Circuit Breaker Testing
Circuit Breaker Testing
of Circuit breaker
All electrical equipments need to be tested for assurance of their satisfactory performance. However,
testing of circuit breakers is more difficult than the testing of other electrical equipments because the
short circuit currents are very high.
Testing of circuit breaker can be classified into two main groups.
1 Type test
2 Routine test
1 Type test
Type tests are conducted on first few prototype circuit breakers on each type to prove the capabilities
and to confirm the rated characteristics of the circuit breaker of that design. Specifically saying, these
are conducted to determine whether the units are manufactured as per design or not. These tests are
not conducted on every circuit breaker. The tests are conducted in specially built testing laboratories.
IEC standard is thoroughly followed in testing process.
Type test can be classified as
1.1 Mechanical performance test
1.2 Thermal test
1.3 Dielectric or insulation test
1.4 Short circuit test
1.1 Mechanical test
These are mechanical endurance type tests involving repeated opening and closing of the breaker. A
circuit breaker must open and close at the correct speed and perform its designated duty and operation
without mechanical failure. No adjustment or replacement of parts is permitted during the test.
However, lubrication is permitted as per manufacturer’s instruction.
After the tests, the contacts and all the other parts should be in good condition and should not show any
permanent deformation or distortion. If any damage found during this test, the breaker is considered to
have failed. The test is repeated only after making improvements in design and manufacture.
1.2 Thermal test
Alternating current of rated value and rated frequency is passed through a closed circuit breaker
continuously till a steady temperature is attended. When the steady temperature is reached, the max
temperature rise of each part should be less than the permissible limit. The temperature rise for rated
current should not exceed 400 C for current less than 800 ampere normal current and 500 C for normal
value of current 800 ampere and above. When a circuit breaker in closed condition carries normal
current the heat is generated in current carrying parts due to I2Rt loss. To maintain the temperature rise
within specified limits, the I2Rt losses should be reduced by increasing conductor cross section using
suitable low resistivity material.
In such test the contact drops or the contact resistances are also measured as these contacts surfaces
are responsible for generation of heat and subsequent temperature rise.
1.3 Dielectric test
A circuit breaker connected in the system is subjected to high voltage transients due to switching and
lightning. The insulation of circuit breaker should not fail due to such voltage surges. The characteristics
of circuit breaker insulation are specified by standards. These characteristic should be proved by
conducting high voltage tests.
These tests are performed to check power frequency and impulse voltage withstand capacity.
Power frequency test
One minute dry withstand test
One minute wet withstand test
Power frequency tests are conducted on a clean new circuit breaker, the test voltage varies with circuit
breaker rated voltage. The test voltage with a frequency between 15 – 100 Hz is applied as follows.
between poles with circuit breaker closed
between poles and earth with circuit breaker open
across terminal with circuit breaker open
The voltage is gradually increased and maintained at test value for 1 min. Power frequency tests are
conducted under normal atmospheric conditions and termed as dry withstand test.
Wet withstand test is performed by spraying the external insulation by water for 2 minutes while the
rated service voltage is applied. The test overvoltage is maintained for 1 minute. This test is not required
for indoor breakers.
Impulse voltage withstand test
This test is not mandatory for indoor breakers since the indoor breakers are not usually electrically
exposed to impulse surges produced by lightning.
In case of outdoor breakers the effect of impulse voltage is very serious and hence the breaker is tested
to prove its immunity to impulse voltage conditions. Depending on grounding system, where the
breaker is to be installed, the peak value of the impulse wave is selected. The magnitude of the selected
peak of the impulse voltage is high for non‐effectively grounded system.
The breaker should not puncture or flashover for at least ten applications of such a voltage.
Power frequency withstand voltage of circuit breaker: it is r.m.s. value of alternating voltage wave of
power frequency (50 c/s) which the insulation of circuit breaker should withstand under specified
conditions of test.
Impulse withstand voltage: it is the amplitude of the standard voltage which the insulation of the circuit
breaker can withstand under specified conditions.
1.4 Short‐circuit tests:
Circuit breakers are subjected to sudden short‐circuits in short‐circuits test laboratories and oscillograms
are taken to know the behavior of the circuit breakers at the time of switching‐in, during contact
breaking, and after arc extinction . The oscillogram are studied with particular reference to the making
and breaking currents, both symmetrical and asymmetrical‐restriking voltages, and switchgears are
tested a number of times at rated conditions. The various tests carried out for circuit breaker testing are
as follows;
Making capacity test
Breaking capacity test
Duty cycle test
Short time current test
2 Routine tests:
Once type tests are conducted and particular design is found to be satisfactory the product becomes
prototype and a large number of circuit breakers of similar design are manufactured. However, each and
every circuit breaker is still subjected to a few more tests before commissioning. These tests are called
routine tests.
Routine tests are also performed as per recommendations of the standards (IEC/IS). These tests are
performed in the manufacturer’s premises. Routine tests confirm the proper functioning of the circuit
breaker. The routine tests include;
Mechanical operation test
Measurement of resistance of main circuit of each pole
Power frequency voltage withstand test
Voltage withstand test on auxiliary circuits
Measurement of insulation resistance of main circuits
Measurement of insulation resistance of auxiliary circuits
Tests and checks after mechanical operation tests
Power frequency voltage test being the same as mentioned under the heading of type test, millivolt
drop test is performed in order to determine the voltage drops within the current path of the breaker
mechanism. Operational test is performed on the breaker by simulating its tripping by artificially closing
the contact of the relays.
Routine tests are conducted on each circuit breaker before dispatch. The results of routine tests confirm
the quality of the circuit breaker.
Mechanical operating test should preferably be made on the complete circuit breaker. However, when
circuit breakers are assembled and shipped as separate units, routine test may be performed on
components. Operating mechanism and control cubicles shall be tested together with the circuit
breaker.
Testing station and equipments
There are three types of testing stations
In the field type of testing, the power required for testing is directly drawn from a large power system,
the breaker being tested is connected in the system. Though this type of testing provides the most
convincing method of testing HV circuit breakers but it suffer from the drawback of limited available
flexibility of the system. It is difficult to set the system for the specified RRRV for HV breakers.
In the laboratory type testing station, special generators, called the short circuit generators provide the
power for testing. In this type of testing station, it is possible to vary the test conditions at will.
Establishment of a short circuit testing plant particularly of the laboratory type is an exceedingly costly
project, and it is not possible for all switchgear manufacturers to have such a facility of their own.
A composite testing station is a combination of the field type testing station and laboratory type testing
station.