Models - Plasma.corona Discharge 1d

Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.
Atmospheric Pressure Corona Discharge
This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 5.3.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. See www.comsol.com/trademarks.
Introduction
This model simulates a corona discharge occurring between two co-axially fashioned
conductors. The negative electric potential is applied to the inner conductor and the
exterior conductor is grounded. The discharge gas simulated is argon at atmospheric
pressure.
Model Definition
Figure 1 shows a cross section of the model. By considering a long and uniform coaxial
conductor configuration, the model can be viewed as axisymmetric and thus simplified to
a 1D problem.
The model presented in the following section is used to simulate the ionization of the
neutral gas (Ar) as well as the flux of charged particles (Ar+ and electrons) when the
negative electric potential is applied at the inner conductor (cathode). The high electric
field generated by the combination of high potential and small conductor curvature radius
(inner conductor, ri) causes electron drift and ionization of the neutral gas surrounding
the cathode. The resulting ions generate more electrons through secondary emission at
the cathode surface. These electrons are accelerated through a small region away from the
cathode, where they can acquire significant energy. This can lead to ionization which
creates new electron-ion pairs. The secondary ions migrate towards the cathode where
they eject more secondary electrons. This process is responsible for sustaining the
discharge.
The model is based on the fluid equations for electrons and ions as well as on Poisson’s
equation. Secondary electrons generated by ion bombardment of the cathode surface are
taken into account. The model uses a Scharfetter-Gummel upwind scheme to eliminate
numerical instabilities in the number density of the charged particles associated with the
finite element method. This is needed, in particular close to the cathode, where the ion
flux is particularly high.
2 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

simulated
cathode (-Vin) domain (1D)
anode
ro
ri
Figure 1: Not-to-scale cross section of the co-axial configuration. The negative potential (-Vin)
is applied at the inner conductor (cathode) and the outer electrode is grounded (anode). The
shaded area represents the ionization region created by the positive space charge distribution
generated in the vicinity of the cathode.
DOMAIN EQUATIONS
The electron density and mean electron energy are computed by solving the drift-diffusion
equations for the electron density and mean electron energy. Convection of electrons due
to fluid motion is neglected. For more detailed information on electron transport see the
section Theory for the Drift Diffusion Interface in the Plasma Module User’s Guide.
∂
( n ) + ∇ ⋅ [ – n e ( μ e • E ) – D e • ∇n e ] = R e
∂t e
∂ ( n ) + ∇ ⋅ [ – n ( μ • E ) – D • ∇n ] + E ⋅ Γ = R
∂t ε ε ε ε ε e ε
The electron source Re and the energy loss due to inelastic collisions Rε are defined later.
The electron diffusivity, energy mobility, and energy diffusivity are computed from the
electron mobility using the relations
5
D e = μ e T e, μ ε = --- μ e, D ε = μ ε T e
3
The source coefficients in the above equations are determined by the plasma chemistry
using rate coefficients. Suppose that there are M reactions that contribute to the growth

or decay of electron density and P inelastic electron-neutral collisions. In general P » M .
In the case of rate coefficients, the electron source term is given by
Re =  x j kj Nn ne
j=1
where xj is the mole fraction of the target species for reaction j, kj is the rate coefficient for
reaction j (SI unit: m3/s), and Nn is the total neutral number density (SI unit: 1/m3). The
electron energy loss is obtained by summing the collisional energy loss over all reactions:
Rε =  xj kj Nn ne Δεj
j=1
Here Δεj is the energy loss from reaction j (SI unit: V). The rate coefficients can be
computed from cross-section data as the integrals
∞
kk = γ 0 εσk ( ε )f ( ε ) dε
where γ = (2q/me)1/2 (SI unit: C1/2/kg1/2), me is the electron mass (SI unit: kg), ε is
the energy (SI unit: V), σk is the collision cross section (SI unit: m2), and f is the electron
energy distribution function. In this case, a Maxwellian EEDF is assumed.
For non-electron species, the following equation is solved for the mass fraction of each
species:
ρ ∂ ( w k ) + ρ ( u ⋅ ∇ )w k = ∇ ⋅ j k + R k
∂t
For detailed information on the transport of the non-electron species see the section
Theory for the Heavy Species Transport Interface in the Plasma Module User’s Guide.
The electrostatic field is computed using the equation
– ∇ ⋅ ε 0 ε r ∇V = ρ
The space charge density ρ is automatically computed based on the plasma chemistry
specified in the model using the formula

 N 
ρ = q Z k n k – n e
 
k = 1 
For detailed information about electrostatics see Theory for the Electrostatics Interface in
the Plasma Module User’s Guide.
Boundary Conditions
Electrons are lost to the wall due to random motion within a few mean free paths of the
wall and gained due to secondary emission effects, resulting in the boundary condition
n ⋅ Γ e =  --- ν e, th n e –
1
2   γp ( Γp ⋅ n ) (1)
p
for the electron flux and
n ⋅ Γ ε =  --- ν e, th n ε –
5
6   εp γp ( Γp ⋅ n ) (2)
p
for the electron energy flux. The second term on the right-hand side of Equation 1 is the
gain of electrons due to secondary emission effects, γp being the secondary emission
coefficient. The second term in Equation 2 is the secondary emission energy flux, εp being
the mean energy of the secondary electrons. For the heavy species, ions are lost to the wall
due to surface reactions and the fact that the electric field is directed towards the wall:
n ⋅ j k = M w R k + M w c k Zμ k ( E ⋅ n ) [ Z k μ k ( E ⋅ n ) > 0 ]
The discharge is driven by the electric potential applied to the inner conductor of the
coaxial geometry (at coordinate r = ri).
V = V 0 tanh  --
t
τ
where the function tanh(t/τ) is used to generate the voltage step function (−1000 V). The
other boundary (at coordinate r = ro) is grounded.
Note that, during the simulation, the cathode is submitted to an intense flux of ions that
generate an important amount of secondary electrons which, in turn, increase the cathode
ion bombardment and so on. In order to prevent this avalanche from increasing
indefinitely, a RC circuit has been added in series with the system. In order to model the

circuit addition, the voltage at the inner conductor is modified using the differential
equation
∂V
V = V 0 –  I p R b + R b C b 
∂t
where Ip is defined as
∂
I p = –  n ⋅ J i + n ⋅ J e + ( n ⋅ D ) dS
 ∂t
and where n · Ji is the normal component of the total ion current density at the wall,
n · Je is the normal component of the total electron current density at the wall, and n · D
the normal electrical displacement at the surface.
PLASMA CHEMISTRY
Argon is an attractive gas to use in a benchmark problem because only a handful of
reactions and a few species need to be considered. Table 1 lists the chemical reactions
considered.
TABLE 1: TABLE OF COLLISIONS AND REACTIONS MODELED.
Reaction Formula Type Δε (eV) kf (m3/(s·mol))

1 e+Ar=>e+Ar Elastic 0 -
2 e+Ar=>e+Ars Excitation 11.5 -
3 e+Ars=>e+Ar Superelastic -11.5 -
4 e+Ar=>2e+Ar+ Ionization 15.8 -
5 e+Ars=>2e+Ar+ Ionization 4.24 -
6 Ar+Ars=>Ar+Ar Reaction - 1807
7 Ars+Ars=>Ars+Ar Reaction - 2.3·107
Initially a small number of seed electrons are present. These are necessary in order to
initiate the discharge. In addition to the volumetric reactions, the following surface
reactions are implemented:
TABLE 2: TABLE OF SURFACE REACTIONS.
Reaction Formula Sticking coefficient

1 Ars=>Ar 1
2 Ar+=>Ar 1
When the ion atoms reach the wall, they are assumed to change back to neutral argon
atoms and donate their charge to the wall. Note that the secondary emission coefficient is

set to 0.2 on the cathode boundary (at coordinate r = ri) and to 0 at the outer electrode
(at coordinate r = ro). The mean electron energy of the secondary electron is set to 4 eV.
Results and Discussion

When solving the problem, you can choose to plot the electron and ion density as the
solver runs. Doing so allows the behavior of the charged species to be observed as the
model is solving.
Looking at the evolution of the densities during the solving process shows that the gas is
initially weekly ionized (electrons and ions having relatively low densities compared to
neutral atoms). As the negative voltage is applied to the cathode, the highly mobile
electrons are accelerated towards the anode leaving behind a positively charged gas in the
cathode vicinity. With increasing negative potential, ion bombardment becomes more
persistent on the cathode surface, which generates more secondary electrons, ionizing
more neutral atoms, and engendering greater ion current. As the negative potential rises,
the population of charged particles becomes larger as a consequence of this avalanche
effect.
As the ion current becomes more significant, the RC circuit reduces the cathode negative
potential such that an equilibrium is reached between the generation of the charged
particles, preventing the transition of the plasma into an arcing regime.
Figure 2 shows the electron and ion densities at the end of the simulation (t = 0.1 s). Note
that the figure is plotted on a log-log scale. In the figure, one can see that the ion density
is approximately three orders of magnitude higher than the electron density in the vicinity
of the cathode. The tiny positive space charge distribution generated by the ion density
defines an ionization region that screens the cathode potential from the anode. This can
be observed by displaying the electric potential along the radius of the coaxial assembly;
see Figure 3.

Figure 2: Plot of electron (blue) and ion (green) number density at the end of the simulation
(t = 0.1 s).

Figure 3: Electric potential along the radius of the coaxial assembly at the end of the
simulation (t = 0.1 s).
The high voltage and important current density at the cathode enhance the electron
temperature near the electrode, thus boosting ionization of the neutral atoms in the
ionization zone. This can be seen in Figure 4, which displays the electron temperature at
the end of the simulation.

Figure 4: Electron temperature along the radius of the assembly at the end of the simulation
(t = 0.1 s).
To see the effect of the RC circuit on the system, plot the secondary electron flux as a
function of time at the cathode surface; see Figure 5. A close look at the figure shows a
rapid rise of the flux that tends to stabilize as the circuit sees higher currents. Figure 6 also
shows the potential at both electrodes as a function of time. Comparing figure Figure 5
with Figure 6 reveals the effect of the circuit on both potential and secondary emission at
the cathode surface. One can also observe a similar effect by plotting the electron current
density at the electrodes, Figure 6. Doing so shows a direct relation between the cathode
secondary emission (positive current flow), the anode recombination (negative flow), and
the RC circuit. Figure 7 displays a surface plot of the logarithm of the electron density at
the last time step.

Figure 5: Secondary emission flux along time at the cathode.

Figure 6: Potential at the electrodes as a function of time.

Figure 7: Electron current density at the electrodes as a function of time.

Figure 8: 2D electron density (log of ne) at the last time step.
Application Library path: Plasma_Module/Direct_Current_Discharges/

corona_discharge_1d
Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
NEW
In the New window, click Model Wizard.
MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Wizard window, click 1D Axisymmetric.
2 In the Select Physics tree, select Plasma>Plasma (plas).
3 Click Add.

4 Click Study.
5 In the Select Study tree, select Preset Studies>Time Dependent.
6 Click Done.
To set up this model, you need access to some advanced settings.
PLASMA (PLAS)
Solve this model using the finite volume method and a Scharfetter-Gummel scheme. You
can switch from the finite element method to the finite volume method by suitable choices
in the Discretization section.
1 In the Model Builder window’s toolbar, click the Show button and select Discretization in
the menu.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Plasma (plas).
3 In the Settings window for Plasma, click to expand the Discretization section.
4 From the Formulation list, choose Finite volume (constant shape function).
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 On the Home toolbar, click Parameters.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name Expression Value Description

V0 1000[V] 1000 V Voltage
GEOMETRY 1
Follow the steps below to create the model geometry: a simple 1D geometry consisting of
a single domain bounded by the cathode (left, inner conductor) and the anode (right,
outer conductor).
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Geometry 1.

2 In the Settings window for Geometry, locate the Units section.
3 From the Length unit list, choose cm.
Interval 1 (i1)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Interval.
2 In the Settings window for Interval, locate the Interval section.

3 In the Left endpoint text field, type 0.2.
4 In the Right endpoint text field, type 5.
5 Click Build All Objects.
PLASMA (PLAS)
Load the argon cross sections from file. They form the basis of the plasma chemistry under
investigation. To fix the species data, load the argon preset for each species.
Cross Section Import 1

1 On the Physics toolbar, click Global and choose Cross Section Import.
2 In the Settings window for Cross Section Import, locate the Cross Section Import section.
3 Click Browse.
4 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
Ar_xsecs.txt.
When solving any type of reacting flow problem one species must always be chosen to
fulfill the mass constraint. This should be taken as the species with the largest mass
fraction.
Species: Ar
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>Plasma (plas) click Species: Ar.
2 In the Settings window for Species, locate the Species Formula section.
3 Select the From mass constraint check box.
When solving a plasma problem the plasma must initially be charge neutral. COMSOL
automatically computes the initial concentration of a selected ionic species such that the
initial electroneutrality constraint is satisfied. Now let the initial number density of
argon ions be the same as the initial number of electrons. This forces the plasma to be
initially charge neutral.
Species: Ar+
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>Plasma (plas) click
Species: Ar+.
2 In the Settings window for Species, locate the Species Formula section.
3 Select the Initial value from electroneutrality constraint check box.
4 Locate the General Parameters section. From the Preset species data list, choose Ar.
Species: Ar
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>Plasma (plas) click Species: Ar.

2 In the Settings window for Species, locate the General Parameters section.
3 From the Preset species data list, choose Ar.
Species: Ars
Species: Ars.
2 In the Settings window for Species, locate the General Parameters section.
3 From the Preset species data list, choose Ar.
Now add two more regular reactions that describe how electronically excited argon
atoms are consumed on the volumetric level. The rate coefficients for these reactions
are taken from the literature.
Reaction 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Domains and choose Reaction.
2 In the Settings window for Reaction, locate the Reaction Formula section.
3 In the Formula text field, type Ar+Ars=>Ar+Ar.
4 Locate the Reaction Parameters section. In the kf text field, type 1807.
Reaction 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Domains and choose Reaction.
2 In the Settings window for Reaction, locate the Reaction Formula section.
3 In the Formula text field, type Ars+Ars=>Ars+Ar.
4 Locate the Reaction Parameters section. In the kf text field, type 2.3e7.
Surface reactions must always be included in a plasma model because they describe how
ionic, excited, and radical species interact with the wall.
Surface Reaction 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Surface Reaction.
2 In the Settings window for Surface Reaction, locate the Reaction Formula section.
3 In the Formula text field, type Ars=>Ar.
4 Locate the Boundary Selection section. From the Selection list, choose All boundaries.
Secondary emission of electrons is important to sustain a DC discharge. In this example,
add a secondary emission coefficient on the left wall (cathode).
Surface Reaction 2

3 In the Formula text field, type Ar+=>Ar.
4 Select Boundary 1 only.
5 Locate the Secondary Emission Parameters section. In the γi text field, type 0.2.
6 In the εi text field, type 4.
Surface Reaction 3
3 In the Formula text field, type Ar+=>Ar.
5 In the Model Builder window, click Plasma (plas).
6 In the Settings window for Plasma, locate the Plasma Properties section.
7 Select the Use reduced electron transport properties check box.
8 Locate the Out-of-Plane Thickness section. In the dz text field, type 0.02[m].
Plasma Model 1
Plasma Model 1.
2 In the Settings window for Plasma Model, locate the Electron Density and Energy section.
3 In the μeNn text field, type 4e24.
Ground 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Ground.
Now, add an RC circuit in series with the system. The role of the circuit is to limit the
current at the cathode and avoid the arcing regime.
Metal Contact 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Metal Contact.
3 In the Settings window for Metal Contact, locate the Terminal section.
4 In the V0 text field, type -V0.
5 Locate the Quick Circuit Settings section. From the Quick circuit type list, choose
Series RC circuit.

Wall 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Wall.
2 In the Settings window for Wall, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose All boundaries.
MESH 1
Meshing is a critical step in any plasma model. A fine mesh is needed close to the electrodes
to capture the separation of space charge between the electrons and ions close to the wall.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) right-click Mesh 1 and choose
Edge.
2 Right-click Edge 1 and choose Distribution.
3 In the Settings window for Distribution, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Number of elements text field, type 500.
6 In the Element ratio text field, type 400.
7 From the Distribution method list, choose Geometric sequence.
8 Select the Symmetric distribution check box.
9 Click Build All.
STUDY 1
Compute an initial solution to generate the default plots and then set them up to show the
electron and ion density while the solver runs.
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Get Initial Value for Step.
RESULTS
Electron Density (plas)

Set up an electron and ion density plot.
1 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Plot Settings section.
2 Select the x-axis label check box.
3 Select the y-axis label check box.
4 In the associated text field, type Density (1/m<sup>3</sup>).
5 Click to expand the Legend section. From the Position list, choose Lower right.

Line Graph 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Electron Density (plas) node, then click
Line Graph 1.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, click to expand the Legends section.
3 Select the Show legends check box.
4 From the Legends list, choose Manual.
5 Click to expand the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
6 Locate the Legends section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Electrons
7 Right-click Results>Electron Density (plas)>Line Graph 1 and choose Rename.

8 In the Rename Line Graph dialog box, type Electrons in the New label text field.
9 Click OK.
Electrons 1
1 Right-click Results>Electron Density (plas)>Electrons and choose Duplicate.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Electron Density (plas) right-click Electrons 1
and choose Rename.
3 In the Rename Line Graph dialog box, type Ions in the New label text field.
4 Click OK.
5 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
6 In the Expression text field, type plas.n_wAr_1p.
7 Locate the Legends section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Ions
Electron Density (plas)

1 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
2 From the Time selection list, choose Last.
3 Right-click Results>Electron Density (plas) and choose Rename.
4 In the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box, type Electron and Ion Number Density in
the New label text field.
5 Click OK.

6 Click the y-Axis Log Scale button on the Graphics toolbar.
7 Click the x-Axis Log Scale button on the Graphics toolbar.
Now set up the last two default plots.
Electron Temperature (plas)

Line Graph 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Electron Temperature (plas) node, then click
Line Graph 1.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, click to expand the Title section.
3 From the Title type list, choose None.
Electric Potential (plas)

1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Electric Potential (plas).
Line Graph 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Electric Potential (plas) node, then click
Line Graph 1.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the Title section.
3 From the Title type list, choose None.
4 Locate the y-Axis Data section. Select the Description check box.
5 In the associated text field, type Electron potential.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Time Dependent

1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Time Dependent.
2 In the Settings window for Time Dependent, locate the Study Settings section.
3 In the Times text field, type 0 .
4 Click Range.
5 In the Range dialog box, choose Number of values from the Entry method list.
6 In the Start text field, type -8.
7 In the Stop text field, type 0.

8 In the Number of values text field, type 50.
9 From the Function to apply to all values list, choose exp10.
10 Click Add.
11 In the Settings window for Time Dependent, click to expand the Results while solving
section.
12 Locate the Results While Solving section. Select the Plot check box.
13 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS
Electric Potential (plas)

Now plot the electric potential on the electrodes.
Point Graph 1
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, right-click 1D Plot Group 4 and choose Point Graph.
3 In the Settings window for Point Graph, locate the Selection section.
5 Locate the y-Axis Data section. In the Expression text field, type V.
6 Click to expand the Legends section. Select the Show legends check box.
Legends
Cathode
Anode
9 Locate the y-Axis Data section. Select the Description check box.
10 In the associated text field, type Electric potential.
11 Click to expand the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
1D Plot Group 4
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click 1D Plot Group 4.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Legend section.
3 From the Position list, choose Lower right.
4 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 4 and choose Rename.

5 In the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box, type Electric Potential on Electrodes
in the New label text field.
6 Click OK.
8 On the Electric Potential on Electrodes toolbar, click Plot.
Electric Potential on Electrodes

1 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Results>Electric Potential on Electrodes node.
Plot the electron current density on the electrodes as follows:
Point Graph 1
3 In the Settings window for Point Graph, locate the Selection section.
5 Locate the y-Axis Data section. In the Expression text field, type plas.nJe.
6 Locate the Legends section. Select the Show legends check box.
Legends
Cathode
Anode
9 Locate the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
1D Plot Group 5
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click 1D Plot Group 5.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Legend section.
3 From the Position list, choose Upper left.
4 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 5 and choose Rename.
5 In the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box, type Electron Current Density on
Electrodes in the New label text field.
6 Click OK.
8 On the Electron Current Density on Electrodes toolbar, click Plot.

Electron Current Density on Electrodes
1 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Results>Electron Current Density on Electrodes
node.
Next, plot the secondary electron emission at the cathode.
Point Graph 1
4 In the Settings window for Point Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
5 In the Expression text field, type plas.sflux.
6 Locate the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
1D Plot Group 6
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 1D Plot Group 6 and choose
Rename.
2 In the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box, type Secondary Emission Flux in the
New label text field.
3 Click OK.
Secondary Emission Flux

1 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Results>Secondary Emission Flux node.
3 On the Secondary Emission Flux toolbar, click Plot.
Finally, create a nice plot for the model thumbnail.
Data Sets
1 On the Results toolbar, click More Data Sets and choose Revolution 1D.
2 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Results>Data Sets node.
RESULTS
Surface 1
1 On the Results toolbar, click 2D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, right-click 2D Plot Group 7 and choose Surface.
3 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Expression section.
4 In the Expression text field, type log(plas.ne).

2D Plot Group 7
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 2D Plot Group 7 and choose
Rename.
2 In the Rename 2D Plot Group dialog box, type Log of Electron Density in the
New label text field.
3 Click OK.
Log of Electron Density

1 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Results>Log of Electron Density node.
2 On the Log of Electron Density toolbar, click Plot.
3 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.


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Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.

Atmospheric Pressure Corona Discharge

2 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

3 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

The electrostatic field is computed using the equation

4 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

for the electron flux and

5 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Reaction Formula Type Δε (eV) kf (m3/(s·mol))

Reaction Formula Sticking coefficient

6 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Results and Discussion

7 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

8 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

9 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

10 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

11 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

12 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

13 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Application Library path: Plasma_Module/Direct_Current_Discharges/

14 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Name Expression Value Description

1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Geometry 1.

15 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Cross Section Import 1

16 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

17 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

18 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Electron Density (plas)

19 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

7 Right-click Results>Electron Density (plas)>Line Graph 1 and choose Rename.

Electron Density (plas)

20 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Electron Temperature (plas)

Electric Potential (plas)

Step 1: Time Dependent

21 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Electric Potential (plas)

22 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Electric Potential on Electrodes

23 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Secondary Emission Flux

24 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

Log of Electron Density

25 | ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CORONA DISCHARGE

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