THERMO FLUIDS IME-241L

LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT No.1
“To Determine the working of IC (Internal Combustion) Engine Engines Four
Stroke and Two Stroke or Petrol and Diesel Engine using their Cross-
sectional Area.”

SUBMITTED TO: Prof. Dr SALMAN HABIB

SUBMITTED BY: HASSAN ALI BUTT
REGISTERATION NO: 2017-IM-39

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING

ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 EXPERIMENT No.1

TITLE: To Determine the working of IC (Internal Combustion) Engines Four Stroke and Two
Stroke or Petrol and Diesel Engine using their Cross-sectional Area.

OBJECTIVE: Our main objective of performing this Experiment is:

 To study and identify different parts of IC Engines
 To observe the working of IC Engines
 To identify the difference between Petrol & Diesel Engines
 To identify the difference between Four Stroke & Two Stroke Engines
 To demonstrate the fuel cycling and combustion process.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Internal combustion engines include the petrol and diesel
engines that are used in pretty much every vehicle today. External combustion engines would be
something like a steam train, that heated water in a boiler and then moved the pressurized
steam to the ‘engine’ (the cylinders and pistons) to convert its energy into motion. Reciprocating
piston engines are the most common power source for land and water vehicles,
including automobiles, motorcycles, ships. Those vehicles mostly use IC Engines. Rotary
engines of the Wankel design are used in some automobiles, aircraft and motorcycles.  Internal
combustion engines are seen mostly in transportation. Several other uses are for any portable
situation where you need a non-electric motor. The largest application in this situation would be
an Internal combustion engine driving an electric generator. That way, you can use standard
electric tools driven by an internal combustion engine.

Small engines (usually 2‐stroke gasoline engines) are a common power source for lawnmowers,
string trimmers, chain saws, leaf blowers, pressure washers, snowmobiles, jet skis, outboard
motors, mopeds, and motorcycles.
THEORY:
Engine: is a device specially designs to convert any type of energy mostly chemical
or electrical into mechanical energy.

  Internal combustion engine: ICE is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel

occurs with an oxidizer usually air in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit.

In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy and
chemical energy to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does
this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state
temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the
high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine
while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a low temperature state. During this
process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the
working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but
it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, a lot of heat is lost to the surroundings and so
cannot be converted to work.

In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases
produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is
applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component
over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is
intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with
variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of
internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most
rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as
previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine.
In contrast, in external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, energy is
delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion
products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated
in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids
derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in
mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft, and
boats.

Classification of IC Engines:
Internal Combustion Engines or IC Engines as they are
popularly known as, is used in everyday life and almost everywhere such as in cars and bikes.
Study of Engines has evolved into a branch of Mechanical Engineering.

There are two types of IC Engines:

 Four Stroke Engine

 Two Stroke Engine
Also, the engines can also be classified on what cycles they follow, given below:
 Diesel Engine
 Petrol or Gasoline Engine

Four Stroke IC Engines:

A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of
the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.

The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake Stroke: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at
top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the
intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into
the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward
motion. The piston is moving down as air is being sucked in by the downward motion
against the piston.
2. Compression Stroke: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction
stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in
preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust
valves are closed during this stage.
 Starting position, intake stroke, and compression stroke.

3. Combustion Stroke: Also known as power or ignition This is the start of the second
revolution of the four-stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360-
degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the
compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C.
This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust Stroke: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again
returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the
spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.

Ignition of fuel, power stroke, and exhaust stroke.

Two Stroke Engine:
A two-stroke (or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion
engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of
the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to a "four-stroke engine",
which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft
revolutions. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the
compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging)
functions occurring at the same time.
Two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow
range of rotational speeds called the "power band". Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke
engines have a greatly reduced number of moving parts, and so can be more compact and
significantly lighter.
Two-stroke petrol engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, and
high power-to-weight ratio are design priorities. With the traditional lubrication technique of
mixing oil into the fuel, they also have the advantage of working in any orientation, as there is
no oil reservoir dependent on gravity; this is an essential property for hand-held power tools such
as chainsaws.

Two Stroke Engine

Working of Two Stroke Engine:

The defining characteristic of this kind of engine is that each piston
completes a cycle every crankshaft revolution. The 4 processes of intake, compression, power
and exhaust take place in only 2 strokes so that it is not possible to dedicate a stroke exclusively
for each of them. Starting at TDC the cycle consists of:
Intake:
The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into the crankcase by the vacuum that is created during the
upward stroke of the piston. The illustrated engine features a poppet intake valve; however,
many engines use a rotary value incorporated into the crankshaft.

Crankcase compression:
During the downward stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed by the increased crankcase
pressure. The fuel mixture is then compressed in the crankcase during the remainder of the
stroke.

Transfer/Exhaust:
Toward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the compressed fuel/air
mixture in the crankcase to escape around the piston into the main cylinder. This expels the
exhaust gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on the opposite side of the cylinder.
Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel mixture is usually expelled as well.
Compression:
The piston then rises, driven by flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel mixture. (At the
same time, another intake stroke is happening beneath the piston).

Power:
At the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The
burning fuel expands, driving the piston downward, to complete the cycle. (At the same time,
another crankcase compression stroke is happening beneath the piston.)
Different Terminologies used in IC Engines:
1. Compression Ratio: The static compression ratio of an internal combustion engine
or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its
combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity. It is a
fundamental specification for many common combustion engines. In a piston engine,
it is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber when the
piston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume of the combustion chamber when
the piston is at the top of its stroke.
2. Engine displacement: is the swept volume of all the pistons inside the cylinders of a
reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead Centre (TDC) to bottom
dead Centre (BDC). It is commonly specified in cubic centimeters (cc or cm3), liters
(l), or cubic inches (CID). Engine displacement does not include the total volume of
the combustion chamber.

Engine displacement is determined from the bore and stroke of an engine's cylinders. The bore

is the diameter of the circular chambers cut into the cylinder block.
π
Engine Displacement = ×d ¿ 2∗L
4

3. Swept Volume: The volume of a cylinder swept by the piston while moving from one
dead center to another.

4. Top Dead Center (TDC) & Bottom Dead Center (BDC): In a reciprocating engine,
the dead center is the position of a piston in which it is farthest from, or nearest to, the
crankshaft. The former is known as top dead center (TDC) while the latter is known as
bottom dead center (BDC).
Different Parts of Four Stroke & Two Stroke Engine & their Working:
Following are some important parts used in the IC Engines:

1. Cylinder block: Cylinder is the main body of IC engine. Cylinder is a part in which the
intake of fuel, compression of fuel and burning of fuel take place. The main function of
cylinder is to guide the piston. It is in direct contact with the products of combustion so
it must be cooled. For cooling of cylinder, a water jacket (for liquid cooling used in
most of cars) or fin (for air cooling used in most of bikes) are situated at the outer side
of cylinder. At the upper end of cylinder, cylinder head and at the bottom end crank
case is bolted. The upper side of cylinder is consisting a combustion chamber where
fuel burns. To handle all this pressure and temperature generated by combustion of fuel,
cylinder material should have high compressive strength. So, it is made by high grade
cast iron. It is made by casting and usually cast in one piece.

Cylinder Block

2. Cylinder head: The top end of the engine cylinder is closed by means of removable
cylinder head. There are two holes or ports at the cylinder head, one for intake of fuel
and other for exhaust. Both the intake and exhaust ports are closed by the two valves
known as inlet and exhaust valve. The inlet valve, exhaust valve, spark plug, injector
etc. are bolted on the cylinder head. The main function of cylinder head is to seal the
cylinder block and not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valve engine.
Cylinder head is usually made by cast iron or aluminum. It is made by casting or
forging and usually in one piece.
 Cylinder head
3. Piston: A piston is fitted to each cylinder as a face to receive gas pressure and transmit
the thrust to the connecting rod. It is a prime mover in the engine. The main function of
piston is to give tight seal to the cylinder through bore and slide freely inside the
cylinder. Piston should be light and sufficient strong to handle gas pressure generated
by combustion of fuel. So, the piston is made by aluminum alloy and sometimes it is
made by cast iron because light alloy piston expands more than cast iron so they need
more clearances to the bore.

Piston
4. Piston rings: A piston must be a fairly loose fit in the cylinder so it can move freely
inside the cylinder. If the piston is too tight fit, it would expand as it got hot and might
stick tight in the cylinder and if it is too loose it would leak the vapor pressure. To
provide a good sealing fit and less friction resistance between the piston and cylinder,
pistons are equipped with piston rings. These rings are fitted in grooves which have
been cut in the piston. They are split at one end so they can expand or slipped over the
end of piston. A small two stroke engine has two piston rings to provide good sealing
but a four-stroke engine has an extra ring which is known as oil ring. Piston rings are
made of cast iron of fine grain and high elastic material which is not affected by the
working heat. Sometimes it is made by
alloy spring steel.
 Piston rings

5. Connecting rod: Connecting rod connects the piston to crankshaft and transmits the
motion and thrust of piston to crankshaft. It converts the reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion of crankshaft. There are two ends of connecting rod; one is
known as big end and other as small end. Big end is connected to the crankshaft and the
small end is connected to the piston by use of piston pin. The connecting rods are made
of nickel, chrome, and chrome vanadium steels. For small engines the material may be
aluminum.

Connecting rod

6. Crankshaft: The crankshaft of an internal combustion engine receives the efforts or

thrust supplied by piston to the connecting rod and converts the reciprocating motion of
piston into rotary motion of crankshaft. The crankshaft mounts in bearing so it can
rotate freely. The shape and size of crankshaft depends on the number and arrangement
of cylinders. It is usually made by steel forging, but some makers use special types of
cast-iron such as spheroidal graphitic or nickel alloy castings which are cheaper to
produce and have good service life.
 Crankshaft

7. Crankcase: The main body of the engine at which the cylinder is attached and which
contains the crankshaft and crankshaft bearing is called crankcase. It serves as the
lubricating system too and sometime it is called oil sump. All the oil for lubrication is
placed in it.

Crankcase

8. Valves: To control the inlet and exhaust of internal combustion engine, valves are used.
The number of valves in an engine depends on the number of cylinders. Two valves are
used for each cylinder one for inlet of air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder and other for
exhaust of combustion gases. The valves are fitted in the port at the cylinder head by
use of strong spring. This spring keep them closed. Both valves usually open inwards.
 Valves

9. Spark plug: It is used in spark ignition engine. The main function of a spark plug is to
conduct a high potential from the ignition system into the combustion chamber to ignite
the compressed air fuel mixture. It is fitted on cylinder head. The spark plug consists of
a metal shell having two electrodes which are insulated from each other with an air gap.
When high potential current supply to spark plug it jumping from the supply electrode
and produces the necessary spark.

Spark Plug

10. Injector: Injector is usually used in compression ignition engine. It sprays the fuel into
combustion chamber at the end of compression stroke. It is fitted on cylinder head.
 Injector

11. Camshaft: Camshaft is used in IC engine to control the opening and closing of valves
at proper timing. For proper engine output inlet valve should open at the end of exhaust
stroke and closed at the end of intake stroke. So, to regulate its timing, a cam is use
which is oval in shape and it exerts a pressure on the valve to open and release to close.
It is drive by the timing belt which drives by crankshaft. It is placed at the top or at the
bottom of cylinder.

Cam shaft

12. Manifold: The main function of manifold is to supply the air fuel mixture and collects
the exhaust gases equally from all cylinder. In an internal combustion engine two
manifold are used, one for intake and other for exhaust. They are usually made by
aluminum alloy.
 Mani fold

13. Flywheel: A flywheel is secured on the crankshaft. The main function of flywheel is to
rotate the shaft during preparatory stroke. It also makes crankshaft rotation more
uniform. Flywheel smoothers out some of the rpm and force deviation by its resistance
to acceleration. The flywheel supplies the inertia required to prevent loss of engine
speed and possible stoppage of crankshaft rotation between combustion intervals.

Fly Wheel
14. Carburetor: The main function of the carburetor is to blends air and fuel in the proper
ratio for combustion in an internal combustion engine. It converts petrol in a fine spray
and mixes with air in the proper ratio as per requirement of the engine. Older engines
used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits
through the top. This has been replaced by downdraft carburetors. Nowadays carburetor
is replaced by an electronically controlled system called fuel injection to regulate the
fuel-air mixture. In simple, a carburetor is a tube that allows air and fuel into the engine
through valves.

Carburetor
15. Gudgeon pin: Gudgeon pin is a special kind of pin which connects small end of
connecting rod to the piston.

Gudgeon pin
Transfer Ports:
Transfer ports are passages in the cylinder and crankcase.
Purposes of the transfer ports:
These passages transport fresh fuel/air mixture supplied by the intake from the crankcase to the
area of the cylinder currently above the piston. The transfer ports also play a vital role in cooling
the cylinder and scavenging gases.
Transfer ports and loop scavenging:
The fresh mixture that the transfer ports supply comes out of them at an angle determined by
their casting. This angle is very precisely calculated so that instead of mixture coming from the
intake and going directly out the already open exhaust port, the intake charge is blasted by the
charge from the transfer ports. Instead of going directly out the exhaust, this combined charge
proceeds along the upper part of the cylinder, curving back around when it hits the cylinder head,
and then proceeding towards the exhaust. This motion is called loop scavenging. As the fresh
mixture charge does this, it absorbs heat from the cylinder wall and cylinder head, aiding in
cooling both. Additionally, it pushes spent fuel-air mixture out of the exhaust pipe instead of
simply allowing the fresh mixture to become diluted with exhaust gases.

Difference Between Petrol & Diesel Engine

In theory, diesel engines and gasoline engines are quite similar. They are both internal combus-
tion engines designed to convert the chemical energy available in fuel into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy moves pistons up and down inside cylinders. The pistons are connected
to a crankshaft, and the up-and-down motion of the pistons, known as linear motion, creates the
rotary motion needed to turn the wheels of a car forward.
Both diesel engines and gasoline engines convert fuel into energy through a series of small
explosions or combustions. The major difference between diesel and gasoline is the way these
explosions happen. In a gasoline engine, fuel is mixed with air, compressed by pistons and
ignited by sparks from spark plugs. In a diesel engine, however, the air is compressed first, and
then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when it's compressed, the fuel ignites.
The major Difference between the Diesel and Petrol engine is that there is no spark plug required
for ignition in diesel engine while spark plug is necessary in petrol engines. One big difference
between a diesel engine and a gas engine is in the injection process. Most car engines use port
injection or a carburetor. A port injection system injects fuel just prior to the intake stroke
(outside the cylinder). A carburetor mixes air and fuel long before the air enters the cylinder. In a
car engine, therefore, all of the fuel is loaded into the cylinder during the intake stroke and then
compressed. The compression of the fuel/air mixture limits the compression ratio of the engine --
if it compresses the air too much, the fuel/air mixture spontaneously ignites and causes knocking.
Because it causes excessive heat, knocking can damage the engine.
Diesel engines use direct fuel injection the diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.
The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component and has been the subject of a great
deal of experimentation in any particular engine, it may be located in a variety of places. The
injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and pressure inside the cylinder and still
deliver the fuel in a fine mist. Getting the mist circulated in the cylinder so that it is evenly
distributed is also a problem, so some diesel engines employ special induction valves, pre-
combustion chambers or other devices to swirl the air in the combustion chamber or otherwise
improve the ignition and combustion process.

REFERENCES:
1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine
2) https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engines
3) https://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm
4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)
5) http://www.mech4study.com/2014/03/main-parts-of-internal-combustion-engine-or-
automobile-engine.html
6) https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-use-of-transfer-ports-in-a-two-stroke-engine

RESULT:
In this Experiment we thoroughly examine the IC engines Cross-sectional Area.
Identify the Important parts of the engine and their working in a broad manner. Also, we
examine the difference in diesel and petrol engine and four stroke or two stroke engines and
conclude which is more efficient for use.