Mathematics – Grade 10

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Quarter 3 – Module
First Edition, 2020

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 Lesson
Module Illustrating Permutations
81

In our day-to-day living, we tend to arrange various objects in order to put them in order. There are also times
wherein we only select some among these objects and place them according to how we want to arrange them. These
arrangements, where order matters, play an important role in a discipline called combinatorics.
In this lesson, you will learn about how these arrangements can be possibly made as well as the number of
ways in which they can be done. Further, you will be able to identify situations that exhibit such arrangements, which
we call as permutations.

What’s In
Imagine yourself doing the following activities, which of them do you think requires you to do the activity in some
specific order?

1. In an ice cream stand, you need to select three of the five available ice cream flavors to eat which are
strawberry, chocolate, mango, ube, and cheese.
2. You bought one pack of each of the following fruits: strawberry, pomelo, and grapes. You want to store two
of them into canisters of colors green and orange.
3. Your teacher asked you to name all the subsets of the set {x, y, z}.
4. You are the leader of a group and you need to pick an assistant leader and a secretary for your group.

What’s New

In the activities presented above, some of them simply ask you to choose while others require you not only to pick
but also to arrange them in some particular way. In these activities, the arrangements that we do wherein the order in
which the objects are arranged (or selected) is important is called permutation. The situation presented in numbers 2
and 4 illustrate permutation. In number 4, for instance, assigning person A as your assistant and person B as the
secretary is completely different when you assign person B as your assistant and person A as the secretary. Clearly,
in permutation of objects, order is important. Other real-life situations that involve permutations include determining
the winners in a pageant as well.

What is It
Illustrating Permutations

It was mentioned that some of the above items are examples of real-life activities that involve permutations.
Let us further deepen our understanding of permutations through the following illustrations.

Consider the situation presented in number 2 earlier which is “You bought one pack of each of the
following fruits: strawberry, pomelo, and grapes. You want to store two of them into canisters of colors
green and orange.” Let us try to exhaust all the possible arrangements that can be done in this situation.
 Because there are three different fruits and only two of them can be stored in canisters, there is always one
fruit which will be left out in any of our arrangements. To begin, first, let’s say that we will not store the
grapes in a canister. The table below shows how we can place the strawberries and pomelo in the canisters.

Green Canister Orange Canister

Strawberry Pomelo
Pomelo Strawberry
Thus, we can see that there are only two ways in which we can store the strawberries and pomelo in the canisters.
Now, suppose we leave out the pomelo. Then, we will have the following arrangements for strawberries and grapes.

Green Canister Orange Canister

Strawberry Grapes
Grapes Strawberry
Clearly, there are also two ways in which we can store the strawberries and grapes in the canisters. Lastly, let us try
leaving out the strawberries. Then we can see from the table below that we only have the following arrangements.

Green Canister Orange Canister

Grapes Pomelo
sPomelo Grapes
Hence, we only have two ways to store them. To sum it up, there are only 6 ways to store 3 fruits in a canister taken
2 at a time. This situation illustrates the permutation of 3 objects taken 2 at a time.

Illustration 2:

Let us consider another situation, suppose you want to use a 4-digit passcode for securing access to a certain
application in your cellphone. You want this passcode to contain exactly one of each of the digits 1, 2, 5, and 9. Let
us analyze all the possible passcodes that you may use.

First, we establish that this situation involves permutation. Clearly, passcodes are generated according to a
certain order, a different arrangement of the digits will not guarantee access to the application in your cellphone. By
listing, we can generate the following passcodes that you may use.

1259 2159 5129 9125

1295 2195 5192 9152

1529 2519 5219 9215

1592 2591 5291 9251

1925 2915 5912 9125

1952 2951 5921 9152

Notice that even if all these arrangements contain the same digits, they are known to be distinct from one
another. Hence, there are 24 ways in which we can arrange 4 objects taken 4 at a time.

Generally, if you have 𝑛 objects and you want to arrange them 𝑟 at a time, then you have the permutation of
𝑛 objects taken 𝑟 at a time, where 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛.
Factorial Notation

Definition:

The product of a positive integer 𝑛 and all the positive integers less than it is called 𝑛 factorial. In
symbols, we write 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋅ … ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1. Further, we define 0! = 1.

With this definition, we can say that 4! = 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 24 and 6! = 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 720. To

illustrate this further, let us have the following:

Illustration 3:

Determine the value of the following expressions containing factorials.

7! 7⋅6⋅5!
a. (7−2)!
= = 7 ⋅ 6 = 42
5!
b. (4 − 1)! 2! = 3! 2! = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12
9! 9⋅8⋅7⋅6⋅5⋅4!
c. 3!4! = 6⋅4! = 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 5 = 2 520
The Permutation of 𝒏 objects taken 𝒓 at a time

Consider the situation in number 4, that is, “You are the leader of a group and you need to pick an
assistant leader and a secretary for your group.” Assume that you have 𝑛 members and we are to take 𝑟 of
them at a time, where 𝑟 = 2 (since only two positions are to be assigned). Then, we have,

n Pr = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 2 + 1)

Extending this concept for other values of 𝑟, we have,

𝑟 nPr Equivalent Expression

3 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3 + 1)
4 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 4 + 1)
5 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 4) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 5 + 1)
Using these specific instances, let us try to derive the formula for finding the permutation of 𝑛
objects taken 𝑟 at a time. As observed, we can say in general that,

nPr = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) ⋅ … ⋅ (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1).

Without loss of generality, this is the same as

𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)⋅…⋅(𝑛−𝑟+1)(𝑛−𝑟)(𝑛−𝑟−1)⋅…⋅3⋅2⋅1
n Pr = (𝑛−𝑟)(𝑛−𝑟−1)⋅…⋅3⋅2⋅1

Using the definition of factorial, we can say that,

𝑛!
n Pr = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟 ≤ 𝑛

The last equation gives the permutation of 𝑛 objects taken 𝑟 at a time.

𝑛! 𝑛!
Observe that when 𝑛 = 𝑟, nPr = nPn = (𝑛−𝑛)! = = 𝑛!.
0!
 Study the illustrations below to see how this formula may be applied.

Illustration 4: 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3

𝑛=5
Evaluate the following permutations.

4! 4! 4⋅3⋅2!
a. 4P2 = (4−2)!
= = =4⋅3 =
2! 2!
12
5! 5! 5⋅4⋅3⋅2⋅1
b. 5P4 = (5−4)! = = = 120
1! 1
b. 7Pr = 210
7!
= 210
(7 − 𝑟)!
Illustration 5: 7⋅6⋅5⋅4⋅3⋅2⋅1
= (7 − 𝑟)!
210
Solve for the unknown in each of the following. 24 = (7 − 𝑟)!
4! = (7 − 𝑟)!
a. nP3 = 60 4=7−𝑟
𝑛! 𝑟=3
= 60
(𝑛 − 3)!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)!
= 60
(𝑛 − 3)!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 60

What’s More
Try These!
Write P if the give situation illustrates a permutation and NP if it does not.

1. determining the finalists in a singing contest

2. forming lines given 7 points, no three of which are collinear
3. assigning a locker to each of the 8 athletes
4. entering the PIN code in an ATM
5. electing homeroom officers
6. choosing 4 flavors of chicken wings out of 12 available flavors
7. arranging 5 students in a row
8. picking two of the five chocolates in a box
9. drawing the 6 winning numbers in a lottery
10. matching a shirt with a pair of jeans
Keep Trying!

Evaluate the following expressions.

11! 9!
1. 2. (9−5)! 3. (7 − 1)! 2! 4. 8P5 5. 10P6
2!5!
 Lesson
Module Solving Problems Involving
82
Permutations
At this point, you are already familiar in arranging objects in different ways. This lesson on Solving
Problems Involving Permutations will extend the knowledge that you have so far. It will talk about how to solve
real word problems involving permutations.
A lot of real-life instances require the knowledge in permutations. For example, a model artist wants to find
the possible ways of dressing up his clothes, a cook aims to prepare different types of menus to offer in his restaurant
or a gambler looks for the possible ways of winning a game.

What’s In
Evaluate the following factorial notations.

1. 4! 4. 5!2!
2. 3! + 2! 7!
5.
3. 7! – 5! 2!

What’s New
There are situations where choices are to be made. And in some case the order in which choices are made is
important. For example, a president and a vice president are to be elected from a group of students. This situation is
called permutation. Permutation is an arrangement of objects in some specified order.

What is It
Permutation of Distinct Objects

Suppose you want to form 2-digit numbers from the digits 1,2,3, and 4 under the condition that no digit is
to be used twice. See the illustration below.

12, 13, 14
Observe that there is an order in the way the digits are placed, since you are
21, 23, 24 required to arrange the digits two at a time from the given 4 digits. This
situation can be translated as permutation of four objects taken two at a
31, 32, 34 time, in symbol 4P2.
41, 42, 43

In general, nPr denotes the permutation of n things taken r at a time. There are some notations for nPr, these are
𝒏!
P(n,r) or 𝑃𝑟𝑛 . The formula can be written as 𝒏𝑷𝒓 = , where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒓 ≤ 𝒏.
(𝒏−𝒓)!
In the given problem above n = 4 and r = 2.

4!
Hence, 4P2 = (4−2)!.

4!
= 2!

4(3)(2)(1)
= There are 12 numbers formed when the four digits are
2(1)
arranged 2 digits at a time.
= 12 ways

Example 1: In how many ways can an advertising company promote 8 items 4 at a time during a 3- minute commercial
period at TV time!

Solution: n = 8 and r = 4

8!
8P4 = (8−4)!

8!
= 4!

8(7)(6)(5)(4!) You may stop expanding the factorial notation

= 4!
up to 4! to cancel out 4! in the denominator
= 336 ways

Example 2: In how many ways can 5 runners win first, second and third?

Solution: n = 5 and r = 3

5!
5P3 = (5−3)!

5!
= 2!
You may stop expanding the factorial notation
5(4)(3)(2!) up to 2! to cancel out 2! in the denominator
=
2!

= 60 ways

Example 3: In how many ways can 3 boys and 4 girls be seated in a row of 7 seats if girls insist of sitting next to each
other?

Solution: First you may consider of sitting a group of girls in a row followed by boys. Then, a boy may occupy first
from the row followed by the group of girls and so on.

𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔3 𝑔4 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
Observe that girls may occupy the first from the right of the available
𝑏1 𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔3 𝑔4 𝑏2 𝑏3 4 positions considering that girls sit always next to each other, and
may also occupy the 2nd , 3rd and 4th positions knowing that they are
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔3 𝑔4 𝑏3 grouped together while boys are occupying the other 3 positions.

𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔3 𝑔4
Thus, the arrangement you will consider is 𝐺 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 , where G is the group of girls. Therefore, in that situation the
formula is
Note: This is just one of the considerations, remember that girls may
4!
4P4 = = 4! = 24 rearrange themselves.
(4−4)!

The number of ways where girls may rearrange themselves but still they are occupying the consecutive seats will be
4!
4P4 = (4−4)! = 𝟐𝟒 . Since there are four seats available for them and all of them may sit anywhere as long as they are
grouped together.

Therefore, the total number of ways of arranging 4 girls and 3 boys in a row, where girls sit next to each other is

24 x 24 = 576 ways

Permutation of Identical Things

Now consider another instance when you are asked to arrange identical objects. For example, you want to find
different 4- digit numbers which can be formed using the digits in 3665.

Solution:

If all the digits are distinct, you should be able to find 4P4 = 24.

But, since the digits are not distinct it is not enough to use the first formula. You may denote the 6s as 61 and 62. Now,
from the 24 numbers formed in which the 6s have exchanged places,

361625 and 362615 you remove the subscript. You will get 3665 as identical numbers. Apply the same concept of
removing subscript in

613625 and 623615

Notice that you have the same number 6365. Hence, we do not have 24 different numbers. You can only get half of
24 numbers which is 12.

This situation is called permutation of identical objects. To find the distinguishable permutation of identical objects
use the formula

𝒏!
𝑷= , where n is total number of objects and n1, n2, n3, …, nk are numbers of identical elements. In the
𝒏𝟏 !𝒏𝟐 !𝒏𝟑 !…𝒏𝒌 !
problem above, the values of n = 4 and n1=2 (two 6), n2 = 1 (one 3) and n3 = 1(one 5) can be substituted in the formula.

4!
𝑃 = 2!1!1! = 12 different 4- digit numbers

Example 1: How many different permutations can be made out of the word “MASAYA”?

Solution: n = 6, n1 = 3, n2 = 1, n 3 = 1, and n4 = 1

6!
𝑃(𝑀𝐴𝑆𝐴𝑌𝐴) = There are 6 letters, number of A ‘s = 3 and the number of
3! 1! 1! 1!
letters M, S and Y = 1.
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 ways
Example 2: Robert plans to visit his Grandma’s house which is located at the other street in their village. He always
walks south or east direction. Below is an illustration of the street in their village. In how many routes from Robert’s
house to Grandma’s house?
Robert’s House

Grandma’s House
To go from Robert’s house to Grandma’s house, he
7! must walk 2 blocks south (𝑺) and 5 blocks east (𝑬).
𝑃(𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ) =
2! 5!

= 21 routes

Permutation of Circular Objects

Amy. Bella and Carla would like to sit in a round table during the birthday party of their friend Dindo. Let us look at
the possible ways where these girls may arrange themselves in a circular table. In how many possible ways can they
be seated? Which of the following arrangement are distinct and are the same?

Amy Carla Bella

Table Table Table Carla

Carla 2
Bella 3
1
Bella Amy Amy

Amy Bella
Carla

Table Bella Table Table Amy

4 5
Amy 6

Carla Carla
Bella

Look at who is on the right and on the left of each girl. Notice when you rotate the
names in clockwise direction, there are arrangements which coincides with the other.

This kind of arrangement is called permutation of circular objects. In the given problem observe that Table 1, Table
2 and Table 3 represent the same arrangement. Notice that Bella is always on the left side of Amy. Whereas, in Table
3, Table 4 and Table 6 where Bella is on the right side of Amy also represent the same arrangement. The distinct
circular permutation is

2 = (3 – 1)! = 2(1)

= 2! =2
Example 1: In how many ways can 5 children join hands to form a ring?

Solution: n = 7

(n – 1)! = (5– 1)!

= 4!

= 24 ways

Example 2: In how many ways can John, Michael, Lea and Sarah be seated at a circular table if Lea and Sarah insist
on sitting next to each other?

Solution:

Here we can fix the girls in one place and two boys may rearrange themselves.

Lea, Sarah
Lea, Sarah

Table
1 Michael Table John
John 4

Michael
There are (3-1)! = 2! ways in these arrangements. But the girls may also shift their positions, thus there are 2!
ways.

By multiplication rule there are 2! x 2! = 4 ways of arrangements.

What’s More

Try These!
A. Solve the following problems.
1) In how many ways can 4 runners win first, second and third places?
2) In how many ways can a chairman, vice chairman and secretary be elected from 15 members if no person
may hold more than one position?
3) In how many ways can 4 boys and 5 girls be seated in a row of 9 seats:
a) if they may sit anywhere?
b) if girls insist on sitting next to each other?
c) if boys insist on sitting next to each other?
d) if boys and girls sit alternately?
4) How many different numbers of 3 digits can be formed from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 if no repetition is allowed?
5) How many different arrangements can be made from all the letters in word PANDEMIC?
6) How many different permutations can be made from the word
a) UNIVERSE?
b) PHILIPPINES?
c) VALENZUELA?
 Module
Lesson
83 Combination of Objects
Have you ever wondered how many combinations you need to bet to win a Grand Lotto 6/55? In the previous
lessons, we have been concerned with ordered arrangements of elements of a set. This module will help you illustrate
combination of objects where order of selection or arrangement is not important.

What’s In
Answer the following.
1) A history class contains 8 male students (b) 2 class representatives, 1 male and 1
and 6 female students. Find the number female;
n of ways that the class can elect: (c) 1 president and 1 vice president.
(a) 1 class representative;

What’s New
From our previous lessons we have been concerned with ordered arrangements of elements of a set. Our
discussion now pertains to subset of a set without regard to the relative order of the elements in the subsets. For
example, if a committee of five people is to be selected from a group of nine, we are concerned only with the five
people on the committee and not with the order in which they are chosen. Or if a student has eleven posters to pin up
on the walls on her room, but there is space for only seven, then the specific seven posters that she decides to hang are
of importance, but the order in which she selects them is not important. In each of these situations, we are referring to
a combination of elements of a set.

What is It
Consider the number of ways a reader can choose three (3) books from four (4) math books (Algebra, Geometry,
Trigonometry and Statistics) . Unlike positioning books on a library shelf, order does not matter. Choosing books
A,G, and T is the same as choosing G, A, and T, and so on. (change numbers into the initials of the books.

Combination of 3 books Permutation of each combination

AGT AGT, ATG, GAT, GTA, GAT, TGA
AGS AGS, ASG, GSA, GAS, SAG, SGA
ATS ATS, AST, TSA, TAS, SAT, STA
GTS GTS, GST, TGS, TSG, SGT, STG
4 combinations 24 permutations

When order matters, there are 4P3, or 24 ways to choose 3 books from 4 books. There are 3!, or 6 ways to choose the
24 24
same 3 books. So, the number of combinations is 3!
= 3∙2∙1 = 4 ways.
 Definition. A combination of 𝑛 distinct objects taken 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, at a time is a subset
containing 𝑟 objects of a set that has 𝑛 objects.

The notation we use for the number of combinations of 𝑛 elements taken 𝑟 at a time is nCr. Other symbols
for this number are nCr, 𝑪(𝒏, 𝒓), 𝑪𝒏,𝒓 , 𝑪𝒏𝒓 , and (𝒏𝒓).

Combination of Different Objects

The number of combinations of 𝑛 distinct objects taken 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, at a time, denoted by

𝒏!
𝐶(𝑛, 𝑟), is 𝑪(𝒏, 𝒓) = .
𝒓!(𝒏−𝒓)!

In general, 𝑟 objects can be chosen from 𝑛 distinct objects in 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) ways and 𝑟 objects can be arranged in 𝑟! ways.
So, the number of combinations of 𝑛 distinct objects taken 𝑟 at a time is:

𝑛!
𝑃(𝑛, 𝑟) (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑛!
𝐶(𝑛, 𝑟) = = = .
𝑟! 𝑟! 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Example 1. In how many ways can a committee of 7 people be formed from a group of 12 people?

[Solution] Since we are only concerned with a subset having 7 people (𝒓) of a set with 12 people (𝒏), the number of
possible committees is then,

12! 12! 12! 12 ∙ 11 ∙ 10 ∙ 9 ∙ 8 ∙ 7!

𝐶 (12,7) = = = = = 11 ∙ 9 ∙ 8 = 𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔
7! (12 − 7)! 7! 5! 7! 5! 7! ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1

Example 2. Using an ordinary deck of cards, in how many ways can you draw a poker hand (5 cards) of the same
suit?
Note that an ordinary deck has four suits, each
[Solution] 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒓 = 𝟓 of which has thirteen cards. Thus, if we only
13! consider one suit, we may draw 5 cards from
𝐶 (13,5) = = 1287 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 this suit.
5! ∙ 8!

But since there are four suits, then this can be done in 4(1287) = 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔.

Example 3. How many committees of five can be formed from eight sophomores and four freshmen if each committee
is to consist of three sophomores and two freshmen?

𝐶 (8,3) ⟹ The number of ways of choosing three sophomores from eight, and

𝐶 (4,2) ⟹ The number of ways of choosing 2 freshmen from four.

8! 4!
𝐶 (8,3) ∙ 𝐶 (4,2) = ∙ = (56)(6) = 𝟑𝟑𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔.
3! 5! 2! 2!

Example 4. From six history books and eight economic books, in how many ways can a person select two history
books and three economics books and arrange them in a shelf?

By Multiplication Principle of Counting

13
[Solution]

𝐶 (6,2) ⟹ The number of ways that two history books can be selected from six, and

𝐶 (8,3) ⟹ The number of ways that three economics books can be selected from eight

𝑃(5,5) ⟹ The number of ways that the five books selected can be arranged

Let 𝐴 be the number of ways that a person can select the books and arrange them on a shelf,

6! 8!
𝐴 = 𝐶 (6,2) ∙ 𝐶 (8,3) ∙ 𝑃(5,5) = ∙ ∙ 5! = (15)(56)(120) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔
2! 4! 3! 5!

Example 5. Let 𝑆 be the collection of eight points in the plane with no three of which are collinear. How many
polygons can be possibly formed that have points of 𝑆 are the vertices?

[Solution]
The polygon may have
𝑋 = 𝐶 (8,3) + 𝐶 (8,4) + 𝐶 (8,5) + 𝐶 (8,6) + 𝐶 (8,7) + 𝐶 (8,8)
3,4,5,6,7, or 8 vertices.
8! 8! 8! 8! 8! 8! Let 𝑿 be the number of
= + + ++ + ++
3! 5! 4! 4! 5! 3! 6! 2! 7! 1! 8! 0! possible polygons.

= 56 + 70 + 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒔

Example 6. A committee of 7 members is to be chosen from six (6) Grade 10 students, four (4) Grade 11 students
and five (5) Grade 12 students. In how many ways can this be done if there must be at least one member from each
grade level and at least 3 Grade 10 students in the committee.

[Solution] The various methods of selecting the persons from various groups are shown below:

Committee of 7 members
Cases Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Case 1 3 2 2
Case 2 3 3 1
Case 3 3 1 3
Case 4 4 2 1
Case 5 4 1 2
Case 6 5 1 1
The number of ways of choosing the committee members

= 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 + 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 + 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 + 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 4 + 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 5 + 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 6

14
 6×5×4 4×3 5×4
Case 1: 𝐶 (6,3) ∙ 𝐶 (4,2) ∙ 𝐶 (5,2) = (3×2×1) (2×1) (2×1) = (20)(6)(10) = 1,200

6×5×4 4×3×2 5
Case 2: 𝐶 (6,3) ∙ 𝐶 (4,3) ∙ 𝐶 (5,1) = (3×2×1) (3×2×1) (1) = (20)(4)(5) = 400

6×5×4 4 5×4×3
Case 3: 𝐶 (6,3) ∙ 𝐶 (4,1) ∙ 𝐶 (5,3) = (3×2×1) (1) (3×2×1) = (20)(4)(10) = 800

6×5 4×3 5
Case 4: 𝐶 (6,4) ∙ 𝐶 (4,2) ∙ 𝐶 (5,1) = (2×1) (2×1) (1) = (15)(6)(5) = 450

6×5 4 5×4
Case 5: 𝐶 (6,4) ∙ 𝐶 (4,1) ∙ 𝐶 (5,2) = (2×1) (1) (2×1) = (15)(4)(10) = 600

Case 6: 𝐶 (6,5) ∙ 𝐶 (4,1) ∙ 𝐶 (5,1) = (6)(4)(5) = 120

Therefore, the total number of ways = 1200 + 400 + 800 + 450 + 600 + 120 = 𝟑, 𝟓𝟕𝟎 .

Example 7. Find 𝑛 when 4 ∙ 𝐶 (𝑛, 2) = 𝐶(𝑛 + 2,3).

[Solution] By applying the formula for the combination,

4𝑛! (𝑛 + 2)! Simplify the

=
2! 𝑛 − 2 ! 3! 𝑛 + 2 − 3)!
( ) ( factorials

4(𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 − 1)!

=
2(𝑛 − 2)! 6 (𝑛 − 1 )! 6
Multiply both sides by ,
𝑛
12(𝑛 − 1) = (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)

12𝑛 − 12 = 𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2

𝑛2 − 9𝑛 + 14 = 0 Simplify and solve the

equation.
(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 7) = 0

By Zero Product Property, 𝑛 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝒏 = 𝟐 or 𝑛 − 7 = 0 ⟹ 𝒏 = 𝟕 .

Example 8. How many rectangles may be found in the grid below?

Let us observe that every rectangle formed involves two vertical lines and two horizontal lines, and every 15
pair of horizontal lines together with a pair of vertical lines will form a rectangle. Therefore, to find the
number of rectangles, we need only to select a pair of horizontal lines and a pair of vertical lines,
 𝐶 (10,2) ∙ 𝐶 (12,2) = (45)(66) = 𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔

Example 9. How many diagonals does a 14-sided polygon have?

A diagonal of an n-gon is a segment connecting any two nonconsecutive vertices, we can find the number
of diagonals by selecting two vertices on the polygon, 𝐶(𝑛, 2), in this combination the segment connecting
two consecutive vertices (side) is also counted so we have to subtract the number of sides from our
combination, 𝐶 (𝑛, 2) − 𝑛.

, 𝑛 = 14, by using the formula in getting the number of diagonals of an n-gon,

In our given,

𝐶 (𝑛, 2) − 𝑛 = 𝐶 (14,2) − 14 = 91 − 14 = 𝟕𝟕 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔

What’s More
I. Try These!
A. Solve the following problems.
1) Let 𝑀 be the collection of eight points in the plane with no three points are collinear. Find the
number of triangles that have points of 𝑀 as vertices.
2) A person has 12 friends whom 8 are relatives. In how many ways can he invite 7 guests such
that 5 of them are relatives?
3) A box contains 7 red, 6 white and 4 blue balls. How many selections of three balls can be made
so that
(a) all three are red (b) none is red (c) one is of each color
4) If 𝑃(10, 𝑟) = 604,800 and 𝐶 (10, 𝑟) = 120, find the value of 𝑟.
5) Find the number of ways of selecting 4 letters from the word "𝐸𝑋𝐴𝑀𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁".

II. Keep Trying!

Solve the following.
1) Ten points are on the circumference of a circle where no three points are collinear, how many
quadrilaterals can be formed?
2) A class contains 10 students with 6 men and 4 women. Find the number of 𝑛 ways to:
(a) select a 4-member committee from the students.
(b) elect a president ,vice-president and treasurer.
3) Find the number 𝑚 of committees of 5 with a given chairperson from 12 people.

16
 Module
Lesson Differentiate Permutation from Combination
8 4 of n objects taken r at a time

The ideas and skills that you have learned in the previous lessons regarding permutation and combination
will further help you in forming conclusions and making decisions in identifying whether a question is a combination
or permutation problem. Moreover, it will also help you with your difficulty of knowing the difference between
combinations and permutations (M10SP-IIIc-2). To be able to this, perform each activity that follows. Seek the
assistance of your teacher and peers.

What’s In

Directions: Write word or phrase related to each term below.

Permutations Combinations

What’s New
A restaurant offers Do It Yourself salad bar. Vince has chosen fruits like mango, kiwi
grapes, apple, and banana, while Ezekiel chosen grapes, kiwi, banana, mango and apple.

Do you think their DIY salad are the same?

-As you notice from the problem, both chose the same fruits. Maybe they will differ from the add-ons they
will put into. But if we just consider the fruits definitely, they will not.
This implies combinations, which tells us that the arrangement or order of the fruits is not important.
Let us have another situation where order is important.
Ezekiel and Vince were asked to pick their favorite fruits for their DIY salad. It is obvious that
they will arrive with different lists because ranking is being considered here. That the list mango, kiwi grapes, apple,
and banana is different from the list grapes, kiwi, banana, mango and apple, which implies permutations.

Generally, the difference between combinations and permutations is the order of the elements.
That in combinations order does not matter, while in permutations order matters.

17
 What is It
Problem 1: Jhun rented an apartment and every time he leaves, he locked it with a permutation
padlock. Unluckily, as Jhun goes back to his apartment he forgot the 4-digit code because of over fatigue. What he
remembered from the code are 1, 3, 8, and 9, the first digit is 1 and the last digit is either 3 or 8. How can we help
him?
The previous problem can be solve using permutations.
Why permutations?
Notice from the problem that padlock being used was a permutation padlock. Aside from that,

order of the digits is being considered.

Solution:

List down the permutations of the digits.

Since the 4-digit code consists of 1, 3, 8 and 9, then the possible permutations are

1389, 1398, 1839, 1893, 1938, 1983 8139, 8193, 8319, 8391, 8913, 8931

9831, 9813, 9138, 9183, 9318, 9381 3891, 3819, 3189, 3198, 3981, 3918

There are 24 permutations of the digits. Find out which among these permutations satisfy the given conditions; the
first digit is 1 and the last digit is either 3 or 8.

1398, 1938, 1983, 1893

Alternate Solution:

Using Fundamental Counting Principle.

1 only
1 x 2 x 1 x 2
Either 3 or 8
Digit: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

There are four permutations based on Fundamental Counting Principle.

1893, 1983, 1398, 1938

From these you can be sure that one is the code. Thus, Jhun can try all to unlock the permutation padlock.

Problem 2: How many ways can you award a Gold, Silver, Bronze among six teachers who
participated in Hi-Tech ang Guro Ko? Let say the following teachers who participated were:
A. Mr. Augusto
B. Mrs. Batas
C. Mrs. Cecile
D. Ms. Dona
E. Mrs. Emma
F. Mr. Fidencio

18
Solution:

Gold Award – There are six choices. The six teachers could be a Gold awardee.
A B C D E F

Let say, Mr. Augusto received the Gold Award.

Then, for the Silver Award – There are only five choices. As shown below.
B C D E F

Let say, Mrs. Batas is the recipient of Silver Award.

Then, there are only four choices for the Bronze Award.

C D E F

Using Permutations of n objects taken r at a time. Thus,

𝑛! 6! 6•5•4•3•2•1
Prn = (𝑛−𝑟)! P 63 = (6−3)! = = 6 • 5 • 4 = 120
3•2•1

Therefore, 6x5x4 = 120 ways to award the Gold, Silver and Bronze.

Problem 3: Your teacher asked you to pick three questions in the box with five questions that you need
to answer for your summative quiz. How many different sets of three questions are there?

Solution:
In this case the we pick questions doesn’t matter. For example, you picked 1, 3, and 5, this is not different If you
picked 3, 5, and 1. Still, you picked the same numbers. This implies that this problem can be solve using combinations.

Given: n = 5 and r = 3
𝑛! 5! 5! 5•4•3•2•1 2 5•4•3!
C rn = (𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟! C 35 = (5−3)!3! = 2!3! = 2•1•3•2•1 2= 2•3! =10

Thus, there are 10 sets of 3 questions out of 5 questions.

These are 123, 124, 125, 134, 135,145, 234, 235, 245, and 345.

What I have Learned

Answer the following questions.
Write three things that you have learned from this topic:
1.) ________________________________________________________________________
2.) ________________________________________________________________________
3.) ________________________________________________________________________
Write two questions that you want to ask:
1.) ________________________________________________________________________
2.) ________________________________________________________________________
Write one real life scenario that you can use the knowledge gained in this topic:
1.) _________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
19
Directions: Solve the following problems. Show your solutions.
1. Out of 5 consonants and 5 vowels, how many 5 letter codes of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be formed if
a) the first and last letters are both vowel letters.
b) the first and the last letters are both consonants.
c) the middle letter is a vowel.
d) the middle letter is the only vowel letter.
e) alternately consonant and vowel.

2. Three-digit numbers divisible by 3 are to be formed using any of the digits 0, 1, 3, 5, and 9. How many of this
kind can be formed such that
a) digits cannot be repeated.
b) repetition is allowed.
c) the hundreds digit is even number.
d) the middle letter is the only vowel letter.
e) alternately consonant and vowel.

3. Three-digit numbers divisible by 3 are to be formed using any of the digits 0, 1, 3, 5, and 9. How many of this
kind can be formed such that
a) digits cannot be repeated.
b) repetition is allowed.
c) the hundreds digit is even number.
d) the ones digit is even number.
e) the middle digit is even and repetition is not allowed.

Assessment
Answer the following problems.
1. Nash has 10 friends and he wants to invite 6 of them to a party. How many times will 3 particular friends never
attend the party?
2. In a chess competition involving some men and women, every player needs to play exactly one game with every
other player. It was found that in 45 games, both the players were women and in 190 games, both players were
men. What is the number of games in which one person was a man and other person was a woman?
3. What is the total number of ways in which 13 gold coins can be distributed among three persons such that each
one gets at least two gold coins?
4. Five balls need to be placed in three boxes. Each box can hold all the five balls. In how many ways can the balls
be placed in the boxes if no box can be empty, all balls and boxes are identical?

20
 Lesson
Module Problems Involving Permutations and
85 Combinations
The skills to solve problems allows you to work at your own pace, and you become more confident to
explore and understand the world. Many situations around us involves permutations and combinations. That’s why,
the ideas you have gained in the previous lesson such as deciding whether the situation is permutation or
combination is really a great help in conquering your fears in solving problems in real life.

In this lesson, you are expected to solve problems involving permutations and combinations (M10SP-IIId-e-1).

What’s In

Identify whether each situation illustrates permutation or combination.

1. Choosing 3 household chores to do in the morning.

2. Picking 2 fruits from a basket of 10 different fruits..
3. Opening a combination lock.
4. Entering the PIN code in your device.
5. Forming a committee of 4 members from 10 students.
6. Ten people posing for a picture.
7. Creating triangles from 10 points if no three points are collinear.
8. Finding the total numbers of diagonals that can be drawn in a 5-sided polygon.
9. Determining the top three awardees.
10. Placing books in a shelf.

What’s New
In this time of pandemic, there are some situations that we need to consider such as selecting persons to be
invited, selecting healthy foods to be served , attire to be worn during special occasions and how should furniture and
appliances be arranged at home in the most efficient place. Making wise decisions in arranging and selecting them
require you to apply your knowledge in permutation and combination.

𝒏!
1.) P (n, r) = , where 0 ≤ r ≤ n permutation of n distinct objects taken r at a time.
(𝒏−𝒓)!

𝒏!
2.) P = permutation of identical objects where n is total number of objects
𝒏𝟏 !𝒏𝟐 !𝒏𝟑 !…𝒏𝒌 !
and n1, n2, n3, …, nk are numbers of identical elements

3.) P = (n-1)! permutation of circular objects

𝑛!
4.) C (n, r) = , where 0 ≤ r ≤ n combination of n distinct objects taken r at a time.
𝑟! (𝑛−𝑟)!

21
 What is It

For example, choosing only two persons to attend your birthday party among your four classmates
{𝑎𝑛𝑛, 𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑦, 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑦}

{a, b} {a, c} {a, d} {b, c} {b, d} {c, d}

If order is important, there are 12
{b, a} {c, a} {d, a} {c, b} {d, b} {d, c} ways in selecting 2 persons
among 4 persons.
If n = 4 and r = 2 using permutation

4! 4! 4(3)(2)(1)
P (4, 2) = (4−2)! = = = 12 ways
2! 2(1)

But take note that {a, b} and {b, a} is only one because the list refers to the same people. Hence, we can reduce
the number of ways in selecting two persons among the 4 choices. Thus, the situation given above is an example of
combination.

{a, b} {a, c} {a, d} {b, c} {b, d} {c, d} There are 6 ways of

selecting 2 persons among
{b, a} {c, a} {d, a} {c, b} {d, b} {d, c}
the 4 persons.

Given n = 4 and r = 2 using combination

4! 4! (4)(3)(2)(1)
C (4,2) = 2! (4−2)! = 2! 2! = (2)(1)(2)(1) = 6 ways Note that 4! = 4(3)(2)(1)

Now, let us deepen your knowledge in solving problems involving permutations and combinations.

Example 1:

1.) In the digits 5, 7, 4, 2, 8, 9 and 3, how many 3-digit numbers can be formed if repetition of digits is not
allowed?
You may stop expanding the factorial notation
Solution: n = 7 and r = 3
7! 7! (7)(6)(5)(4!) up to 4! to cancel out 4! in the denominator
P (7, 3) = (7−3)! = 4! = = 210 numbers
4!

Another way of solving this is using the box method approach or the FCP (Fundamental Counting Principle)

7 x 6 x 5

For the 1st box, there are 7 choices, if one of the numbers is chosen, then there are 6 choices left in the 2nd
box and 5 remaining numbers left in the 3rd box. Thus (7)(6)(5) = 210 numbers can be formed.

2.) In how many ways can 4 boys and 3 girls be arranged to sit alternately in a line?
4 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1
B G B G B G B 22
 Rearranging the factors 4(3)(2)(1)(3)(2)(1) or (4!) (3!) = 144 number of ways

Note that 4! = 4(3)(2)(1), and 3! = 3(2)(1)

3.) Four children, identical twins, and identical triplets pose for a photograph. How many photographs can be
made?
Solution: n = 9 Getting the sum of 4 children, 2 for twins and 3 from triplets
and n1=2 (identical twins), and n2 = 3 (identical triplets)
9! 9(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3!)
𝑃 = 2!3! = = 30, 240 photographs
2!3!

4.) In how many ways can 5 boys and 3 girls be arranged in a circle if the girls must always stand
together?
Solution:

For case 1: n = 6 𝐺 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏4 𝑏5 , where G is the group of girls. Applying the formula for circular permutation,
we have, P = (n – 1)! = (6-1)! =5!

For case 2: Three girls may arrange themselves. So, there are 3! ways in these arrangements.

By multiplication rule, we have P = 5!3! = (120) (6) = 720 arrangements

5.) How many handshakes will there be if six guests shake hands with all the others once?
This is an example of combination since the order does not matter.
Solution: n = 6 and r = 2
6! 6! (6)(5)(4!)
C (6,2) = 2! (6−2)! = 2! 4! = (2)(1)(4!) = 15 handshakes

6.) How many triangles can be formed out of points, A, B, C, D, E drawn on the board of which no three are
collinear? .A .B
Solution: n = 5 and r = 3
5! 5! (5)(4)(3!)
C (5,3) = 3! (5−3)! = 3! 2! =(3!)(2)(1) = 10 triangles
.C .E
Note that triangle can be named
using its 3 vertices and the order .D
of naming them is not important.

23
 F
.
7.) How many chords can be drawn using 5 distinct points on a circle? J .
Solution: n = 5 and r = 2
5! 5! (5)(4)(3!)
C (5,2) = 2! (5−2)! = 2! 3! =(2)(1)(3!) = 10 chords
I
. .G

Since a chord has two endpoints, the answer is a combination of 5

items taken 2 at a time. We use combination because the order is .
not important. The chord from point F to point H is the same as H
the chord from point H to point F.

8.) From a group of 9 different books, 5 books are selected and arranged on a shelf. How many arrangements
are possible?
Solution: Selecting 5 books out of 9 books is an example of combination since the order does not matter. So,
n = 9 and r = 5 hence,
9! 9! 9(8)(7)(6)(5!)
C (9,5) = = = = 126 ways
5! (9−5)! 5! 4! 5!(4)(3!)
and the number of ways to arrange those selected 5 books is 5!
5! 5! 5!
P (5, 5) = (5−5)! = 0! = 1 = 5! = 120 ways
Note: 0! = 1 ; P(n,n) =n!
So, the total number of arrangements possible is

9!
C (9,5) x P (5, 5) = 5! (9−5)! x 5! = 126 x 120 = 15, 120 possible arrangements.

9.) If 3 balls are picked randomly from a box containing 6 red balls and 8 green balls, in how many possible
ways can it happen that at least 2 of the balls picked are green?
Solution: The order of picking the balls from the box does not matter. Hence, we are going to use
combination.
Case 1: 2 green balls from the box containing 6 red and 8 green balls.
For n = 8, r = 2 hence, C (8,2), but since we need to pick 3 balls (note that at least 2 balls are green),
the additional 1 ball will be from the red balls. For n = 6, r = 1, hence, C (6,1)
Using multiplication rule, we have C (8,2) x C (6,1)

Case 2: 3 green balls from the box containing 6 red and 8 green balls.
For n = 8, r = 3 hence, C (8,3) no need to get red balls from the box since you need only 3 balls (at
least 2 balls are green).

Combining case 1 and case 2, we have: C (8,2) x C (6,1) + C (8,3) = 224 ways

10.) In how many ways can three keys be arranged in a key ring?
(𝑛−1)!
Solution: This problem can be solved using the formula P = . This is special case of circular
2
permutations of objects that do not have a definite top or bottom.
(3−1)! 2! (2)(1)
P = 2 = 2 = 2 = 1 arrangement

24
 What’s More
A. Try These!
1.) A circular region is to be covered by 6 different colored sectors of the same sizes. How
many different arrangements are possible?
2.) Suppose we have 8 different potted plants, and we wish to arrange them in a row. If there are only 5
spaces available, in how many ways can this be done?
3.) In how many ways can 10 different books be arranged on a shelf?
4.) In how many ways can 5 men committee be formed from 8 people?
5.) How many ways can the letters of the word “MATHEMATICS” be arranged?

B. Keep Trying!
1.) How many three-digit even numbers can be formed with the digits 2, 4, 5, 8 and 9 with no repetition
allowed?
2.) From the word “VIRUS”, how many letter arrangements are possible given the following conditions:
a.) all 5 letters are used without restriction.
b.) all vowels and consonants are together.
3.) A box of 10 batteries contains one that is defective. In how many ways can Leny select 3
batteries such that
a.) the defective battery is included?
b.) the defective battery is not included?
4.) A jar contains 7 red marbles, 5 white marbles, 3 green marbles. In how many ways can we select 3
marbles such that
a.) they are all red?
b. They are of different colors?
c.) two are red and one is white?
d.) exactly one is green?
e.) none is green?
e.) none is green?

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.

Write three things that you have learned from this topic:

1.) ________________________________________________________________________
2.) ________________________________________________________________________
3.) ______________________________________________________________________________
Write two questions that you want to ask:

1.) ________________________________________________________________________
2.) ________________________________________________________________________
Write one real life scenario that you can use the knowledge gained in this topic:

1.) ________________________________________________________________________

25
 Lesson
Module Illustration of Events, Union and
8
6 Intersection of Events

The application of probability specifically in illustrating events and union and intersection of events can be
seen almost everywhere in our daily life such as drawing an ace from a deck of cards or picking a green piece of
candy from a bag of assorted colors, planning around the weather with what to decide to wear, determining the best
sports strategies to win in the games and competition, analyzing insurance policies to determine which plans are best
for you and your family and what deductible amounts you need and many more. You use probability in daily life to
make decisions when you don't know for sure what the outcome will be. The ideas you have learned in the previous
lesson can be used to in illustrating events, and union and intersection of events.

What’s In

List and identify what are needed in the blank given the following:

A. Tossing a coin twice

1. Experiment: __________________________
2. Outcomes: ___________________________
3. Sample Space: ________________________
4. Event: _______________________________
B. Throwing a die and a coin together
1. Experiment: __________________________
2. Outcomes: ___________________________
3. Sample Space: ________________________
4. Event: _______________________________

26
 What’s New

You own a small canteen near a school, and you offer an affordable combo meal for students. A
combo meal is a combination of a cup of steamed rice, one serving of veggie, one serving of meat dish, and
a free soup.
Everyday, you prepare a good number of recipes: two veggies, three meat dishes, and two types of soup.
As part of your marketing strategy, you give “10+1” promo. That is for every ten combo meals a group of
students buy, one extra combo meal is free. The thrill is that this extra meal is given randomly drawing a slip
of paper from a box, wherein the combo meal is written.
What are the possible combinations for this extra combo meal? How many such combinations?

To be able to know the possible combinations of extra combo meal and the number of such
combinations, let us recall the concept of sample space and events.

Let V1 and V2 be the two vegetable recipes, M1, M2 and M3, the three meat dishes, and S1 and S2 the free
soups.

One possible combo meal is composed of V1, M1, and S1, and V1M1S1 is written on the slip of paper.
Collecting all possible combo meals into set S, we have

S= {V1M1S1, V1M1S2, V1M2S1, V1M2S2, V1M3S1, V1M3S2, V2M1S1, V2M1S2, V2M2S1,

V2M2S2, V2M3S1, V2M3S2}.

It follows that there are 12 different combo meals you can offer as free to the lucky students.

We now describe some new terms. The drawing of a slip of paper above can be thought as an
experiment, V1M1S1 as written on the slip as one of the outcomes of the experiment, the set S as the sample
space of the experiment, and the set {V1M2S1, V2M1S1, V2M3S1} as one of the events of the experiment.

What is It
Example 1: An experiment is performed by rolling a single die. The sample is S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

Let A= event “an even number is rolled”

B= event “a number greater than two is rolled”

Illustrate the events in the experiment using Venn Diagram.

a. What is A? B?
b. What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ?
c. What is 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ?

27
 a. Illustration of events in the experiment by using Venn Diagram
A= {2,4,6}

B= {3,4,5,6}

b. A union B denoted as 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = {2,3,4,5,6}

c. A intersection B denoted as 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ={4,6}
Example 2: In rolling a pair of dice (one white and one black), we can have the following events:

A= {(1,6)}
B= {(1,6), (6,1)}
C= {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)}
D= {(1,1), (1,6), (6,1), (6,6)}
E= {(1,1), (1,3), (5,5)}

a. Which events are compound events? e. What is𝐵 ∩ 𝐷?

b. Which events are subsets of the other? f. What is𝐷 ∪ 𝐸?
c. What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ? g. Which events are mutually exclusive?
d. What is 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ?

Solutions:
a. All events except event A are compound events since each of the four events B, C, D and E has
2,6,4 and 3 outcomes, respectively.
b. 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 since the outcome (1,6) is also in B. 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐷 since the outcomes (1,6) and (6,1) are also
in D.
c. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {(1,6), (6,1)}
d. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(1,6)}
Example 3: An experiment is performed by simultaneously spinning the two spinners, the first spinner containing
the vowels in the alphabet and the second having the first five counting numbers. Let X be the event that a spinner
stops at an even number and Y be the events that a spinner stops at a consonant letter. Find 𝑋 ∪ 𝑌 and 𝑋 ∩ 𝑌.

Solutions:

a. Illustration of events in the experiment by using Venn Diagram

X= {2A,4A,2E,4E,2I,4I,2O,4O,2U,4U}

Y= { }

b. 𝑿 ∪ 𝒀 = {2A,4A,2E,4E,2I,4I,2O,4O,2U,4U}
c. 𝑿 ∩ 𝒀 = { } or called as impossible set since there is no consonant letters present in the
spinner.

28
Example 4: The extracurricular activities in which the senior class at Wawangpulo National High School participate
are shown below.

a. How many students are in the senior class? (𝑈)

b. How many students participate in athletics? (𝐴)
c. How many students participate in drama or band? (𝐷 ∪ 𝐵)
d. How many students participate in drama and band? (𝐷 ∩ 𝐵)
e. How many students participate in drama, band and athletics? (𝐷 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴)

Solutions:

a. Total number of students in senior class (𝑼) is 345.

b. The number of students who participate in athletics (𝑨) is 159.
c. The number of students who participate in drama or band (𝑫 ∪ 𝑩) is 141.
d. The number of students who participate in drama and band (𝑫 ∩ 𝑩) is 40.
e. The number of students who participate in drama, band and athletics (𝑫 ∩ 𝑩 ∩ 𝑨) is 10

What’s More
Answer the following given the problems.
A. A two-child family is selected at random. Let B denote the event that at least one child is a boy B
={𝑏𝑏, 𝑏𝑔, 𝑔𝑏}, let D denote the event that the genders of the two children differ D={𝑏𝑔, 𝑔𝑏}, and
let M denote the event that the genders of the two children match M ={𝑏𝑏, 𝑔𝑔}.
Find:
1. B ∪ D: _______________ 4. B ∩ D : ___________________
2. D ∪ M:_______________ 5. B ∪ D ∪ M : _______________
3. B ∩ M:_______________
B. If A = {1, 3, 7, 9, 10}, B = {2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}, C = {0, 1, 3, 10}, D = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, E=
{negative natural numbers} and F = {0}.
Find:
1. A ∪ B: _______________ 4. E ∩ D : _________________________
2. E ∪ D:_______________ 5. (A ∪ B) ∪ (A ∩ B) : _______________
3. C ∩ F:_______________ 6. (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∩ B) : ________________

29
 What I have Learned
Vocabulary and Concepts
Fill in each blank to make a true statement.
3.) An _________ is an activity that produces results.
4.) A result of an experiment is called an _____________.
5.) A ______________ of an experiment is the collection of all outcomes of the experiment.
6.) A subset of a sample space is called an ___________.
7.) The ___________ A and B, denoted _________, is the collection of all outcomes that are elements of one
or the other of the sets A and B, or of both of them.
8.) The ___________ A and B, denoted _________, is the collection of all outcomes that are common to both
sets A and B.

What I Can Do
State whether the following are True or False.
1. If A = {5, 6, 7} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12}; then A ∪ B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12}.
2. If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {b, c, d}; then p intersection Q = {b, c}.
3. Considering the sets: A = {red, green, blue} B = {red, yellow, orange} C = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple};
then A ∩ B = {red, green, blue, yellow, orange}
4. Suppose H = {cat, dog, rabbit, mouse}, F = {dog, cow, duck, pig, rabbit} W = {duck, rabbit, deer, frog, mouse}; then
(H ⋂ F) ⋃ W = {dog, duck, rabbit, deer, frog, mouse.
5. If A = {1, 3, 7, 9, 10}, B = {2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}, C = {0, 1, 3, 10}, D = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10},E = {negative natural
numbers} and F = {0}.then E ∪ D = ∅.

Assessment
A. Use the Venn Diagram to answer the following questions.
1. What are the elements of set A?
2. What are the elements of set B?
3. Why are 1, 2 and 4 are in both sets?
4. What is 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ?
5. What is 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ?

30
 Lesson
Module Probability of a Union of
87
Two Events
All statistics classes include questions about probabilities involving the union of sets. In English, we use the
word "and" to describe this concept. For example, "Find the probability that a college student is taking a mathematics
class or a science class." That is expressing the union of the two sets in words. In this lesson, you will learn how to
find the probability of a union of two events.

What’s In
State whether the following are true or false.

1. Union of two sets is the set of elements which are common to both set.
2. If two given sets have no elements common to both the sets, the sets are said to be disjoint .
3. Two disjoint sets have at least one element in common.
4. If M and N are two overlapping sets then the intersection of two sets M and N is not the empty set.
5. The intersection of two or more sets is the set that contains all the elements of the two or more sets.

What’s New

The union of events 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵, denoted 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the collection of all outcomes that are elements of one or the
other of the sets 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵, or of both. It corresponds to combining descriptions of the two events using the word “or”.
To say that the event 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 occurs means that on a particular trial of experiment either 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 occurred (or both did).

To find the union of two sets, list the elements that are in either (or both) sets. In terms of a Venn Diagram,
the union of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 can be shown as two completely shaded interlocking circles.

In symbols, since the union of 𝐴 and 𝐵 contains all the points that are in 𝐴 or 𝐵 or both, the definition of the
union is: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥/𝑥𝜖𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥/𝑥𝜖𝐵}.

31
 What is It
For example, if 𝐴 = {2,4,6,8,10} and 𝐵 = {5,10,15} , then 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2,4,5,6,8,10,15}. Notice that the
element 10 is not listed twice in the union, even though it appears in both set A and B. This leads us to the general
addition rule for the union of two events:

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

Where 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) is the intersection of the two sets. It contains all the outcomes that is common to both events
and it is the intersection of the two circles in the Venn diagram. We must subtract this out to avoid double counting
of the inclusion of an element.

If sets A and B are disjoint, however, the event 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 has no outcomes in it, and is an empty set denoted as
∅, which has a probability of zero. So, the above rule can be shortened for disjoint sets only:

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩)

Example 1:
Suppose that in your class of 30 students, 8 students love to sing, 15 students like to dance, and 5 students
are both love to sing and dance. Find the probability that a student loves to sing or dance.
Let A be the event that a student loves to sing and let B be the event that a student likes to dance. Let us
create a Venn diagram that models this situation.

3 + 5 + 10
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) =
A B 30
18
3 5 10 = [Add]
30
3
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = [Simplify]
5
12
3
You could also compute this probability using the Addition Rule:

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

8 15 5
=
30
+ 30 − 30
[Substitute]
8+15−5
=
30 [Combine terms]
23−5
=
30
[Add]
18
=
30
[Subtract]
3
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) =
5 [Simplify]

3
Therefore, the probability that a student loves to sing or dance is .
5
32
Example 2:
In rolling a single die, find the probability of getting an odd number or a number greater than 5.

A die is a cube with six faces and each side marked with a different number of dots from one to six. The outcomes of
getting an odd number is 𝐸 = {1,3,5} and a number greater than 5 is 𝐺 = {6}. Since they have no elements in
common it means that it is impossible for both events to occur on a single trial of the random experiment.

3+1
𝑷(𝑬 ∪ 𝑮) =
E 6
G
4
= [Add]
3 1 6
2
𝑷(𝑬 ∪ 𝑮) = [Simplify]
3
2

2
Therefor the probability of getting an odd number or a number greater than 5 when rolling a single die is 3.

Example 3:
4
A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of drawing a club or an ace is . Find the
13
probability of drawing a club and an ace card.
A standard deck of cards contains an equal number of hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. So, the probability drawing
13 1 4
a club is 52 or 4. Since there are four aces in a standard deck of cards then, the probability of drawing an ace is 52 or
1
. The only card in the deck of cards that is both a club and an ace is the ace of clubs.
13

(13 − 𝑥) + (4 − 𝑥) + 𝑥
C 𝑷(𝑪 ∪ 𝑨) =
A 52
13 − 𝑥 𝑥 4−𝑥 4 (13+4)+(−𝑥−𝑥+𝑥)
=
13 52 [Combine similar terms]
4 17−𝑥
= [Add]
13 52
36
3 4 17−𝑥 [Get the LCD]
52 =
13 52

16 = 17 − 𝑥 [Multiply]

16 − 17 = −𝑥 [Addition Property of Equality]

𝑥=1
The only card in the deck of cards that is both a club and an ace is the ace of clubs. So, therefore the
1
probability of drawing a club and an ace is 13.

What’s More

Try These!

33
 A. A card is drawn at random from a standard deck of 52 playing card. Find the probability of each outcome.
1.) A red card or a king
2.) An ace or a number card
3.) A jack or a diamond
4.) A black card or a spade
5.) A face card or a number 5
B. A spinner is subdivided into 8 equal parts with numbers 1-8 written on it. The spinner may stop on any of
the eight numbered sectors of the circle. (Assume that the spinner will not stop on the line between two
sectors.) Find the probability of each outcome.
1.) An odd number or a number divisible by two.
2.) A prime number or a six.
3.) A number less than 5 or an even number.
4.) A seven or a number greater than 4.
5.) A number greater than six or a composite number.

Keep Trying!
Solve the following problems. Write your answers in your paper.

1.) In rolling a pair of dice what is the probability that both dice either turn up the same number or that the sum
of the numbers is less than 5?
2.) What is the probability that a number selected at random from the first 50 positive integers is exactly divisible
by 3 or 4?
3.) A special deck of 16 cards has 4 that are blue, 4 yellow, 4 green and 4 red. The four cards of each color are
numbered from one to four. A single card is drawn at random. Find the probability of drawing a card that is
red or the number on the card is at most 3?
Answer the following questions.
Write three things that you have learned from this topic:

1) ________________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________________
3) ______________________________________________________________________________
Write two questions that you want to ask:

1) ________________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________________
Write one real life scenario that you can use the knowledge gained in this topic:

1) ________________________________________________________________________

Lesson
Module Finding the Probability of
8
8 (A ∪ B)
34
 Not all events are simple, some would require a combination of these simple events that would turn it into a
compound event. In real life, some events are connected and so we must take into consideration every detail present
in each circumstance. In the last module, you are familiarized with the concept of the probability of the union of two
events. This module would deepen your knowledge and skills in dealing with this type of probability.

What’s In
Find the probability of each simple event.

1.) Getting a five in tossing a coin

2.) Getting a heart in a standard deck of cards

3.) Getting a red ball from 8 red, 7 blue and 5 green balls

4.) Getting a joker in a standard deck of cards

5.) Getting a 2 in rolling a die

What’s New

Among siblings, it really is difficult to know who would do a certain household chore. Usually, the “bunso”
would always do these tasks. To prevent this instance, Santos Family decided to use a die to know who gets the right
to do certain chores. Whoever gets the higher number on the die would do the task. On a holiday, Uno and Dos decided
to use this trick to know who would go to Puregold Paso de blas to get some groceries. Uno rolls a 4. What is the
probability that Dos would be the one to do the chore?

This is an example of a compound event. From the situation presented, Dos will do the chore if he gets a
1
higher number on the die. Since Uno rolls a 4, Dos needs to get a 5 or a 6 to do the chore. The P(5) = while the P(6)=
6
1
. For us to find the probability of getting a 5 or a 6, or that is the probability that Dos would do the chore, we must
6
1 1 2 1
add the corresponding probability of getting a 5 and getting a 6. So we have, + = 𝑜𝑟 3.
6 6 6

What is It
Generally, we find the probability of the union of events by adding the corresponding probabilities. But, if
there is a common element, we must subtract it with the initial sum so that we will not count it twice. In symbols, we
have:

𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) ; if there is/are no common element/s

35
 𝑃 (𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) – 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ; if there is a common element

Example 1. A box contains 4 red balls, 5 green balls, and 3 blue balls. Helen draws one ball at random.
What is the probability that the ball is either green or red?

In this problem, a certain ball cannot be both red and green, that is why there are no common elements.
Thus, we need to apply the first formula, 𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵). We are looking for the probability that it is
either green or red. So:

P(Green or Red) = P(Green) + P(Red)

5 4
P(Green or Red) = 12 + 12

9 3
= 12 𝑜𝑟 4

Example 2. Card grades ranges from 70 to 100. What is the probability of getting a grade which is a multiple of 3
or a multiple of 2?

In this problem, let us try to list the elements of the given conditions. Let A= {multiples of 3 from 70 to 100} and
B= {multiples of 2 from 70 to 100}

Set A = {72,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99} ; n(A)=10

Set B = {70,72,74,76,78,80,82,84,86,88,90,92,94,96,98,100} ; n(B)=16

As you can see, there are common elements, these are 72,78,84,90,96. We denote this as 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵. We now use the
second formula since there are common elements (5 common elements).

P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)

10 16 5
P (A or B) = + –
31 31 31

21
P (A or B) = 31

Example 3. Card grades ranges from 70 to 100. What is the probability of getting a grade above 95?

In this example, we want to find the probability of getting a grade above 95 or those are the probabilities of getting
1 1 5
96,97,98,99, or 100. They each have a probability of . Since there are 5 chances of , we have .
31 31 31

Example 4. A class consists of 5 Bicolanos, 4 Tagalogs, 3 Ilonggos and 8 Illocanos. A student is chosen at random
to represent the class. Find the probability that the student is an Ilocano or an Ilonggo.

8
Our sample space here has 20 elements. The probability that a student is Illocano is 20 while the probability that a
3
student is Illonggo is 20. Since there are no common elements, we have:

8 3
P(Ilocano or Ilonggo) = +
20 20

36
 11
P(Ilocano or Ilonggo) = 20

Example 5. Two numbers are chosen simultaneously from 1,2, 3, …, 9 at random. Find the probability
that their sum is even.

We are asked to find the probability that the sum is even if we pick two numbers from 1 to 9 at random.
There can be two cases that our sum can be even: (1) both numbers are odd; (2) both numbers are even.
We let A= the case when both numbers are odd and B= the case when both numbers are even.

For Set A, we have the elements 1,3,5,7,9 and we are to pick 2, so we have 5C2. For set B, we have the
elements 2,4,6,8 and we are also to pick 2, so we have 4C2. For our sample space, we have 9C2. Therefore:
5𝐶2 4𝐶2
P(sum is even) = +
9𝐶2 9𝐶2

10 6
P(sum is even) = +
36 36

16 4
P(sum is even) = 𝑜𝑟
36 9

What’s More
Find the probability of each event happening.

1.) A card is drawn at random from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability of drawing a queen or a king?

2.) A die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a prime number or an odd number?

3.) A spinner is divided into 6 equal parts numbered 1-6. If it is spun twice, find the probability that the sum of the
first spin and the second spin is more than 8.

37
4.) A pouch contains 10 candies of the same shape and size. Five of the candies are mints, 4 are toffees and 1 is
chocolate. If one candy is picked at random, what is the probability that it is a mint or a chocolate?

5.) A scrabble has 100 tiles. Nine of them are A’s, 12 are E’s, 9 are I’s, 8 are O’s and 4 are U’s. What is the probability
that a randomly selected scrabble tile is a vowel?

6.) The probabilities of three race car drivers P, R, and S of winning the race is 1/5, 1/3, and ¼, respectively. Assuming
that only one driver can win the race, find the probability that neither P nor S wins.

7.) A cube with the letters W, E, R, T, Y, U was rolled. What is the probability of getting a consonant or a letter in the
word POWER?

8.) Pieces of colored papers numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 18, 19, 20 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One colored
paper is picked at random. What is the probability of getting a number which is even or a multiple of 5?

9.) A factory has 40 workers, 28 men and 12 women. Three-fourths of the men and half of the women are married.
What is the probability that one factory worker chosen at random is a man or is married?

10.) Suppose that the probabilities that Iya and Bella will be allowed to go to a dance party are .8 and .6, respectively.
The probability that both of them will be allowed to attend is .5. What is the probability that at least one of them
will go to the party?

Answer the following questions.

Write three things that you have learned from this topic:

1) ________________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________________
3) ______________________________________________________________________________
Write two questions that you want to ask:

1) ________________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________________
Write one real life scenario that you can use the knowledge gained in this topic:

1) ________________________________________________________________________

Lesson
Module Mutually Exclusive Events and Solving
8 Problems Involving Probability
9

If you win in a competition, can you be declared as the loser of the game? In riding a bicycle, can you turn
left and right at the same time? There are just some events which cannot happen simultaneously or at the same time.

38
In probability, we call it mutually exclusive events. In this lesson, you will learn about mutually exclusive events and
solve problems involving probability as well.

What is It

For example, if 𝐴 = {1,2,3} , 𝐵 = {5,6} then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {∅}. The sets A and B have no elements in common
which means the sets are disjoint thus, their intersection is an empty set. Furthermore, the probability of the disjoint
set, A and B, is zero.

𝑷(𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎

Example 1:
Recall that in a standard deck of cards, there are 4 suites: heart, clubs, diamond, and spade. Each suite contains 13
cards (10 cards from ace to 10, and 3 face cards - jack, queen, and king).

Clubs (Black)

Spade (Black)

Heart (Red)

Diamond (Red)

Only the heart and diamond suites are color red while the clubs and spade are black (explanation is
needed as the image shown above may be printed in black and white only).

Now, Compute for the probability of:

a) Drawing a heart (event H) and a black card (event B)?
In a standard deck of cards only the heart and diamond suites are red, which means it is impossible for us to
draw a heart card that is also a black card in one draw. Using Venn diagram, we can see that the two sets do
not overlap which means they do not have any elements in common. This means that the two sets H and B
are mutually exclusive.

Thus, the probability of drawing a heart and a black

card is zero.

𝑷(𝑯 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎

39
 b) Drawing a heart (event H) or a black card (event B)?

The probability of drawing a heart OR a black card is possible simply by adding the probability
of each occurring. Thus,

𝑷(𝑯 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑯 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑯) + 𝑷(𝑩)

𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟔
= 𝟓𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐

𝟑𝟗 𝟑
𝑷(𝑯 𝒐𝒓 𝑩) = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟕𝟓%
𝟓𝟐 𝟒

Thus, the probability of drawing either a heart or a black card is 75%.

c) Drawing a heart (event H) and a face card (event F)?

In the heart suite, there are 10 which are not face cards (meaning ace to 10) while 3 of which are face cards
(jack, queen, king). In terms of face cards there are a total of 12 face cards for each suite where 3 of those
are of heart suite. By looking at the Venn diagram, events H and F are not mutually exclusive which means
we can draw a heart that is a face card.

40
Using the addition rule,
𝑷(𝑯 ∪ 𝑭) = 𝑷(𝑯) + 𝑷(𝑭) − 𝑷(𝑯 ∩ 𝑭)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
=
𝟓𝟐
+ 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟓𝟐
𝟐𝟐
𝑷(𝑯 ∪ 𝑭) = ≈ 0.42 𝑜𝑟 42%
𝟓𝟐

Therefore, the probability of drawing a heart which is also a face card is 42%

Solving Problems Involving Probability

Along with other topics discussed in your previous module, solve word problems involving probability.

Example 2:
In a group of 40 people, 10 are healthy and every person of the remaining 30 has either high blood pressure, a high
level of cholesterol or both. If 15 have high blood pressure and 25 have high level of cholesterol:
a) how many people have high blood pressure and a high level of cholesterol?
Solution:
Let x be the number of people with both high blood pressure and high level of cholesterol.
Hence,
(15 - x) will be the number of people with high blood pressure ONLY, and
(25 - x) will be the number of people with high level of cholesterol ONLY.
We now express the fact that the total number of people with high blood pressure only, with high level of
cholesterol only and with both is equal to 30. Thus,
(15 - x) + (25 - x) + x = 30

Using the above equation, we can now solve for the number of people who have high blood pressure and
high level of cholesterol which we represented as x.
(15 - x) + (25 - x) + x = 30
40 – x = 30 Simplify by combining similar terms
40 – 30 = x Use addition property of equality to solve for x
10 = x or x = 10
Thus, 10 people have both high blood pressure and high level of cholesterol.

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If a person is selected randomly from this group, what is the probability that he/she:

b) has high blood pressure (event A)?

From the problem, 15 out of 40 people have high blood pressure. Therefore, the probability of event A
occurring is:
15
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 0.375 = 37.5%
40
Thus, when selected at random, the probability that a person has high blood pressure is 0.375 or 37.5%
c) has high level of cholesterol (event B)?
From the problem, 25 out of 40 people have high level of cholesterol. Therefore, the probability of event B
occurring is:
25
𝑃 (𝐵 ) = = 0.625 = 62.5%
40
Thus, when selected at random, the probability that a person has high level of cholesterol is 0.625 or 62.5%
.
d) has high blood pressure and high level of cholesterol (event A and B)?
From our answer in letter a, 10 out of 40 people have both high blood pressure and high level of
cholesterol. Therefore, the probability of event A and B occurring is:
10
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = 0.25 = 25%
40
Thus, when selected at random, the probability that a person has both high blood pressure and high level of
cholesterol is 0.25 or 25%.
e) has either high blood pressure or high level of cholesterol (event A or B)?
This question requires us to solve for the probability of selecting persons who either has high blood
pressure or high level of cholesterol but not both. From the previous questions we have already answered,
we have the following information:
15
Probability of randomly selecting a person with high blood pressure = 𝑷(𝑨) = 40 = 0.375
25
Probability of randomly selecting a person with high level of cholesterol = 𝑷(𝑩) = 40 = 0.625

Probability of randomly selecting a person with both high blood pressure and high cholesterol level =
10
𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 40 = 0.25

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 Now, using the addition rule, we have:

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

15 25 10
=
40
+ 40 − 40
15+25−10
=
40
30
=
40
3
=
4
3
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = = 0.75 = 75%
4

Thus, when selected at random, the probability that a person has either high blood pressure or high level of
cholesterol is 0.75 or 75% .

Example 3:
There are 500 students in a certain school. 150 students are taking Algebra and 80 students are taking Chemistry.
There are 30 students who are taking both Algebra and Chemistry. Represent the given using Venn Diagram then,
answer the succeeding questions.
The Venn diagram for the given is shown on the right
If a student is chosen at random:
a) What is the probability that the student is taking
Algebra (event A)?
Since there are 150 out of the 500 students taking
Algebra, then:
150 3
𝑷(𝑨) = = = 0.3 𝑜𝑟 30%
500 10
Therefore, when chosen at random, the probability that the student is taking Algebra is 0.3 or 30%
b) What is the probability that the student is taking Chemistry (event C)?
Since there are 80 out of the 500 students taking Chemistry, then:
80 4
𝑷(𝑪) = = = 0.16 𝑜𝑟 16%
500 25
Therefore, when chosen at random, the probability that the student is taking Chemistry is 0.16 or 16%

What’s More

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Try These!

C. A medical research laboratory where a drug that promotes hair growth in balding men is being tested. The
results of the preliminary tests are shown in the table.

1) Find the probability that a test subject’s hair grew, given that he used the experimental drug.
2) Find the probability that a test subject used the placebo, given that his hair grew.

D. There are 200 birds in a zoo. 70 birds are male with brown eyes and 100 birds are female with brown eyes.
20 of the birds are male with blue eyes and 100 birds are female with blue eyes. If a bird us selected at
random, what it the probability that the bird is: (Clue: you can create a table to further help you answer the
questions, just like in question A)
1) a female?
2) a male with brown eyes?
3) a female given that it has brown eyes?
4) a male given that it has blue eyes?
5) Creature with blue eyes given that it is a female?

Keep Trying!
Solve the following problems. Write your answers in your paper.

1) What is the probability that a person is born in a month that ends in ‘er’?
2) If a number is randomly chosen from the list: 32, 49, 55, 30, 56, 28, 50, 40, 40, 45, 3, 25 what is the
probability that the number is a multiple of 5?
3) In a donut shop, 63% of customers buy a donut, 80% of customers buy coffee, and 88% buy coffee or a
donut. What percentage of customers buy coffee AND a donut?

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