Theory 3 discusses the use of compression waves in TOFD testing due to their unambiguous analysis and phase reversal properties. It also discusses using shear waves to detect complex geometries and verify defects. Short pulse length and high frequency are important for time resolution. Probe properties like beam spread and frequency affect the pulse length and resolution. Blind zones and their relationship to factors like probe separation and depth are also covered. Sources of error like timing errors, velocity errors, and surface variations that affect depth measurements are summarized.
Theory 3 discusses the use of compression waves in TOFD testing due to their unambiguous analysis and phase reversal properties. It also discusses using shear waves to detect complex geometries and verify defects. Short pulse length and high frequency are important for time resolution. Probe properties like beam spread and frequency affect the pulse length and resolution. Blind zones and their relationship to factors like probe separation and depth are also covered. Sources of error like timing errors, velocity errors, and surface variations that affect depth measurements are summarized.
Theory 3 discusses the use of compression waves in TOFD testing due to their unambiguous analysis and phase reversal properties. It also discusses using shear waves to detect complex geometries and verify defects. Short pulse length and high frequency are important for time resolution. Probe properties like beam spread and frequency affect the pulse length and resolution. Blind zones and their relationship to factors like probe separation and depth are also covered. Sources of error like timing errors, velocity errors, and surface variations that affect depth measurements are summarized.
Theory 3 discusses the use of compression waves in TOFD testing due to their unambiguous analysis and phase reversal properties. It also discusses using shear waves to detect complex geometries and verify defects. Short pulse length and high frequency are important for time resolution. Probe properties like beam spread and frequency affect the pulse length and resolution. Blind zones and their relationship to factors like probe separation and depth are also covered. Sources of error like timing errors, velocity errors, and surface variations that affect depth measurements are summarized.
00 14-03-2003 WM JV 01 27-04-2003 WM JV 02 29-04-2003 WM JV 03 27-10-2003 WM JV Page numbering added Letters black Theory basic and advanced divided into Theory 1, 2 and 3 Time Resolution graph added
Filename: presents\cursus\Cursus_TOFD_Engels\Cursus TOFD EN nov2003\05 Theorie3_UKrev3.ppt
0 Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
Theory 3
1 Theory 3 Use of Compression waves, because of: • unambiguous analysis (L-waves fastest) • only one point where no diffraction occurs (38º) • phase reversal between top and bottom of defects (with shear waves dependant upon subtended angle) • use of Lateral wave for timing reference (for shear waves only Rayleigh wave, but slower, covering large area at the near surface) • longer wavelength (better penetration in material, better S/N ratio, although far surface detection 2 limit larger) Theory 3 Use of Shear waves: • For complex geometries • For verification (high-low vs root defects etc) • For detection of eccentric defects
3 Theory 3 Shear wave elimination
• Fastest shear wave component must arrive after
compression back wall echo I.e.:
2S 2 S 2 + W 2 or: S> W > cs cl 3
4 Theory 3
5 Theory 3 Requirement TOFD examination: • Short pulse length, concerning time resolution – High frequency (damping, beam spread !!) – High damping – High band width Effects of probe size and beam spread on pulse length • Preference: large beam spread – Low frequency – Small crystal diameter Near the edge of the beam lower frequencies components 6 Theory 3 300
9 Theory 3 • From geometric limitations the minimum (or maximum) PCS follows – S (PCS) influences time resolution (smaller PCS, better Resolution
2 c R = L * (t d + t p ) 2 − S 2 − d 2
10 Theory 3 Time resolution (R) as function of depth (d) and PCS/2 (S)
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0,00 0,0 200 170 180 60,0 150 160 130 140 120,0 110 120 d 90 100 70 80 S 180,0 50 60 11 30 40 10 20 0 Theory 3 Blind Zones • Outer surface (inspection surface) – dependent on length of lateral wave – dependent on probe centre separation
Dds = S*cL *tp +(21 cL *tp)2
• Inner surface – detection approx. 1-2% of wall thickness with central position – dependent on a-centric position – dependent on probe centre separation 2 c Ddw = L * (tW + t p )2 − S2 − W 2 12 Theory 3
13 Theory 3
14 Theory 3 • Concave surface – No blind zone, but resolution poor at top surface – Lateral wave arrival equivalent to a finite depth – Back-wall appears more distant than expected
• Convex surface – Blind zone – Back-wall echo closer than estimated from specimen thickness
15 Theory 3 • Absolute measurements • Differential measurements • Dependent on parameters: – Frequency – PCS – Depth – Timing errors/sampling rate – Geometry – Surface/coupling conditions
16 Theory 3 Timing error cδ t (d 2 + S 2 ) δd = 2d Velocity error δ c (d 2 + S 2 ) − S (d 2 + S 2 ) δd = 2 cd Smaller PCS (S) smaller error Shorter pulse, higher frequency and higher digitisation rate reduce timing error dt, therefore depth error dd 17 Theory 3 Depth error due to PCS (S) change S S dS
δd = δS { (d 2 + S2) − S } d 18 Theory 3 Offset scanning or offset defect position S S
d δy 2 cL * td − 4S * 2 2 2 2 2
δd = cL td y δy 2 0.25 − 2 2 19 cL td Theory 3 Couplant thickness variation S S
