Solids

A 3-D object having length, breadth and thickness and bounded by surfaces which may be either
plane or curved, or combination of the two.

Classified under two main headings

Polyhedron

Solids of revolution

Regular polyhedron – solid bounded only by plane surfaces (faces). Its faces are formed by
regular polygons of same size and all dihedral angles are equal to one another.

Other polyhedra – when faces of a polyhedron are not formed by equal identical faces, they may
be classified into prisms and pyramids.

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 Five regular polyhedra

Tetrahedron – Cube/hexahedro Octahedron– eight

equal
four equal n – six equal

Dodecahedron – twelve Icosahedron–

equal regular pentagonal twenty equal

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Prism – a polyhedron formed by two equal parallel regular polygon, end faces connected by side
faces which are either rectangles or parallelograms.

Different types of prisms

Pyramids – a polyhedron formed by a plane surface as its base and a number of triangles as its
side faces, all meeting at a point, called vertex or apex.

Axis – the imaginary line connecting the apex and the center of the base.

Inclined/slant faces – inclined triangular side faces. The apex and the base corners.

Right pyramid – when the axis of the pyramid is perpendicular to its base.

Oblique pyramid – when the axis of the pyramid is inclined to its base.

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Visibility – when drawing the orthographic
views of an object, it will be required to show
some of the hidden details as invisible and are
shown on the orthographic views by dashed
lines

Rules of visibility
All outlines of every view are visible – the
outlines of all the views are shown by full
lines.

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In the front view - the front faces of the object are
visible.
In the front view – the
faces ABB1A1 and
BCC1B1 are the front
faces, hence are visible.
In the front view, the
corners a, b, c and a1,
b1, c1 are visible to the
observer. Hence in the
front view, the lines
a’a’1, b’b’1 and c’c’1
are shown as full lines.
The corners d, e, d1
and e1 are invisible in
the front view. The
lines, e’e’1, d’d’1 are
invisible, hence shown
as dashed lines. The
top rear edges a’e’,
e’d’ and d’c’ coincide
with the top front visible
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edges a’b’ and b’c’.
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\

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Problems on Prism
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Problems on Pyramids

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Problems on Cone and cylinder

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Problems for Practice

1. A Square pyramid of base 30mm and height 60mm is suspended by means of

a string from one of its base corner with its axis parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.
Hint: First draw a simple diagram that shows the two triangular faces or
base edges are equally inclined to VP. i.e... Its base is on the HP.
Mark a point g’ for centre of gravity of square pyramid i.e. 60/4=15, then join
that point g’ and one of the base corner a’ in front view.
Now your simple diagram is over.
Next redraw that front view as hanging on that base corner a’, here that
centre of gravity point to that base corner g’ a’ line should be perpendicular
to XY line. So apex should not touch the XY line.
Draw the corresponding Top view of that elevation by projection
lines.

2. Draw the projection of a hexagonal prism whose one rectangular faces size is
25mm x 65mm resting on HP on one of its base corners. Such that the other
extreme corner is 30mm above HP with the axis parallel to VP.
Hint: draw a hexagonal prism of side 25mm and axis 65mm long, it rests on
HP on one of its base corners.
Draw a simple diagram with two base edges are parallel to VP. Next redraw
that front view with one base corner on HP.
Then the other (top) corner in that edge is 30mm above HP, take distance
30mm above HP and maark that point.
Now the axis is parallel to VP and inclined to HP. Draw the plan (top
view) with the projection lines.

3. An equilateral triangular prism 20mm side of base and 50mm long rests with
one of its shorter edges on HP such that the rectangular face containing the
edge on which the prism rests is inclined at 30 degree to HP. The shorter
edge resting on HP is perpendicular to VP.
Hint: draw a simple diagram with one base edge is perpendicular to VP (in
your right side), i.e., its base is rest on HP.
Next redraw that front (elevation) view, with that edge on the base same time
its rectangular face is inclined at 30 degree to HP, (don’t take the axis at 30
degree inclined to HP even though it is same)
Draw its top view (plan) by projection lines.

4. A square prism of base side 35mm and axis length 60mm lies on the HP on
one of its longer edge with its faces equally inclined to the HP. Draw its
projections when its axis is inclined at 30 degree to VP.
Hint: draw the simple diagram that its longer edge is rest on HP and its
rectangular faces equally inclined to HP, i.e., its axis is perpendicular to VP
and parallel to HP.
Next redraw the plan (top view) that its axis is inclined at 30 degree to VP.
Draw its projections.

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5. A pentagonal pyramid of base of side 30mm and axis 65mm has one of its
slant faces on VP and the edge of the base contained by that face is inclined at
45 degree to HP. Draw its projections.
Hint: draw the simple position that one slant face is on the VP, i.e., the axis
is perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, but think that its face is only on
VP, and its base is above HP not in HP.
Next redraw the front view, now the edge of the base contained face in VP is
inclined at 45 degree to HP.
Draw the top view (plan) by projection lines.

6. A pentagonal prism side of base 30mm and altitude 60mm is resting on one of
the corners of its base on the HP. The longer edge containing that corner is
inclined at an angle of 45 degree to the HP and the vertical plane containing
that edge and the axis are inclined at an angle of 30 degree to the VP. Draw
the projections.
Hint: draw the simple position that one of the base edges (left side) is
perpendicular to VP, and in right side you will get only one corner.
Next redraw the front view (elevation) i.e, its longer edge containing that corner
is inclined at 45 degree to HP. draw its top view.
Find apparent inclination, because here that edge inclined to both planes. (It
is good to draw with apparent inclination, if they not asked also, for the
only case for both inclined) For example you are getting apparent
inclination ß = 37 degree. Find the real value of ß.
Now redraw the top view (plan) its axis inclined at (apparent angle) ß degree
to VP, automatically you can see that longer edge and axis is in same line,
i.e., the meaning the vertical plane containing that edge and the axis are
inclined at an angle.
Draw its front view (elevation).

7. A cone 40 mm bases and axis 50mm long touch the VP on a point of its base
circle. The axis is inclined at 30 degree to VP and the front view of the axis is
inclined 45 degree to HP. Draw its projections.
Hint: draw the simple position that the axis of the cone is
perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP.
Next redraw the top view (plan), its axis is inclined at 30 degree to VP.
Draw its front view (elevation).
Now redraw the front view (elevation), its axis is inclined at 45 degree to HP.
draw its top view (plan).

8. A square of 60mm side represents the elevation of a cylinder standing on its

base. It is tilted until its axis makes 60 degree with HP and 20 degree with VP.
Draw the elevation of the cylinder.
Hint: draw the simple position that cylinder base is on the HP, that means
the diameter of the cylinder and axis of the cylinder is 60mm. i.e., both are
60mm.
Next redraw the (elevation) front view, its axis inclined at 60 degree to HP.
draw its top view.
Find the apparent inclination ß.
Now redraw the top view (plan), inclined at (with apparent inclination) ß
degree to VP. Draw its front view (elevation).

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9. A square prism side of base 30mm and axis 50mm long has its axis inclined at 60
degree to HP. It has an edge of its base in the HP and inclined at 45 degree to VP.
Draw its projections.
Hint: draw simple position that base edge is parallel to VP, because by the next step
we need that edge should be in base.
Next redraw the front view (elevation), its axis inclined at 60degree to HP. draw
its top view (plan).
Now see that edge in the base that is present in the top view as hidden line. So now
consider only that edge in the plan, don’t consider the axis.
Here redraw that above plan with that edge is inclined at 45 degree to VP. Draw
its elevation.
10. Draw the projection of a square prism of size 25mm x 50mm with a solid
diagonal vertical.
Hint: draw a square prism that rests on a base edge on HP, so now the diagonal of
the square prism is vertical. That means axis of the square prism is inclined to HP and
parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

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