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Syllabus

● Prerequisites: Basic Electronics,

Electronic Devices & Circuits

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UNIT 1: OSCILLATORS AND TRANSISTOR SWITCHING

CIRCUITS
● Mechanism for start of oscillation and stabilization
of amplitude: Tank Circuit. Positive Feedback:
Barkhausen Criterion. RC phase shift Oscillator.
Wien bridge Oscillator. Analysis of LC Oscillators,
Colpitts, Hartley, Clapp oscillators. Frequency
range of RC and LC Oscillators. Quartz Crystal
Construction. Electrical equivalent circuit of
Crystal. Pierce crystal Oscillator circuit.

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UNIT 1: OSCILLATORS AND TRANSISTOR SWITCHING

CIRCUITS
● Transistor switching times. (Delay, rise, storage
and fall time). Analysis of collector coupled
Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators.
UJT Relaxation Oscillator.

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Unit-2 LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS AND TUNED

AMPLIFIERS
● Power Amplifier: Definition and amplifier types –
efficiency – classification. Transformer coupled
Class A amplifier – Transformer coupled class –
B and class – AB amplifiers – Complementary
Symmetry – Push pull amplifier. Calculation of
efficiency, power output and dissipation. Amplifier
Distortion – Cross over distortion. Power of a
signal having distortion. Power Transistor heat
sinking.

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TUNED AMPLIFIERS

● Tuned Amplifiers: Basic principle – Concept of

resonance – coil loses, unloaded and loaded Q of
tank circuits. Basic tuned amplifier using BJT – Q
factor – Selectivity – instability of tuned amplifier –
Stabilization techniques – Class C tuned
Amplifiers and their applications. Efficiency of
class C tuned amplifier.

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TEXT BOOKS

● T1. David A. Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, 5th

Edition, OUP, 2008.
● T2. Millman J. and Halkias .C. " Integrated Electronics ",
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, 2000.
● T3. Sergio Franco, ”Design with Operational Amplifiers
and Analog Integrated Circuits”, 3ed, Tata Mc.Graw Hill,
2002.
● T4. Gayakwad, ”Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”,
4ed, Prentice Hall of India, 2002.

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REFERENCE BOOKS

● R1. Donald A Neamen, “Electronic Circuit

Analysis and Design”, 3/e, TMH.
● R2. Behzad Razavi,” Design of Analog CMOS
IC”, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.
● R3. David A. Bell, “Operational Amplifiers and
Linear ICs”, 3rd Edition, OUP, 2011.
● R4. David A. Johns, Ken Martin, “Analog
Integrated Circuit Design”, 2nd Edition, Wiley
India, 2008.

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Which is the oscillator in our body ?

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Which is the oscillator on our body ?

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Wrist watch!

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How is time kept for the country ?

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Atomic Clock!

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Atomic clocks

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GPS signals

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GAIN of an Amplifier

V input A V output

A = output / input

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Barkhausen’s criteria

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|A B | > 1

The Transistor Gain will adjust itself to give

sustained oscillations.
Initial design should be for AB > 1

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|A B | < 1

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|A B | = 1

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Starting of oscillations

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Starting of oscillations

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Electrical Noise

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Electrical Noise

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Electrical Noise

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Electrical Noise

● Noise power = KTB

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Electrical Noise

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TRANSISTOR BIASING

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Position towards the ceiling

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Position towards the floor

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To get smooth , distortionless motion, it should be centred

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To ensure, centering of Quescient Point

● VCE = 50% of Vcc

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Divider Bias Circuit Design

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Divider Bias Circuit Design

A) Ib = I1 +I2

B) Ib = I2 –I1

C) Ib = I1-I2

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Divider Bias Circuit Design

A) Ie = Ic +Ib

B) Ie = Ic –Ib

C) Ie = Ib-Ie

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Let Vcc = 12 V

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Experiment # 0 (Basics)

● Increase Ib to 3 mA, measure VCE

● Decrease Ib to 0.2 mA, measure VCE

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VRC VRE VCE Vcc= STATUS of

12V Transistor
Ic = ACTIVE REGION
/ CUT-
2mA OFF/SATURATIO
N
Ic=
3mA
Ic=
0.2mA

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Barkhausen’s criteria

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Oscillator configuration

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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION

K = Rc / R

PRACTICAL VALUE OF f is

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hfe
● hfe > 4K + 23 + 29/K ------- equ (1)

● To get the minimum value of hfe for oscillations,

=0

=0

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= 2.6925 -------------- (2)

Substituting equ 2 in equ 1 ,

hfe (min) = 44.54

Hence for the circuit to oscillate, we must select a

transistor whose hfe min is > 44.54

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QUIZ

● A transistor is used in an oscillator design with the

following hfe values:

A) Min 20, max 100

B) Min 40 max 150
C) Min 50 max 150
D) Min 60 max 200

Which transistor/transistors are suitable? Which will

you select ?

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PROBLEM

● In a RC phase shift oscillator, the 3 section

phase shift network uses resistance each of 4.7
kohms and the capacitors each of 0.47uF. Find
the frequency of oscillation.

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PROBLEM

● In a RC phase shift oscillator, the 3 section phase shift

network uses resistance each of 4.7 kohms and the
capacitors each of 0.47uF. Find the frequency of
oscillation.

● Rc not given, hence K cannot be determined. Therefore

use approx formula

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PROBLEM

29. 413 Hz

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PROBLEM

● Estimate the value of R and C for an output

frequency of 1 kHz in a RC phase shift oscillator .

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PROBLEM

● Estimate the value of R and C for an output

frequency of 1 kHz in a RC phase shift oscillator .
Assume suitable value of capacitor , say
0.1 uF. Use approx formula

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PROBLEM

● For RC phase shift oscillator, the feedback

network uses R = 6 K ohms and C = 1500 pF.
The collector resistance Rc = 18 K ohms.
Calculate the frequency of oscillations and
minimum value of hfe of the transistor.

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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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Phase shift

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Phase shift per section

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● Vo = IR

● Vc = I Xc = I x 1/(2∏f RC )

● TAN (Ɵ ) = IXc /I R = 1/ (2∏fRC)

● f = 1/(2∏CR Tan(Ɵ)) = 1/ (2 ∏R C√3 )

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LOADING EFFECT

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APPLICATION

● Used for generating sinusoidal wave signals in

the AUDIO band

● It is used as a fixed frequency oscillator

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

● ADVANTAGES :
1. Circuit is simple to design

● DISADVANTAGES:
1. Difficulty in tuning /varying the frequency

WHY ?

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COLPITT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT IN THE TANK CIRCUIT

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Operation

● The LC network is used to provide the necessary

phase shift to the feedback voltage

● LC network acts like a filter that passes the

oscillation frequency and blocks all other
frequencies

● The filter circuit resonates at the required

oscillation frequency

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Operation

● For resonance

XL = XCT

where XCT = reactance of the total capacitance in parallel

with the inductor

wL = 1/wCT or 2∏ f L = 1 /(2∏ f CT )

or f = 1/ (2 ∏√ LCT ) where CT = C1C2 /(C1+C2)

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● β = attenuation due to the voltage dividing effect

of L and C1
● β = Xc1 / ( XL1 – XC1)
● Required phase shift occurs when XC2 = XL1 –
XC1
● or β = Xc1/Xc2 = C2/C1

● |A β | = 1 or | A x C2/C1| = 1

● i.e A = C1/C2

β = C2/C1 and Amin = C1/C2 = hfe min

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TANK Circuit

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Damped oscillations

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Tank or resonant circuit

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Problem

● Find the frequency of oscillation of a

transistorized Colpitt oscillator having tank circuit
parameters as C1 = 150pF, C2 =1.5nF and L
=50uH.

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Problem

● In a standard Colpitt oscillator as C1 = 0.1uF,

C2 =0.01uF and L =10uH. Determine

a) Freq of oscillation
b) Minimum gain required to start oscillation

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Hartley Oscillator

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Theory of operation
1. The inductors L1 and L2 have a
mutual coupling M which must be taken into
account in determining the equivalent inductance
for the resonant tank circuit.
L equ = L1 + L2 + 2M

2. The amplifier section uses an active device i.e.

transistor in CE configuration which provides a
gain A and phase shift of 180 degrees.
3. The tank circuit (L1,L2 and C) provides an
additional 180 degrees phase shift

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PHASE SHIFT IN THE TANK CIRCUIT

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Problem

● In a Hartley oscillator, L1 = 20uH, L2= 2mH, and

C is variable. Find the range of C if frequency is
to be varied from 1 MHz to 2.5 MHz. Neglect
mutual inductance.

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Quartz crystal

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Quartz crystal clock

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Mounting mechanism

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