Toefl
Toefl
Toefl
STRUCTURE
Structure
Directions : Questions 1-4- are complete sentences you will see, four words or phrases, market (A), (B), (C)
and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best complete the sentences .
1. A dominant animal is best defined as one …. Actions are not constrained by possible responses of its fellows.
a) With
b) That is
c) Whose
d) Where its
4. …. Explores the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a remarkable conclusion.
a. The written beautifully novel
b. The beautifully written novel
c. The novel beautifully written
d. The written novel beautifully
6. …. Getting the highest result in the class, john still had problems with his teacher.
a. Despite of
b. In spite of
c. Even though
d. Nonetheless
7. This new service will be available to all users …. Up for paid membership.
a. That signed
b. That signed it
c. Which signed
d. Sign
9. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people ….
a. Hear
b. Hearing them
c. Do
d. Do them
11. With the passing of the time and the emoarchement of people, the habitat of garillas … to decrease
a. Containing
b. Continius
c. Which continue
d. Continue
12. …. Social meeting birds that build their nests in tress and on clifis.
a. Most stocks are
b. Stocks most
c. The most stocks
d. Most are stocks
13 ….. was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for this work on the phoneletric effect.
a. That enstein
b. It was enstein
c. Enstein who
d. Enstein
14..Emma Thompson was nominated for an Academy Award as both a Screenwriher…an actress in 1996.
a) Also
b) Or
c) In addition
d) And
16. from the inception of his long and distingshed carrer, frank lieyd wright was concerned with how …
architecture with topography.
a) Integrating
b) To integrate
c) Did the integrate
d) Integrated
17. Egyptian pyramids were regurally robbed despire their intricate pessegewrys, byzantine mazes, and …
a) Walls which were false
b) They had false walls
c) False walls
d) Walls of falsity
18. The Duncan sofa, …. Is highly valued in todays antique furniture market.
a) A colonial masterpiece
b) A colonial masterpiece which
c) It is a colonial masterpiece that
d) Whose colonial masterpiece
19.Maine’s coastline is a major attraction and vista of sandy beaches contrasted… rockbound shoreline.
a) To the rugged
b) By the rugged
c) On the rugged
d) At the rugged
20. At the seventh international ballet competions, Fernando Bujones won the first, gold modal ever … to a Unites
States make dancer
a) That award
b) Should be awarding
c) To be awarded
d) To award
21. the best-known diffuse nebuls is the great Orion Nebuls …. Can be seen by the narked eye.
a) It
b) Which
c) One
d) Who
22. Over time the young students will perfect the art of piano playing. After all, such …. Needs delicate handling .
a) A tuned instrument finely
b) A finely instrument tuned
c) An instrument tuned finely
d) A finely tuned instrument
23, before Johnson and smith reached great heights in the business world, … encountered many great difficults in
promoting their theories and methods.
a) They
b) Who
c) Which
d) He
24. …. Air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen is a little known fact on the
streets.
a) How that
b) When
c) That
d) However
25. Nearly all treets contain a mix of polymets that can burn like petrolurn ….property extracted.
a) If
b) Is
c) After
d) When it
29. What would you have done if you … to make that decision.
a) Have had
b) Had
c) Had have
d) Had had
30. three responsibilities … are to search out, identify, and assess patentable inventions and technologies.
a) To a patent manager
b) With a patent manager
c) On a patent manager
d) Of a patent manager
31. too little thyroid hormone will lead to sluggishness and inertia; too much results in rapid heartbeat …. And
higher oxygen consumption.
a) It increases mental activity
b) Increased mental activity
c) Mental activity to increase
d) Mental activity is increased
32. …. Of Willa Catha presents an unadorned picture of life on the prairies of the Midwestern United States during
the 19th century.
a) The novels that
b) That the novels
c) The novels which
d) The novels
33. With neither a naturally aggreasive disposition …. A particularly large size, the mimic octopus survives quite
easily because o
Of its natural adaptions.
a) And
b) With
c) Nor
d) Or
34. circulating column of air at the core of a tornado …. In excess of 250 miles per hour.
a) Almoust never reachers
b) Reachers almoust never
c) Almoust reachers never
d) Reachers never almoust
35. Unless an observer knows … an eclips properly, severe retinal and cornea darmage can results.
a) To observing
b) How observe
c) How to observe
d) To have observed
36. pipeline network, …. 4.000 miles, provides natural gas from texas to homes and industries on the east coast.
a) Totaling
b) Totals
c) Total
d) It totals
37. Ulysses S. Grant …. Showed great magnanimity in receiving the surrender of his arch-rival, Robert. E Lee at the
end of the Civil War.
a) That was the supreme commander of northern forces
b) Who supremely commanding northern forces
c) He was the supreme commander of northern forces
d) The supreme commander of northern forces.
38. John knows, that he had better … his algebra skills before the mict-form exam
a) Brush up on
b) Brush on up
c) Brushing up on
d) Brushing on up
39. …. For his poetry but also for his six-volume life of Abraham lincon
a) Not only Carl Sandburg is know
b) Carl Sandburg, knowing not only
c) Carl Sandburg is known not only
d) Carl sanburg, who is known not only
40. Jane Addams, …. Lived to see the realization of many of the reforms for which she fought
a) Her social work and humanitarianism
b) Whose social work and humanitarism
c) She was a social worker and humanitariam
d) Social worker and humanitarian
Reading
Questions 1-11
The work of the railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of railroad
building halfway through the nineteenth century that linked the nation together as never before.
Railroads eventually became the nation’s number one transportation system, and remained so
until the construction of the interstate highway system halfway through the twentieth century.
They were of crucial importance in stimulating economic expansion, but their influence reached
beyond the economy and was pervasive in American society at large.
By 1804, English as well as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for
moving land vehicles. In 1920, John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around in a circular track
on his New Jersey estate, which the public saw as an amusing toy. And in 1825, after opening a
short length of track, the Stockton to Darlington Railroad in England became the first line to
carry general traffic. American businesspeople, especially those in the Atlantic coastal region
who looked for better communication with the West, quickly became interested in the English
experiment. The first company in America to begin actual operations was the Baltimore and
Ohio, which opened a thirteen- mile length of track in 1830. It used a team of horses to pull a
train of passenger carriages and freight wagons along the track. Steam locomotive power didn’t
come into regular service until two years later.
However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system. Even the
longest of the lines was relatively short in the 1830’s, and most of them served simply to connect
water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another. Even when two lines did connect,
the tracks often differed in width, so cars from one line couldn’t fit onto tracks of the next line.
Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent. Significantly, however, some important
developments during the 1830’s and 1840’s included the introduction of heavier iron rails, more
flexible and powerful locomotives, and passenger cars were redesigned to become more stable,
comfortable, and larger. By the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country.
But by 1936, more than 1,000 miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the
decade, almost 3,000 miles had been constructed. By that early age, the United States had
already surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860’s,
the late nineteenth century belonged to the railroads.
4 The author concludes that for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true
railroad system because
(a) passenger cars were not stable, comfortable or large
(b) locomotives were not powerful enough
(c) schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent
(d) lines were relatively short and not usually linked
6 Which of the following is NOT true about the 1830’s and 1840’s (line 24)
(a) passenger cars became larger
(b) schedules were reliable
(c) locomotives became more powerful
(d) tracks were heavier
7 The word “stable” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(a) fixed
(b) supportive
(c) reliable
(d) sound
8 By what time had almost 3,000 miles of track been laid?
(a) 1830
(b) 1836
(c) 1840
(d) mid-1860s
10 Where in the passage does the author outline the main conclusions about the
importance of railroads in America?
(a) Lines 3-7
(b) Lines 14-18
(c) Lines 19-21
(d) Lines 29-31
11 Why does the author include details about Great Britain in the passage?
(a) To compare developments in both the United States and Great Britain
(b) To illustrate the competitiveness between the two countries
(c) To show where Americans got their ideas and technology from
(d)To provide a more complete historical context
Questions 12-19
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually and the first woman to win this prize was
Baroness Bertha Felicie Sophie von Suttner in 1905. In fact, her work inspired the creation of the
Prize. The first American woman to win this prize was Jane Addams, in 1931. However,
Addams is best known as the founder of Hull House.
Jane Addams was born in 1860, into a wealthy family. She was one of a small number of
women in her generation to graduate from college. Her commitment to improving the lives of
those around her led her to work for social reform and world peace. In the 1880s Jane Addams
travelled to Europe. While she was in London, she visited a ‘settlement house’ called Toynbee
Hall. Inspired by Toynbee Hall, Addams and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, opened Hull House in
a neighborhood of slums in Chiacago in 1899. Hull House provided a day care center for
children of working mothers, a community kitchen, and visiting nurses. Addams and her staff
gave classes in English literacy, art, and other subjects. Hull House also became a meeting place
for clubs and labor unions. Most of the people who worked with Addams in Hull House were
well educated, middle-class women. Hull House gave them an opportunity to use their education
and it provided a training ground for careers in social work.
Before World War I, Addams was probably the most beloved woman in America. In a
newspaper poll that asked, “Who among our contemporaries are of the most value to the
community?”, Jane Addams was rated second, after Thomas Edison. When she opposed
America’s involvement in World War I, however, newspaper editors called her a traitor and a
fool, but she never changed her mind. Jane Addams was a strong champion of several other
causes. Until 1920, American women could not vote. Addams joined in the movement for
women’s suffrage and was a vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage
Association. She was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP), and was president of the Women’s International League for Peace
and Freedom. . Her reputation was gradually restored during the last years of her life. She died of
cancer in 1935.
12 With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(a) The first award of the Nobel Peace Prize to an American woman
(b) A woman’s work for social reform and world peace
(c) The early development of Social Work in America
(d) Contributions of educated women to American society
18 According to the passage, Jane Addams’ reputation was damaged when she
(a) allowed Hull House to become a meeting place for clubs and labor unions
(c) joined in the movement for women’s suffrage
(c) became a founding member of the NAACP
(d) opposed America’s involvement in World War I
19 Where in the passage does the author mention the services provided by Hull House?
(a) lines 5-10
(b) lines 10-15
(c) lines 15-20
(d) lines 20-25
Questions 20-29
The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people
look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the
eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.
In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the
individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t
show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist
Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artists of the
Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-
pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.
With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the
picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now
is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are
exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on
eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.
For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their
pictures. Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying individual styles.
Crivelli wanted to show depth in his picture and he used a simple single-point perspective.
Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van Gogh, like some of the other painters of the
Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century
were always very strong designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have
volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us that his
paintings are paintings and not illusions.
It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design
is just as important as a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.
22 According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists?
(a) the individual person and his/her possessions and surroundings
(b) real people, real scenes
(c) eternal timeless truth of the earth
(d) themes of religious stories
27 The following artists’ priorities in style shift away from perspective except
(a) Crivelli
(b) Cezanne
(c) Japanese artists
(d) Brunelleschi
Questions 30-39
There are two main hypotheses when it comes to explaining the emergence of modern
humans. The ‘Out of Africa’ theory holds that homo sapiens burst onto the scene as a new
species around 150,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa and subsequently replaced archaic
humans such as the Neandertals. The other model, known as multi-regional evolution or regional
continuity, posits far more ancient and diverse roots for our kind. Proponents of this view believe
that homo sapiens arose in Africa some 2 million years ago and evolved as a single species
spread across the Old World, with populations in different regions linked through genetic and
cultural exchange.
Of these two models, Out of Africa, which was originally developed based on fossil
evidence, and supported by much genetic research, has been favored by the majority of evolution
scholars. The vast majority of these genetic studies have focused on DNA from living
populations, and although some small progress has been made in recovering DNA from
Neandertal that appears to support multi-regionalism, the chance of recovering nuclear DNA
from early human fossils is quite slim at present. Fossils thus remain very much a part of the
human origins debate.
Another means of gathering theoretical evidence is through bones. Examinations of early
modern human skulls from Central Europe and Australia dated to between 20,000 and 30,000
years old have suggested that both groups apparently exhibit traits seen in their Middle Eastern
and African predecessors. But the early modern specimens from Central Europe also display
Neandertal traits, and the early modern Australians showed affinities to archaic Homo from
Indonesia. Meanwhile, the debate among paleoanthropologists continues , as supporters of the
two hypotheses challenge the evidence and conclusions of each other.
36 In line 18, the word “their ” refers to which of the following
(a) Middle Easterners and Africans
(b) skulls
(c) central Europeans and Australians
(d) traits
39 According to the passage, the multi-regional evolution model posits far more diverse roots
for our kind because
(a) Evidence from examinations of early modern human skulls has come from a number of
different parts of the world.
(b) DNA from Neandertal appears to support multi-regionalism
(c) Populations in different regions were linked through genetic and cultural exchange
(d) This has been supported by fossil evidence
Questions 40-50
Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most
management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early
1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first
person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and
motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of
operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian
Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At
that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often
misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked
contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.
The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The
Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this
pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate
waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper
by the Dozen”.
The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special
tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved
identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production
jobs. Many of these motions and accompanying times have been used to determine how long it
should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a
handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service.
However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful results unless all five
work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.
45. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one of
following names by Frank Gilbreth?
(a) dimensions
(b) gilreths
(c) therbligs
(d) monitors
46. According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to perform the
motion of a given job can be measured by using:
(a) stop watches
(b) all 5 work dimensions
(c) special tools
(d) therbligs
1.c 2.b 3.b 4.d 5.c 6.b 7.d 8.c 9.a 10.a
11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.c 16.b 17.a 18.d 19.b 20.b
21.a 22.d 23.c 24.d 25.c 26.c 27.d 28.a 29.b 30.b
31.c 32.b 33.d 34.a 35.b 36.c 37.a 38.d 39.c 40.d
41.b 42.b 43.a 44.d 45.c 46.d 47.c 48.b 49.c 50.b