1.

Introduction to Wiring Diagrams

Objectives-Week 1
Identify wire colour coding (grounded and ungrounded wires)
Identify the basic symbols used for wiring diagrams
Draw a basic wiring diagram
List CEC rules for colour coding of wires

2. The Need for Communication

 Drawings are the “road map” for electrical installations.

 They make sense of an otherwise confusing installation.
 Drawings also allow for someone other than the installer to know exactly what is or should
be going on with our install.
 There are different types of drawings that communicate different information.
3. The Layout Diagram

The layout diagram is also known as a block diagram. It is a single line diagram, making use of
squares, rectangles, circles, etc…, to indicate the parts used, and t he location of each part.

F ──────── S ──────────
Voltage Supply Control Device Load
4. The Schematic Diagram
The schematic diagram is used to indicate, and trace the current paths. It is a single line diagram,
making use of symbols and colour code.

5. The ladder type Schematic Diagram

The ladder type schematic diagram is similar to the schematic diagram, however it consists of
multiple circuits, components, and steps. In the ladder type schematic diagram each circuit is
shown as a separate rung of the ladder.
6. The Wiring Diagram
The wiring diagram is a “how to” type of diagram. It shows how to connect the devices in the
circuit. It makes use of colour code, and shows all hardware needed to make the circuit operate.

7.  Rule 12-506 (1) The cable (Non Metallic Sheathed Cable) shall be run in continuous lengths
between outlet boxes, junction boxes, and panel boxes as a loop system and the joints, splices,
and taps shall be made in the boxes.
 A wiring diagram represents this requirement by laying out the loops(circuits) running from
box to box with the cable terminating at devices inside the box. It also communicates exactly
how our circuit is connected.
 It also indicates the bonding and grounding connections as required by the CEC.

8.

9. Conductor Identification

 CEC requires that the grounded (identified) conductor have an outer finish that is white or
gray, or three continuous white stripes. 4-030 (1)
 The white grounded conductor is commonly referred to as the neutral, CEC Rule 4-030(2).
 Ungrounded conductors must not use green, white, gray, or three continuous white stripes.
4-038 (3)
 The ungrounded conductors are commonly referred to as “hot or phase conductors.”
 The equipment bonding conductor is green or bare, CEC Rule 4-036.
10. CEC 4038 (3) (a) (b)
Non-metallic-sheathed cable (Romex) and armoured cable (BX) are colour-coded as follows:

Two-wire:
 one black ("hot" phase conductor)
 one white (grounded "identified" conductor)
 one bare (equipment bonding conductor)
Or
 one black ("hot" phase conductor)
 one red ("hot" phase conductor)
 one bare (equipment bonding conductor)

Three-wire:
 one black ("hot" phase conductor)
 one white (grounded "identified” conductor)
 one red ("hot" phase conductor)
one bare (equipment bonding conductor)

11.

12.
13.

14.

15. 4-036-Use of Identified Conductors

(1) When using NMSC or AC the identified conductor can be changed to another colour
(2) For use in switch loops it can stay white as long as it carries the switched feed to the outlet
only
(3) When not used cut it off
(4) Installed so that devices can be disconnected without interrupting the continuity of the
identified conductor

16. Lampholders 30-600

 The identified conductor shall be connected to the screw shell.

 Therefore the hot must be connected to the base.
 This prevents the shell from ever becoming live and someone receiving a shock while
changing a light bulb.
 The identified conductor connects directly to the load leaving the hot to be controlled or
“switched”
17.

18. Receptacles AUTOMATIC BONDING

TO METALLIC BOXES
Terminals for wire connection are
identified as brass for hot and HIDDEN FROM
silver for identified conductors. VIEW IS THE GREEN
HEXAGON SCREW
TO ATTACH THE
BONDING WIRE

GROUNDING
SLOT
19. What about the BARE wire???

Equipment bonding requirements are specified

in Rules 10-400 to 10-408, 10-808 and 10-814.
These rules require that all boxes and fixtures in
the residence be bonded to ground.

20. 10-400 to 10-408

Equipment Bonding-tells us that all non current carrying metal shall be bonded together and
connected to ground at the panel.

10-808
(1) Tells us that bonding conductor splices must be made in boxes
(2) Tells us that all bonding conductors shall be connected together using the screws provided
in the box or a combination of the screws plus a wireless connector. Also in such a way so
that the removal of a device does not interrupt the bonding continuity.

10-814
 Bonding Conductor Size shall use Table 16A
 Our Residential wiring contains an appropriately sized bonding conductor.

21. Intro to Wiring Diagrams Part 3

• Explain the difference between single pole, double pole, three way and four way toggle
switches
• List the CEC rules pertaining to toggle switches
• Draw wiring diagrams using the different types of switches

22. Toggle Switches Types

23. Toggle Switches 14-500 to 14-514

 Category 1 14-508
AC/DC General-Use Snap Switch
 AC or DC circuits
 Resistive loads
 Inductive loads limited to ½ current rating
 Marked with “T” tungsten loads limited to current rating
 Marked for horsepower limited to current rating
24. Category 2 14-510 Category 3 14-512

AC General-Use Snap Switch • AC only

 AC only • Resistive and inductive loads
 Resistive and inductive loads not to exceed 347 volts
 Tungsten-filament lamp not to exceed current
rating at 120 volts
 Motor loads not to exceed 80% of current rating
25.

26. Toggle Switch Types

 Single Pole Switch

• A single pole switch is used when a light or group of lights is to be controlled from one
point.
• The switch is identified by its two terminals and the toggle marked on/off.

27. Three Way Switch-

• A three way switch differs from a single pole switch in that the three way switch does not
have an on/off position.
• It has a common (the terminal that is always connected) and two traveler terminals.

28.
29.

30. Four Way Switch

• Four way switches are used when a load
must be controlled from more than two
locations.
• It has two positions but neither is on or
off.

31.
32. Double Pole Switch
• A double pole (two pole) switch may be
used when two separate circuits are to
be controlled with one switch.
• It may also be used to control a 240
volt load.

33.

34.

35.
36.

37. Conductors

 Electrical wires are sized to the American Wire Gauge (AWG) standard.
 The larger the AWG number, the smaller the diameter of the wire.
 Electrical wires can be solid or stranded.
 Conductors that are No. 8 AWG and larger are generally stranded.
38. Conductors (continued)

The Canadian Electrical Code (CEC 4-002) states that the minimum size permitted in house wiring
is #14 AWG (Exceptions see section 16 Table 12)

39. AMPACITY:

Is the current in amperes a conductor can carry continuously under the condition of use without
exceeding its temperature rating.
40. Circuit Rating

The rating of the overcurrent

device (OCD) must be compared.
The branch circuit value is the
lesser of these two values.

These are all classified as 15 amp

circuits even though larger
conductors were used for some
other reason.

41. Insulation of Wires

 CEC Rule 12-100 requires that insulation on conductors be suitable for the conditions in
which they are installed.

 The insulation must completely surround the metal conductor, have a uniform thickness,
and run the entire length of the wire or cable.
  One type of insulation used on wires is a thermoplastic material (T90 Nylon or TEW)

42. Any insulation with a designation that starts with a "T," such as T90 Nylon or TEW, is a
thermoplastic.

A thermoplastic will deform and melt when excess heat is applied to it.

Any insulation that starts with "R," such as R90XLPE, is a thermoset material.

A thermoset material will not soften and deform when heat is applied to it. When heated above its
rated temperature, it will char and crack.

Table 19 (CEC 2015 pg 342) list the various conductors insulations and applications

43. The insulation covering wires and cables used in house wiring is usually rated at 300 volts or
less.

Conductors are also rated for the temperature they can withstand.

For example:
Type TWN 60° C
Type TWN75 75°C
Type T90 Nylon 90° C
Type RW90-XLPE 900 C

44. NON-METALLIC-SHEATHED CABLE (NMSC) [CEC RULES 12-500 TO 12-526]

Description

Nonmetallic-sheathed cable is a factory assembly of two or more insulated conductors having an

outer sheath of moisture-resistant, flame-retardant nonmetallic material.
45. The CSA lists three classifications of nonmetallic-sheathed cable:

Type NMD90 (Dry or Damp) has a flame-retardant, moisture-resistant non-metallic covering over
the conductors and is suitable for both dry and damp locations.

Types NMW (Wet) and NMWU (Wet, Underground) have a flame-retardant, moisture-resistant,
corrosion-resistant, fungus-resistant non-metallic covering over the conductors.

NMWU is designed especially to use in wet and direct burial locations. Sometimes called Romex
or Loomex.

46. Non-metallic-sheathed cable has an uninsulated copper conductor that is used for bonding purposes
only.

This bonding conductor is not intended for use as a current-carrying circuit wire.
47. Equipment bonding requirements are specified in CEC Rules 10-400 to 10-408, 10-808 and 10-
814. These rules require that all boxes and fixtures in the residence be bonded to ground.
48.

49. Working with NMSC-Terminating and splicing

CEC rules

12-100 Types of Conductors-must suitable for conditions of use (CEC Table 19)
12-112 Conductor joints and splices
12-116 Termination of conductors

There are many different brands and types of solderless connectors designed to establish Code-
compliant electrical connections.

50. Types of Wire Connectors

51. Objectives
• List the code rules for the installation of NMSC
• Discuss proper installation techniques for NMSC
• Discuss proper bonding methods for NMSC

52. Wiring Methods

There are several wiring methods described in CEC that are used in dwellings.

For example, nonmetallic-sheathed cable is covered in CEC Rule 12-500 to 526.

The CEC has many rules that apply to installation practices.

53. CEC Rule 12-500 Non-metallic-sheathed cable Rules

Non-metallic-sheathed cable (NMSC) is a cable with an assembly of two, three, or four insulated
conductors contained in a non-metallic sheath.

It is a wiring method where the cable can be fastened directly to the surface in either exposed or
concealed locations.

Its advantage over the open wiring method is that the sheath gives abrasion protection over the
entire length of the conductor.

Rules 12-502 to 12-526 list the requirements for non-metallic-sheathed cable installation.
54. 12-502 Maximum voltage between any two conductors-300 V
12-504 Can be used in buildings of combustible construction
55.  12-506 (1) The cable shall be run in continuous lengths between outlet boxes, junction
boxes, and panel boxes as a loop system and the joints, splices, and taps shall be made in
the boxes.
 12-506 (4) Where NMSC is run near heating sources heat transfer must be minimized using
an air space.
 12-506 (5) A thermal barrier may be allowed.
56. 12-506 (6) Two conductor cable cannot be stapled on edge.

12-508 The cable shall not be bent, handled or stapled so that the conductors are damaged.

57. 12-510

(1) NMSC shall be supported by straps, cable ties approved for the purpose (a) within 300 mm
of every box or fitting; and (b) at intervals not more than 1.5 m throughout the run.
(2) Cables run through holes in joists or studs shall be considered to be supported.
(3) If cable is run in walls already closed in, the above can be omitted.
(4) 150 mm of free conductor shall be left
58. CEC Rule 12-516: Protection for cable in concealed installations
Rule 12-516 requires that the cables be protected from damage by either location or mechanical
means (see Figure 12-17). Subrule (1) requires that when cables pass through studs, joists, or
similar members, protection be provided where the outer surface of the cable is less than 32 mm
from the nearest edge of a member. Protection may be in the form of a plate, which is approved for
this specific purpose, that covers the width of the member; or a cylindrical bushing, which is
approved for this specific purpose, that allows the cable to pass through and is sized for the hole
through the member, extending a minimum of 13 mm beyond both sides of the member. This
protection is intended to safeguard the cable from damage from such causes as penetration by nails
or drywall screws.
59. 12-516 (2) Steel Stud Installation of NMSC

60. 12-518 Installation of Exposed NMSC

61. 12-520 Fished Cable Installations

Where the cable is used in concealed wiring and it is impracticable to provide the supports required
by Rule 12-510, and where metal sheeting or cladding, metal joists, metal top or bottom plates or
metal studs are not used. The cable shall be permitted to be fished.
62. 12-524 Types of Boxes and Fittings
Must be approved for use with NMSC

63. 12-526 Provision for Bonding

 In accordance with Section 10

64.

65. Working with Armoured Cable

 Armoured cable is an assembly of conductors in a flexible metallic enclosure.

 AC90 is the most common and sometimes referred to as BX. The other two types are
ACWU90 and TECK90 (see Table D1).

 Armoured cable is available with two, three or four conductors in sizes from No. 14AWG
to 2000 kcmil.

66. AC90 is approved for dry locations only (see Table 19)

 Armoured Cable must have an internal bonding wire to meet the bonding requirements of
10-802.
  Armoured cable can be used in more applications than NMSC.

 CEC rules 12600 to 12-618 cover the use of armoured cable.

 A review of Table 19 lists the various uses of different types of armoured cable.

67. 12-602 Use

• May be used on circuits and feeders for applications of 600vac or less

• May be used for open or concealed work
• May be run through walls and partitions
• No. 10AWG and larger may be laid on the face of masonry walls

ACWU90 and TECK90

• Underground installations
• May be embedded in concrete
• May be exposed to weather

68. 12-608 Continuity of Armoured Cable

Electrical and mechanical continuity shall be maintained throughout the run. It shall be secured to
all equipment that it is attached to.

12-610 Terminating Armoured Cable

(1) Must have an approved bushing to protect the conductors from the armour.
(3) Must be left visible for inspection.

69. 12-614 Radii of Bends in Armoured Cables

Must not be bent so that the radius of the curve is less than six times the external diameter of the
cable.

12-616 Concealed Armoured Cable Installations

Must be 32mm from the nearest edge of studs and joists.

12-618 Running of Cable Between Boxes

In accordance with 12-510.

70. Stripping the Sheath

Care must be taken to avoid nicking the conductor insulation and exposing the conductor.
71. Range and Oven Requirements

• CEC Rule 26-744 covers supply connections for electric ranges, counter-mounted cooking
units and wall-mounted ovens.

• (4) & (7) Free-standing range units must have cord- and plug-connection method.
72. NEMA Blade and Slot Configurations

• The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) sets slot configurations for
standard receptacles and plug and cord sets. CEC Diagram 1
• CEC 26-744 (4) & (7)
• This is to prevent ranges being plugged into a receptacle of a different rating than the plug.

73. NEMA Receptacle and Plug Configurations

74. Range and Oven Requirements (continued)

• 10-400 The metal frames of cooking units must be grounded.

• (5) The branch-circuit rating must not be less than 40 amperes for ranges.
• (6) Orientation and location of range receptacles

75. (2) & (3) Cord sets rated 30 amperes are referred to as dryer cords.

76. Dryer Connection Using a Cord Set

77.

78. Range and Oven Requirements (continued)

• (4), (5), (7) & (8) Cord sets rated 40, 45, or 50 amperes are referred to as range cords.
• 30-amp rated receptacles …dryer receptacles.
• 50-amp rated receptacles …range receptacles.

79. NEMA Blade and Slot Configurations (continued)

• Dryer and range cord sets are essentially identical.

• Common ratings are 30-, 40-, and 50-ampere in three-pole, three-wire or four-pole, four-
wire configurations.
80. Terminal Identification (Receptacles and Cords)
Receptacles and cords are marked:
– “X” and “Y” for ungrounded conductors.
– “W” for white grounded conductor.
– “G” for equipment bonding conductor.

81. Large Appliance Connections

 • Cord and plug connections may be used; CEC Rule 26-746(2)(a).

• Dryer and range receptacles and cord sets are similar.

• The most common method is to install a four-wire, 30-ampere receptacle on the wall
behind the dryer.

82. Large Appliance Connections (continued)

• EMT may be run to a point close to the appliance and then transition to flexible metal
conduit completing the run to the junction box on the dryer.

• Flexible connections allow for appliance movement and servicing.

• The dryer requires a separate 240-volt, single-phase, three-wire branch circuit.

83. Raceways-CEC Definition

“Any channel designed for holding wires, cables, or busbars, and, unless otherwise qualified in the
Rules of this Code, the term includes conduit (rigid and flexible, metal and non-metallic), electrical
metallic and non-metallic tubing, underfloor raceways, cellular floors, surface raceways, wire ways,
cable trays, bus ways, and auxiliary gutters.”

In buildings of cinder block, cement block or poured concrete, it is necessary to make the electrical
installation in conduit.

84. CEC 12-900 to 12-944 Raceways General

These rules apply to raceways and conductors in raceways.
• Conductors and protection of conductors
• Joints and splices in raceways
• Electrical and Mechanical continuity of raceways
• Support of raceways
• Removal of fins and burrs
• Radii of bends in raceways
• Maximum number of bends in a raceway
85. Raceways
 Rigid Metal Conduit – RMC:----------CEC Rule 12-1000

 Rigid PVC Conduit:---------------------CEC Rule 12-1100 to 12-1122

 Electrical Metallic Tubing – EMT:----CEC Rule 12-1400

86. Nonmetallic Raceway

 Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit – PVC:-------CEC Rule 12-1100 to 12-1122

 Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing – ENT:----------- CEC Rule 12-1500

87. Flexible Raceway
 Flexible Metal Conduit – FMC:--------------------------------CEC Rule 12-1002 to 12-1014

 Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit – LFMC:----------------CEC Rule 12-1300 to 12-1306

 Liquidtight Flexible Non-Metallic Conduit –LFMC---------CEC Rule 12-1300 to 12-1306

88. Electrical Metallic Tubing
  Rules 12-1400 to 12-1410
 Thin-wall metal raceway that is not to be threaded
 Also referred to in the trade as thin-wall
 Fittings
 Because EMT is not to be threaded, conduit sections are joined together
and connected to boxes, other fittings, or cabinets by couplings and
connectors
 Several styles of EMT fittings are available
 Set-screw, compression, and indenter styles

89. Electrical Metallic Tubing

 Rules 12-1400 to 12-1410

 Installation of EMT
 Efficient installation of EMT requires use of a bender
 Hand operated and power operated benders

90. Three kinds of bends can be made with bending tool

Stub bend, back-to-back bend, and angle bend

Installation of metallic raceway

All conduit runs should be level, straight, plumb, and neat: show good workmanship

91. Electrical Metallic Tubing

Rules 12-1400 to 12-1410

12-1402 Use-exposed, concealed, wet, outdoor and in combustible or non-combustible locations;

steel EMT may be used in concrete where in contact with earth

12-1404 Restriction on use-shall not be used where subject to mechanical damage, subject to
vapour or for direct burial

12-1406 Supports-1m within box, spacing see 12-1010 12-1408 Minimum tubing size-16mm

12-1410 Maximum number of conductors-see 12-910

12-1412 Connections and couplings-approved

12-1414 Provision for bonding continuity-Section 10

Separate grounding conductor shall be installed in concrete, wet locations or outdoors

92. Flexible Connections

 Similar to armored cable, except that conductors are installed by the electrician
 For armored cable, cable armor is wrapped around conductors at the factory to
form a complete cable assembly
 Flexible metal and nonmetallic conduit is commonly used to connect recessed
luminaires
 Simplifies installation
 Stops the transfer of vibrations

93. Flexible Connections

 Three basic wiring methods used for flexible connections are

  Flexible metal conduit
 Liquidtight flexible metal conduit
 Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit

 Liquidtight flexible metal conduit

 Has a tighter fit of its spiral turns as compared to flex

 Has thermoplastic outer jacket that is liquidtight
 Commonly used as flexible connection to central air
 Conditioning units located outdoors

94. Flexible Connections

 Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit

 Three types of LFNC conduit are marked:

 LFNC-A for layered conduit
 LFNC-B for integral conduit
 LFNC-C for corrugated conduit

 Metal and nonmetallic fittings listed for use with various types of Liquid tight
flexible nonmetallic conduit will be marked with “A,” “B,” or “C” designations

 Where flexibility is required, don’t forget a bonding wire must be installed as well,
always.

95. Rigid Metal Conduit

Rules 12-1000 to 12-1014

 Has heavy-wall construction to provide maximum physical protection to

conductors that run through it
  Available in either steel or aluminum

 Can be threaded on the job, or non-threaded fittings may be used where permitted
 When rigid metal conduit is threaded on the job, thread must be coated
with approved electrically conductive, corrosion resistant compound
 RMC bends can be purchased, or they can be made using special bending
tools

96. Rigid and flexible metal conduit

12-1002 Use-may be used in combustible or non-combustible buildings; when used in damp or wet
locations must be threaded and made watertight
12-1004 Minimum size of conduits-16mm
12-1006 Conduit threads-tapered, use table 40 for number of threads, no running threads
12-1008 Thread engagement-3 threads

97. 12-1010 Maximum spacing of conduit supports

Shall be securely attached to hangers or solid surfaces, maximum spacing of supports:
(a) 1.5 m for 16 and 21 trade size conduit;
(b) 2 m for 27 and 35 trade size conduit; and
(c) 3 m for 41 trade size conduit and larger.
When multiple conduit sizes are used the smallest rules
When using flexible conduit maximum spacing intervals shall be 1.5 M and within 300mm of every
box.
98. 12-1012 Expansion and contraction of conduit
Where temperature swing is a factor maximum number of 90º bends shall be 2.
12-1014 Conductors in conduit-12-910

99. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Rules 12-1100 to 12-1122

 Most commonly used PVC is made of polyvinyl chloride, which is a thermoplastic

polymer

 Solvent-type cement is used for PVC connections and terminations

 Two most popular types of PVC are:

 Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC conduit fittings and boxes

 Complete line of fittings, boxes, and accessories are available for PVC
conduit
 Where PVC conduit is connected to a box or enclosure, a box adapter is
required.

100. Rigid PVC 12-1100 to 12-1122

A rigid non-metallic conduit of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride

12-1100 Use-exposed and concealed above and below ground

 12-1102 Restrictions-shall not be enclosed in thermal insulation
12-1104 Temperature limitations-75ºC
12-1106 Mechanical Protection-protected where exposed to mechanical damage
12-1108 Field bends-use approved equipment only, radius shall comply with 12-924
12-1110 Support of Luminaires-boxes shall not be used unless marked as suitable

101. 12-1112 Fittings-shall be cemented together with approved fittings

102. 12-1114 Spacing of support-PVC shall be securely attached and supported with spacings not
greater than:

(a) 750 mm for 16, 21, and 27 trade size conduit;

(b) 1.2 m for 35 and 41 trade size conduit;
(c) 1.5 m for 53 trade size conduit;
(d) 1.8 m for 63 and 78 trade size conduit;
(e) 2.1 m for 91, 103, and 129 trade size conduit; and
(f) 2.5 m for 155 trade size conduit.

(2) In groups the smallest spacing shall be applied.

103. 12-1118 Expansion joints (Appendix B)

Rule 12-1118 requires that expansion joints be installed in a conduit that is run in locations where
the maximum temperature changes can cause an expansion of over 45 mm. If the conduit is
enclosed in concrete, expansion and contraction do not need to be considered.

104. Rigid PVC 12-1100 to 12-1122

The change in length, in millimetres, of a run of rigid PVC conduit, due to the maximum expected
variation in temperature, is found by multiplying the length of the run, in metres, by the maximum
expected temperature change, in degrees Celsius, and by the coefficient of linear expansion.
 ∆I = L x ∆T x C
Where

∆I = the change in length, in millimetres, of a run of PVC due to the maximum variation in temperature
L = the length of a run of conduit in metres
∆T = the maximum expected temperature change, in °C
C = the coefficient of linear expansion

105.
∆I = L x ∆T x C

106. Practice Question

For a 20 m run of rigid PVC conduit when the minimum expected temperature is –40 °C and the
maximum expected temperature is 30 °C, the change in length is: ???

Solution:
20 × (40 + 30) × 0.0520 = 73 mm

107. 12-1120 Maximum number of conductors 12-1014

12-1122 Bonding conductor needed-see 10-404

108. Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT)

Rules12-1500 to 12-1514

 Pliable, corrugated raceway made of polyvinyl chloride

 Hand-bendable and available in coils and reels to facilitate single-length

installation between pull points
  Designed for use within a building or encased in concrete and is not intended for
outdoor use

 Specs for commercial building allows use of ENT for feeders, branch circuits, and
phone wiring where raceway is 53mm or smaller

109. Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT)

ENT fittings

• Two styles of listed mechanical fittings are available

• One-piece snap-on and clam-shell variety
• Solvent cement PVC fittings for PVC conduit are also listed for use with
ENT

ENT boxes and accessories

• Wall and ceiling boxes are available with knockouts for trade sizes 16mm,
21mm, and 27mm
• ENT can also be connected to any PVC box
• ENT mud boxes listed for luminaire support are available with knockouts
for trade sizes 16mm, 21mm, and 27mm

110. Defining Electric Service

 An electric service is required for all buildings containing an electrical system and
receiving electrical energy from a utility company.
 The CEC describes the term service in two ways:

consumer’s service and supply service.

111. Consumer’s Service Defined
A consumer’s service is considered to be all of the wiring from the service box to the point
where the utility makes connection. A service box is a main switch and fuses or the main
breaker in a combination panel.
112. Supply Service Defined
Section 0 defines a supply service as the single set of conductors run by the utility from its
mains to the consumer’s service.
113. Supply Service Points Defined

Overhead Service
 Usually from the transformer on the pole to the point of attachment on the service mast.

Underground Service
 From the transformer to the line side of the meter base.

114. Metering Cost Defined

 Watt-hour meters are located on the exterior of a building.

 Rule 6–408. This will usually be within 1 m from the front of the house and 1.8 m above
grade to the centre of the socket.

115. Overhead Service-Entrance

 Consists of the overhead service conductors (including any splices) that are connected from
the mains of the supply authority to the service entrance conductors at the mast for the
consumer’s service.

116. Mast-Type Service-Entrance

The mast service is often used on buildings with low roofs, such as ranch-style dwellings,
to ensure adequate clearance between the ground and the lowest service conductor.

117. Clearance Requirements for Mast Installations

The point of attachment of the conductors to the building must not be higher than 9 m
above grade, and minimum clearances from the conductors to grade should not be less
than:
 5.5 m for highways, lanes, and alleys
 5.0 m commercial and industrial driveways
 4.0 m for residential driveways
 3.5 m for sidewalks

118. Clearance Requirements

 The service conductors must not be less than 1 m from a window, door, or porch,
Rule 6–112(3).

 Normally there must be a clearance of 915 mm between the point of attachment and the
roof.

 This may be reduced if a minimum of 600 mm is maintained between the roof and the
bottom of the drip loops on the supply conductors.

119. Underground Service-Entrance

 The underground service is the cable installed underground from the customer’s meter
socket to the utility’s supply. This cable is usually, but not always, supplied by the utility
company.

 The utility runs the services to the lot line, and the electrical contractor completes the
installation.

120. Main Disconnect Switch

The main service disconnect means shall be installed at a readily accessible location so that
the service entrance conductors within the building are as short as possible.

121. Disconnect Means (Panel A)

 The requirements for disconnecting the electrical services are covered in Rule 6–200.

 Rule 6–200(1) requires that each consumer’s service be provided with a single service box.

122. Disconnect Means (Panel A) (continued)

However, Rule 6-200(2) sets out the circumstances in which more than one service box is
permitted.

 The subdivision is made at the meter base.

  Maximum rating is 600 A and 150 V to ground.
 The meter base is located outdoors.

123. Load Center - Panel B

When the main service panel is located some distance from areas having many circuits
and/or a heavy load concentration, it is recommended that load centres be installed near
these concentrations of loads.

124. Service Entrance Conduit Sizing

 To determine the proper size of conduit, the conduit fill is calculated using the necessary
data in Tables 8, 9, and 10

 If all the wires in the conduit are the same size, Table 6 may be used for sizing the conduit.

125. Service Entrance Conduit Sizing

126. Underground Meter

127. Grounding – Why Ground?

Electrical systems and their conductors are grounded to minimize voltage spikes when
lightning strikes, or when other line surges occur. Grounding stabilizes the normal voltage
to ground.

128. Grounding – Why Ground? (continued)

 Proper grounding means that over current devices can operate faster when responding to
ground faults.

 Effective grounding occurs when a low-impedance (opposition to AC current flow) ground

path is provided.

129. Grounding Electrode System

 In the grounding electrode system, rather than grounding a single item such as the neutral
conductor, the electrician must be concerned with grounding and bonding together an entire
system.

 The term system means the service neutral conductor, the grounding electrode, cold water
pipes, gas pipes, service entrance equipment, and jumpers installed around meters

 This means that all parts of the system must be tied (bonded) together (Figure 4-17).

130. Grounding Electrode System (continued)

 Figure 4-17: System Grounding

131. The following steps illustrate what can happen if an entire system is not bonded.

1. A live wire contacts the gas pipe. The bonding jumper (A) is not installed originally.

2. The gas pipe now has 120 volts with respect to ground. The pipe is hot.

3. The insulating joint in the gas pipe results in a poor path to ground; assume the resistance is
8 ohms.

4. The 20-ampere overcurrent device does not open:

I =E/R =120/8 = 15 amperes

5. If a person touches the hot gas pipe and the water pipe at the same time, current flows
through the person’s body. If the body resistance is 12 000 ohms, the current is:
I =E/R =120/12000 = 0.01amperes

6. The overcurrent device is “seeing” (15 + 0.01) amperes 15.01 amperes; however, it still
does not open.

7. If the system grounding concept had been used, bonding jumper A would have kept the
voltage difference between the water pipe and the gas pipe at zero, Rule 10–406(2)(a) and
(4). Thus, the overcurrent device would open. If 3.05 m of No. 6 AWG copper wire is used
as the jumper, the resistance of the jumper is 0.00395 ohms.

8. The current would be

I= E/R
= 120/0.00395
= 30,380 Amperes
(In the actual system, the impedance of all parts of the circuit is much higher, resulting in a
much lower current. The current, however, would be high enough to cause the overcurrent
device to open.)

132. Advantages of System Grounding

Rule 10–002 sets out the objectives of grounding and bonding, summarized as follows:

 to protect life from the danger of electric shock

 to limit the voltage upon a circuit
 to facilitate the operation of electrical apparatus and systems

133. Advantages of System Grounding (continued)

Rule 10–002 sets out the objectives of grounding and bonding, summarized continued:
  to limit voltage on a circuit when exposed to lightning
 to limit AC circuit voltages to ground to 150 volts or less on circuits supplying
interior wiring systems.

134. CEC Terms Associated with Grounding and Bonding

 Section 0 provides definitions for the terms associated with grounding and bonding
electrical systems.

 Bonding A low impedance path obtained by permanently joining all non-current-carrying

metal parts to ensure electrical continuity. Any current likely to be imposed must be
conducted safely.

 Grounding A permanent path to earth with sufficient ampacity to carry any fault current
liable to be imposed on it.

 Bonding Conductor A conductor that connects the non-current-carrying parts of electrical

equipment to the service equipment or grounding conductor.

 Grounding Conductor The conductor used to connect the service equipment to the
grounding electrode.
 The potential voltage differences between the parts of the system are minimized,
reducing the shock hazard.
 The impedance of the ground path is minimized. This results in a higher current
flow in the event of a ground fault: the lower the impedance, the higher the current
flow. This means that the overcurrent device will open faster under fault
conditions.

135. Bonding

Bonding must be done at service entrance equipment. Rule 10–606 lists the methods approved for
bonding this equipment.

136. Electrical Shock Hazards

 If equipment is not properly bonded, the potential for an electrical shock is present.

 The shock hazard exists whenever the user can touch both the defective equipment and
grounded surfaces.

 AC systems from 50 to 1000 volts are required to be grounded.

 A bonded system enhances safety.

137. Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (CEC Rule 26-700)

 There are many receptacle locations that are required to be GFCI protected.
 Receptacles located near water must be GFCI protected.
 GFCI breakers protect the entire circuit.
 GFCI receptacles can be wired to protect “downstream” receptacles.

138. Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (CEC Rule 26-700)

 A GFCI device prevents current from leaving the circuit pathways and flowing into a
human body.
 GFCI does not protect from all types of shocks, only the ground-fault type.
 A ground fault is an unwanted pathway between a hot and a grounded surface. This
 unwanted pathway may be through a human body!
 It is wise to test GFCI devices regularly.
 The integral test buttons on a GFCI device can be used to test the device

139. Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters

 The receptacle outlets in this residence are installed outdoors, in the bathrooms, on the
kitchen counter near the sink, and specific ones in the basement are protected by GFCIs.
 Swimming pools also have special requirements for GFCI protection.
 Never ground a system neutral conductor except at the service equipment; otherwise, the
GFCI will be inoperative, Rule 10–204(1).
 Never connect the neutral of one circuit to the neutral of another circuit.

140. Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters CEC Rule 26-722(f)

 AFCI devices are relatively new.

 AFCI prevents fire hazards from frayed cords, cords under runners of rocking chairs, or
other intermittent arcing faults.
 There are circuit-breaker and receptacle type AFCIs.
 AFCI protection is required in dwelling unit supplying sleeping facilities areas.
 With a single-pole AFCI, the white pigtail on the breaker is connected to the neutral bus in
the panel,and two circuit conductors, black (hot) and white(identified), are connected to the
respective brass-and silver-coloured terminals of the breaker.

141 Control circuit

Means the circuit which carries the electric signals directing the performance of a control device,
but does not carry the power which the device controls.

Control Circuit Examples

 Stop start station

 Pressure switch, Flow switch, Foot switch
 Thermostat, Humidistat
 Treadle switch, Selector switch

142. Signal circuit

Means any electrical circuit, other than a communication circuit, which supplies energy to a device
which gives a recognizable signal, such as circuits for doorbells, buzzers, code-calling systems,
signal lights, and the like.

Signal Circuit Examples

• Electric Clock Systems, Nurse Call System

• Bank Alarm System, Sprinkler alarm system
• Fire Alarm, Smoke Alarm,
• Doorbells, Buzzers

143. Extra Low Voltage Power Circuits (Rule 16-004)

Neither signal or remote control circuit

30 volts or less
Secondary output is limited to 1000 VA
Shall be deemed to be a:

CLASS 1 CIRCUIT
 Extra Low Voltage Power Circuits Examples

 Small Specialty Lights

 Smoke Dampers
 Door Closers
 Solenoids
 Motorized Valve Operators
 Environmental Systems
 Other Similar Devices

144. Class 1 Circuits

Circuits which are supplied from sources having limitations in accordance with Rule 16-100.

There are three types of Class 1 circuits.

1. Remote control (stop start station)

2. Signal (remote annunciation panel)
3. Power (damper motor)

145. Limitations Of Class 1 Circuits (Rule 16-100)

Class 1 extra low voltage power circuits shall be supplied from a source having a rated output of
not more than 30 V and 1000 VA

Class 1 remote-control and signal circuits shall be supplied by a source not exceeding 600 Volts

146. Class 1 Circuits Rules

• Method of Installation Rule 16-102

• Class 1 Overcurrent Protection Rule 16-104

• Location of Overcurrent Protection Rule 16-106

• Extra Low Voltage Power Circuit Rule 16-108

• Conductors Rule 16-110

• Different Circuits Same Raceway Rule 16-114

• Mechanical Protection Rule 16-116

• Class 1 Circuits Overhead Rule 16-118

147. Class 2 Circuits

Circuits which are supplied from sources having limitations in accordance with Rule 16-200

148. Limitations of Class 2 Circuits (Rule 16-200)

 0 to 20 Volts, maximum 5 Amps, unless from batteries with short circuit under 7.5 Amps
after 1 minute or, a current limiting device not to exceed 5 amps.

 Over 20 Volts to a maximum of 150 Volts, not to exceed 100 VA or batteries under fault
conditions that will not exceed 5 amps after 1 minute, or a device having energy-limiting
 characteristics not to exceed 100VA.

 Certified Class 2 transformer

149. Limitations of Class 2 Circuits

 A device having a Class 2 output
 A device which has a maximum 5A fault
 A device having energy-limiting characteristics ( resistors )
 Note: Class 2 power supplies shall not be connected in series or parallel

150. Examples
• Bells
• Buzzers
• Thermostats
• Remote Control Circuits
• Signal Circuits
• Burglar Alarms
• Low Voltage Switching
• PLC Circuits

All these examples must be limited to 100 VA or less.

Not all PLC circuits are Class 2, they must be less then 100 VA.
151. 16-010
All circuits which fall within the limitations of a Class 2 circuit, but meet the criteria described in
Rule 16-010 shall be deemed a Class 1 circuit.
152. 16-010
CRITERIA

Where the failure of a safety circuit to operate creates:

Direct Fire Hazard, or

Life Hazard

It Shall Be Deemed to be a Class 1 Circuit

EXAMPLES

 High limit switch on furnace

 High pressure switch on boiler
 Fire alarm system
 Emergency escape, door release
 Fire suppression valve for exhaust hood fan

153. Class 2 Circuits Rules

• Markings Rule 16-204

• Overcurrent for Class 2 Rule 16-206

• Overcurrent Location Rule 16-208

• Conductors Rule 16-210

• Separation of Class 2 Circuits from Other Circuits Rule 16-212

 • Conductors of Different Class 2 Circuits Rule 16-214

• Rule 16-216 & 218

• Ducts and Plenum Chambers Rule 16-220

• Underground Installations Rule 16-226

154. Class 1 vs Class 2

Class 2 is power limited to 100 VA and under 4 voltage classes up to 150 volts and should
not deliver enough energy to start a fire. Any wiring method supplied by a class 2 power
supply. 16-200. LVT up to 30 volts. Open splicing permitted.

Class 1 is low voltage but not nearly as power limited, 1000 VA and under 30 volts except
that class 1 control and signal circuits can be up to 600 volts. Wiring method is the mostly
the same as for power. 16-100. No LVT here and splices must be done in a box or
approved device but not open like in power circuits.

155. Section 32 — Fire alarm systems, fire pumps, and carbon monoxide alarms (See Appendix G)

Fire Alarm Systems

32-100 Conductors
32-100 Wiring Methods
32-104 Equipment Bonding
32-106 Electrical Supervision
32-108 Current Supply

32-110 Installation of smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms in dwelling units Fire Pumps

32-200 to 32-212-Conductors, Wiring Methods, Service Box, Disconnecting and Overcurrent,

Transfer Switch, Overload and Ground Faults