DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED R.C.

C COLUMN
WHAT IS A COLUMN:
Columns are the structural members that are subjected to axial compressive force
as the main force.

TYPES OF COLUMN:
W.r.t to point of application of load
1- Concentrically Loaded Column:
The columns that are subjected to only axial load is called concentrically/axially
load column.
2- Eccentrically Loaded column:
The columns that are subjected to load at an eccentricity resulting in combined
action of axial compression and bending moments are called eccentrically loaded
column.
W.r.t to slenderness ratio
1- Short Column
The column that fails in crushing. l/r < 40
2- Intermediate column
The column that fails in crushing and buckling . l/r = 40 to 100
3- Long Column (Slender column)
The column that fails in buckling. l/r > 100

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN

1- Longitudinal Steel (Main Steel)
The main steel in column is provided along the length of the members in
the corner or closer to the outer periphery is called longitudinal steel
 To reduce creep and shrinkage in the column
  To provide certain minimum ductility in the column
 To prevent reduction in column stiffness against lateral movement
 To provide resistance against bending moment
 To increase the axial load carrying capacity of the column
2- Transverse Steel (Shear Reinforcement)
The longitudinal bars are held together by the transverse reinforcement. This
transverse reinforcement may be in the form of closely spaced of ties or
spiral.
 To prevent the outward buckling of longitudinal bars that may be occur
by breaking of the concrete cover.
 To provide some confinement to the inner concrete, preventing its
sudden collapse and hence increase its ductility.
 To provide resistance against shear and shrinkage cracking
 To held the column longitudinal steel at its proper position during the
casting of concrete.

SOURCE OF MOMENT IN COULMNS

 Unequal Loading on both side of the column
When load on both sides of the column is unequal, the resultant load will have eccentricity
with respect to column centroid and hence moment will generated. Corner columns of a
building always have moments about the two possible axis of the building. Edge column
have moment at least about one axis of the building.
 Unequal Span on both side of column
Presence of unequal spans on sides of column also produced eccentricity and moments.
 Rigid Frame Action
If the joints of column and beams is monolithic, it behaves as a rigid joints and end
moments of beam is transferred to column.
 Eccentricity of the load
Sometimes the load is applied on column at an eccentricity through brackets or other
mechanism as in case of crane girders producing large moments.
 Out of Plumbness of column
If the column is not exactly vertical, the load at the top produces some eccentricity at the
bottom.
 Out of Straightness of Column
in case the column is not perfectly straight the eccentricity will produced and hence
moment is generated.
MINIMUM STEEL AREA IN COLUMN
Minimum steel area in column is calculated as
𝑨𝒔(𝒎𝒊𝒏) = 𝝆𝑨𝒈
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

MINIMUM CLEAR COVER

Minimum clear cover = 40mm (1.5in)

Minimum cover if column is in contact with water or soil = 75mm

SPACING B/W TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMNT

Spacing of the ties should be smaller of the following

3- 16 times diameter of the longitudinal bars

4- 48 times diameter of the ties bars
5- Least lateral dimension of the column
6- 300mm
4
The spacing of ties must be larger of 3 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 and 25mm
Example: An axially loaded short column has a length of 3m and has a factored load of 1500KN.
fc’=20MPa, maximum aggregate size=19mm and fy=300Mpa. Calculate the suitable dimensions and
reinforcement for the following two options:

 Square tied column

 Circular spirally reinforcement column

Solution

Given data:

 Length of column =3m

 Factored load =Pu= 1500KN
 Compressive strength of concrete=fc’=20MPa
 Grade of steel = fy=300Mpa
 maximum aggregate size=19mm

Square tied column

Size of column
𝑃𝑢 +2𝑀𝑢𝑥 +2𝑀𝑢𝑥 1500×1000
𝐴𝑔(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙) = 0.43𝑓𝑐 ′ +0.008𝑓𝑦
= 0.43(20)+0.008(300)

=136364mm2 =369.27 ≈ 375 × 375𝑚𝑚

Required area of Steel

1500,000
(𝑃𝑢 /0.52)−0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑔 ( )−(0.85×20×3752 )
0.52
𝐴𝑠 = = ≈1746mm2 >𝐴𝑠(min) (OK)
𝑓𝑦 −0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 300−(0.85×20)

𝐴𝑠(min)=0.01× 𝐴𝑔 =0.01× 3752 =1407 mm2

Longitudinal bars

By using #25 bar (Ab=510mm2) = 1746/510 =3.42 ≈4 bars (2040mm2)

By using #19 bar (Ab=284mm2) =1746/284 =6.14 ≈8 bars (2272mm2)

By using #19 and # 16 bars (Ab=199 mm2) = 4-#19 and 4-#16 (1932mm2)

Transverse bars

Using #10mm bar as a tie

Spacing of the ties should be smaller of the following

 16 times diameter of the longitudinal bars = 16×16 =256mm

 48 times diameter of the ties bars = 48×10 =480mm
 Least lateral dimension of the column =375mm
 300mm

Smax=250mm
 Provide #10 @ 250mm c/c

Reinforcement Detail 375mm

#10@250mmc/c

4#16

375mm
4#19

Clear Spacing b/w bars = [375-(2*40) -(2*10)-(2*19)-16]/2 =110.5mm <150mm

Circular column

Size of column
𝑃𝑢 +2𝑀𝑢𝑥 +2𝑀𝑢𝑥 1500×1000
𝐴𝑔(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙) = 0.5𝑓𝑐 ′ +0.01𝑓𝑦
= 0.5(20)+0.01(300) =115385mm2

Diameter of circular column =383.39 =385mm

Longitudinal Bars
1500,000 𝜋
(𝑃𝑢 /0.6375)−0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑔 ( )−(0.85×20× ×3852 )
0.6375 4
𝐴𝑠 = = ≈1324.7mm2
𝑓𝑦 −0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 300−(0.85×20)

𝜋
𝐴𝑠(min)=0.01× 𝐴𝑔 =0.01× 4 × 3852 =1103.9 mm2

As 𝐴𝑠 >𝐴𝑠(min) (ok)

Using #19 mm bar

Number of bars =1324.7/284 =4.66 =5≈ 6 bars

Using #10mm diameter of spiral

𝜋𝑑𝑠𝑝 2 𝑓𝑦 3.14×102 ×300
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑔 = 116356.63 =57.8 ≈ 55𝑚𝑚
0.45𝐷𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ( −1) 0.45×305×20(
73024.63
−1)
𝐴𝑐ℎ

𝐷𝑐ℎ = 385 − 2(40) = 305𝑚𝑚

𝜋
𝐴𝑐ℎ = 4 × 3052 = 73024.63

Provide spiral of #10mm at a pitch of 55mm.

Eccentrically Loaded Column

Design a 3m eccentrically loaded column for the following data:

*PD=300 kN *PL=450 kN *MD=58 kN-m *ML=85 kN-m

*Length = 3m *𝑓𝑐 ′ =20MPa *𝑓𝑦 =300MPa * Size of aggregate =19mm

The column should be of rectangular section with at least one side should not larger than 375mm.

Factored Load

PU=1.2(PD) +1.6(PL) = 1.2(300) +1.6(450) =1080kN

MU=1.2(MD) +1.6(ML) = 1.2(58) +1.6(85) =205.6 kN-m

Size of column
𝑃𝑢 +2𝑀𝑢𝑥 +2𝑀𝑢𝑦 (1080+2×205.6)×1000
𝐴𝑔(𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙) = = =135564mm2= 375 × 375𝑚𝑚
0.43𝑓𝑐 ′ +0.008𝑓𝑦 0.43(20)+0.008(300)

Longitudinal Bars
Pu 1080×1000
= =7.68 MPa
Ag 375×375

Mu 205.6×1000×1000
Ag ℎ
= 375×375×375
=3.90 MPa

375−2(40)−2(10)−32
𝛾= 375
= 0.65 ≈ 0.6

Using 𝛾=0.6, the required steel ratio becomes greater than 3%. It is better to revise the size of
column.

Second Trial: Take column size of 375 × 400𝑚𝑚

Pu 1080×1000
Ag
= 375×400
=7.2 MPa

Mu 205.6×1000×1000
Ag ℎ
= 375×400×400
=3.43 MPa

400−2(40)−2(10)−32
𝛾= 400
= 0.67 ≈ 0.6

Third Trial: Again it is larger of 3%. Take column size of 375 × 425𝑚𝑚
Pu 1080×1000
Ag
= 375×425
=6.78 MPa

Mu 205.6×1000×1000
Ag ℎ
= 375×425×425
=3.04 MPa

425−2(40)−2(10)−32
𝛾= 425
= 0.69 ≈ 0.6 ,0.75
Third Trial: Again it is larger of 3%. Take column size of 375 × 450𝑚𝑚
Pu 1080×1000
= =6.4 MPa
Ag 375×450

Mu 205.6×1000×1000
Ag ℎ
= 375×450×450
=2.70 MPa

450−2(40)−2(10)−32
𝛾= 450
= 0.71 ≈ 0.75

Now using the interaction curve we get 𝜌 = 0.03

As = 𝜌𝑏ℎ = 0.03 × 375 × 450 =5063mm2

Provide 8#29 as a longitudinal bars

Transverse bars

Using #10mm bar as a tie

Spacing of the ties should be smaller of the following

 16 times diameter of the longitudinal bars = 16×29 =465mm

 48 times diameter of the ties bars = 48×10 =480mm
 Least lateral dimension of the column =375mm
 300mm

Smax=300mm

Provide #10 @ 300mm c/c