Signed Off Entrepreneurship12q2 Mod10 Bookkeeping v4

Entrepreneurship – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode

Quarter 2 - Module 10
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education – Region X – Northern Mindanao
Regional Director: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO V
Development
Development TeamTeam of the
of the Module
Module:
Authors: Joel Y. Yacas Janice B. Dominguez
Author: Naneth M. Valdehuesa Joel Y. Yacas Ronee D.Janice
Quicho B. Dominguez
Mary Cris A. MaquilanNaneth M. Valdehuesa
MarylindaRonee D. Quicho
T. Puzon
Charity E. Parel Mary Cris A. Maquilan
Denver E.Marylinda
Neri T. Puzon
Lorena Fe S. Anub Charity E. Parel Ethel Lalaine B. Morales
Denver E. Neri
Lorena Fe S. Anub Ethel Lalaine B. Morales
Evaluators: Cherryl F. Descallar Cherryl F. Descallar
Evaluators: Eddy Lou T. Hamak
Sherriemae V. Reazol Eddy Lou T. Hamak
Sherriemae V. Reazol
Reviewers:
Illustrator: PSSg Edzel M. Dominguez
Illustrator: PSSg Edzel M. Dominguez
Management
Layout Artist: Team:
Management Team:
Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Regional
Chairperson: Director
Dr. Arturo B. Bayucot, CESO III
Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V
Regional Director
Asst. Regional Director
Co-Chairpersons:
Dr. Victor
MalaG. De Gracia
Epra Jr., CESO V
B. Magnaong
CES, CLMD
Asst. Regional Director
Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr.
Mala Epra B. Magnaong
Regional ADM Coordinator
CES,Elson CLMDC. Jamero
EPS-Designate-TLE
Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr. Rone Ray M. Portacion
EPS-ADM EPS-LRMS
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2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What I Need to Know ………......................................... 43
What I Know ………......................................... 54
Lesson 1: Perform Bookkeeping Tasks
What’s In ……………………………………. 76
What’s New ……………………………………. 87
Lesson 2: Prepare an Income Statement and a Balance Sheet
Income Statement ……………………………………. 20

19
Balance Sheet ……………………………………. 21

20
Lesson 3: Identify where there is a Profit or Loss for a Business
Net Income/Loss ……………………………………. 24

23
Lesson 4: Interpret Financial Statement
Interpretation of Financial Statements ………………………. 25

24
What is It ……………………………………. 41
40
What’s More ………......................................... 44

43
What I Have Learned ………......................................... 45

44
What Can I Do ………......................................... 45

44
Assessment ………......................................... 47
46
Additional Activities ………......................................... 49

48
Quarter Challenge 2 ……………………………………. 51

50
Answer Key ………......................................... 58

57
References ………......................................... 71
70
3
What I Need to Know
Welcome to this module. In this module you will learn how to record business
transactions, generate financial information and communicate them to different users.
This is your tool to keep track of the operations of your business, know how much
should you collect, determine your capability to meet the currently maturing
obligations, know the levels of your profitability, cash position, and communicate them
to management and other interested parties such as the Bureau of Internal Revenue
and Local Government Unit for tax and regulation purposes.
This module is divided into four lessons:
Lesson 1 – Perform bookkeeping tasks

Lesson 2 – Prepare an income statement and a balance sheet,
Lesson 3 – Identify where there is a profit or loss for a business,
Lesson 4 – Interpret financial statements (balance sheet, income statement),
cash flow projections, and summary of sales and cash receipts
To be able to completely learn this module, you need to know and understand
the basic concepts of bookkeeping and apply the same by performing bookkeeping
tasks, prepare income statement and balance sheet, interpret financial statements,
identify whether the business is profitable or not and most importantly, you will be able
to generate overall report on the company’s financial status.
4
What I Know
Before starting with this module, let us evaluate what you already know about
bookkeeping by answering the pre-assessment questions below.
TEST I – Multiple Choice: Identify the correct answer among the given choices. In
your answer sheet, write the letter only.
1. A source document evidencing that orders have been placed by the customer
waiting to be served by the supplier
A. Purchase request B. Purchase order
C. Purchase invoice D. Purchase check
2. The source document evidencing that goods have been delivered by the supplier
to the customer-
A. Supplier’s sales invoice C. Customer’s sales invoice
B. Vale slip D. Customer’s delivery receipt
3. A source document issued by the supplier acknowledging that full payment has
been received from the customer-
A. Official receipt C. Delivery receipt
B. Purchase receipt D. Receiving report
4. Is a statement of the financial position of a business which states the assets,
liabilities, and owners' equity at a particular point in time.
A. Balance Sheet B. Income Statement C. Owner’s Equity D. Assets
5. A source document which accompanies a check when payment is made-
A. Check voucher C. Cash voucher
B. Purchase voucher D. All of the above
6. All of the following are examples of source documents, except-
A. Check B. Invoices C. Contract D. Journal
7. A source document which shows that the customer has already made partial
payment to the supplier through issuance of-
A. Check B. Voucher C. Official receipt D. Sales Invoice
5
8. Are things or properties that the business owns, example includes cash, account
receivable and prepaid expenses.
A. Assets B. Liabilities C. Owner’s Equity D. Revenue
9. It is the obligations of the company, payable in money, goods or services.
10. It is the claim of the owner of the business also known as the capital.
11. ________ is a record comprising the sales and other income recieved by the
business.
12. The most liquid form of asset that can be used anytime to purchase another
assets or pay liabilities.
A. Inventories B. Receivables C. Payable D. Cash
13. An example of asset that can be used in the business for a long period of time.
Usually more than a year.
A. Inventories B. Computer C. Receivables D. Cash
14. A type of business that is purely engage in providing all types of service activities
such as medical or legal services.
A. Service Business C. Manufacturing business
B. Merchandising business D. Trading Business
15. A type of business that is engage in buying and selling of food products such as
Grocery/convenient stores.
A. Service Business C. Manufacturing business
B. Merchandising business D. Forex Trading Business
6
Lesson
Perform Bookkeeping Tasks
1
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you learned how to make and prepare a business plan,
operate the business, know how to sell the product, and the significance for keeping
business records.
A business plan is an effective tool in making your dream business come true.
It reiterates different plans or strategies in Operation and Administration, Marketing,
Production and Logistics, Finance, etc.
The operational plan put into details on what business model you are going to
employ and how are you going to start the business. Among others, its also reiterated
the layers pf management, type of skills and employee attitude your business need
and the steps on how to get the government license.
The marketing plan contains valuable strategies as to what product your are
going to produce or sell, what industry you want to enter, group of target customers,
or your target market and the business model or strategies you are going to employ.
The production plan revealed the production processes and the quality control
system of the goods produced for sale. While the logistics provides a channel of
distribution of the goods from production lines down to the wholesellers/retailers or
directly to consumers.
The financial plan talks about monetary requirements before you open the
business. While financial forcast informs the business owners of the expected
outcome of the business in monetary terms.
7
What’s New
What is Bookkeeping?
Bookkeeping is the process of recording business transactions in a systematic

and chronological manner.
It is systematic because it follows procedures and principles. On the other

hand, it is chronological because the transactions are recorded in order of the date
of occurrence.
Bookkeeping is the starting point of the accounting process. A sound

bookkeeping system is the foundation for gathering the information necessary to
answer questions related to profitability, solvency and liquidity of the business.
What is a Bookkeeper?
Each business has a bookkeeper who is incharge to record, maintain and

update business records from all sorts of financial transactions using account title that
can be found in the charts of accounts already set up by the Accountant.
The bookkeeping function dictates the bookkeeper to keep track of all financial
transactions of the business. Only transactions that has monetary value will be
recorded.
The bookkeeper uses the Book of Accounts to record the business

transactions which is to be consolidated later to help construct financial statement
such as the Trial Balance, Income Statement and Balance Sheet.
8
What is a Book of Account?
The book of accounts are composed of the Journal and Ledger. It depends
on the type of business, some businesses used special journals when they are
engaged merchandising type of business to records business transactions. This
module will cover and provide example for service oriented business. Thus, only
journal and ledger will be used in the succeeding examples.
There are two types of books used in recording business transactions. They
are called journals and ledgers.
Journal refers to the book of original entry while the Ledger refers to the book
of final entry.
What is a General Journal?
The general journal is the most basic journal which provides columns for date,
account titles and explanations, folio or references and a separate column for debit
and credit entries. Depicted in figure 1 below is a sample format of a general journal:
Figure 1 – General Journal
What is a General Ledger?
The general ledger is a grouping of all accounts directly traceable to chart of

accounts. These accounts will be reflected in the financial statements as a summary
of all financial activities that have taken place as recorded in the general journal and
subsidiary ledgers. Depicted in figure 2 below is a sample format of a general ledger:
9
Figure 2 – General Ledger
What is a Subsidiary Ledger?
The subsidiary ledger is a group of accounts directly associated from the

general ledger. This record is created to maintain individual accounts for customers
and vendors whose cash is not being used as a medium of exchange when purchasing
or selling merchandise. Depicted in figure 3 and 4 below is a sample format of a
subsidiary ledgers Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable respectively:
Accounts Receivable
Buyer/Customer: Veggies Trading 11

0
Figure 3 – Accounts Receivable Ledger
Figure 4 – Accounts Payable Ledger

The Rules of Debit and Credit
In the process of journalization, following the rules of Debit and Credit are
essential part to ensure accurate recording and sound decision making. Debit is
abbreviated as DR while CR for Credit.
It is a requirement that the bookkeeper is able to master the normal balance of

each account title before performing the tasks of bookkeeper.
10
When to Debit?
When cash or non-cash items are received, the said cash or non-cash items
must be recorded in the debit column. This means that the debit balance increased. It
is called Value Received.
When to Credit?
When cash or non-cash items are given, the said cash or non-cash items must
be recorded in the credit column. This means that the credit balance is increased. It is
called Value Parted With.
The following steps will be undertaken in determining account balances for every
account title such as cash, account receivable, etc.:
1. Add all the debit side to generate total debit

2. Add all the credit side to generate total credit.
3. Subtract total debit to the total credit.
4. Determine the balance of each account.
Depicted in figure 5 below is a matrix of normal debit and credit balances of

Five Major Accounts:
Account Type Debit Credit
Assets
Liabilities
Owner’s Equity
Revenue
Expenses
Figure 5 - Matrix of Normal Debit and Credit Balances

of Five Major Accounts
In order to fully understand the concept of debit and credit balances, depicted
in figure 6 below is a matrix of normal debit and credit balances under each of the five
major accounts:
11
Account Type Debit Credit
Assets
Cash on Hand
Cash in Bank
Accounts Receivable
Allowance for Doubtful
Accounts
Notes Receivable
Prepayments
Inventories
Land
Building
Equipment
Accumulated
Depreciations
Other Assets
Liabilities
Accounts Payable
Notes Payable
Salaries Payable
Mortgage Payable
Unearned Fees
Owner’s Equity
Capital
Drawing
Revenue
Service Income
Other Income
Expenses
Rent Expense
Utilities Expense
Depreciation Expense
12
Salaries and Wages
Expense
Other Expenses
Figure 6 - Matrix of Normal Debit and Credit Balances

of Sub-accounts
TRIAL BALANCE
Trial balance is a list of all ledger accounts with closed or final balances on a
certain period arranged according to the rules of debit and credit. The debit and credit
columns must be equal in total amount. This is the first report prior to financial
statement preparation. Depicted in figure 7 below is a sample format of a trial balance
report with peso amount.
Figure 7 – Sample format of a Trial Balance
As you can observed, the accounts reflected in figure 7 above are arranged
according to the proper placement of the five major accounts. The Assets, Liabilities,
Owner’s Equity, Revenue and Expense accounts. You may refer to figure 6.
13
On the other hand, the trial balance report has two phases. The first phase “Un-
adjusted trial balance” is a report of all balances after the posting of the general ledger
accounts. The general ledger account balances are extracted to construct the un-
adjusted trial balance. Meanwhile, the second phase is the “Adjusted trial balance”.
This phase is a final report of trial balance after all necessary adjustments in journal
entries are posted in the general ledger.
What is an Adjusting Entry?
Making an adjusting entry helps the bookkeeper capture all financial events
happened over a period of time within the accounting cycle. It is essential in keeping
the financial record updated. The bookkeeper is going to look or examine accounts
that needs to be updated. Outlined below are the five basic sources of adjusting
entries:
1. Depreciation expense
2. Deferred expenses of prepaid expenses
3. Deferred income of unearned income
4. Accrued expenses of accrued liabilities
5. Accrued income or accrued assets
1. Depreciation
This is a method of allocating the cost of an asset to an expense over the

accounting periods that make up the asset’s useful life. Examples of assets subject to
depreciation are: Store, Office, Building, and Transportation equipment. These types
of assets lose their ability to provide useful service as time passes. Depreciation can
also be referred to as the decrease in the usefulness of these types of assets. Take
note that Land is not subject to depreciation because the value of land mostly
increases as time passes.
There are several methods or formulas to compute the amount of depreciation.

The simplest is the straight-line method.
14
The formula:
(Acquisition Cost – Salvage or Residual Value)
Annual Depreciation =
Useful Life
Where:
 Acquisition cost – the actual cost of the asset acquired.
 Salvage value – the selling price of the asset upon reaching the useful
life.
 Useful life – is the economic or productive life of the asset.
Illustrative problem:
The cost of the equipment is PHP25,000. It was estimated to have a useful

life of five years. It is estimated that after five years, the office equipment can be sold
at a scrap value of PHP1,000. To compute for the monthly depreciation, just divide
the annual depreciation by 12. One year is composed of 12 months.
(P 25,000 – P 1,000)
P 400 =
60 months
- (5 yrs x 12 mos. = 60 months)
Adjusting entry:
GENERAL JOURNAL PAGE 1
POST.
DATE PARTICULARS REF. DEBIT CREDIT
1 June 30 Depreciation expense 400.00
Accumulated depreciation – (equipment
2 name) 400.00
To record the allocation of
3 depreciation expense
The depreciation expense is an allocated for all sixed assets except land.
Example are building, equipment and or machineries that the business is using to
generate income. It shall be reported as an expense account in the income statement
directly attributable in the said fixed assets. While the accumulated depreciation is a
15
balance sheet account but treated as a contra-account to the concerned fixed asset.
Refer to the illustration below:
Balance Sheet
As of ____________
…
Equipment (at cost) P 25,000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment 400
Net Book value of Equipment P 24,600
2. Deferred Expenses or Prepaid Expenses
These are items that have been initially recorded as assets but are expected to
become expenses over time or through the operations of the business.
In order to recognize the correct amount of expenses, prepayments shall be

amortized weekly, semi-monthly or monthly, depending on its nature and purpose.
Purchased P5,000 worth of office supplies on account. By the end of the month,
PHP2,000 worth of these supplies are still unused.
Adjusting entry:
POST.
1 June 30 Supplies expense 3,000
2 Supplies 3,000
3 To set up the value of used supplies.
The supplies expense is an income statement account, while the supplies which
is now credited is an asset account. All asset has a normal debit balance. Considering
16
that the supplies in this record is credited. This will be deducted to the supplies account
in the balance sheet to generate the remaining balance in supplies.
3. Deferred income of unearned income
These are items that have been initially recorded as liabilities but are expected
to become income over time or through the operations of the business.
On February 15, 2016 Matapang entered into a contract with Makisig to

maintain the computers of Makisig for two months starting on February 15, 2016 up to
April 15, 2016. On the same date, Makisig paid the total contract amount of PHP40,000
in full. The entries to record and adjust the books are: In the February 29, 2016 entry
above, as of end of February 2016, Matapang has already earned the service revenue
for the first 15 days, thus an adjusting entry is recorded.
POST.
Journal entry:
1 Feb 15 Cash 40,000
2 Unearned service revenue 40,000
To record receipt of full payment for
the two-month service contract with
3 Makisig
Adjusting entry:
4 Feb 29 Unearned Service Revenue 10,000
5 Service Revenue 10,000
To record service income earned
from Feb 15-29, 2016; P40,000 x
6 (1/2 month /2 months)
17
4. Accrued Expenses of Accrued Liabilities
These are items of expenses that have been incurred but have not been
recorded and paid.
On February 29, 2016, Matapang received the electric bill for the month of
February amounting to PHP3,800. Matapang will pay this bill on March 2016. The
electric bill represents the cost of electricity used (or incurred) for February. Although
the said bill is still unpaid and thus was not recorded, the matching principle and
accrual basis of accounting dictates that the same should be recorded in February.
Otherwise, your expense will be understated and thus the company will be reporting
an overstated income (or an erroneous income). Needless to say, erroneous
information may lead to wrong decisions. The entry to record the accrual of this
expense is:
Adjusting entry:
POST.
1 Feb 29 Utilities Expense 3,800
2 Utilities Payable 3,800
To accrue the cost of electricity
3 incurred for the month of February.
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5. Accrued expenses of accrued liabilities
These are income items that have been earned but have not been recorded
and paid by the customer. In short, these are receivables of the business.
On February 28, 2016, Matapang repaired the computer of Pedro for

PHP15,000. Pedro was on an out-of-town trip so he could not pay Matapang. He told
Matapang that he will pay for their services on March 1, 2016. Matapang has already
earned the PHP15,000 but was not paid as of the end of February 2016. Therefore,
an income should be properly recognized in February 2016 for this transaction. The
entry to record this is:
Adjusting entry:
POST.
1 Feb 29 Accounts Receivable 15,000
2 Service Income 15,000
To record accrued income for the
services already rendered during the
3 month of February.
19
Lesson Prepare an Income Statement
2 and a Balance Sheet
INCOME STATEMENT
This statement is one of the major financial report. Also known as profit and
loss statement or statement of comprehensive income. This statement summarizes
the results of company’s operations for a specific period of time. If the result of
operation is positive, then the business earns net income otherwise, net loss.
Ledger accounts that can be found in the income statement are called
Temporary accounts of Nominal accounts. They are called such because at the
end of the accounting period, balances under these accounts are transferred to the
capital account, thus having only temporary amounts and resulting to zero beginning
balances at the beginning of the following year.(Haddock, Price, & Farina, 2012)
Examples of temporary accounts include revenues, sales, utilities expense, supplies
expense, salaries expense, depreciation expense, interest expense among others.
Depicted in figure 8 below is sample format of an income statement.
The different parts of income statement are:

 The heading or title of report
 Name of the company
 Date or period covered
Major parts are:
 Income or revenues - consist of all income received within the period upon
provision of services for service-concern business and sales for
merchandising
 Expenses – money spent during the conduct of business operations
 Net income / net loss – the outcome of business operations.
20
Figure 8 – Income statement of a Service type Business
BALANCE SHEET
Also known as the statement of financial position. This statement summarizes

the total balances of assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. In general, it provides the
financial condition of the business on a specific date.
The balance sheet is composed of Permanent accounts. Permanent in nature

because their balances remain intact and will be forwarded from one period to another.
Contra asset are those asset account presented under the asset portion of the
balance sheet such as Allowance for Bad debts and Accumulated depreciation.
Depicted in figure 9 below is sample format of a balance sheet of a service type
business presented in as an account format with contra asset account.
The different parts of balance sheet are:

 The heading or title of report
 Name of the company
 Date or period covered
Major parts are:
 Assets (Current and Non-current)
21
Current Assets – Assets that can be realized (collected, sold, used up) one
year after year-end date. Examples include Cash, Accounts Receivable,
Merchandise Inventory, Prepaid Expense, etc.
Current Assets are arranged based on which asset can be realized first
(liquidity). Current assets and current liabilities are also called short term assets
and shot term liabilities.
Noncurrent Assets – Assets that cannot be realized (collected, sold, used up)
one year after yearend date. Examples include Property, Plant and Equipment
(equipment, furniture, building, land), Long Term investments, Intangible
Assets etc.
 Liabilities (Current and Non-current)
Current Liabilities – Liabilities that fall due (paid, recognized as revenue)

within one year after year end date. Examples include Notes Payable, Accounts
Payable, Accrued Expenses (example: Utilities Payable), Unearned Income,
etc.
Noncurrent Liabilities – Liabilities that do not fall due (paid, recognized as

revenue) within one year after year-end date. Examples include Loans Payable,
Mortgage Payable, etc.
Noncurrent assets and noncurrent liabilities are also called long term assets
and long-term liabilities.
 Owner’s Equity or Capital

Capital is an item of balance sheet wherein the capital or interest of the owner
of the business is listed. Initial withdrawal of capital will be recorded in a drawing
account of the owner and will be reflected as a deduction to the capital balance.
22
Figure 9 – Balance Sheet of a Service type Business
(Account Form)
23
Lesson Identify where there is a Profit
3 or Loss for a Business
Profitability has always been the overall goal of the business. It is of great
achievement in a successful implementation of strategic, operating and other plans.
In identifying the profit or loss of a business, the business will record every detail
of all business transactions and translate it into financial report. An income statement
is a financial report that reveals the total revenue or income, total expenses incurred
during the conduct of the business and, most of all the net profit or net loss as a result
of business operations over a specified period of time.
Below is the basic equation of income statement of a service-concern business:
Net Income/Loss = Service Income - Total Expenses
24
Lesson Interpret Financial Statements (Balance Sheet, Income
Statement, Cash Flow Projections and Summary of
4 Sales and Cash Receipts)
INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial statements will reveal the outcome of the business operations. A

financial analyst is like a medical doctor who will conduct diagnosis by reading the
financial report and render interpretations on it which will be used as the basis of a
sound economic decision making.
As previously defined, balance sheet reflects the financial position and

condition of the business. The financial position refers to the assets of the business
which will be financed by the liability and owner’s equity. On the other hand, financial
condition refers to the situation wherein assets, liability and owner’s equity are used
to maximize income. Also, assets, liability and owner’s equity may encounter growth
or decline in value.
There are many available financing tools to be used in analyzing and

interpreting financial statements. It depends on the purpose. Most of these tools are
able to evaluate and interpret asset growth of the business, profitability, liquidity and
solvency. In general, it will provide a bird’s eye view of the overall health of the
business.
Depicted in figure 14 below is a matrix of financial interpretation with formula

and explanation.
25
Accounts Formula Interpretation
Measure the ability of the company to generate income from the use
Profitability ratios
of its assets and invested capital as well as control its cost
It measures the percentage of profit
Operating income
Operating Income earned from each peso of
ratio Net Sales
(Horngren et.al. 2013).
Measures the peso value of income
Return on asset
Net Income generated by employing the
(ROA) Ave. Assets
company’s assets.
Measures the return (net income)
Return on equity
Net Income generated by the owner’s capital
(ROE) Ave. Equity
invested in the business
Financial Health Refers to the company’s capacity to pay their short- and long-term
Ratios obligations as they become due.
Indicates the percentage of the

Total Debt company’s assets that are financed
Debt ratio
Total Assets by debt. A high debt to asset ratio
implies a high level of debt.
Indicates the percentage of the
company’s assets that are financed
Equity ratio Total Equity
Total Assets by capital. A high equity to asset
ratio implies a high level of capital.
Indicates the company’s reliance to
debt or liability as a source of
financing relative to equity. A high
Debt to equity
Total Debt ratio suggests a high level of debt
ratio Equity that may result in high interest
expense.
Measure the company’s ability to pay debts that are coming due (short
Liquidity
term debt).
Solvency Refers to the company’s capacity to pay their long-term liabilities.
It seeks to measure whether there
are sufficient current assets to pay
Current ratio Current Assets
Current Liabilities for current liabilities. Creditors
normally prefer a current ratio of 2.
It does not consider all the current
assets, only those that are easier to
Quick ratio Quick Assets
liquidate such as cash and
Current Liabilities accounts receivable that are
referred to as quick assets.
Figure 14 - Matrix of financial interpretation with formula and explanation.
26
ACTIVITY TIME: Now, let us complete the accounting cycle by recording financial
transactions and applying the concept of bookkeeping which will generate financial
statements. Upon completing this activity, you will be able to know the financial
position, profitability and the condition of the business thru financial statement analysis
and interpretation.
Activity 1 : Identifying and recording a business transaction using the

General Journal
Below is an example of business transactions of a service type business. You

are task to record the said transactions in the general journal by means of journal entry
applying the rules of debit and credit.
Depicted in figure 11 is the standard chart of accounts of Alpha Laundry

System.
Figure 11 – Chart of Accounts
Let us begin!
Mr. Denver Ambrose is a retired public school teacher. He started his laundry
business in June 2018. He used all of his savings to start a “coin-operated laundry”
business. He named it Alpha Laundry Systems (ALS). The following are business
transactions for the month of June 2018, the first month of business operation:
27
1. June 1, 2018 - Mr. A invested P 200,000 cash in his newly opened Alpha Laundry
System business.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
1 June 1
2
To record the initial Capital investment
3 of Mr. A.
2. June 2, 2018 - Mr. A hired his former classmate Doree Dy to be the laundry
operator of ALS for a fixed monthly salary of P10,000. The operator will be paid
every quencina.
3. On June 5, 2018 – Alpha Laundry Systems purchased laundry equipment for cash,
P150,000.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
4 June 5
5
To record the acquisition of Laundry
6 equipment
4. On June 6, 2018 – Alpha Laundry Systems paid cash in advance for the 1 year
insurance coverage of laundry equipment for the whole year amounting to P6,000.
Monthly insurance expense will be recognized for each month end report.
28
Your Journal Entry:
POST.
7 June 6
8
To record the prepaid Insurance for the
9 Laundry equipment
5. On June 7, 2018 – Alpha Laundry Systems bought supplies for laundry amounting
to P10,000. The supplies bought are laundry consumables such detergent powder,
soap bar and fabric softener. Monthly inventory will be conducted to determine
unused supplies and will be recognized for each month end report.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
10 June 7
11
To record the acquisition of laundry
12 consumables
6. On June 15, 2018 – Alpha Laundry Systems paid P4,750 cash for salary of laundry
operator.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
13 June 15
14
To record the payment of Laundry
15 operator’s salary
29
7. On June 16, 2018 – Alpha Laundry Systems received P25,000 cash for laundry
services rendered to MZ. Hotel.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
16 June 16
17
To record the payment received from MZ
18 Hotel.
8. On June 17, 2018 – Alpha Laundry Systems rendered service to Argon Hotel
amounting to P45,000. Argon promised to pay on June 20 of the same year.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
19 June 17
20
To record the service rendered to Argon
21 Hotel
9. On June 18, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems purchase office supplies from Ku
Enterprises amounting to P2,000 on account. ALS will pay it on June 25 of the
same year.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
22 June 18
23
To record the acquisition of Office
Supplies on account from Ku
24 Enterprises
30
10. On June 20, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems collected payment of Argon Hotel.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
25 June 20
26
To record the full payment from Argon
27 Hotel
11. On June 25, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems paid in full the amount owed to Ku
Enterprises.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
28 June 25
29
To record the full payment of account to
30 Ku Enterprises
12. On June 27, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems paid electric bill for the month
amounting to P1,000 in cash. The payment is charged to Utility expense account.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
31 June 27
32
To record the payment Electricity for the
33 month
31
13. On June 30, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems paid a month’s transportation expense
amounting to P 1,300.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
34 June 30
35
To record the payment of transportation
36 for the month.
14. On June 30, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems paid P5,000 cash for salary of laundry
operator.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
37 June 30
38
To record the payment Laundry
39 operator’s salary.
15. On June 30, 2018, Alpha Laundry Systems paid P7,500 cash for the month’s rent
of laundry space.
Your Journal Entry:

POST.
40 June 30
41
To record the payment of rent for
42 Laundry space.
32
Completing the monthly General Journal record will give the owner of the
business a financial record of all business transactions that transpired during the
month. It will reflect the inflows and outflows of cash, provisions of services which
generate income.
The debit and credit columns should always be equal. Otherwise, the record
will affect overall accuracy of the entire financial record. The error should be properly
corrected before the next step in the recording process takes place.
Activity 2 : Posting journal entries to the General Ledger using T - accounts.
In this activity, you are task to post journal entries in the general ledger. The
most convenient and fastest way of posting journal entries to the ledger is by way of
using “T” Account. A T- Account is divided into two sides. The left- hand side is called
the debit side and the right-hand side which is the credit side. The left -hand or debit
side shows the value received while the right-hand side shows the value parted with.
This is called T account because it resembles capital letter “T.” an account title is
written above the T- account.
After performing the T-accounts, balances for each account under Assets,
Liabilities, Capital, Revenue/Income and Expenses, can now be determined.
Depicted in figure 12 below is a T-account and its description:
ACCOUNT TITLE
Left-Hand Side Rigt-Hand Side

or Debit Side or Credit Side
is for is for
VALUE VALUE
RECEIVED PARTED WITH
Figure 12 : T - account
33
To strengthen your focus on the posting of journal entries to the general ledger,
it is suggested to create T – account and label them with account title and group them
according to Assets, Liabilities, Owner’s Equity, Revenue and Expense. Given below
are T – accounts for all ledger accounts group according to the five major accounts.
ASSETS LIABILITIES
OWNER’S EQUITY
REVENUE EXPENSES
34
Activity 3 : Transferring T - account balances to prepare Trial Balance (un-
adjusted TB).
In this activity, you are task to create/prepare a trial balance for ALS. The period
covered is June 2018.
You are going to pick up ledger account balances starting from cash, accounts
receivable up to the last account in expense. Then, plot them in the trial balance report
(un-adjusted trial balance). Compute for the total debit and credit balances. The debit
amount should be equal to the credit.
Activity 4 : Record adjusting journal entries in the General Journal.
In this activity, you are task to identify accounts that needs to be adjusted.
1. Depreciation of Equipment. The laundry equipment, which was purchased by

ALS on June 5, 2018 at P150,000 has an estimated useful life of 5 years with a
salvage value of P10,000. Compute for the monthly depreciation to be charge as
depreciation expense and will be deducted against the cost to get the net book
value of the laundry equipment.
a. Compute for the monthly depreciation using straight line method.
Your Adjusting Entry:

POST.
43 June 30
44
To recognize the depreciation expense
45 for the month of June.
35
2. Prepayments. The insurance paid for Laundry equipment is P6,000. An expired
portion of the insurance in the amount of P 500 is determined by dividing the
prepayments over 12 months (P6,000 / 12 months). The expired portion will be
charged to expense. This will reduce the value of prepaid insurance balance.
a. Compute for the expired portion of the insurance.
To compute for the expired portion of the insurance:
Formula: Insurance Cost

Term of coverage = Expired insurance per month
(No. of Months)
Prepaid insurance P 6,000

Less: Expired portion (June) 500
Un-expired portion P 5,500
Note: The expired portion is charge to expense (insurance expense). The un-
expired portion will be reported as the new prepaid insurance account balance
for the next month.

POST.
46 June 30
47
To recognize the expired portion of the
48 prepaid insurance.
3. Deferred expenses for supplies inventory. At the end of the month, unused
supplies were recorded to be P3,000.
Note: The used supplies is charge to expense (supplies expense). The unused
portion will be reported as the new supplies inventory balance for the next month.
36
POST.
49 June 30
50
To recognize the used portion of the
51 Laundry supplies consumables
Formula to compute for the used supplies:

Supplies at cost P 10,000
Less: Unused supplies 3,000
Used supplies P 7,000
Activity 5 : Post adjusting journal entries in the General Ledger.
In this activity, you are task to post the adjusting entries written in the general
journal to the general ledger and update the debit, credit and outstanding balances.
After doing so, you may proceed to the next activity.
Activity 6 : Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance.
In this activity, you are task to update the balance of all ledger accounts and
transfer the balance to form a new adjusted trial balance. Still, the total debit and credit
balances must be equal, if not you need to go back and review all entries and their
corresponding amount to avoid errors and accuracy issues.
Activity 7 : Prepare Income Statement.
In this activity, you are task to segregate nominal accounts from permanent
accounts. Only nominal accounts will be reflected in the income statement. Determine
the debit and credit balances and deduct all expenses from revenue accounts in order
to arrive at net income/loss.
37
How much is net income or loss of Alpha Laundry System?
The net income or loss can be determined upon finalization of income

statements. Net income indicates that the business is profitable.
Activity 8 : Prepare Balance Sheet.
In this activity, you are task to segregate permanent accounts from nominal
accounts. Only permanent accounts will be reflected in the balance sheet. Determine
the debit and credit balances and compute for the total assets, total liabilities and total
owner’s equity. The net income generated from the income statement must be added
to the capital to generate total owner’s equity. If the business incur net loss, it will be
deducted.
How much is the assets of the business? The assets of the business can be
computed by adding up all assets accounts and deduct contra asset account. assets
are used to generate income for the business.
As prescribed in the accouting equation, total assets must be equal to total

liabilities and owner’s equity. Depicted in figure 13 below is the basic accounting
equation.
Figure 13 - Basic Accounting Equation
What is cash receipt?
Cash Receipts include all of a firm’s inflows of cash in a given financial period.
The most common components of cash receipts are cash sales, collections of
accounts receivable, and other cash receipts.
38
What is a sales report?
A sales report is a record of all sales transactions. There are two type of sales
transactions - cash sales and credit sales.
The amount received in cash sales transactions will be recorded in the cash
receipt record book bearing the account cash. This will increase cash inflow. While
the credit sales transactions cannot be recorded in the cash receipt record book
because there were no inflows of cash. Instead, it will be recorded in the account
receivable account. This means, that the business has a collectible account from a
customer who bought the merchandise on his/her account.
What Is Cash Flow Projection?
A cash flow report records all cash inflow or out flow of the business.
Normally, it will report three business activities, namely, the operating, investing
and financing activities.
The operating activities involves the main operations of the business which the
buying supplies (cash outflow) and selling (cash inflow) of its products.
The investing activities involves the acquisition of long term or fixed assets of
the business (cash outflow) and selling the old one’s cash inflow).
The financing activities involves the acquisition of capital of the business thru
borrowings or investors (cash inflow) and payments of investors and creditors (cash
outflow).
The cash flow projection is an important task of an accountant to determine the

cash requirement for the next period of business operations. The business will be
guided as to how much cash should be needed in order to pay operating expenses
and how much cash should the business spend for fixed assets in order to increase
sales, cash collection or a market share.
39
Activity 9 : Interpret financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, cash
flow projection and summary of sales and cash receipts.
Accounts Formula Answer

Profitability Measure the ability of the company to generate income from the use of its
assets and invested capital as well as control its cost
ratios
Operating Operating Income 40,616.67 58%
income ratio Net Sales P70,000
Return on
Net Income 40,616.67 16.63%
asset (ROA) Ave. Assets 242,950
Return on
Net Income 40,616.67 20.31%
equity (ROE) Ave. Equity 200,000
Financial Refers to the company’s capacity to pay their short- and long-term
obligations as they become due.
Health Ratios
Total Debt ___0___
Debt ratio 0.%
Total Assets 242,950
Equity ratio Total Equity 200,000 82.32%

Total Assets 242,950
Debt to equity ___0___ 0.%

Total Debt 200,000
ratio Equity
Measure the company’s ability to pay debts that are coming due (short
Liquidity
term debt).
Current ratio Current Assets 92,950

Current Liabilities 0
Quick ratio Quick Assets 82,450
Current Liabilities 0
40
What Is It
Discussion of activities:
Activity 1
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to journalize all business

transactions such as the buying and servicing or selling activities of the business.
Transactions such as hiring new employees, signing contracts, surveying for new
potential markets and making canvass for a merchandise to be purchased do not form
part of the journalizing process. In making journal entries, i.e, using account title the
bookkeeper should use the standard chart of issued by the company.
The bookkeeper will then compute for the total debit and credit column
balances. The total general journal balance representing the debit and credit columns
must be equal. Please refer to the General Journal.
Activity 2
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to post journal entries in the general
ledger. It is suggested that the posting process be done using T-account for faster and
convenient way. Running balances of its account must be computed. The running
balance must be placed according to the account’s normal balance following the rules
of debit and credit.
The T-accounts of the activity was already available. The bookkeeper will only
fill in the T-account of the specific account. Please refer to the T-account with running
balances.
Activity 3
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to transfer balances of each account
in the T-account. The bookkeeper will then compute for the total debit and credit
41
column balances. The bookkeeper must see to it that the debit and credit columns
must be equal.
The un-adjusted trial balance can now be reported as partial financial report for
the period prior to any end of month adjustments. Please refer to the Worksheet.
Activity 4
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to identify accounts that needs to be
adjusted. The bookkeeper will also use account titles available in the chart of accounts.
The adjustments are journalized in general journal on a separate page.
Activity 5
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to post all adjustments in the general
ledger or thru the use of T-account. such adjustments and will be reflected in the
adjustment columns in the worksheet. The bookkeeper will then compute for the total
debit and credit column balances. Please refer to the Worksheet.
Activity 6
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to prepare Adjusted trial balance
by updating all account balances horizontally, adding or subtracting accounts affected
by the adjustments made.
The bookkeeper will then compute for the total debit and credit column
balances. The bookkeeper must see to it that the debit and credit columns must be
equal.
Activity 7
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to prepare an Income Statement.

Nominal accounts are extracted from the adjusted trial balance to form income
statement.
42
Below is the income statement of Alpha Laundry Systems:
Activity 8
In this activity, the bookkeeper was tasked to prepare Balance Sheet.

Permanent accounts are extracted from the adjusted trial balance to form a balance
sheet.
Below is the balance sheet of Alpha Laundry Systems:
43
What’s More
Activity 9
In this activity, the bookkeeper will be tasked to interpret financial statements

(balance sheet, income statement, cash flow projection and summary of sales and
cash receipts.
Normally it is not part of a bookkeeper’s job to analyze and interpret financial

statement. It is the accountant’s job.
Below are some enrichments questions that need your computations and
interpretations of balance sheet and income statement accounts of Alpha Laundry
System for the month of June 2018.
1. Operating income ratio : Operating Income __________ = ____%

Net Sales
Interpretation:_______________________________________________.
2. Return on asset (ROA) : Net Income __________ = _______%

Ave. Assets
Interpretation:_______________________________________________.
3. Return on equity (ROE) : Net Income __________ = _______%

Ave. Equity
Interpretation:_______________________________________________
4. Equity ratio : Total Equity __________ = _______%

Total Assets
Interpretation:______________________________________________.
44
What I Have Learned
Answer the following fill in blank questions:

1. ___________ is an employee of the company in charge to maintain
bookkeeping records of the business.
2. ___________ Is considered the book of original entry.
3. ___________ Is considered the book of final entry.
4. ____________ Is a financial statement that reports the financial position of
the business.
5. ____________ Is a financial statement that reports net income or net loss of
the business.
6. ____________ Is an entry necessary to update ledger accounts from un-
adjusted trial balance to adjusted trial balance.
7. _____________ Is a report summarizing the ledger accounts with updated
balances in debit and credit columns.
8. _____________ Is a statement that reports the cash inflow and cash outflow
of the business.
9. _____________ Is a type of sales report that presents cash collection only.
10. _____________ Is a record that report cash inflow of the business.
What I Can Do
GIN Janitorial and General Services, Inc., a company engaged in providing

janitorial services to different business establishments in the city. The following
financial data reveals the income and expenses records during the last quarter of
2018:
45
Revenue / Service Income:
Service rendered – on account (Deluxe Hotel) P95,000
Service rendered – Cash (Maxandria Hotel) 45,000
Service rendered – on account (Pearlmont Inn) 25,000
Service rendered – Cash (Mallberry Suites) 105,000
Service rendered – Cash (VIP Hotel Inn) 65,000
Service rendered – on account (Sogo Hotel) 55,000
Service rendered – on account (Dynasty Court Hotel) 75,000
Service rendered – on account (Grand City Hotel) 60,000
-------------------
TOTAL P525,000
Salaries and Wages of employees:

Janitor’s Salary – Total P 155,000
Management staff salary-Total 45,000
General Manager’s salary – total 90,000
-------------------
TOTAL P 290,000
Operating and administrative expenses:
Utilities expenses P 15,000

Rent expense 15,000
Repairs and Maintenance 7,500
Transportation and communications 4,500
Depreciation expense 10,000
-------------------
TOTAL P 52,000
The owner of the business wants to know the operations of the business. You
are tasked to compute for the following:
1. How much is the total service income collected in cash
2. How much is the total service income still collectible
3. How much is the total expenses
4. How much is the net income of GIN Janitorial and General Services, Inc.,
46
Assessment
1. Measure the ability of the company to generate income from the use of its assets
and invested capital as well as control its cost.
a. Solvency ratio c. Profitability ratio
b. Liquidity ratio d. Acid-test ratio
2. The following are financial records of ABC Corporation:

 Revenues – 20,000
 Rent expense – 3,000
 Salaries expense – 4,000
 Utilities expense – 2,000
How much is the total expenses?
a. P9,000 b. P10,000 c. P 18,000 d. P1,000
3. How much is the net income?

a. P9,000 b. P10,000 c. P 18,000 d. P1,000
4. All of the following is an income statement accounts, except _________.

a. Rent expense c. Accounts receivable
b. Service fees d. Insurance expense
5. All of the following is a balance sheet accounts, except __________.

a. Cash c. Depreciation expense
b. Equipment d. Accumulated depreciation
6. One of the accounts title below is used in making an adjusting entry _________.
a. Liability c. Asset
b. Prepayments d. Capital
47
7. A financial statement that reports the Asset, Liability and Owner’s equity of the
business is called ________.
a. Income statement c. General journal
b. Balance sheet d. General ledger
8. A financial statement that reports the Sales or Income received, Expenses and
the Net income of the business is called ________.
9. Is a book used to record journal entries called the book of original entry is called
_______.
10. Is a book used to record account balances called the book of final entry is
called _______.
Mr. Izatsuki Hamida, the bookkeeper of Honda Massage and Spa Services
reported the following data for the month of January to March 2018:
Water expenses ---------------------- P 4,000

Soap expense ---------------------- 7,500
Massage oil expenses ---------------------- 15,000
Light & power expenses ---------------------- 12,000
Rent of the Massage parlor---------------------- 24,000
Salary of staff (4 massage worker)-------- 72,000
Income received from massage service-------- 120,000
Telephone expenses ------------------------ 7,500
How much is the net profit or net loss?
48
Additional Activities
ACTIVITY 1
Generate an overall report of your business transactions.
1. Journal Entries
2. T- accounts
3. Trial Balance
4. Income Statement
5. Balance Sheet
ACTIVITY 2
PART I - Preparing personal income statement:
Things needed:
 Pen
 ¼ piece of paper (a note book sheet is ok)
 Calculator
Instructions:
 Write your monthly allowance (computed by daily allowance x
number of days in a month). Compute the total.
 Write the amount you spend on food, transportation, phone load,
etc. (make it monthly to match their allowance). Compute the total.
 Deduct the total amount you spend from the total amount of your
allowance.
 Associate allowance with revenue and spending with expense with
the net amount as net income.
PART II - Preparing personal balance sheet:

Things needed:
 Pen
 ¼ piece of paper (a note book sheet is ok)
 Calculator
49
Instructions:
 Write your current savings and everything that they own (clothes,
pen, pencil, etc.) Compute the total.
 Write the amount that you owed from your friends, family members,
parents (tuition).
 Deduct the amount you owed from the amount they own.
 Associate the amounts owned with assets and amount owed with
liabilities with the net amount as equity.
ACTIVITY 3
GROUP ACTIVITY: Compute your personal income:
Materials needed:
1. Ball pen
2. Meta cards - 3 colors (Green, Light Blue and Yellow)
Or if not available, use any color
3. Calculator (cell phone is ok)
4. ½ White cartolina
5. Glue or scotch tape
Directions:
1. List down your income in Green meta card and compute the total
2. List down your expenses in yellow meta card and compute the total
3. Subtract the total amount computed in green meta card against the total
amount computed in the yellow meta card.
4. Write the amount in the light meta card after the label “Net Profit” if the
result of subtraction is positive. If the result is negative write “Net Loss”
5. Present it to the teacher when your name is called.
50
Quarter Challenge 2
1. Which of the following is the process or activities by which a company adds value
to an article, including production, marketing, and the provision of after-sales
service?
A. 4Ms of production C. Value Chain
B. Supply Chain D. Business Model
2. Benjie is engaged in buying and selling shoes in his neighborhood. He gets his
stocks from a local shoes dealer. Suppose each pair costs 1, 200.00 and Benjie
add 50% mark-up. How much is the mark-up price?
A. 500.00 C. 700.00
B. 600.00 D. 800.00
3. Assuming no returns outwards or carriage inwards, the cost of goods sold will be
equal to:
A. Sales less gross profit
B. Opening stock plus purchases plus closing stock
C. Closing stock less purchases plus opening stock
D. Purchases plus closing stock less opening stock
4. Which section of a business plan is generally first but written last?

A. Business description and vision
B. Appendices
C. Executive summary
D. Description of market
5. Is the process of evaluating risks, performance, financial health, and future

prospects of a business by subjecting financial statement data to computational and
analytical techniques with the objective of making economic decisions Horizontal
analysis.
A. Horizontal analysis C. Ratio analysis
B. Vertical analysis D. Financial statement analysis
6. Statement I- Manpower in production operation refers to the workers involved in

the production of goods.
Statement II- Machine refers to the raw materials needed in the production of
a product.
A. Statement I is true. C. Both statements are true.
B. Statement II is true. D. Both statements are false
7. Costs incurred through payment of utilities such as electricity and water –

A. Revenue C. Free
B. Mark-up D. Operating Expenses
8. Gross profit less expenses is known as:

A. Total drawings C.Net turnover
B. Cost of goods sold D. Net profit
51
9. What is typical timeframe that a business plan addresses?
A. One year
B. the anticipated life of the business
C. At least three to five years
D. At least five years
10. Is a technique for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of
time with the purpose of determining the increase or decrease that has taken
place. Also called trend analysis.
11. Which of the following is a replica of a product as it will be manufactured, which

may include such details as color, graphics, packaging and instructions?
A. Prototype C. Supplies
B. Materials D. Outputs
12. Which of the following is a system of organizations, people, activities, information,

and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer?
A. Business Model C. Supply chain
B. Suppliers D. Value Chain
13. The selling price of an item or merchandise is computed by adding cost per unit
and __________?
A. Revenue C. Discount
B. Mark Up D. Number of Items
14. It is a tool that allows managers to make educated estimates on revenue and
costs of the business in order to cope up with uncertainties of the future –
A. Estimating C. Forecasting
B. Guessing D. Benchmarking
15. Net turnover can be calculated as:

A. Sales plus returns inwards
B. Gross profit plus cost of goods sold
C. Sales less returns outwards
D. Purchases plus opening stock less returns outwards
16. Which of the following would not appear in the profit and loss account?
A. Drawings C. Cash expenses.
B. Carriage outwards. D. Rent received
17. What is the biggest mistake you can make when preparing a business plan?
A. Not telling a compelling story
B. Forgetting the executive summary
C. Failing to include at least one appendix
D. Misrepresenting facts
E. Failing to have a clear vision of the business
52
18. This section will discuss information about your business, your goals and the
customers you plan to serve.
A. Executive summary C. Marketing plan
B. Company description D. Financial projection
19. ________ is a technique that expresses each financial statement item as a

percentage of a base amount. Also called common-size analysis.
20. Which of the following best describes recruitment?

A. tools to produce goods or to generate services
B. process by which a business seeks to hire the right person for a vacancy
C. marketing copy that explains what a product is and why it's worth
purchasing
D. rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value in
economic, social, cultural or other contexts
21. Which of the following is a set of procedures and instructions?

A. Value chain C. Manpower
B. Supply chain D. Methods
22. Claire is a fish vendor selling at the local public market. He gets his fish from a
supplier at 100.00 pesos per kilo and sells it at160.00 45 per kilo to his
customers. How much mark-up did Claire add to his selling price?
A. 40.00 C. 60.00
B. 50.00 D. 70.00
23. Refers to the amount added to the cost of a product to determine the selling
price –
A. Revenue C. Mark Up
B. Cost D. Mark Down
24. The correct double-entry to transfer commission received for the year to the
profit and loss account is:
The correct double-entry to transfer commission received for the year to the
profit and loss account is:
Debit Credit
A Trading Commission received
B Commission received Profit and loss
C Profit and loss Commission received
D Commission received Trading
53
25. What is an entrepreneur?
A. Someone who invests time and money to start a business.
B. Someone who makes a lot of money.
C. Someone who takes a risk to make a profit.
D. Both A & C.
26. This section of your business plan will show that you know the ins and outs of
the industry and the specific market you are planning to enter.
A. Executive summary
B. Marketing plan
C. Competitive analysis
D. Market analysis
27. Your rival in the industry is called?

A. Competitor
B. Suppliers
C. Lending firms
D. Board of directors
28. Expresses the relationship among selected items of financial statement data.
The relationship is expressed in terms of a percentage, a rate, or a simple
proportion.
29. Statement I- A product description is the marketing copy that explains what
a product is and why it's worth purchasing.
Statement II- Educational qualifications and experience is one of the criteria in
considering manpower.
A. Statement I is false. C. Both statements are true.
B. Statement II is false. D. Both statements are false.
30. Statement I- Value chain is the process or activities by which a company adds
value to an article, including production, marketing, and the provision of after-sales
service.
Statement II- A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities,
information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier
to customer.
A. Both statements are true. C. Statement I is false.
B. Both statements are false. D. none of the above.
31. Merchandise or goods purchased are referred to as –

A. Costs C. Expenses
B. Purchases D. Loss
32. Refers to goods and merchandise at the end of operation of business or

accounting period.
A. Merchandise Inventory, end C. Expenses
B. Freight-in D. Merchandise Inventory, beg.
54
33. Gross profit is the
A. Amount of money you get for profit lab.
B. Amount of money collected from selling products
C. Amount of money your product costs to produce
D. Has nothing to do with money
34. Net profit is the:

A. Amount of money you get for profit lab.
B. Amount of money collected from selling products.
C. Amount of money your product costs to produce.
D. Has nothing to do with money
35. The diagram showing your workers in the organization with their job
responsibilities is called?
A. Organizational perspective
B. Organizational layout
C. Organizational chart
D. Organizational diagram
36. Promotional activity is found in which section of your business plan?

A. Management section
B. Financial section
C. Marketing section
D. Company description section
A. Solvency ratio C. Profitability ratio
B. Liquidity ratio D. Acid-test ratio
38. Statement I-. Output represents the final products from the production process
and distributed to the customers.
Statement II- The 4Ms in the production operation are the materials, manpower,
machine and money.
A. Both statements are true. C. Statement I is false.
B. Both statements are false. D. Statement II is false.
39. Which of the following is the marketing copy that explains what a product is and
why it's worth purchasing?
A. Production method C. Business model
B. Product description D. Prototyping
40. Mang Antolin sells bottled water in nearby public bus terminal, every day he can
sell 30 pieces of bottled water at 20 pesos each. How much is his daily revenue?
A.900.00 C. 800.00
B. 700.00 D. 600.00
55
A. Solvency ratio C. Profitability ratio
B. Liquidity ratio d. Acid-test ratio
42. The following are financial records of ABC C

 Revenues – 20,000
 Rent expense – 3,000
 Salaries expense – 4,000
 Utilities expense – 2,000
How much is the total expenses?
A. P9,000 B. P10,000 C. P 18,000 D. P1,000
43. How much is the net income?

A. P9,000 B. P10,000 C. P 18,000 D. P1,000
44. All of the following is an income statement accounts, except.

A. Rent expense C. Accounts receivable
B. Service fees D. Insurance expense
45. All of the following are balance sheet accounts, except.

A. Cash C. Depreciation expense
B. Equipment D. Accumulated depreciation
46. One of the account titles below is used in making an adjusting entry.
A. Liability C. Asset
B. Prepayments D. Capital
47. A financial statement that reports the Asset, Liability and Owner’s equity of the
business.
A. Income statement C. General journal
B. Balance sheet D. General ledger
56
48. A financial statement that reports the Sales or Income received, Expenses and
the Net income of the business.
49. Is a book used to record journal entries called the book of original entry.
50. Is a book used to record account balances called the book of final entry.
57
Answer Key
ACTIVITY 1 - Journalizing
Transaction 1:
POST.
1 June 1 Cash 200,000
2 Mr. A Capital 200,000
3 To record the initial Capital investment of Mr. A.
Transaction 2:
Your Journal Entry:
- No entry will be made because this transaction does not involve monetary
consideration.
Transaction 3:
POST.
4 June 5 Laundry equipment 150,000
5 Cash 150,000
To record the acquisition of Laundry
6 equipment
Transaction 4:
POST.
7 June 6 Prepaid Insurance 6,000
8 Cash 6,000
To record the prepayment of Insurance for
9
the Laundry equipment
58
Transaction 5:
POST.
10 June 7 Laundry supplies 10,000
11 Cash 10,000
To record the acquisition of laundry
12
consumables
Transaction 6:
POST.
13 June 15 Salaries and wages 4,750
14 Cash 4,750
To record the payment of Laundry operator’s
15 salary
Transaction 7:
GENERAL JOURNAL
POST.
16 June 16 Cash 25,000
17 Laundry Income 25,000
To record the payment received from MZ
18 Hotel.
Transaction 8: 1
GENERAL JOURNAL PAGE
POST.
19 June 17 Accounts Receivable 45,000
20 Laundry Income 45,000
To record the service rendered to
21 Argon Hotel
1
PAGE
59
Transaction 9:
GENERAL JOURNAL
POST.
22 June 18 Office supplies 2,000
23 Accounts payable 2,000
To record the acquisition of
Office Supplies on account
24 from Ku Enterprises
Transaction 10:
1
POST.
25 June 20 Cash 45,000
26 Accounts receivable 45,000
To record the full payment from Argon
27 Hotel
Transaction 11:
1
POST.
28 June 25 Accounts payable 2,000
29 Cash 2,000
To record the full payment of account to
30 Ku Enterprises
Transaction 12:
POST.
31 June 27 Utilities expense 1,000
32 Cash 1,000
To record the payment Electricity for the
33 month
60
Transaction 13:
POST.
34 June 30 Transportation expense 1,300
35 Cash 1,300
To record the payment of transportation for
36 the month.
Transaction 14:
POST.
37 June 30 Salaries and wages 5,000
38 Cash 5,000
To record the payment Laundry operator’s
39 salary.
Transaction 15:
POST.
40 June 30 Rent expense 7,500
41 Cash 7,500
To record the payment of rent for Laundry
42 space.
61
Activity 2 : Posting journal entries to the General Ledger using T - accounts.
ASSETS
LIABILITIES
62
OWNER’S EQUITY
REVENUE
EXPENSE
63
64
65
ADJUSTING JOURNAL; ENTRIES:
CHART OF ACCOUNTS
66
WORKSHEET
67
Alpha Laudry System
Income Statement
For the month of June 2018
Laundry Income P 70,000.00

Less: Operating expenses:
Rent expense P 7,500.00
Depreciation expense 2,333.33
Insurance expense 500.00
Salaries and wages 9,750.00
Utilities expense 1,000.00
Transportation expense 1,300.00 29,383.33
Net Income P 40,616.67
==========
Alpha Laudry System

Balance Sheet
As of June 30 2018
ASSETS
Cash P 82,450.00
Accounts receivable 0.00
Prepaid insurance 5,500.00
Office supplies 2,000.00
Laundry supplies 3,000.00
Laundry equipment P150,000.00
Less: Accumulated Dep’n 2,333.33 147,666.67
Total Assets P 240,616.67
==========
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable P 0.00
OWNER’S EQUITY
Mr. A Capital P 200,000.00
Add: Net Income 40,616.67
Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity P 240,616.67
==========
ANSWERS TO WHAT I HAVE LEARNED:

1. BOOKKEEPER
2. GENERAL JOURNAL
3. GENERAL JOURNAL
4. BALANCE SHEET.
5. INCOME STATEMENT.
6. ADJUSTING ENTRY.
7. TRIAL BALANCE.
8. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
9. CASH SALES
10. CASH RECEIPTS.
68
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM - GIN Janitorial and General Services, Inc.
1. Total service income collected in cash P 215,000

2. The total service income still collectible P310,000
3. The total expenses P342,000
4. The net profit of ABC Company. P183,000
SOLUTION TO PROBLEM - Honda Massage and Spa Services
Income received from massage service--- P 120,000

Water expenses ------------------- ( 4,000)
Soap expense ------------------- ( 7,500)
Massage oil expenses ------------------- ( 15,000)
Light & power expenses ------------------- ( 12,000)
Rent of the Massage parlor ------------------ ( 24,000)
Salary of staff (4 massage worker)-- (72,000)
Telephone expenses ------------------- ( 7,500)
----------------------
Net Loss (P 22,000)
=============
ASSEESSMENT
ITEM NUMBER ANSWER

1. C
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. D
69
Quarter Challenge 2
1.C 41. C
2. A 42. A
3. A 43. D
4. B 44. C
5. D 45. C
6. A 46. B
7. D 47. B
8. D 48. A
9. C 49. C
10. A 50. D
11. A
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. B
16. A
17. E
18. B
19. B
20. B
21. D
22. C
23. C
24. B
25. D
26. D
27. A
28. C
29. C
30. A
31. B
32. A
33. A
34. B
35. C
36. C
37. C
38. D
39. B
40. D
70
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Entrepreneurship – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode

What I Need to Know ………......................................... 43

What I Know ………......................................... 54

Lesson 1: Perform Bookkeeping Tasks

What’s New ……………………………………. 87

Lesson 2: Prepare an Income Statement and a Balance Sheet

Income Statement ……………………………………. 20

Balance Sheet ……………………………………. 21

Lesson 3: Identify where there is a Profit or Loss for a Business

Net Income/Loss ……………………………………. 24

Lesson 4: Interpret Financial Statement

Interpretation of Financial Statements ………………………. 25

What’s More ………......................................... 44

What I Have Learned ………......................................... 45

What Can I Do ………......................................... 45

Additional Activities ………......................................... 49

Quarter Challenge 2 ……………………………………. 51

Answer Key ………......................................... 58

This module is divided into four lessons:

Lesson 1 – Perform bookkeeping tasks

Bookkeeping is the process of recording business transactions in a systematic

It is systematic because it follows procedures and principles. On the other

Bookkeeping is the starting point of the accounting process. A sound

Each business has a bookkeeper who is incharge to record, maintain and

The bookkeeper uses the Book of Accounts to record the business

What is a General Journal?

Figure 1 – General Journal

What is a General Ledger?

The general ledger is a grouping of all accounts directly traceable to chart of

What is a Subsidiary Ledger?

The subsidiary ledger is a group of accounts directly associated from the

Buyer/Customer: Veggies Trading 11

Figure 3 – Accounts Receivable Ledger

Figure 4 – Accounts Payable Ledger

It is a requirement that the bookkeeper is able to master the normal balance of

1. Add all the debit side to generate total debit

Depicted in figure 5 below is a matrix of normal debit and credit balances of

Figure 5 - Matrix of Normal Debit and Credit Balances

Figure 6 - Matrix of Normal Debit and Credit Balances

Figure 7 – Sample format of a Trial Balance

What is an Adjusting Entry?

This is a method of allocating the cost of an asset to an expense over the

There are several methods or formulas to compute the amount of depreciation.

The cost of the equipment is PHP25,000. It was estimated to have a useful

- (5 yrs x 12 mos. = 60 months)

2. Deferred Expenses or Prepaid Expenses

In order to recognize the correct amount of expenses, prepayments shall be

3. Deferred income of unearned income

On February 15, 2016 Matapang entered into a contract with Makisig to

GENERAL JOURNAL PAGE 1

On February 28, 2016, Matapang repaired the computer of Pedro for

The different parts of income statement are:

Also known as the statement of financial position. This statement summarizes

The balance sheet is composed of Permanent accounts. Permanent in nature

The different parts of balance sheet are:

Major parts are:

 Assets (Current and Non-current)

 Liabilities (Current and Non-current)

Current Liabilities – Liabilities that fall due (paid, recognized as revenue)

Debt to equity _0_ 0.%

1. Operating income ratio : Operating Income ______ = %

2. Return on asset (ROA) : Net Income ____ = _%

3. Return on equity (ROE) : Net Income ____ = _%

4. Equity ratio : Total Equity ____ = _%