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    IR Qualitative

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    redaelwan
    IR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify functional groups and molecular structure. [1] Molecules absorb specific frequencies of IR radiation that excite vibrational modes determined by mass and bond properties. [2] IR spectra are divided into three regions - the functional group region identifies bonds like C=O and OH, the fingerprint region provides unique profiles, and the low region classifies substances. [3] In this experiment, students will collect IR spectra of unknown solids and liquids to identify functional groups and determine their identities from a list of possibilities.

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    IR Qualitative

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    redaelwan
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    IR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify functional groups and molecular structure. [1] Molecules absorb specific frequencies of IR radiation that excite vibrational modes determined by mass and bond properties. [2] IR spectra are divided into three regions - the functional group region identifies bonds like C=O and OH, the fingerprint region provides unique profiles, and the low region classifies substances. [3] In this experiment, students will collect IR spectra of unknown solids and liquids to identify functional groups and determine their identities from a list of possibilities.

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    IR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify functional groups and molecular structure. [1] Molecules absorb specific frequencies of IR radiation that excite vibrational modes determined by mass and bond properties. [2] IR spectra are divided into three regions - the functional group region identifies bonds like C=O and OH, the fingerprint region provides unique profiles, and the low region classifies substances. [3] In this experiment, students will collect IR spectra of unknown solids and liquids to identify functional groups and determine their identities from a list of possibilities.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    207 views4 pages

    IR Qualitative

    Uploaded by

    redaelwan
    IR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify functional groups and molecular structure. [1] Molecules absorb specific frequencies of IR radiation that excite vibrational modes determined by mass and bond properties. [2] IR spectra are divided into three regions - the functional group region identifies bonds like C=O and OH, the fingerprint region provides unique profiles, and the low region classifies substances. [3] In this experiment, students will collect IR spectra of unknown solids and liquids to identify functional groups and determine their identities from a list of possibilities.

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    of 4

    CH 424 Instrumental Analysis Lab

    Qualitative Analysis by IR spectroscopy

    Introduction

    IR spectroscopy, one of the vibrational spectroscopic techniques, is a valuable tool for


    qualitative analysis. IR radiation is generally considered to be from about 10,000-100
    cm-1, however, most instruments are limited to the range where most application occur
    between 4000-400 cm-1. In this technique, the IR radiation is absorbed and converted by a
    sample molecule into energy of molecular vibration. The masses of the atoms in the
    molecule, the force constants of the bonds, and the geometric structure of the molecule
    determine the frequency of absorption. IR spectra can be used to provide information on
    the functional groups as well as the structure of a molecule as a whole.

    IR spectra are commonly divided into three main regions. The high-frequency region,
    between 4000-1300 (2-7.7 µm), is called functional group region because the
    characteristics stretching frequencies for important functional groups such as C=O, OH,
    and NH occur in this region. The middle-frequency region, between 1300-900 cm-1 (7-11
    µm) is known as the fingerprint region, in which the absorptions occur are complex and
    normally due to combinations of interacting vibrational modes, providing a unique
    fingerprint for every molecule. The spectrum in this region is especially valuable if
    examined in reference to other regions. The region between 900-650cm-1 (11-15 µm)
    provides general classification of molecules from the pattern of absorptions, such as
    substitution patterns on a benzene ring. The absence of absorptions in the low-frequency
    region can provide a good evidence for the absence of an aromatic compound. Obtaining
    a broad, moderately intense absorption in the low-frequency region indicates the presence
    of carboxylic dimers, amines, or amides. Evaluation of the spectra is normally begun with
    assigning the bands of high and medium intensities, especially in the functional group
    region and low-frequency region.

    You will use the Fourier transform (FT) IR spectrometer to collect the data in this
    experiment. The FT-IR instruments do not require a dispersing unit; the radiation
    containing all wavelengths from the light source is monitored simultaneously. Most of
    FT-IR instruments are based on scanning Michelson interferometer that consists of a
    moving mirror, a fixed mirror, and a beamsplitter. Radiation from the IR source is
    divided at the beamsplitter in which half the beam passes to a fixed mirror, the another
    half is reflected off the moving mirror. The two beams will recombine at the
    beamsplitter, and a constructive or destructive interference will occur depending on the
    difference of the distance between the beamsplitter to the fixed and moving mirror. The
    result of a variation of intensities is an oscillatory series of destructive and constructive
    combinations, called an interferogram. Fourier transformation converts this interferogram
    from the time domain into normal IR spectra, which is in the frequency domain. FT-IR
    provides several advantages such as high sensitivity, resolution, and speed.
    In this experiment, you will familiar with the operation FT-IR spectrometer and sample
    handling in IR technique for both liquid and solid samples, learn how to interpret IR
    spectra, and identify unknown compounds.

    Procedure

    1. Using a single scan, record a full-range (4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1) spectrum of
    polystyrene. Plot the interferogram, transform the data, and then plot the full-range
    spectrum over the interferogram. Note on how long all this took.

    2. Now perform a 4 scans run, noting how long this takes, transform the data and plot
    the spectrum. Repeat for 16 scans. Comment on the improvement in the signal-to-
    noise obtained.

    3. Obtain unknown compounds and a list of possible unknown compounds from your
    instructor and make a note for the unknown numbers. You will receive one unknown
    liquid compound and one unknown solid compound.

    4. Record a full-range (4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1) spectrum of a liquid unknown as thin
    films between sodium chloride plates. Clean sodium chloride plates with chloroform
    and tissues; handling them with care, by the edges only.

    5. Record a full-range (4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1) spectrum of a solid unknown. How do
    you prepare the sample?

    Your compounds will be in the list of possible IR unknown compounds. From


    appropriate tables or IR correlation charts, identify possible functional groups in your
    compound from characteristic bands in your spectrum, and write them next to the
    assigned bands. Once you have narrow the number of possible compounds down to a
    few compounds from the list of the possible unknown compounds, consult some standard
    source of IR spectra. Then tabulate to make a comparison between the spectra of most
    probable compounds from a reference IR spectra with your unknown spectra. The
    suggested comparison table contains headings such as wave number of absorption peaks
    (cm-1), supposed groups, group present and their types of vibration.

    Questions

    (1) What are the main analytical applications of IR spectroscopy?


    (2) Explain why absorption of IR radiation by a molecule is actually quantized but the
    vibrational spectra appear as bands rather than as lines.

    References

    (1) R.M Silverstein, G. Claton Bassler and Terence C. Morrill, “Spectrometric


    Identification of organic Compounds, 5th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
    (2) Ernö Pungor, “A practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis”, CRC Press, London,
    1995.
    (3) Donald T. Sawyer, William R. Heinman and Janice M. Beebe, "Chemistry
    Experiments for Instrumental Methods”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
    (4) Hobart H. Willard, Lynne L. Merritt, John A. Dean and Frank A. Settle,
    “Instrumental Methods of Analysis”, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont,
    1988.
    List of Possible IR Unknown Compounds

    Acetanilide
    Acetylsalicylic acid
    Benzoic acid
    Benzylmethylamine
    3-bromo-1-propanol
    caffeine
    2-chlorobenzoic acid
    dibutylmaleate
    ethyl acetate

    ethyl caproate
    ethyl cinnamate
    p-nitroaniline
    2-nitrotoluene
    5-nitrosalicylaldehyde
    3-pentanol
    acetonylacetone
    p-bromoanisole
    sec-butyl amine
    1-chloro-2-propanol
    0-Xylene
    m-Xylene
    p-Xylene
    Toluene
    Ethylbenzene

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