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    Assignment-1: Types of Engine

    Uploaded by

    Raj Singh
    1. The document discusses different types of engine classification including external combustion engines, internal combustion engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, reciprocating engines, rotary engines, and classifications based on fuel, ignition, cylinders, and air intake. 2. It then discusses valve timing diagrams showing the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves at specific intervals controlled by the camshaft. 3. Valve overlap is described as the period when both intake and exhaust valves are open briefly, assisting in scavenging exhaust gases and drawing in fresh fuel. Variable valve timing allows optimization of valve timing for different engine speeds.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Assignment-1: Types of Engine

    Uploaded by

    Raj Singh
    56 views14 pages
    1. The document discusses different types of engine classification including external combustion engines, internal combustion engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, reciprocating engines, rotary engines, and classifications based on fuel, ignition, cylinders, and air intake. 2. It then discusses valve timing diagrams showing the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves at specific intervals controlled by the camshaft. 3. Valve overlap is described as the period when both intake and exhaust valves are open briefly, assisting in scavenging exhaust gases and drawing in fresh fuel. Variable valve timing allows optimization of valve timing for different engine speeds.

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    1. The document discusses different types of engine classification including external combustion engines, internal combustion engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, reciprocating engines, rotary engines, and classifications based on fuel, ignition, cylinders, and air intake. 2. It then discusses valve timing diagrams showing the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves at specific intervals controlled by the camshaft. 3. Valve overlap is described as the period when both intake and exhaust valves are open briefly, assisting in scavenging exhaust gases and drawing in fresh fuel. Variable valve timing allows optimization of valve timing for different engine speeds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    56 views14 pages

    Assignment-1: Types of Engine

    Uploaded by

    Raj Singh
    1. The document discusses different types of engine classification including external combustion engines, internal combustion engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, reciprocating engines, rotary engines, and classifications based on fuel, ignition, cylinders, and air intake. 2. It then discusses valve timing diagrams showing the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves at specific intervals controlled by the camshaft. 3. Valve overlap is described as the period when both intake and exhaust valves are open briefly, assisting in scavenging exhaust gases and drawing in fresh fuel. Variable valve timing allows optimization of valve timing for different engine speeds.

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    ASSIGNMENT-1

    CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE

    Types of Engine:

    1. External combustion (E.C.) Engine


    An engine in which combustion of fuel take place outside of the
    cylinder is known as EC engine. In this type of engine heat,
    which is generated by burning of fuel is used to convert the
    water or other low boiling temperature fluid into steam. This
    high pressure steam used to rotate a turbine. In this engine we
    can use all solid, liquid and gases fuel. These engines are
    generally used in driving locomotive, ships, generation of
    electric power etc.

    Advantages of E.C. engine-


     In these engines starting torque is generally high.
     Because of external combustion we can use cheaper fuels as
    well as solid fuel.
     They are more flexible compare to internal combustion engines.
    2. Internal Combustion (I.C.) Engine
    It is an engine in which combustion of fuel take place inside the engine.
    When the fuel burns inside the engine cylinder, it generates a high
    temperature and pressure. This high pressure force is exerted on the
    piston (A device which free to moves inside the cylinder and transmit
    the pressure force to crank by use of connecting rod), which used to
    rotate the wheels of vehicle. In these engines we can use only gases
    and high volatile fuel like petrol, diesel. These engines are generally
    used in automobile industries, generation of electric power etc.

    Advantages of I.C. engine-


     It has overall high efficiency over E.C. engine.
     These engines are compact and required less space.
     Initial cost of I.C. engine is lower than E.C. engine.
     This engine easily starts in cold because of it uses high volatile fuel.

    Types of I.C. Engine


    I.C. engine is widely used in automobile industries so it is also known as
    automobile engine. An automobile engine may be classified in many
    manners. Today I am going to tell you some important classification of
    an automobile engine.
    According to number of stroke:

    1. Two stroke engine

    In a two stroke engine a piston moves one time up and down inside the
    cylinder and complete one crankshaft revolution during single time of
    fuel injection. This type of engine has high torque compare to four
    stroke engine. These are generally used in scooters, pumping sets etc.

    2. Four stroke engine

    In a four stroke engine piston moves two times up and down inside the
    cylinder and complete two crankshaft revolutions during single time of
    fuel burn. This type of engines has high average compare to two stroke
    engine. These are generally used in bikes, cars, truck etc.

    According to design of engine:

    1. Reciprocating engine (piston engine)

    In reciprocating engine the pressure force generate by combustion of


    fuel exerted on a piston (A device which free to move in reciprocation
    inside the cylinder). The piston starts reciprocating motion (too and fro
    motion). This reciprocating motion converts into rotary motion by use
    of crank shaft. So the crank shaft starts to rotate and make rotate the
    wheels of the vehicle. These are generally used in all automobile.

    2. Rotary engine (Wankel engine)

    In rotary engine there is a rotor which frees to rotate. The pressure


    force generated by burning of fuel is exerted on this

    1. In-line engine
    In this type of engines, cylinders are positioned in a straight line one
    behind the other along the length of the crankshaft.

    rotor so the rotor rotate and starts to rotate the wheels of vehicle. This
    engine is developed by Wankel in 1957. This engine is not used in
    automobile in present days.

    According to fuel used:

    1. Diesel engine

    These engines use diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks, buses,
    cars etc.

    2. Petrol engine

    These engines use petrol as the fuel. These are used in bikes, sport cars,
    luxury cars etc.

    3. Gas engine

    These engines use CNG and LPG as the fuel. These are used in some
    light motor vehicles.
    4. Electric engine

    It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any fuel to burn. It uses electric


    energy to rotate wheel.

    According to method of ignition:

    1. Compression ignition engine

    In these types of engines, there is no extra equipment to ignite the fuel.


    In these engines burning of fuel starts due to temperature rise during
    compression of air. So it is known as compression ignition engine.

    2. Spark ignition engine

    In these types of engines, ignition of fuel start by a spark, generated


    inside the cylinder by some extra equipment (Spark Plug). So it is known
    as spark ignition engine.

    According to number of cylinder:

    1. Single cylinder engine


    In this type of engines have only one cylinder and one piston connected
    to the crank shaft.

    2. Multi-cylinder engine

    In this type of engines have more than one cylinder and piston
    connected to the crank shaft.

    According to arrangement of cylinder:


    2. V-type engine
    An engine with two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to each other and
    with one crankshaft known as V-type engine.

    3. Opposed cylinder engine


    An engine with two cylinders banks opposite to each other on a single
    crankshaft (V-type engine with 180o angle between banks).

    4. W-type engine
    An engine same as V-type engine except with three banks of cylinders
    on the same crankshaft known as W-type engine.

    5. Opposite piston engine


    In this type of engine there are two pistons in each cylinder with the
    combustion chamber in the center between the pistons. In this engine, a
    single combustion process causes two power strokes, at the same time.

    6. Radial engine
    It is an engine with pistons positioned in circular plane around the
    central crankshaft. The connecting rods of pistons are connected to a
    master rod which, in turn, connected to the crankshaft.
    According to air intake process:

    1. Naturally aspirated
    In this types of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by the
    atmospheric pressure.

    2. Supercharged engine
    In this type of engine air intake pressure is increased by the compressor
    driven by the engine crankshaft.

    3. Turbocharged engine
    In this type of engine intake air pressure is increase by use of a turbine
    compressor driven by the exhaust gases of burning fuel.
    2. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

    The engine valves are just like the nose. An automotive


    engine uses valves for it’s ‘breathing’ (inhale/exhale) process. The
    engine's camshaft opens and closes the valves at a specific
    interval. The timing of opening & closing of valves is specified in
    degrees corresponding to the position of engine's pistons. Engine
    valve timing is the most critical process of IC engines.
    The inlet valve usually opens few degrees before the piston
    reaches TDC in its exhaust stroke. It closes after quite a few
    degrees of piston reaching the BDC, i.e. when the piston starts to
    move up the cylinder in the compression stroke. In suction stroke,
    the air-fuel mixture or charge gets sucked into the cylinder very
    rapidly. This is because the downward movement of the piston
    creates the vacuum (or negative pressure) in the cylinder and the
    air-fuel mixture gets filled in the empty space.

    This air-fuel mixture (also known as charge) has both mass and
    motion. The entire charge cannot enter the cylinder even when
    the piston reaches the end of its downward stroke because the
    opening of the inlet valve is small. Therefore, the pressure in the
    combustion chamber remains below the atmospheric pressure,
    while the charge is still moving in the direction of the motion of the
    piston with high velocity.

    If the inlet valve closes at this point, the cylinder will receive less
    charge than its requirement. Hence, the inlet valve is kept open
    until the piston enters its next upward stroke i.e the compression
    stroke. At this point, the pressure in the cylinder becomes almost
    equal to the atmospheric pressure.
    Camshaft
    In four-stroke cycle engines and some two-stroke cycle engines,
    the valve timing is controlled by the camshaft. It can be varied by
    modifying the camshaft, or it can be varied during engine
    operation by variable valve timing. It is also affected by the
    adjustment of the valve mechanism, and particularly by the tappet
    clearance. However, this variation is normally unwanted.
    Valve overlap

    Valve timing diagram for a 4-stroke engine


    With traditional fixed valve timing, an engine will have a period of
    "valve overlap" at the end of the exhaust stroke, when both the
    intake and exhaust valves are open. The intake valve is opened
    before the exhaust gases have completely left the cylinder, and
    their considerable velocity assists in drawing in the fresh charge.
    Engine designers aim to close the exhaust valve just as the fresh
    charge from the intake valve reaches it, to prevent either loss of
    fresh charge or unscavenged exhaust gas. In the diagram, the
    valve overlap periods are indicated by the overlap of the red and
    blue arcs. Key:

     TDC = Top dead centre


     BDC = Bottom dead centre
     IO = Inlet valve opens
     IC = Inlet valve closes
     EO = Exhaust valve opens
     EC = Exhaust valve closes
    Either valve opens before the piston head reaches Top Dead
    Centre or Bottom Dead Centre. The amount in crankshaft
    degrees by which the valves open before Top Dead Centre or
    Bottom Dead Centre is reached is known as valve lead. The
    amount in crankshaft by which the valves close before Top Dead
    Centre or Bottom Dead Centre is reached is known as valve lag.
    Valve overlap is a secondary means to cool exhaust valves with
    intake air during valve overlap. Primary cooling is accomplished
    by dissipating heat to the valve seats.
    Variable valve timing
    Engines that always run at a relatively high speed, such as race
    car engines, will have considerable overlap in their valve timings
    for maximum volumetric efficiency. Road car engines are different
    because they are required to idle at less than 1000rpm, and
    excessive valve overlap would make smooth idling impossible
    because of the mixing of fresh and exhaust gases. Variable valve
    timing can give both maximum power at high rpm and smooth
    idling at low rpm by making small changes to the relative angular
    position of the camshafts and thereby varying the valve overlap.
    Ported engines

    Two-Stroke engine showing ports in the cylinder walls. The timing


    cannot be varied
    Many two-stroke cycle and all wankel engines do not have a
    camshaft or valves, and the port timing can only be varied by
    machining the ports, and/or modifying the piston skirt (two stroke
    applications). However, some superchared two-stroke diesel
    engines (such as the Wilksch aero-engine) do have a cylinder
    head and poppet valves, similar to a four-stroke cycle engine.

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