Purbanchal University

Khwopa Engineering College, Bhaktapur

Department of Civil Engineering Structural Dynamics

M.E. in Earthquake Engineering 2020: I Semester

ASSIGNMENT # 1

Submitted By: Submitted By:

Ajay Shrestha
MEQ/077/01

Date of Submission: 202/Feb/02

1. A construction worker is goofing around on site and is standing on a wood beam at
its center. The worker is shaking up and down as he does his job but eventually the
beam fails. The site engineer is called over to analyze the dynamic system to
determine why the wood beam has failed. As part of her analysis, she first decides to
determine the stiffness of the beam. Determine the equivalent stiffness, k, for the
massless beam system shown below (the beam is indeterminate so use compatibility
and linearity of the system to solve). Leave your answer in terms of E, I and L. Your
degree of freedom is the displacement of the beam in the down direction at the point
indicated:

Solution,
 5F 11F
Reaction at roller support= , So the vertical reaction at the fixed support=
16 16
3 FL
and the moment=
16
Breaking the system into two parts and considering the left support, we have M(x)
as,
3 FL 11Fx
M(x)= -
16 16
3 FL 11Fx
EI d2 y/ dx2= M(x) = -
16 16
3 FLx 11 F 2
EI dy/dx= - x + c1…………………………..(1)
16 32
3 FL 2 11F 3
EIy= x - x + c1x+ c2……………….(2)
32 96

We have, Boundary Conditions:

For x=0, ϴ=0 and y=0
Applying these conditions in equation (1) and (2), we get,
C1=0 and C2=0
For x=L/2, we get
3 F 3 11 F 3
EIy= L - L
128 768
7F 3
EIy= L
768
F 768 EI
Hence, K= = .
y 7 L3
2. Consider a heavy mass of weight W on the following beam system:
Massless beam
EI = 106 k-in2
W =5 kips
60 in 60 in

a. Write the equation of motion of the system – what type of system is it (i.e.,
underdamped, critically damped, overdamped)?
b. The undamped natural frequency (ω) and period (T) of the system
c. The damped natural frequency ( ωD) and period (TD) of the system
d. The critical damping coefficient, cc
e. Phase angle of the vibrating motion, θ
f. The peak displacement at time t = TD + θ/ ω
g. The peak displacement at time t = 2TD + θ/ ω
h. The logarithmic decrement, δ
Solution,
P
Reaction at left support= Reaction at right support = , and the moment at each
2
PL
supprot=
8
Breaking the system into two parts and considering the left support, we have M(x) as,
PL Px
M(x)= -
8 2
PL Px
EI d2 y/ dx2= M(x) = -
8 2
PLx P 2
EI dy/dx= - x + c1…………………………..(1)
8 2∗2
PL 2 P
EIy= x - x3 + c1x+ c2……………….(2)
8∗2 2∗2∗3

We have, Boundary Conditions:

For x=0, ϴ=0 and y=0
Applying these conditions in equation (1) and (2), we get,
C1=0 and C2=0
For x=L/2, we get
 P 3
P
EIy= 2 L - L3
16∗2 12∗23
P 3
EIy= L
192
P 192 EI
Hence, K= =
y L3
192 EI 192∗106
K= = =111.111K/in
L3 1203
We know,
w ¿ √ k /m= √ 111.111∗386/5=92.61 rad/sec [m=W/g]
c=2mw ξ =2*5/386*92.61*0.1=0.2399
cc=2mw=2*5/386*92.61=2.399

a) Since C<Cc, the system in Underdamped.

2π 2π
b) w=92.61 rad/sec and T= = = 0.0678sec
w 92.61

T
c) wD=w √ 1−ξ 2 =92.1457 rad/sec and TD= =0.06814 sec
√1−ξ 2
d) Cc=2.399
ύ ( 0 ) +ξwv (0) 15+0.1∗92.61∗0.5
e) ϴ=tan-1[ ¿= tan-1[ ¿=0.40278 rad
wd∗v (0) 92.1457∗0.5

f) T=TD+ ϴ/w=0.06814+0.40278/92.61=0.07249
ύ ( 0 ) +ξwv (0)
v(t)=v(0)coswDt+{ sinwDt}*e-ξwt=0.286 in
wd

g) T=2TD+ ϴ/w=2*0.06814+0.40278/92.61=0.1406
ύ ( 0 ) +ξwv (0)
v(t)=v(0)coswDt+{ sinwDt}*e-ξwt=0.1455in
wd

h) δ=Ln(Vn/Vn+1)=2 πξ/ √ 1−ξ 2=0.6314

1. With a purpose to determine the dynamic properties of a frame system for which it
has lost the original blueprints, it is decided to do a free vibration test of the frame
system. With the help of a hydraulic jack, a jacking force is applied to displace the
frame. With a jacking force of 20 kips it is noted that the frame has displaced 0.2 in.
After jacking the frame, the frame is released from the jack and its motion is recorded.
On the first return swing after release, the frame does not come back to the release
point but rather only 0.16 in towards it. The recorded time between the time of
release and the first return of 0.16 in is 1.4 seconds.

Determine the following:

a. Natural Frequency(w)
b. Mass of the girder(m)
c. Logarithmic decrement (δ)
d. Damping ratio (ξ)
e. Damping coefficient (c)
f. Damping frequency (wd)
g. Amplitude of the frame after 6 cycles, v6
h. Plot the time history response of the system, v(t)

Solution,
Given,
Force, F= 20 kips
Deflection, Δ= 0.2in
Stiffness, k= F/ Δ=20/0.2= 100 kips/in
T= 1.4 , then f=1/T=0.71428
a) w=2πf=2π*0.71428= 4.48799 rad/sec
b) w=√ k /m so m=k/w2=100/ 4.48799^2=4.9647 kipa-sec2/in
c) δ=Ln(Vn/Vn+1)=Ln(0.2/0.16)=0.223
d) δ=2 πξ/ √ 1−ξ 2
On solving the above equation,
we get,
ξ=0.0355=3.55%
c
e) ξ= or, c=2mwξ= 2*4.9647*4.48799*0.0355=1.5815 kips-sec/ in
2mw
f) WD=w√ 1−ξ 2=4.48516 rad/sec
 1
g) No. of cycles= Ln(Vn/Vn+1)
δ
On solving the above equation, δ=0.223 and Vn=0.2, we get
v6= 0.0524 in
h) v(t)=[v(0)coswDt+{ύ(0)+ξwv(0)}sinwDt/wD]e-ξwt
Here v(0)=0 and ύ(0)=0 (As the system starts from rest)

So we have the following equation,

v(t)=[0.2cos4.485t+0.00785sin4.485t]e-0.1762t
Using the above equation and tabulating the values of displacement for time starting from
t=0 with an increment of 0.2 sec
t (s) V(t) t (s) V(t) t (s) V(t)
0 0.2000 1.4 0.1600 2.8 0.1280
0.2 0.1263 1.6 0.1015 3.0 0.0816
0.4 -0.0351 1.8 -0.0275 3.2 -0.0215
0.6 -0.1608 2.0 -0.1284 3.4 -0.1025
0.8 -0.1615 2.2 -0.1294 3.6 -0.1037
1.0 -0.0443 2.4 -0.0360 3.8 -0.0292
1.2 0.098 2.6 0.0780 4.0 0.0620

Time History Response of the System

0.250

0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050
v(t)

0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-0.050

-0.100

-0.150

-0.200

t(s)
3. Estimate the natural frequency, undamped natural period and fraction of critical
damping of the following time series:
Damped oscillator

t (s)
Solution,
From the graph,
Number of cycles during time duration 10 sec = 5
Number of cycles during time duration 20 sec = 10
Then, Time period, TD=5/10=0.5sec or 10/20=0.5sec
Also,
v(0)=0.950 and v(10)=0.505
1
No. of cycles= Ln(Vn/Vn+1)
δ
δ=Ln(0.950/0.505)/5=0.126
δ=2 πξ/ √ 1−ξ 2
On solving the above equation using the value δ=0.126, we get,
ξ=0.020=2.00%
T=TD√ 1−ξ 2=0.5√ 1−0.022=0.4999sec
f=1/T=2.0004 Hz
w=2πf=2π*2.0004=12.569 rad/sec
4. For a system with a damping ratio ξ, determine the number of the free vibration
cycles required to reduce the displacement amplitude to 10% of the initial
amplitude; the initial velocity is zero.
Solution,
We know,
1
No. of cycles= Ln(Vn/Vn+1)……………………...(1)
δ
δ=Ln(Vn/Vn+1)=2 πξ/ √ 1−ξ 2………………..(2)
Given , Vn/Vn+1=v/0.1v=10…………(3)
For different values of ξ, there will be different values of δ and different number of
cycles.
Different values of ξis taken to determine δ and the number of cycles using the
equations (1), (2) and (3) which has been tabulated below:
ξ Δ No. of cycles ξ δ No. of cycles
0.0 0.315 7.320 0.55 4.138 0.556
5
0.1 0.631 3.646 0.60 4.712 0.489
0
0.1 0.953 2.415 0.65 5.374 0.428
5
0.2 1.283 1.795 0.70 6.159 0.374
0
0.2 1.622 1.419 0.75 7.124 0.323
5
0.3 1.976 1.165 0.80 8.378 0.275
0
0.3 2.348 0.981 0.85 10.138 0.227
5
0.4 2.742 0.840 0.90 12.973 0.177
0
0.4 3.166 0.727 0.95 19.116 0.120
5
0.5 3.628 0.635
0
 '𝜉' VS 'No. of Cycles'
8.000

7.000

6.000

5.000
No. of Cycles

4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0.000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
𝜉

From the above table and graph, we can determine the required number of free
vibration cycles.
5. What is the ratio of successive amplitudes of vibration if the viscous damping ratio is
known to be (a) ξ=0.01, (b) ξ=0.05, or (c) ξ=0.25?
Solution,
δ=Ln(Vn/Vn+1)=2 π ξ/ √ 1−ξ 2
(Vn/Vn+1)=e^ δ
a) ξ=0.01
δ=2 π ξ/ √ 1−ξ 2 =0.0628
v1/v2=e^0.0628=1.0648

b) ξ=0.05
δ=2 π ξ/ √ 1−ξ 2 =0.3146
v1/v2=e^0.3146=1.3696

c) c)ξ=0.25
δ=2 π ξ/ √ 1−ξ 2 =1.6223
v1/v2=e^1.6223=5.0648

6. The stiffness and damping properties of a mass-spring-damper system are to be

determined by a free vibration test; the mass is given as m=0.1 lb-sec 2/in. In this test
the mass is displaced 1 in by hydraulic jack and then suddenly released. At the end
of 20 complete cycles, the time is 3 sec. and the amplitude is 0.2 in. Determine the
stiffness and damping coefficients.
Solution,
Given,
M=0.1lb-sec2/in=10-4kips-sec2/in
=1 in
 Cycles=20
1
No. of cycles= Ln(Vn/Vn+1)
δ
On solving the above equation for Vn= 1 in and Vn+m= 0.2 in, we get,
δ=0.08047
And
δ=2 πξ/ √ 1−ξ 2
On solving the above equation using δ=0.08047, we get,
ξ= 0.012806=1.281%
Now, TD=3/20=0.15 sec
T=TD√ 1−ξ 2 =0.15√ 1−0.012806 2=0.14999 sec
W=2π/T=2π/0.14999=41.891 rad/sec
K=w2*m=41.8912*10-4=0.17549 kips/in=175.488 lb/in
C=2mwξ=2*10-4*41.891*0.012806=10.729 kips-sec/in
7. A machine weighing 250 lb is mounted on a supporting system consisting of four
springs and four dampers. The vertical deflection of the supporting system under
the weight of the machine is measured as 0.8 in. The dampers are designed to reduce
the amplitude of vertical vibration to one-tenth of the amplitude after two complete
cycles of free vibration. Find the following properties of the system: (a) undamped
natural frequency, (b) damping ratio, and (c) damped natural frequency. Comment
on the effect of damping on the natural frequency.

Solution,

250 -4 2 2
m= 3 =6.47668*10 kips-sec /in (acceleration due to gravity=386in/sec )
386∗10

= 0.8 in

250
k= 3 =0.3125 kips/in
0.8∗10

1
No. of cycles= Ln(Vn/Vn+1)
δ
We know Cycles=2, Vn= v in and Vn+m= 0.1v in,
we get, δ=1.15129
(a) w = √ k /m =√ 0.3125∗10 4 /6.47668=21.9659 rad/sec
(b) δ=2 π ξ/ √ 1−ξ 2
On solving the above equation using δ=1.15129, we get,
ξ= 0.18023=18.023%
(c) wD=w √ 1−ξ 2= 21.966√ 1−0.18022=21.606 rad/sec