris]ComptesRendus,v. 255, p. 2792-
-- 1954, La positiong•n•tique desgltesm•tallif•res post-
2794. triasiquesde l'Afrique du Nord francaisc:Internat. Geol.
1967, Analysespal•ohydrog•ologiques
des gisements Cong.,19th, Algiers,1952, ComptesRendus,sec.12, p. 74-
90.
stratiformesde plomb-zinc-baryte-fiuorite
du type "Mississippi
Valley": ECON.GEOL.MON. 3, p. 234-252. Schroeder,E. R., 1979, Le calcairede Caniego:T•moin d'une
-- 1982, La significationm•ta!log•niquedu plombJ: Chro- mont•e du diapir de Valle de Mena (Provincede Burgos,
nique MinesRechercheMini•re Jour.,no. 468, p. 31-41. Espagne) dansl'Albiensup(•rieur: Cuadernos
GeologiaIberica,
v. 5, p. 221-225.
Perthuisot,V., 1978, Dynamiqueet p•trogen•sedesextrusions
triasiquesen Tunisie septentrionale:Paris, Pressesl'Ecole Smith,A. E., Jr., 1970a, Mineralsfrom Gulf Coastsalt domes:
NormaleSupSrieure,312 p. Part I: Rocks Minerals, v. 45, p. 299-303.
-- 1981, Diapirism in northern Tunisia: StructuralGeology, -- 1970b, Minerals from Gulf Coast salt domes: Part II:
v. 3, p. 231-235. RocksMinerals, v. 45, p. 371-380.
Perthuisot, V., and Guilhaumou, N., 1983, Les diapirs triasiques Solignac,M., 1927, Etude g•ologiquede la Tunisleseptentrion-
du domainevocontien:Phasesdiapiriqueset hydrothermales ale.'Tunis, J. Barlier Ed., 765 p.
 DIAPIRS IN S. EUROPE AND N. AFRICA 687

Stackelberg, V. von, 1967, Der Diapir von Murguia(Nordspan- karstset min•ralisations:Unpub. Ph.D. thesis,3rd cycle,Univ.
ien): Geol. Jahrb,v. 66, p. 63-94. Orleans,289 p.
Sverjensky, D. A., 1984,Oil fieldbrinesasore-forming solutions: Vadala,P., Touray, J. C., Garcia-Iglesias,J., and Ruiz, F., 1981,
ETON. GEOL., v. 79, p. 23-37. Nouvellesdonn•es sur le gisementde R•ocin (Santander,
Termier,P., 1920, Observations de tectoniquealg•ro-tunisienne: Espagne),gal•ne et ank•rite en remplissagede cavit•s sou-
Soc.G•ol. FranceComptesRendusSommaires, v. 5, p. 46- terraines karstiquesde l'Urgonien. Discussiondu r•le de la
48. tectonique diapirique: Chronique Recherche Mini•re, no.
Thibi•roz, J., andMadre,M., 1976, Le gisementde sideritedu 462, p. 43-59.
Djebel Ouenza (Alg•rie) est contr•l• par un golfe de mer Vassileff,L., and Popov, A., 1979, Formationsmin•rales et
aptienne:Soc. Histoire Naturelie d'Afrique du Nord Bull., v. zonesm•tallog•niquesde la Tunisie:GeologicaActa, v. 7,
67, p. 125-150. no. 4, p. 43-56.
Toubal, A., 1984, Contribution • l'•tude des min•ralisations Williams, N., 1978, Studiesof the basemetal sulfidedeposits
antimonif•resdu Nord-Estalg•rien:Une provincem•tallog•- at McArthur River, Northern Territory, Australia, I. The
niqueh•t•rochrone:Unpub.Ph.D.thesis,3rd cycle,Univ.P. Cooley and Ridge deposits:EcOle. GEOL.,v. 73, p. 1005-
et M. Curie, Lab. G•ologieAppl., 141 p. 1035.
Vadala,P., 1981, Le g;te de ZnS-PbS• gangueank•ritiquede Wolf, K. H., 1976, Ore genesisinfluencedby compaction:
R•ocin (Santander, Espagne).Tectoniquediapirique,palco- Developments in Sedimentology,
v. 2, p. 446-675.