Lecture 11 Gear

ENT 253
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Lecture 11
1/03/2010
Gear
Dr. HAFTIRMAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM
SCHOOL OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING
UniMAP
DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 1

School of Mechatronic SEM2-2009/2010
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CO3:
Abilityy to design
g and analyze
y
mechanical components such as
gears clutches,
gears, clutches shaft,
shaft bearing
bearing,
screw and spring.

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OUTLINE
Introduction
Type of gears
N
Nomenclature
l t
Fundamental
Gear ratio
Interference
Force analysis

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INTRODUCTION
• A ggear is a component
p within a transmission device
that transmits rotational force to another gear or
device.
• A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a
round wheel that has linkages ("teeth" or "cogs") that
mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully
transferred without slippage.
slippage
• Depending on their construction and arrangement,
geared devices can transmit forces at different
speeds torques,
speeds, torques or in a different direction,
direction from the
power source.

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INTRODUCTION
• The most common situation is for a g gear to mesh with
another gear, but a gear can mesh with any device
having compatible teeth, such as linear moving racks.
• The gear
gear'ss most important feature is that gears of
unequal sizes (diameters) can be combined to produce
a mechanical advantage, so that the rotational speed
and torque of the second gear are different from
those of the first. In the context of a particular
machine, the term "gear" also refers to one particular
arrangement of gears among other arrangements
(such as "first gear"). Such arrangements are often
given as a ratio, using the number of teeth or gear
diameter as units.
units
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Gear
► Types of Gears
1. Spur gear
2 Helical Gear
2.
3. Bevel Gear
4 Worm Gear
4.

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Spur Gear
Spur gears have teeth

parallel to the axis of
rotation and are to
transmit motion from
one shaft to another
parallel
ll l shaft.
h ft

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Spur Gear

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Spur gear
PINION
(DRIVER)
• Pair of spur gears.
• The pinion drives the
g
gear.
GEAR
(DRIVEN)

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Helical gear
Helical gears have

teeth inclined to the
axis of rotation.

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Bevel gear
► Bevel g
gears have teeth
formed on conical
surfaces and are used
mostly for transmitting
motion between
intersecting shaft.

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Worm gear
• The direction of
rotation of the worm
gear, also called the
worm wheel, depends
upon the direction of
rotation
t ti off the
th worm
and upon whether the
worm teeth are cut
right-hand or left-
hand.
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Rack and pinion
• A rack is a toothed bar or rod that
can be tthought
ca oug t oof as a secto
sector gea
gear
with an infinitely large radius of
curvature. Torque can be
converted to linear force by
meshing a rack with a pinion: the
pinion turns; the rack moves in a
straight line.
• Racks also feature in the theory of
gear geometry, where, for
instance the tooth shape of an
instance,
interchangeable set of gears may
be specified for the rack (infinite
radius), and the tooth shapes for
gears of p
g particular actual radii then
derived from that.

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Nomenclature

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Nomenclature
• Pitch circle is a theoretical
circle upon which all
calculations are usually based;
its diameter is the pitch
diameter.
• A pinion
i i i the
is th smaller
ll off two
t
mating gears.
• The larger is often called gear.
• The circular pitch (p) is the
distance, measured on the
pitch circle, from a point on
one tooth to a corresponding
point on an adjacent tooth.
tooth
• The circular pitch is equal to
the sum of the tooth thickness
and the width of space.

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Nomenclature
• The module (m) is the
ratio of the pitch diameter
to the number of teeth.
• The addendum (a) is the
radial distance between
the top land and the pitch
circle.
• The dedendum ((b)) is the
radial distance from
bottom land and the
dedendum.
• The whole depth (ht) is
the sum of the addendum
and the dedendum.

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Do = outside diamter = D + 2a d P + dG
C=
DR = root diamter = D − 2b 2
ht = whole depth = a + b = hk + c
hk = working depth = a + a = 2a
p π
t = tooth thickness
DESIGN I = =
c =DR. HAFTIRMAN
clearance =c =b−a
School of Mechatronic
ENT253 MECHANICAL
SEM2-2009/2010 2 2P
17
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Nomenclature
• The clearance circle is a
circular
i l thath iis tangent to
addendum circle of mating
gear.
• The clearance ( c ) is gear
exceeding the sum of
addendum and the dedendum.
• The backlash is the amount by y
which the width of a tooth
space exceeds the thickness
of the engaging tooth
measured on the pitch circles
circles.

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Fundamental
• P = diametral pitch, teeth per
inch
• m = module, mm.
• d=p pitch diameter,, mm
• N= number of teeth.
• p =circular pitch
N d
P= m=
d N
1
m = in
pP = π p=
πd
N
= πm P
25.4
DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I
m= mm19
P
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Standard modules

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Tooth systems
• A tooth system is a standard that specifies the relationships

involving addendum, dedendum, working depth, tooth thickness and
pressure angle.

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Diametral pitch

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Standard tooth for helical gears

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Problem
Problem 13-1 Problem 13-2
A 17-tooth spur pinion has a A 15-tooth spur pinion has a
diametral pitch of 8 teeth/in, module of 3mm and runs at a
runs at 1120 rev/min, and speed of 1600 rev/min. The
drives a gear at a speed of 544 driven gear has 60 teeth. Find
rev/min. the speed of the driven gear,
Find the number of teeth on the the circular pitch, and the
gear and the theoretical th
theoretical
ti l center-to-center
t t t
center-to-center distance. distance.
N p 17 Solution
dP = = = 2.125in
P 8 ⎛ 15 ⎞
n2 1120 n G = 1600 ⎜ ⎟ = 400rev / min
dG = d P = (2.125in) = 4.375in ⎝ 60 ⎠
n3 544
p = πm = 3πmm
N G = Pd G = 8(4.375) = 35teethh
(2.125 + 4.375) C =
[3(15 + 60)] = 112.5mm
C =HAFTIRMAN
DR. = 3.25in ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 2 24
2
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Fundamental
• The p
pitch-line velocityy V = r1ω1 = r2ω 2
ω1 r2
=
ω2 r1

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Problem
13-3.
A spur gearset has a module of 4mm and a velocity
ratio of 2.80. The pinion has 20 teeth.
Find the number of teeth on the driven gear, the pitch
diameter, and the theoretical center-to-center distance.
Solution
N G = N P (2.80) = 20(2.80) = 56teeth
d G = N G m = (56)(4) = 224mm
d P = N P m = (20)(4) = 80mm
d P + d G 80 + 224
C= = = 152mm
2 2
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Fundamental
• Suppose we specify that an
18-tooth pinion is to mesh with
a 30-tooth gear and that the
diametral pitch of the gear set
i tto b
is be 2 tteeth
th per iinch.
h
• The pitch diameters of the
pinion and gear are
N 1 18
d1 = = = 9in
P 2
r1 = 4.5in
N 2 30
d2 = = 15in
P 2
r2 = 7.5in
• The center distance is the sum
of the pitch radii, r + r = 4.5in + 7.5in = 12in
DR. HAFTIRMAN 1 2 ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 27
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Fundamental
• The construct the pitch circles
off radii
dii r1 and
d r2. These
Th are
tangent at P, the pitch point.
• Next draw line ab, common
tangent through the pitch
tangent,
point.
• We designate gear 1 as the
driver (CCW).
( )
• We draw a line cd through
point P at an angle Ø to the
common tangent ab.
• The line cd has three names;
namely the pressure line, the
generating line, and the line of
action.
action

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Relating base circle to the pressure angle Ø
rb = r cos φ
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Pressure angle Ø

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Example 13-1
13 1
• A gearset consist of a 16-tooth • Solution π π
pinion driving a 40
40-tooth
tooth gear
gear. p = = = 1.57in
Th circular
The i l pitchi h P 2
The diametral pitch (P) is 2, The pitch diameters of the
and the addendum and pinion (dp )and gear (dG) are,
dedendum are 1/P and 1.25/P, p y,
respectively,
respectively The gears are cut
respectively.
using a pressure angle of N 16
Ø=20°. dP = = = 8in
• Compute the circular pitch, the
P 2
center
t distance,
di t and
d th
the radii
dii N 40
of the base circles. dG = = = 20in
P 2
• In mounting these gears, the The center distance
center distance was incorrectly y
made ¼ in larger.
d P + d G 8 + 20
• Compute the new values of the c= = = 14in
pressure angle and the pitch- 2 2
circle diameters
diameters.

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Example 13-1
13 1
• Pressure angle 20°, the base- • The velocity ratio does not
circle radii is change,
rB = r cos φ 0.4d G' + d G'
= 14.25
8 2
rB ( pinion) = cos 20° = 3.766in
2 1.4d G' = 28.5 => d G' = 20.357in
20
rB ( gear ) = cos 20° = 9.40in d P' = 0.4(20.357) = 8.143in
2
• Designating d’p and d’G as the
new pitch-circle diameters, the • The new pressure angle Ø
¼ in increase in the center
distance requires that rb = r cos φ
−1 rb ( pinion) 3.76
d P + dG
' ' φ '
= cos '
= cos −1
= 22.56°
= 14.25in
i dP / 2 8.143 / 2
2
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Generation of an involute curve

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Construction of an involute

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Involute
• The involute g gear pprofile
is the most commonly
used system for gearing
today.
y In an involute ggear,
the profiles of the teeth
are involutes of a circle.
• The involute of a circle is
the spiraling curve traced
by the end of an
imaginary taut string
unwinding itself from that
stationary circle.

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Involute
• Equations of an involute of a
parametrical define curve are:
t
x' t ∫ x' 2 + y ' 2 dt
X [ x, y ] = x − a
x' 2 + y ' 2
t
y ' ∫ x' 2 + y '2 dt
Y [ x, y ] = y − a
x' 2 + y ' 2

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Tooth contact nomenclature

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Point of contact
• Path of Action,
ANSI/AGMA 1012-
G05
• Appoint of contact is
any point at which two
tooth profiles touch
eachh other.
h

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Plane of action
• Surface of action
• The surface of action is the
imaginary surface in which
contact occurs between two
engaging tooth surfaces. It is
the summation of the paths of
action in all sections of the
engaging teeth.
• Plane of Action, ANSI/AGMA

1012-G05
• The plane of action is the
surface
f off action for
f involute,
parallel axis gears with either
spur or helical teeth. It is
tangent to the base cylinders.

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Line of contact
• Line of Contact,
ANSI/AGMA 1012-
G05
• A line of contact is a
line or curve along
which two tooth
surfaces
f are tangent
to each other.

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Zone of action (contact zone)
• Zone of Action,,
ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
• Zone of action (contact
zone)) ffor involute,
i l t
parallel-axis gears with
either spur or helical
teeth, is the rectangular
area in the plane of action
bounded by the length of
action and the effective
face width.

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Path of contact
• Li
Lines off Contact
C t t (helical
(h li l
gear), ANSI/AGMA 1012-
G05
• The
Th pathth off contact
t t is
i the
th
curve on either tooth
surface along which
theoretical single point
contact occurs during the
engagement of gears with
crowned tooth surfaces or
gears that normally
engage with only single
point contact.

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Length of action
• Length of Action,
ANSI/AGMA 1012-
G05
• Length of action is the
distance on the line of
action through which
the point of contact
moves during the
action of the tooth
profile.
profile
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Involute-toothed
Involute toothed pinion and rack
pb = p c cos φ
pb = the base pitch

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Internal gear and oinion

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Contact ratio (mc)
qt
mc = Lab
p mc =
p cos φ
t =HAFTIRMAN
qDR. the arc of action (q )
ENT253t MECHANICAL DESIGN I 46
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Problem 13
13-4
4
A 21-tooth spur pinion mates with a 28-tooth gear. The

diametral pitch is 3 teeth/in and the pressure angle is
20° Make
20°. M k a drawing
d i off th
the gears showing
h i one ttooth th on
each gear.
Find the addendum (a), dedendum (b), clearance (c),
circular pitch (p), tooth thickness (t), and base-circle
diameters; the lengths of the arc approach, recess, and
action; and the base pitch and contact ratio
ratio.

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Problem
1 1
a= = = 0.333in d2 =
N 2 28
= = 9.333in
P 3 P 3
1.25 1.25
b= = = 0.4167in d 2b = 9.333 cos 20° = 8.770in
P 3
Base pitch
c = b − a = 0.4167 − 0.3333 = 0.0834in
π π ⎛π ⎞
p= = = 1.047in pb = p c cos φ = ⎜ ⎟ cos 20° = 0.984in
P 3 ⎝3⎠
p 1.047 Contact ratio
t= = = 0.523in
2 2 Lab 1.53
mc = = = 1.55
Pinion Pb 0.984
N1 21
d1 = = = 7in
P 3
d1b = d1 cos 20° = 7 cos 20° = 6.578in
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Gear ratio
• The gear ratio is the • This means that for every one
relationship between the revolution
l i off the
h pinion,
i i the
h
number of teeth on two gears gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62,
that are meshed or two revolutions. In practical terms,
sprockets connected with a
common roller chain
chain, or the the gear turns more slowly.
circumferences of two pulleys Suppose the largest gear in
connected with a drive belt. the picture has 42 teeth, the
• In the picture to the right, the gear ratio between the second
smaller
ll gear (known
(k as the
th and
d thi
third
d gear is
i thus
th 21/42 =
pinion) has 13 teeth, while the 1/2, and for every revolution of
second, larger gear (known as the smallest gear the largest
the idler gear) has 21 teeth. gear has only
g y turned 0.62/2 =
Th gear ratio
The ti is
i th
therefore
f 0.31 revolution, a total
13/21 or 1/1.62 (also written as reduction of about 1:3.23.
1:1.62).

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Gear ratio
• 1st gear 2
2.97:1
97 1
• 2nd gear 2.07:1
• 3 d gear 1
3rd 1.43:1
43 1
• 4th gear 1.00:1
• 5th gear 0.84:1
• 6th gear 0.56:1
reverse 3.28:1

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Interference
• The contact pf portions of tooth
profiles that are not conjugate
is called interference.
• NP= the smallest number of
teeth on the pinion without
interference.
• k=1 for full depth teeth.

• k= 0.8 for stub teeth
• Ø = pressure angle
NP =
2k
3 sin φ
2
1(+ 1 + 3 sin 2
φ )
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Interference
• For pressure angle a 20°, with • For m=4, Ø=20°
k=1
NP =
2(1)
4 (
+ 4 2
+ (1 + 2 ( 4 ) sin 2
20° )
( ) (1 + 2( 4) sin 20°
2
2(1)
NP = 2
1 + 1 + 3 sin 2
20 N P = 15.4 = 16teeth
3 sin 20
= 12.3 = 13teeth • Thus a 16-tooth pinion will mesh with
a 64-tooth gear without interference.
• If the mating gear has more • The largest gear with a specified
teeth than the pinion, that is, pinion that is interference-free is
mG=NG/NP=m more than one,
then NP is N P2 sin 2 φ − 4k 2
NG =
NP =
2k
(1 + 2m) sin φ
2
(
m + m 2 + (1 + 2m) sin 2 φ ) 4k − 2 N P sin 2 φ

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Interference
• For a 13-tooth pinion with a pressure angle Ø of 20°
13 2 sin 2 20° − 4(1) 2
NG = = 16.45 = 16teeth
4(1) − 2(13) sin 20°
2
• For a 13-tooth spur pinion, the maximum number of gear teeth.

possible without interference is 16.
• The smallest spur pinion that will a rack without interference is
2( k )
NP =
sin 2 φ
• For a 20° pressure angle full-depth tooth the smallest number of
pinion teeth to mesh with a rack is 2(1)
NP = = 17.1 = 18teeth
sin 20°
2

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Straight bevel gear
• The pitch angles are defined
by the pitch cones meeting at
the apex. They are related to
the tooth numbers as follows;
NP
tan γ =
NG
NG
tan Γ =
NP
• The virtual number of teeth (N’)
(N )
and p is the circular pitch.
2πrb
N'=
DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I p 54
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Helical gear
• The normal circular pitch pn
and is related to the transverse
circular pitch pt as follows:
p n = pt cosψ
• The axial pitch px;
pt
px =
tanψ
• Th normall di
The diametral
t l pitch
it h
Pt tan φ n
Pn = cosψ =
cosψ tan φt
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Helical gear
• Figure shows a cylinder cut by
an oblique plane ab at an
angle ψ to right section.
D
ψ = 0° => R =
2
ψ = 90° => R = ∞
• The virtual number of teeth is

related to the actual number:
N
N'=
cos 3 ψ

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Gear train
• A gear train is a set or system of gears arranged to

transfer rotational torque from one part of a mechanical
system to another.
• Gear trains consists of:
• Driving gears - attached to the input shaft
• Driven gears/Motor gears - attached to the output shaft
• Idler gears - interposed between the driving and driven
gear in order to maintain the direction of the output shaft
the same as the input shaft or to increase the distance
between the drive and driven gears. A compound gear
train refers to two or more gears used to transmit motion.
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Helical gears

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Interference
• The contact pf portions of tooth
profiles that are not conjugate
is called interference.
• NP= the smallest number of
teeth on the pinion without
interference.
• k=1 for full depth teeth.

• k= 0.8 for stub teeth
• Ø = pressure angle
NP =
2k
3 sin φ
2
1(+ 1 + 3 sin 2
φ )
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Interference
• For pressure angle a 20°, with • For m=4, Ø=20°
k=1
NP =
2(1)
4 (
+ 4 2
+ (1 + 2 ( 4 ) sin 2
20° )
( ) (1 + 2( 4) sin 20°
2
2(1)
NP = 2
1 + 1 + 3 sin 2
20 N P = 15.4 = 16teeth
3 sin 20
= 12.3 = 13teeth • Thus a 16-tooth pinion will mesh with
a 64-tooth gear without interference.
• If the mating gear has more • The largest gear with a specified
teeth than the pinion, that is, pinion that is interference-free is
mG=NG/NP=m more than one,
then NP is N P2 sin 2 φ − 4k 2
NG =
NP =
2k
(1 + 2m) sin φ
2
(
m + m 2 + (1 + 2m) sin 2 φ ) 4k − 2 N P sin 2 φ

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Gear-tooth
Gear tooth size

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Interference
• For a 13-tooth pinion with a pressure angle Ø of 20°
13 2 sin 2 20° − 4(1) 2
NG = = 16.45 = 16teeth
4(1) − 2(13) sin 20°
2
• For a 13-tooth spur pinion, the maximum number of gear teeth.

possible without interference is 16.
• The smallest spur pinion that will a rack without interference is
2( k )
NP =
sin 2 φ
• For a 20° pressure angle full-depth tooth the smallest number of
pinion teeth to mesh with a rack is 2(1)
NP = = 17.1 = 18teeth
sin 20°
2

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Straight bevel gear
• The pitch angles are defined
by the pitch cones meeting at
the apex. They are related to
the tooth numbers as follows;
NP
tan γ =
NG
NG
tan Γ =
NP
• The virtual number of teeth (N’)
(N )
and p is the circular pitch.
2πrb
N'=
DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I p 63
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Helical gear
• The normal circular pitch pn
and is related to the transverse
φn circular pitch pt as follows:
pn ψ p n = pt cosψ
• The axial pitch px;
pt
px px =
tanψ
pt φt
• Th normall di
The diametral
t l pitch
it h
Pt tan φ n
Pn = cosψ =
cosψ tan φt
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Helical gear
• Figure shows a cylinder cut by
an oblique plane ab at an
angle ψ to right section.
D
ψ = 0° => R =
2
ψ = 90° => R = ∞
• The virtual number of teeth is

related to the actual number:
N
N'=
cos 3 ψ

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Helical gear
• The pressure angle Øt NG
mG = =m
⎛ tanφn ⎞ NP
φt = tan−1⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ cosψ ⎠ N P2 sin2 φt − 4k 2 cos2 ψ
NP =
NP =
2k cosψ
3sin φt
2
(
1+ 1+3sin2 φt ) 4k cosψ − 2N Psin2 φt
φn = 20°,ψ = 30°,φt = 22.80°
φt = 20°,ψ = 30° 92 sin2 22.80 − 4(1) 2 cos2 30°
NG = = 12.02 = 12
t 20° ⎞
⎛ tan 4(1) cos30° − 2(9) sin°22.80°
φt = tan−1⎜ ⎟ = 22.80°
⎝ cos30° ⎠ 2k cosψ
NP =
NP =
2(1)cos30°
i 22.80°
3sin 2
1+ (1+ 3 sin2
)
22.80° = 8.48= 9teeth
sin2 φt
φn = 20°,ψ = 30°,φt = 22.80°
2(1) cos30°
NP = = 11.5 = 12teeth.
sin 22.80°
2

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Worm gears
• dG= the pitch diameter
• NG= the number of teeth
• pt= the transverse circular
p
pitch.
• px= the axial pitch
• λ= the lead angle
• Ψ = the helix angle
N G pt
dG =
π
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Worm gears
• The pitch diameter of the worm
gear should be selected so as
to fall into the range
C 0.875 C 0.875
≤ dw ≤
3.0 1.7
• C the center distance.
C= distance
• L= the lead. L = px N w
• λ= the lead angle
L
t λ=
tan
πd w

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Worm gears

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Gear train
A gear train is a set or system of gears arranged to transfer

rotational torque from one part of a mechanical system to another.
Gear trains consists of:
¾ Driving gears - attached to the input shaft.

¾ Driven gears/Motor gears - attached to the output shaft.
¾ Idler gears - interposed between the driving and driven gear in
order to maintain the direction of the output shaft the same as the
input shaft or to increase the distance between the drive and
di
driven gears.
A compound gear train refers to two or more gears
used to transmit motion.

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Gear train

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Gear train
The speed ratio between

gear 5 and 1
n5 ⎛ N1 ⎞⎛ N 3 ⎞⎛ The N ⎞ minus signs indicate that the pinion
= ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎜⎜ − 4 ⎟⎟
n1 ⎝ N 2 ⎠⎝ N 4 ⎠⎝ Nand5 ⎠
gear rotate in opposite directions

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Gear train
• Consider a pinion 2 driving a
gear 3.
• The speed of the driven gear is
N2 d2
n3 = n2 = n2
N3 d3
d= pitch diameter
• Gears 2, 3, and 5 are drivers.
• Gears 3, 4, and 6 are driven
N2 N3 N5 members.
b
n6 = − n2
N3 N4 N6 • The speed of gear 6 is

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Gear train
• The train value e is • As a rough guideline, a train
product of driving tooth numbers value of up to 10 to 1 can be
e= obtained with one pair of
product of driven tooth numbers gears. A two-stage compound
• For spur gears, e is positive if gear train
t i can obtain
bt i a ttrain
i
the last gear rotates in the value of up to 100 to 1.
same sense as the first, and
the negative if the last rotates
in the opposite sense.
n L = enF
• nL=the speed of the last gear in
the train, nF=the speed of the
first.

UniMAP
NP =
2(1)
(1 + 2(4) sin 20°
2
4(+ 4 2
+ (1 + 2 ( 4 ) sin 2
20° )
Example 13-4
13 4 N P = 15.4 = 16teeth
In a two-stage compound
gear train,
assign the square root
of the over
all train value to each
stage

UniMAP
NP =
2(1)
(1 + 2(4) sin 20°
2
(
4 + 4 2
+ (1 + 2( 4) sin 2
20° )
Example 13-4
13 4 N P = 15.4 = 16teeth
t th

UniMAP
A compound reverted gear train
• This requires the distances
between the shafts to be the
same for both stages on the
train. The distance constraint is
d2 d3 d4 d5
+ = +
2 2 2 2
• The diametral pitch relates the
diameters and the numbers of
teeth,,
N
P=
d
UniMAP
A compound reverted gear train
• Replacing all the diameters
gives
N2 N3 N4 N5
+ = +
(2 P) (2 P) (2 P) (2 P)
• Assuming a constant diametral
pitch in both stages
stages, and the
geometry condition stated in
terms of numbers of teeth:
N2 + N3 = N4 + N5

UniMAP
A planetary gear train

UniMAP
• Planetary trains always include
a sun gear, a planet carrier or
arm, and one or more planet
gears.
• A planetary train composed af
s sun gear 2, an arm or carrier
3, and planet gears 4 and 5.
S
Sun gear 2
Th angular
The l velocity
l it off gear 2
relative to the arm in rev/min is
Arm 3
n23 = n2 − n3
• The velocity of gear 5 relative
to the arm is
Planet gears 4 & 5
n53 = n5 − n3
UniMAP
• This equation expresses the
ratio of gear 5 to that of gear 2,
and both velocities are taken
relative to the arm.
n53 n5 − n3
=
n23 n2 − n3
S
Sun gear 2
• The train value is
n5 − n3 or nL − n A
Arm 3
• e= e=
n 2 − n3 nF − n A
nF= rev/min of first gear
nL= rev/min of last gea
Planet gears 4 & 5

UniMAP
Force analysis (Spur gearing)
• Designate the shafts using
letters of the alphabet, a, b, c,
etc.
• Figure shows a pinion
mounted on shaft a rotating
clockwise at n2 rev/min and
driving a gear on shaft b at n3
rev/min.
/ i

UniMAP
Force analysis (Spur gearing)
r = the radial direction.

t = the tangential direction.
F32 Force
The force
Th f exerted
t d by
b gear 2 against
i t gear 3
as F23. F32 is the force exerted by gear 3
against the pinion.
Ta2 Torque
The force of gear 2 against a shaft a

or the force of a shaft a against gear 2 is F2a.
Fa2 Force

UniMAP
The transmitted load
The transmitted load
r
F does not transmit power
Wt = F32t
32
d2 ⎛ Wt d ⎞
H = Tω = ⎜ ⎟ω
2
⎝ 2 ⎠
H = The power transmitted
60000 H
Wt = kN
πdn
V = πdn
d= d2
d
T = Ta 2 = Wt
2
UniMAP
Example 13-7
13 7
• Pinion 2 runs at 1750 The pitch diameter of gears 2 and
rev/min and transmits 2.5 3 are d 2 = N 2 m = 20(2.5) = 50mm
kW to idler gear 3. The d 3 = N 3 m = 50(2.5) = 125mm
teeth are cut on the 20
20°
full-depth system and The transmitted load
have a module of m = 2.5 60000 H
mm. Draw a freef body Wt = F = t
πd 2 n
23
diagram of gear 3 and

60000(2.5)
show all the forces that =
act upon it. π (50)(1750)
• Solution = 0.546kN

UniMAP
F43t = F23t = Wt
Example 13-7
13 7
= 0.546 kN
F43r = F23r = 0.199 kN
Idler
F43 = F23 = 0.581kN
60000 H
Wt = F23t =
πd 2 n
60000( 2.5)
= = 0.546kN
π (50)(1750)
Pinion
H = 2.5kW
F23r = F23t tan 20° = (0.546) tan 20°

F23t
= 0.199kN F23 =
cos 20°
DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 0.546 86
= = 0.581kN
UniMAP
cos 20°
Fbx3 = −( F23t + F43r ) =
Example 13-7
13 7 − ( −0.546 + 0.199)
= 0.347 kN
Fby3 = −( F23r + F43t ) =

− (−0.199 − 0.546)
= 0.347 kN
Fb 3 = (0.347 ) 2 + (0.347 ) 2
= 0.491kN

UniMAP
Force analysis-bevel
analysis bevel gearing
T
Wt =
rav
φ W rav
Wt tan φ
Wr = Wt tan φ cos γ
Wa = Wt tan φ sin γ
γ
UniMAP
Force analysis
analysis-helical
helical gearing
Wt
W=
cos φ n cosψ
Wr = W sin φ n
Wr = Wt tan φt Wa = W cos φ n sinψ

Wa = Wt tanψ
Wt = cos φ n cosψ

UniMAP
Force analysis
analysis-worm
worm gearing
W z = W (cos φ n cos λ + f sin λ )
W y = W sin φ n
W z = W cos φ n cos λ
φn
W x = W cos φn sin λ
W x = W (cos φ n sin λ + f cos λ )

UniMAP
Velocity components in worm gearing
VW
Vs =
cos λ

UniMAP
The Lewis bending equations
M I Ft 3 2 Ft 2 6W t l
σ= =>
> = = =
I /c c (12)t 6 Ft 2
6W t l W t 1 Wt 1 1 1 3
σ= = = => 4 x = 4 x =6
Ft 2 F t 2 / 6l F t2 4 2/3 2
4l 6
t/2 l
=
x t/2
t2
x=
4l
UniMAP
The Lewis bending equations
Wtp 2x
σ= => y =
⎛2⎞ 3p
F ⎜ ⎟ xp
⎝3⎠
Wtp
σ=
Fpy
π
P= , Y = πy
p
W tP 2xP
σ= => Y =
FY 3

UniMAP
Values of the Lewis form factor Y

UniMAP
Dynamic effects
• Kv= the velocity factor • SI units
• V = the pitch-line velocity in 3.05 + V
Kv = (cast iron, cast profile))
ft/min 3.05
6.1 + V
600 + V Kv = (cut or mild profile)
Kv = (cast iron, cast profile)) 6.1
600
3.56 + V
1200 + V Kv = (hobbed or shaped profile)
Kv = (cut or mild profile) 3.56
1200
5.56 + V
50 + V Kv = ( shaved or ground profile)
Kv = (hobbed or shaped profile) 5.56
50
t
78 + V K vW P K W
t
Kv =
78
( shaved or ground profile) σ= σ= v
FY FmY
The metric versions
UniMAP
Thank you

UniMAP

Lecture 11 Gear

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Lecture 11 Gear

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What are the different types of gears discussed?

What are the different types of gears discussed?

How does gear ratio relate to mechanical advantage?

How does gear ratio relate to mechanical advantage?

ENT 253

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 1

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 2

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 3

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 4

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 6

Spur gears have teeth

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 7

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DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 9

Helical gears have

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 10

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DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 20

• A tooth system is a standard that specifies the relationships

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 21

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DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 38

• Plane of Action, ANSI/AGMA

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 39

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DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 41

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 42

pb = the base pitch

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 44

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 45

A 21-tooth spur pinion mates with a 28-tooth gear. The

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 47

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 49

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 50

• k=1 for full depth teeth.

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 52

• For a 13-tooth spur pinion, the maximum number of gear teeth.

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 53

• The virtual number of teeth is

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 56

• A gear train is a set or system of gears arranged to

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 58

• k=1 for full depth teeth.

DR. HAFTIRMAN ENT253 MECHANICAL DESIGN I 60

A gear train is a set or system of gears arranged to transfer

Gear trains consists of: