UNIT 1: NOUNS

I. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

♦ Most nouns form their plural by adding –s:
a car-two cars
♦ Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, take -es in the plural:
bus - buses, dress - dresses, brush - brushes, torch - torches, box - boxes, etc.
However, some nouns ending in -o take only –s
radio - radios, piano - pianos, photo - photos, rhino - rhinos, hippo - hippos, video -
videos, kimono-kimonos, casino- casinos, disco- discos
♦ Nouns ending in a vowel + y take -s in the plural.
A boy – two boys
♦ Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the-y and take -ies in the plural.
a strawberry- strawberries, city- cities
♦ Nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f or -fe and take -ves in the plural.
a leaf -four leaves, a wolf- two wolves
But some nouns ending in -f or -fe take only -s.
roof - roofs, giraffe - giraffes, cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs, dwarf-dwarfs
♦ Pronunciation:
 /s/ when the noun ends in a(n) /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ or /θ/ sound.
cliffs, books, shops, cats, myths, etc.
 /iz/ when the noun ends In a(n) /s/, /ks/, / ʃ/, / tʃ/, / dʒ/, / ʒ/, /z/
buses, foxes, brushes, torches, bridges, roses, mirages, etc.
 /z/when the noun ends in any other sound.
rooms, boys, pears, /eaves, lemons, pianos, etc
♦ Irregular plural nouns: 1
Child- chilren, ox- oxen, mouse- mice, louse- lice, foot- feet, tooth- teeth, man- men, woman-
women, goose- geese, sheep- sheep, deer- deer
II. UNCOUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
♦ Countable noun are nouns which can be counted (e.g. one apple, two apptes, etc.) and can
be in the singular or the plural.
♦ Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted and they usually have no plural. These
nouns include:
 food: cheese, butter, meat, salt, pepper, bacon, bread, chocolate, honey, jam, etc.
 liquids: coffee, milk, water, tea, wine, lemonade, petrol, oil, etc.
 materials: gold, iron, silver, wood, paper, etc.
 abstract nouns: beauty, love, happiness, etc.
 others: hair, money, news, snow, furniture, weather, advice, etc.
♦ Some uncountable nouns can be made countable by using the following words in front of
them: jar, bottle, piece, loaf, cup, bar, glass, kilo, carton, bowl, can. |ug, slice, tin, packet, etc.
a jar of marmalade, a bottle of beer, a piece of pie
III. QUANTIFIERS
♦ We put a before the noun in the singular when it begins with a consonant sound (b, d, p,
etc.) and an when it begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
A boy, an intelligent, an umbrella, a red umbrella
♦ We use some with uncountable nouns and not a/an. We also use some with countable
nouns but only in the plural.
Some money, some water, some boys, some umbrella
We use these words with uncountable nouns: a little, much, a bit of , a piece of
We use these words with both countable and uncountable nouns:
• a lot of • some
lots of • the
We can use any in questions and negative statements with both uncountable nouns and
plural countable nouns:
• Have we got any homework today?
There aren't any eggs left
There are a few uncountable nouns that are plural and are followed by a plural verb. Be
careful with the following words.
• clothes
Your clean clothes are on the bed.
• jeans
Your new jeans look great!
Some nouns are uncountable with one meaning and countable with another meaning. / Get
me some paper when you go to the shops. ( = a packet of paper to write on) / Get me a paper
when you go to the shops. ( = a newspaper)
A. Write plural nouns 2

1.lemon ……………………….. 21. ostrich ………………………..

2. bus ……………………….. 22. parrot ………………………..
3. peach ……………………….. 23. swan ………………………..
4. cherry ……………………….. 24. turkey ………………………..
5. roof ……………………….. 25. cherry ………………………..
6. fox ……………………….. 26. knife ………………………..
7. sheep 27. calf
……………………….. ………………………..
8. policeman 28. dress
9. baby ……………………….. ………………………..
29. torch
10. child ……………………….. ………………………..
30. deer
11. sandwich ……………………….. 31. fox ………………………..
12. green leaf ……………………….. ………………………..
32. dish
13. old lady ……………………….. 33. melon ………………………..
14. photo ……………………….. 34. armchair ………………………..
15. cliff 35. hippo
……………………….. ………………………..
16. ox 36. tomato
……………………….. ………………………..
17. tall woman 37. business man
18. watch ……………………….. ………………………..
……………………….. 38. sister-in-law ………………………..
19. long foot
39. goose
20. bicycle ……………………….. ………………………..
40. radio
……………………….. ………………………..

B. Write a, an or some. Which nouns are countable/uncountable?

1 .............biscuit 7. ...........armchair 13 .. .........money
2 ..........tea 8 .........plate 14 ..........watches
3 .........carrot 9 ..........chair 15 . ........salt
4 .........ring 10 ............pepper 16 . ......... honey
5 ..........bread 11 .........cat 17 ..........water
6 ......... boxes 12 ..........dress 18 . ...........advice

C. Make the following nouns countable.

1.some Coke - two glasses/bottles/cans of Coke
2. some bread - three.....................................
3. some chocolate - four ...............................
4. some water - five ......................................
5. some cheese - two ....................................
6. some meat - three .....................................
7. some wine - eight ......................................
8. some salmon - four ....................................
9. some milk - ten ......................................... 3
10. some soap - four ......................................
D. Circle the uncountable noun in each group.
1.furniture, chair, table, desk
2.potato, carrot, tomato, soup
3.coffee, cup, glass, jug
4.sheep, meat, ox, caif
5.apple, strawberry, chocolate, cherry
6.glass, bottle, can, soda
7.loaf, slice, bread, piece
E. Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Write no more than three words.
1.We don't know anything about the problem, information
We don't...................................................................................about the problem.
2. Is it okay if I have some cheese? bit
Is it okay if I have......................................................................................cheese?
3. There's only a little coffee left in the jar. much
There.................................................................................coffee left in the jar.
4. I try not to drink too much Coca-Cola in a week, cans
I try not to drink too........................................................................................of Coca-Cola
in a week.
5. Would you like some more chocolate? piece
Would you like....................................................................................chocolate?
6. I don't want a lot of cream on my strawberries, cream
I only want.........................................................on my strawberries
F. Choose the correct answers
1. Be careful with that vase because it's made of.......................................................!
A glass B a glass
2. I started coughing because I had..............................................at the back of my throat.
A hair B a hair
3. Don't put your hot cup on my new table! It's.................................................and I don't
want you to burn it.
A wood B a wood
4. We should all recycle......................................so that it can be used again.
A paper B a paper
5. My dad gets..................................every day on his way to work.
4
A paper B a paper

UNIT 3: PRESENT TIME

♦ Present simple
 Form:
statement negative question
l/you/we/they play... l/you/we/they do not (don't) Do l/you/we/they play...?
Does he/she/it play...?
He/she/it play ...
play ...
 He/she/it does not (doesn't)
play ...

 Use:
Present habits Marsha goes to dance lessons every Saturday.
Permanent situations Does Dan work at the cinema?
States 1 like the new James Bond film.
General truths You play chess with 32 pieces.

 The present simple is often used with the following words and phrases:
Adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, seldom, whenever, nowadays
Phrases: every Monday/week/etc
each Monday/week/etc
once/twice a week/month/etc
three times a week/month/etc
Example: I often play football with my friends.
♦ Present continuous
 Form:
statement negative question
I a m (‘m) playing... / am not ('m not) Am I playing...?
Is he/she/it playing...?
He/she/it is ('s) playing ... playing ... Are you/we/they
You/we/they are ('re) He/she/it is not (isn't) playing...?
playing ... playing ...
You/we/they are not
(aren't) playing...
 Use
5
Actions happening now Jan is watching a DVD upstairs at the moment

Temporary situations She is working at the museum until the end of the month.

Annoying habits My brother is always borrowing my CDs without asking!

(usually with always)

 The present continuous is often used with the following words and phrases: now, right
now, at the moment, today, at present, this week/month etc
♦ Stative and dynamic verbs
 Stative verbs do not usually describe actions. They describe states (feelings, thoughts,
etc). They are not normally used in continuous tenses.
 Example: I like reading books in my free time.
I am liking reading books in my free time.
 Groups of stative verbs:
Thinking know, believe, undertand, consider, doubt,
expect, imagine, mean, realise, suppose, think,
agree
emotions appreciate, desire, dislike, fear, feel, forgive,
hate, like, mind, love, need, pity, prefer,
satisfy, trust, want, wish
senses (perception) appear, hear, look, notice, recognise,
resemble, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
Posession (or relationship between) belong, concern, consist, contain, cost,
depend, equal, fit, have, include, involve,
lack, measure, owe, own, possess, suit, weigh

 A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.
 Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic (Stative verbs can also be used in
continuous tenses when they describe the actions rather than states)
Be be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or
‘acting’
1.You are stupid = it’s part of your personality
2.You are being stupid = only now, not usually
Think • think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great
• think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
What are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday
Have • have (stative) = own
I have a car
• have (dynamic) = action 6
I’m having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
See • see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she’s just coming along the road
• see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I’m seeing Robert tomorrow
Taste • taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter
• taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup
('taste' is the same as other similar verbs such as 'smell')
A. Circle the correct word or phrase.
1. I work / am working at the local library for the summer.
2. We don't go / aren't going to the theatre very often.
3. Stacy gets / is getting ready for school, so she can't come to the phone.
4. Does Gary ever talk / Is Gary ever talking about his expedition to the
Amazon jungle?
5. In squash, you hit / are hitting a ball against a wall.
6. I read / am reading a newspaper at least once a week.
7. Do you practise / Are you practising the piano for two hours every day?
8. Nadine and Claire do / are doing quite well at school at the moment
9. A good friend knows / is knowing when you're upset about something.
10. How do you spell / are you spelling your name?
B. Complete using the correct present simple or present continuous
form of the verbs in the box. You may have to use some negative
forms.
belong • do • have • help • hold • move • use • watch
1. In Monopoly, you..............................around the board, buying houses and hotels.
2. ..........................you..............................this programme or can I turn the TV off?
3. Regular exercise..............................you to stay healthy.
4. I..............................my brother's guitar until I get a new one.
5. ..............................Simon always..............................the washing-up after lunch?
6. ..............................you..............................any sweaters in a larger size?
7. You..............................the kite right. Let me show you.
8. Dad..............................to the local astronomy club. 7
C. Underline ten verbs in the wrong tense and rewrite them correctly.
One game I am loving is backgammon.You are throwing the dice and then you move
your pieces around the board. It is seeming quite easy, but in fact you are needing to
be quite careful. When your piece lands on one of the other person's pieces, you are
taking it off the board and you send it back to the beginning.You are winning by
getting all your pieces to the end and off the board. Some people are preferring
chess, but I am not understanding that game. Right now, I wait to have a game with
my brother. He does his homework. I usually win, so I think he doesn't want to play
a game with me!'
1. ............................................... 6. ...............................................
2. ............................................... 7. ...............................................
3. ............................................... 8. ...............................................
 4. ............................................... 9. ...............................................
5. ............................................... 10. ...............................................
.

UNIT 4: PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
♦ PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 Form: have/has past participle

Statement Negative Question

l/you/we/they have ('ve) l/you/we/they have not Have l/you/we/they learnt?
learnt. (haven't) learnt Hhe / she / it Has he/ she/ it learnt?
He / she / it has (‘s) learnt has not (hasn’t) spoken

 Use:
Situation that started in the past and are still Mrs. Jekin has been the head teacher for 3
true years
Completed action at a time in the past which I’ve already read the book
is not mentioned
Completed actions where the important thing I have written 5 letters.
is the result now
Desired result I’ve cleaned my car (My car is clean now)
Long time, permanent situation I’ve lived here for 10 years (pernament
resident)
8
 The present perfect simple is often used with the following words and phrases:
for She's taught German here for over five years
since Mr Gray has taught French here since 2006.
just We've just done this exercise.
already We've already done this exercise.
yet We haven't checked the answers yet.
ever Have you ever had guitar lessons?
never I've never understood why they give us so much homework!
It's the first/second time It's the first time we've watched a video in first time class.
Other phrases:still, up to now, so far, (up) until now
♦ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
 Form:
Statement Negative Question
l/you/we/they have ('ve) been l/you/we/they have not Have l/you/we/they been
studying ... (haven't) been studying ... studying...?
He/she/it has('s) been He/she/it has not(hasn't)been Has he/she/it been
studying... studying studying….?

 Use
Actions continuing up to now or just We've been doing grammar exercises for over an
before now hour. Can we have a break now?
Unwanted result I’ve been cleaning my car so I’m wet .
Short time, temporary situation I’ve been living here for 1 year (after finishing
learning here, I’ll return my hometown)
 The present perfect continuous is often used with the following words:
for I've been learning English for over three years.
since He's been learning Chinese since 2004.
just I've just been reading the school newspaper
over I’ve been reading this book over an hour
all morning/ evening/ day etc I’ve been cooking all morning
 Note:
The present perfect simple often emphasises the result of an action:
She's written an article for the school newspaper. ( = She's finished it.)
The present perfect continuous often emphasises the action, and the time spent on the
action, rather than the result:
She's been writing an article for the school newspaper. ( = She's started, but she hasn't
finished it yet.)
A. Circle the correct word or phrase.
1.I think I've heard / been hearing that song before. 9

2.They haven't arrived / been arriving yet, but they should be here soon.
3.You've written / been writing that e-mail for over an hour. How long is it going to take you?
4.Have you talked / been talking on the phone since eight o'clock?
5.Jo has already invited / been inviting Shirley to dinner.
6.I've read / been reading an interview with Brad Pitt, but I haven't finished it yet.
7.Have the boys played / been playing computer games since this morning?
 UNIT 5: PAST TIME
♦ PAST SIMPLE
 Form:
Statement negative question
I/you/we/they played... I/you/we/they did not/(didn't) Did I/you/we/they
play ... play...?

 Use
Completed action in the past
I saw a movie yesterday.

Repeated or habitual action in the I went to the theatre four times last month
past

General truths about the past

Fifty years ago, people didn’t spend as much on
entertainment as they do today

A series of completed actions in the I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice
past place to swim
The past simpie is often used wth the following words and phrases: yesterday, last
summer/week/year..., in January/2001... an hour/a year/a week before...
1
♦ PAST CONTINUOUS
 Form:
Statement Negative Question
l/he/she/it was playing l/he/she/it was not (wasn't) Was l/he/she/it playing...?
You/we/they were playing ... Were You/we/they
playing… You/we/they were not playing...?
(weren't) playing...
 Use:
Actions happening at a moment in Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.
the past
 Two actions in progress at the same Simon was playing on the computer while his brother
time
was watching TV

Background information in It was raining so Jenny decided to stay at home

a story
 Note: When one action in the past happens in the middie of another, we use the past
simple and the past continuous together. We use past continuous to describe background
events in progress and the past simple for the main events
While I was sitting in a meeting, my mobile suddenly rang.
 Exceptions:
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
• when the final letter is e, only add d. • silent e is dropped (but: does not apply
love - loved for -ee)
• after a short, stressed vowel, the final come - coming
consonant is doubled but: agree - agreeing
admit - admitted • after a short, stressed vowel, the final
• final l is always doubled in British consonant is doubled
English (not in American English) sit - sitting
travel - travelled • final l is always doubled in British
• after a consonant, final y becomes i. English (not in American English)
(but: not after a vowel) travel - travelling
worry - he worried • final ie becomes y.
but: play - he played lie - lying

♦ PAST PERFECT
 Form: had + past participle
Statement Negative Question 1
I/ you/ we/ he/ she.... I/ you/ we/ he/ she.... Had I/ you/ we/ he/
had played.... hadn’t played... she.... played...?
 Use
Completed actions before a moment When talking film appeared, the cinema had already
or another action in the past become a popular form of entertainment
♦ USED TO AND WOULD
 Form:
Statement Negative Question
Used to I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ they Did I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ - they
they -used to – didn’t use to - infinitive… use to - infinitive...?
infinitive… I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ they
 never used to -
infinitive…
Would I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ they Would I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/
they would - wouldn’t - infinitive…. they infinitive..?
infinitive….

 Use:

Past habits, especially distant When I was young I used to play with my dolls. =
past (used to + would) When I was young I would play with my dolls

Distant past states (used to) I used to live in England

♦ GET USED TO/ BE USED TO + V-ING

 Be used to refers to a situation that is now familiar or no longer strange
At first, people found it strange sending message by mobile, but now everyone’s used to it
 We use get used to to refer to the process of becoming popular with a situation
It’s surprising how quickly people in the nineteenth century got used to travelling by train
A. Circle the correct word or phrase.
2.When we were in Canada, we went / were going skiing almost every day.
3.About four years ago, I decided / was deciding to become a chef.
4.Georgia had / was having a shower when someone knocked at the door.
5.Holly and I ran from the house to the taxi because it rained / was raining heavily.
6.Two men argued / were arguing outside, so I went to see what was happening. 1
7.Daniel called / was calling you at one o'clock yesterday, but you were here with me.
8.We ate / were eating breakfast when a letter came through the letter box.
9.As I walked past the window, I saw that Paula made / was making a cake.
10. I dreamt / was dreaming about my favourite band when the alarm clock went off.
11. While I practised / was practising the trumpet late last night, a neighbour came to
complain.
 GRAMMAR REVIEW 4-6
A. Choose the correct answers
1. When you rang, I.......................................my DiKe.
A cleaned C used to clean
B was cleaning D clean
2. At my last basketball club, we .......................every Saturday tor three
hours.
A were training C train
B trained D used to train
3.I really...................................the meai we had at your house last Tuesday.
A was liking C like
B liked D am liking
4.We........................ to the beach every day when we were on holiday.
A went C go
B were going D used to gong
5.I broke my leg when Tony and I.....................for the school sports day
A practised C were practising
B used to practise D are practising
6.Leon never......................................about it, out he was once a world champion skier.
A talks C was talking
B is talking D talk

7.I ............................ like golf, but now I really like it.

A don't use to C didn't used to
1
B don't used to D didn't use to

8.Denise.........................at the stadium until she finds a better job.

A works C used to work
B is working D was working

UNIT 7: FUTURE TIME

Often the same future event can be describes in different ways:
 The shop closes at 3 pm tomorrow  The shop is closing at 3 pm tomorrow
 The shop will close at 3 pm  The shop is going to close at 3 pm
tomorrow tomorrow

Which way you choose to describe something depends on a number of things:

 Function (for example, do you want to express a request, a promise or an offer?)
 How you see the future event/situation (for example, if you see a future event as a fixed
event that cannot be changed, the present simple may be appropriate)
 Level of formality (will is usually more formal than be going to)
♦SIMPLE FUTURE
 Form: will + bare infinitive
statement negative question
l/you/he/she/it/we/they will l/you/he/she/it/we/they will Will l/you/he/she/it/we/they
('II) travel... not (won’t) travel... travel....?

 Use
Facts about the future The new airport will be the biggest in Europe.
Predictions You'll have a great time in the Bahamas.
Offers and requests We'll help you get ready for your holiday.
Decisions made at the moment of I know! I'll go to China this summer.
speaking
1
Promises, requests I promise you won’t lose your job
Will you give a presentation on the sales
figures?

♦ Note:
 For offers and suggestions in question forms, with I and we, we use shall not will:
Shall I help you with advertising campaign? (offer)
Shall we discuss this in the morning? (suggestion)
 For requests, we can also use would, could or can. Would, could are more polite than will
and can
 Would/ Could/ Can you give a presentation on the sales figures?
♦ BE GOING TO
Form: be going to + bere
statement negative question
I am ('m) going to travel... I am not ('m not) going to Am I going to travel...?
He/she/it is ('s) going to travel... He/she/it is not Is he/she/it going to travel...?
travel... (isn’t) going to travel... Are you/we/they going to
You/we/they are ('re) going You/we/they are not (aren’t) travel...?
to travel... going to travel...

 Use
Intentions (made beforethe moment of I'm going to become an explorer when I
speaking) grow up.
Predictions (often with evidence we can It's going to rain, so take an umbrella.
see)

♦PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Arrangement I’m meeting Fiona on Friday to discuss the advertising
s campaign
Intentions I’m asking for a pay rise tomorrow
 Note: We do not use the present continuous for predictions. We use be going to or will
instead.
Both be going to and present continuous can be used for intentions made before the moment
of speaking. However, present continuous is not usually used for intention in the distant
future 1

I’m going to work for an international company one day

I’m working for an international company one day

♦PRESENT SIMPLE

Timetable My plane leaves at six

UNIT 10: PREPOSITION

♦ IN
Time Place
month Paris is wonderful in April Towns and cities There's a famous
castle in Edinburgh.
year I went to Russia in 2005 Countries and My brother is in
continents Mexico.
seaso We often go skiing in winter Areas and regions What's life like in the
n desert?
In a minute/ an hour, in front Inside an object, Your passport is in
of, in the future, in the middle room, building the drawer.
of I've left the tickets in
the living room!
Note: With verbs of motion (come, go, move, run, walk, etc), we usually use to instead of in,
on or at.
Was it hot when you went to Japan?

♦ ON
days I got a new car on islands Last year, we stayed on Mykonos.
Saturday.
date My birthday is on 19th pages There are some useful Italian phrases
s March. on page 97.
On the beach, on the Top of objects Did you put your car keys on the
left/right kitchen table?
On my birthday

On a There's a timetable on the

surface wall. 1
Note: We say in the morning/afternoon/evening, but on Monday morning/Wednesday
evening/etc.
We're flying to Washington in the morning/on Tuesday morning.
We don't use a preposition with tomorrow, yesterday, tomorrow morning,
yesterday evening, etc. /
We're flying to Washington tomorrow afternoon
♦ AT
Clock There's a bus at ten past Exact place What's it like at the
time three. North Pole?
Holiday What are you doing at addresses My cousin lives at
period Christmas? 132 London Road.
at the moment, at night, at buildings, when we are I think John is at the
 the top/bottom, at the talking about the activities
cinema, watching
door/window that happen there Titanic.
activities Rania isn't here.
She's at a party.
Note: Compare how we use in and at for places. We use in for larger areas that are all around
us when we are there. We use at for smaller places and points on a journey.
We're spending our next holiday in the countryside.
Let's meet at the train station.
A. If the word in bold in each sentence is correct, put a tick (/). If it is wrong, write the
correct word.
1. We first visited China on 2006. ............................
2. My birthday is at the second of July. ............................
3. Let's meet on five o'clock, shall we? ............................
4. School starts again in September. ............................
5. There's a party at Emily's at Saturday. ............................
6. What do you want to do on the morning? ............................
7. Let's go and see Grandma on Easter. ............................
8. Where do you usually go in Christmas Day? ............................
B. Complete using on, in or at.
1.There are lots of people...............the restaurant.
2.The people who live .................number 44 are away on holiday.
3.You should go to the Louvre when you're................Paris. 1

4.Gorillas live...................forests in Africa and eat fruit.

5.What does that sign..........the wall say?
6.What did Ethan say .......................his letter?
7.Have you heard of the strange statues..............Easter Island?
8.Do you really want to spend the whole day.............the beach?
C. Circle the correct word.
1. I'm meeting Andy at / on the cinema in an hour.
2. Have you seen the new building at / in front of the school
3. My new job starts in / on the first aay of August.
4. We're going to Martin's to see their new baby n / on Wednesday evening.
5. See if there are any tomatoes at / in the fridge, will you?
6. We'll all have computers connect to our brains at / in the future.
7. I don't feel like playing chess at / on the moment.
8. I think there's someone at / in the door. I'll go and check
D. Write one word in each gap.
When you travel (1) ...............the other side of the world, jetlag is a real problem. You find
yourself awake (2)..............the middie of the night and you feel like going to bed
(3) ...............the morning just when everyone around you is getting up.
Jetlag happens when you go (4) ...............a country where the time is very different. For
example, you mignt leave London (5) ...............midday and fly (6) ...............Los Angeles. The
flight TaKes about eleven hours, so when you arrive (7) ...............Los Angeles airport, your
body thinks you're there (3)...............11 pm. But Los Angeles is eight hours behind Lonaon, so
you actually get there (9)......3 pm local time. So, (10)......midnight Los Angeles time, your
body (which still thinks it's(11)...............London) says it's 8 am. It takes a few days for your
body clock to change.

UNIT 11: PASSIVE VOICE

♦ Form: Noun + be in the right form + past participle+ (by/with noun)

Active sentence: Someone stole my sister’s bike yesterday

Passive sentences: My sister’s bike was stolen yesterday

 The object of the active sentence (my sister’s bike) becomes the subject of passive
sentence.
My sister’s bike............
 Then we need the verb be in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence. Here, stole
is past simple, so we need was
My sister’s bike was.........
 Then we need the past participle of the verb in the active sentence. The past participle of
steal is stolen
My sister’s bike was stolen..........
  Finally, we finish the sentence in the right way
My sister’s bike was stolen yesterday
Active Passive
Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the am/ is/ are + past participle
house. Once a week, the house is cleaned
by Tom.
Present Right now, Sarah is writing the am/ is/ are +being past participle
Continuous letter. Right now, the letter is being written
by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. was/were + past participle
The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous The salesman was helping the was/were + being past participle
customer when the thief came The customer was being helped by
into the store. the salesman when the thief came
into the store.
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that have/has + been + past participle
castle. That castle has been visited by many
tourists.
Present Perfect Recently, John has been doing have/ has + been + being + past
Continuous the work. participle
Recently, the work has been being
done by John.
Past Perfect George had repaired many cars had been + past participle
before he received his mechanic's 1
Many cars had been repaired by
license. George before he received his
mechanic's license.
Simple Future Someone will finish the work by will be+ past participle
will 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00
PM.
Simple Future Sally is going to make a beautiful be going to be + past participle
be going to dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be
made by Sally tonight.
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be will be + being + past participle
Continuous washing the dishes.
will At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will
be being washed by John.
Future Perfect They will have completed the will have been + past participle
will project before the deadline. The project will have been
completed before the deadline.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. used to be + past participle
The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Future in the I knew John would finish the would be + past participle
Past work by 5:00 PM. I knew the work would be finished
Would by 5:00 PM.
modal You should brush the chicken modal + be + past participle
breast with oil and then fry it The chicken breast should be
brushed with oil and then fried
modal + perfect They should have delivered the should have been + past participle
infinitive groceries by now The groceries should have been
delivered by now
-ing (Gerund) I don’t like people telling me being + past participle
what to do I don’t like being told what to do

♦Use
When we don’t know who does/did My groceries have been stolen
something
When it’s obvious who does/did something A boy was arrested in town yesterday for
stealing an apple 2

When it’s not important who do/did The French bistro is being knocked down
something
When we want to emphasise new The popato was brought to Europe by Sir
information or use a formal style Walter Raleigh
Note: We can use by to empnas-se who does something
Active: My parents painted my sister's bedroom
Passive: My sisters bedroom was painted by my parents.
We can use with to emphasise what someone uses.
Active: You usually use a spoon to eat soup
Passive: Soup is usually eaten with a spoon.
 We don't use by or with when we don't need to say or don't know, who does something.
Active: They took Mrs Fisher to the hospital yesterday
Passive:Mrs Fisher was taken to hospital yesterday.
A. Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1. When people.....................(arrest), they........................(take) to the police station.
2. Milk....................(usually / keep) in the fridge.
3. ...................................(we / tell) what's in next week's test?
4. How did people communicate over long distances before the phone.....................(invent)?
5. ........................................(you / allow) to come to the party next Saturday?
6. You...........................................(give) your exam results next Monday.
7. ............................................(Aidan's bike / find) yesterday?
B. Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning
to the first sentence. Write between two and five words.
1. I'm not sure if they eat pizza in China, is
I'm not sure if...........................................................in China.
2.Someone told me that they don't make cars in the UK anymore, made
Someone told me that .....................................in the UK anymore.
3.Do they usually feed the animals three times a day? fed
Are ...............................................................three times a day?
4.Mr Jones is ill, so he won't give us a geography test today! be
Mr Jones is ill, so..................................................a geography test today!
5.Did they take her to hospital in an ambulance? she
2
Was.......................................................................to hospital in an ambulance?
6.After the play, they introduced us to all the actors, we
After the play,.......................................................................to all the actors.
7.They've caught the person who stole your bike! has
The person who stole your bike......................................................caught!
8.No one had told me that Jill was coming! been
I...................................................................................that Jill was coming!
9.Our English teacher and our German teacher are husband and wife, married
Our English teacher.................................................................our German teacher.
10. My parents don't let me watch much TV at home, allowed
I......................................watch much TV at home.
11. They're going to invite over a hundred people to the wedding reception, going The passive 2 'lit
Over a hundred people.............................................................to the wedding reception.

C. Complete using by or with.

1. That book was written.........................................my uncle!
2. Are the best photos usually taken................................................digital cameras?
3. That song has been sung............................................lots of famous singers.
4. Is your hair cut.....................................a professional hairdresser?
5. Should the paper be cut.......................................... a pair of scissors?
6. All the candles had been lit...........................................the same match.
7. The film isn't going to be directed..........................................................Steven Spielberg
after all.
D. Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
Write no more than four words.
1.I think John has taken my jacket.
I think my jacket........................................................................................John.
2.You should cook the chicken for at least an hour.
The chicken.......................................................................................for at least an hour.
3.They're showing that film at the cinema in town.
That film................................................................................... at the cinema in town.
4.They hadn't invented digital cameras when we took that photo.
Digital cameras ........................................................................................when that photo was
taken.
5.When I got there, Cariy was doing the ironing, so I oian't have to do it! 2
When I got there, the ironing .......................................................Carly, so I cidn't have to do
it!
6.They were using hot soapy water to wash all the cars.
All the cars....................................... ................................................hot soapy water.

GRAMMAR REVIEW 10-12

A. Choose the correct answer
1. I...............................around the world one day.
 A travel B am going to travel C am travelling D travelled
2. Do you think Curtis......................... tomorrow?
A will win B wins C is winning D won
3. What is the weather like......................Russia at the moment?
A on B at C in D to
4. I can't come to your party because .........................my cousin that week.
A visit B will visit C visited D am visiting
5. My mum...........................the bus to work every morning, but Dad drives
A catches B does C goes D runs
6. Watch out, or you............. off the boat
A fall B are going to fall C will fall D fell
7. I think there's a picture of the hotel....................................
the first page.
A on B at C in D to
8. We usually go away somewhere on holiday..............New Year
A on B at C in D to