C Multiphysics: Omsol

Comsol Multiphysics ®
Release Notes
VERSION 4.4
COMSOL Multiphysics Release Notes
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Version: November 2013 COMSOL 4.4
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Part number: CM010001

1
Release Notes
COMSOL® version 4.4 introduces all-new COMSOL Desktop environments,

including a user interface for Windows with ribbon functionality. There are also
many new functions and additions to the COMSOL product suite. These Release
Notes provide information regarding new functionality in existing products.
3
COMSOL Multiphysics
New Product in Version 4.4
The Mixer Module complements the CFD Module to provide engineers and scientists
with the necessary simulation tools for predicting and understanding the interactions
between fluid flow and chemical processes in mixers and stirred vessels.
The Mixer Module, which requires a CFD Module license, includes the Rotating
Machinery, Non-Isothermal Flow and Rotating Machinery, Reacting Flow interfaces.
The added functionality extends the CFD Module in terms of turbulence modeling for
the Rotating Machinery interfaces. It also includes free-surface features to capture the
displacement of the liquid-air interface induced by the bulk motion in the domain, by
the walls, and by the rotating shaft.
The model includes capabilities for analyzing frozen-rotor and time-dependent flows
in two- and three-dimensional spaces. For a so-called frozen-rotor flow, the topology
relative to the rotating reference frame is fixed (“frozen”). When the flow field is, or
can be approximated to be, of this type, the computational time (CPU time) can be
substantially reduced using the Frozen Rotor study type.
Major New Functionality in Version 4.4
NEW COMSOL DESKTOP FUNCTIONALITY

For use on the Windows® platform, the COMSOL 4.4 release introduces a ribbon
®
layout, a style familiar to Microsoft Office users and integrated into many other
software designs. The ribbon-style layout is intuitive and makes it easy to locate similar
and frequently used features. For the Linux® and Mac platforms, COMSOL 4.4
includes extended toolbars that provide almost identical single-click access to most
functionality in the software.
The new Desktop layout highlights the most used functionality; menu items are
grouped with similar tasks and actions. The features are still available when you
right-click a node in the model tree to open the context menu—there are often several
ways to complete the same task. As before, the available options in any context menu
or ribbon tab are based on where you are in the model, what stage of the solving
process your are at, and whether it is relevant to the model being built.
4 | RELEASE NOTES
SINGLE-CLICK SELECTIONS
It is much easier to assign geometric entities (domains, boundaries, edges, and points)
to physics features with the new single-click selection behavior available in the Graphics
window. Simply click (left-click) to add a selection to a feature; click again to deselect
it. Geometric entities are highlighted when you hover over them with the mouse.
There is also a preselection mode, which you enter by setting the Active button to OFF
in the settings windows for nodes that contain a selection list. There you can pick
geometric entities (boundaries, for example), and then add a physics feature from the
toolbar (a new boundary condition, for example, which then uses the selection that
you picked).
To select overlapping objects (such as interior boundaries), use the scroll wheel (mouse
wheel) to move the highlighting from the closest overlapping entity forward and back
by rolling the wheel forward and backward (if you use COMSOL on a computer with
a touchpad instead of a mouse, use its equivalent to the wheel; for example, moving
two adjoining fingers up or down the touchpad). If you can move the mouse wheel in
small distinct increments, each such increment moves the selection to the next or
previous entity that you can reach. Alternatively, use the up arrow and down arrow keys
to select the next or previous entity, respectively.
You can choose to use the selection mechanisms and highlighting that was available in
earlier versions of COMSOL by selecting the Use classic selections check box on the
User interface page in the Preferences dialog box (this will take affect after you restart
COMSOL).
NEW MULTIPHYSICS COUPLING METHODS

There are different approaches to using the new multiphysics coupling feature. It is
either predefined when you add a specific physics interface, or it is automatically added
when COMSOL recognizes a logical coupling inherent in the model design. When it
is added as part of a predefined coupling, the coupling features are also included under
a new Multiphysics node. Otherwise, all relevant coupling features are available from
the context menu. Additional functionality is based on which add-on modules your
license includes. For this version of COMSOL Multiphysics, and depending on the
add-on module, some multiphysics interfaces are not yet converted to the predefined
multiphysics coupling approach.
Predefined multiphysics interfaces provide you with a quick entry point for common
multiphysics applications. You can create the same couplings using any of the other
methods for multiphysics modeling, and you can continue to add, modify, disable, and
remove physics in a model where you start by using one of the predefined multiphysics
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS | 5
interfaces. Add physics sequentially is another useful approach as you can verify that
each type of physics or equation gives the expected results before adding more
complexity to the model with other physics or coupling fields.
You can turn multiphysics on and off (that is, enable and disable features), giving you
more flexibility to test and observe multiphysics effects.
The following multiphysics phenomena are available as Multiphysics subnodes for

thermal stress and electromagnetic heating applications:
• Joule Heating
• Induction Heating (requires the AC/DC Module)
• Microwave Heating (requires the RF Module)
• Laser Heating (requires the Wave Optics Module)
• Thermal Stress (requires the Structural Mechanics or MEMS Module)
• Joule Heating and Thermal Expansion (requires the Structural Mechanics or
MEMS Module)
• Thermoelectric Effect (requires the Heat Transfer Module)
General New Functionality
HIGHLIGHTING AND PICKING GEOMETRIC ENTITIES

When selecting geometric entities, the entities are highlighted when you hover over
them with the mouse. With the default graphics preference set to optimize for quality
and OpenGL rendering (this can be set in the Graphics and Plot Windows section of the
Preferences dialog box), the highlighting also creates a “glowing effect” so that it
extends a bit outside of the highlighted objects, as long as your graphics card supports
this. Previous versions of COMSOL used a default setting to optimize the graphics for
performance instead.
IMPROVED HELP SYSTEM

• The context help takes you directly to the relevant section in the documentation for
the selected node or window.
6 | RELEASE NOTES
• A Sticky Help button makes it possible to “lock” the Help windows contents instead
of automatically updating it when you click another node in the model tree. In
previous this option was only available as a preference setting.
• Powerful search functionality: It is now possible to search for combinations of
words, one word but not another word, and so on, including wildcard characters
and searching for words that are almost identical to the one you enter.
MASS PROPERTIES
Computation of mass properties is now available. When you add a Mass Properties
node and provide an expression or value for the density, COMSOL defines variables
for and computes the following mass properties: volume, mass, center of mass,
moment of inertia, and principal moment of inertia.
NEW FUNCTIONS, OPERATORS, AND UNITS

• New mathematical function: erfinv, the inverse error function.
• New summation operator: sum, which makes it easy to compute the sum of an
indexed expression.
• New emetric operator: computes the square of the length of a global vector
computed in the mesh element’s own metric.
• New unit: kilopond per square inch, ksi, is now available as a pressure unit.
• The following mathematical functions are now generally available and can be used
and evaluated in parameter and variable definitions: acosh, acoth, acsch, asech,
asinh, atanh, besselj, bessely, besseli, besselk, erf, gamma, and psi.
LOCALIZED INSTALLER
The COMSOL Installer now supports the same local languages as the COMSOL
Desktop. The language that you select during installation becomes the default
language in the COMSOL Desktop.
STORAGE OF LICENSES USED

If you block the use of certain licensed products in the Licenses dialog box, the new
settings are stored for future COMSOL sessions. See New Functionality in Studies
and Solvers below for information about the new -checklicense argument for
COMSOL batch commands.
New Geometry and Mesh Functionality
GEOMETRY SUBSEQUENCES
New, powerful geometry subsequences make it possible to create your own geometric
primitives. A geometry subsequence call corresponds to a subroutine call in a
programming language. In other words, a geometry subsequence is a geometry
sequence with a set of numerical input arguments and a set of geometry objects as
output. You can view them as a user-defined geometry primitives. In the geometry
sequence, you can call the subsequence repeatedly, or create instances of it, using a
unique set of input argument values for each call. Calls can also be nested.
I M P R OVE D WO R K P L A N E S
There is now improved functionality for work planes:
• New Transformed work plane type that translates and rotates another work plane.
• You can position the result of a Subsequence Call node by matching work planes in
3D.
• Improved possibilities to control the work plane’s coordinate system (that is, the
position of the origin and the direction of the xw-axis).
• For work planes of the Quick and Face parallel types, you can specify the plane
offset distance by specifying a vertex.
• It is now possible to rotate Circle perpendicular work planes.
• A new Unite Objects sections includes a Unite objects check box, selected by
default, and a tolerance setting for uniting 2D objects in the work plane. It is
recommended to form the union of all objects in the 2D work plane sequence
before extruding them into 3D.
PROGRAMMING OF GEOMETRY SEQUENCES

For programming the geometry subsequences and for general use in the geometry
sequences, If, Else If, Else, and End If statements are available to control the
creation of a geometry depending on some conditions.
CUMULATIVE SELECTIONS
A cumulative selection is a selection in the geometry sequence that is a union of
contributions from several selections. Cumulative selections are especially useful for
constructing a selection that has different definitions in different branches of an If
statement. There is no node in the tree that corresponds to the cumulative selection.
For example, you can create a cumulative selection that adds the boundaries from
8 | RELEASE NOTES
several geometry objects in a geometry sequence, and then refer to such cumulative
selections when defining materials and physics.
ADDITIONAL NEW GEOMETRY FUNCTIONALITY

• It is now possible to sweep several faces in a single Sweep feature, giving a single
output object. Sweeping several faces this way improves usability.
• A new Create cross-sectional faces check box (active by default) in the Sweep node
makes it possible to use the sweep operation for creating cross-sectional faces
between the sweep sections. Such cross-sectional faces can be useful, for example,
for a swept mesh where you want to specify the mesh distribution for each section
of the sweep.
• A new Split disconnected pairs check box in the Form Assembly node makes it possible
to split a boundary pair with disconnected sets of source and destination boundaries
into several pairs. This can be useful if, for example, you want to define some of
them as contact pairs and some of them as identity pairs.
IMPROVED SWEPT MESHES

For the swept mesher, a new method for the destination mesh generation is to project
the source onto the destination. This method is used automatically when needed
(using the default option to determine a suitable method), and it can be useful for
creating swept meshes in very thin domains.
EXPORT OF MESHES ON NASTRAN FORMAT

2D and 3D meshes can now be exported on NASTRAN format (.nas files).
New Functionality for Physics Interfaces

For the PDE interfaces, you can add one or more Excluded Points, Excluded Edges, or
Excluded Surfaces subnodes to a Constraint, Dirichlet Boundary Condition, or Pointwise
Constraint node. This is done in order to exclude all or some of the surrounding points,
edges, or surfaces from a constraint that acts on the edge, boundary, or domain inside
of the excluded geometric entities. Excluding a constraint on a surrounding edge can
be useful, for example, when you want to avoid the constraint’s effects on the physics
of an adjacent boundary.
New Functionality in Studies and Solvers
IMPROVED PARAMETRIC SWEEP AND PARAMETR IC SOLVER

Any scalar input to your model can be treated as a parameter that can be solved for over
a range of values. COMSOL provides two different algorithms for solving for a range
of parameters: the Parametric Sweep and the Parametric Solver. The user interface for
these algorithms has been updated, and additional options have been added to the
parametric solver. For transparency, efficiency, and flexibility you now have explicit
control of when to run the Continuation algorithm with the Parametric Solver.
Continuation can now be run for any single parameter in a multiparameter sweep. This
makes it possible, for example, to run Continuation together with Load Cases. The
Parametric Sweep and Parametric Solver functionalities in COMSOL provide several
powerful options tailored to a range of different modeling needs. The following is a
summary of the functionality in version 4.4, including features also available in earlier
versions:
• Parametric Sweep: This is a parametric variation using either a Parametric Job or a

Parametric Solver. The choice of computing a Parametric Sweep as a Parametric Job
or using the Parametric Solver is largely automated, which makes it possible to use
the Parametric Sweep functionality for the most common modeling tasks without
needing to choose whether a Parametric Job or Parametric Solver is used. This
functionality can be combined with almost any study step (Stationary,
Time-Dependent, Eigenvalue) as well as a Solver Sequence containing multiple
study steps. The parametric sweep can solve for any global parameter in the model,
including those that affect the geometry, mesh, functions, and probes. You can use
this functionality when trying out different dimensions, performing a mesh
refinement study, solving for different load cases, and so on. In the general case,
such as when sweeping for a geometric dimension, a Parametric Sweep is realized as
a Parametric Job, with settings available under the Job Configuration node (this
requires enabling Advanced Study Options). For special cases—such as a parameter
variation where there is exactly one Stationary study step in the study and the
parameters are not of geometry, mesh, or function type—then the parameter
variation is instead realized through the Parametric Solver. A Frequency Domain
study is a special type of Parametric Sweep that always invokes the Parametric Solver.
In earlier versions, the Frequency Domain study used the Parametric Solver with
Continuation with respect to the frequency parameter, whereas in version 4.4 it uses
a Plain Sweep (see below). For typically linear frequency domain simulations, the
10 | RELEASE NOTES
Plain Sweep in the frequency parameter is more efficient than the previously used
Continuation method.
• Parametric Solver: This functionality is available for Stationary, Frequency Domain,
and Time Dependent study steps. The Parametric Solver is a set of parametric
variation methods, and it is used to vary boundary conditions, domain, and material
property values. The Parametric Solver does not use the Job functionality from the
Job Configurations node; thus, the Parametric Solver is not applicable for varying
parameters used to define the geometry, mesh, functions, and probes. You can
control the Parametric Solver settings from the Parametric node under Stationary
Solver or the Time Parametric node under Time-Dependent Solver in the solver
sequence. You can also control them from the settings for studies under Study
Extensions.
The parametric solver provides additional functionality for solving nonlinear
problems. When solving a nonlinear stationary problem, the choice of initial
condition can strongly affect the convergence rate toward the solution or even the
possibility of finding a solution at all. There are three different parametric sweep
variants:
- Continuation: The parametric solver, by default, uses the previous solutions as
initial conditions for the next stationary solution step. If the solver is unable to
find a solution for a specified value in the range of parameters, the solver will
backtrack and take a smaller step within the range of the parameters specified.
This algorithm is also known as a continuation method, and the user interface
gives you control over how the solver steps through the range of parameters. The
solution for the previous continuation step is always used as the starting guess for
the next step. The continuation method is used to reach convergence for highly
nonlinear models where the degree of nonlinearity is “ramped up” using a
continuation parameter. Either a tangent or a constant predictor can be used. If
the solver is unable to find a solution for a requested parameter step, the solver
either terminates or continues to the next requested parameter value. The time
parametric solver does not support continuation.
- Plain Sweep: When parameters do not vary with the continuation algorithm, it is
possible to choose whether the previous solution should be used as the starting
guess or not. When reusing the solution, a simpler form of continuation is
obtained. This is the method used in the previous version (4.3b) for
multiparameter sweeps. A plain sweep, without using the previous solution as a
starting guess, is similar to a Parametric Sweep but has less overhead and is faster
when applicable.
- Auxiliary Sweep: This option is used for single-parameter or multiparameter
sweeps with the Parametric Solver and gives the user control of which variables
should be solved for using the continuation or plain sweep methods. You can run
continuation for at most one parameter. For a Stationary study, an Auxiliary
Sweep controls all parameters that are swept for. For a Frequency Domain sweep,
the Parametric Solver is used to vary the frequency at the Study node level, and
you can optionally extend with other parameter variations using the settings for
Auxiliary Sweep, which are available in the settings for the Frequency Domain
study. Auxiliary Sweep is also available for a Time Dependent study, but with no
Continuation option.
• The parametric sweep and the parametric solver can be combined within a single
study. There is a computational advantage to using the parametric solver, and the
software automatically calls the parametric solver algorithm when possible, even if
you are using the Parametric Sweep interface. The Parametric Sweep can also be
used on a cluster system, when using the Floating Network License type, to
distribute the computational load.
The Parametric Sweep study step now behaves more consistently across stationary
sweeps that are realized using the Parametric solver and sweeps that are realized using
a Parametric Job. The Parametric Sweep study step realizes stationary parametric
sweeps using a Parametric solver by default, if the problem and parameters allow it,
which is more efficient than using a Parametric Job.
The following changes have been implemented for such Parametric solvers to make
them more consistent with Parametric Jobs:
• A plain parametric sweep is always performed, instead of using the continuation

algorithm.
• Each parameter step uses the initial values as an initial guess for the solver, instead
of reusing the converged solution from the previous parameter step.
Simulations that require reusing the converged solutions or that need the continuation
algorithm must now use the Auxiliary sweep functionality of the Stationary study step,
12 | RELEASE NOTES
in the Study Extensions section. The Parametric Sweep study step can no longer be
used in this case. The following settings should be made for such auxiliary sweeps:
• To use the continuation algorithm, select the parameter with the Run continuation
for setting. The continuation algorithm always reuses the converged solutions for
the selected continuation parameter.
• To further control how solutions are reused between the parameter steps, use the
new Reuse solution for previous step setting, which can be No (the default), Yes, or
Auto. The Auto setting analyzes the parameter stepping in a multiparameter sweep
where continuation is not used and reuses the previous solution when it is beneficial.
For backward compatibility, see Changes to Parametric Sweeps below.
There is also new fallback functionality for the case when the solver does not converge
for a certain parameter combination. This functionality is structurally similar to the Job
Parametric Sweep. The new control mechanism is called On error, which has the
options Stop and Store empty solution, and can be found in the Parametric node
settings. The default is Stop (backward compatible). For the option Store empty
solution, an empty solution (with NaNs) is stored and the solver continues with the
next parameter combination. This is useful, for example, when doing frequency sweeps
in which the frequencies of interest are so close to an eigenvalue that the solver does
not converge. In these cases the new option allows you to avoid cumbersome restarts
and also produce useful output. For results processing, any returned converged
solutions can still be used. When this option is used together with continuation, the
continuation sweep is not restarted after the failing parameter, and an empty solution
is stored for all requested values after the failing one. This can be useful for
multiparameter sweeps where, instead of the solver terminating, the next continuation
sweep is started.
Distributed auxiliary sweeps on cluster now support distributing parameter sweeps

over multiple parameters with continuation in one of the parameters. The substeps of
the continuation sweeps are not distributed.
TIME UNITS IN TIME-DEPENDENT STUDIES

Time units can now be specified for time-dependent studies so that you can specify
time steps and show results using, for example, minutes or days instead of seconds. The
time unit setting propagates to Results and is used as the new default.
OTHER NEW AND IMPROVED SOLVER FUNCTIONALITY
• For the eigenvalue solver, a new Eigenvalue search method around shift list makes it
possible to search for eigenvalues that are Closest in absolute value (this is the default,
and the only option in earlier versions) but also for eigenvalues with the Larger real
part, Smaller real part, Larger imaginary part, or Smaller imaginary part.
• The relative error estimate (LinErr) and the relative residual (LinRes) are now printed
in the solver log for direct linear solvers when Check error estimate is set to Yes or
Automatic.
• From the Programming submenu for solver sequences, you can select For to add two
nodes to the sequence: a For node and an End For node. Position those nodes in a
solver sequence to create a for loop. These for loops can be useful, for example, for
solving particle-field interactions in particle tracing by iterating between a stationary
and a time-dependent solver.
• For COMSOL batch commands (comsolbatch and comsolclusterbatch), you
can print the license requirements for a Model MPH-file using the argument
-checklicense <filename>.
New and Improved Results and Visualization Functionality

• An improved list of predefined quantities for plotting and general postprocessing,
including a general search field at the top where you can enter a filter text to find
predefined quantities that matches the filter text.
• Filter subnodes are now available for Max/Min-type plots, so that the maximum
and minimum values can be filtered to reflect, for example, the maximum and
minimum values of only certain domains in the geometry.
• For Mesh plots, you can turn the color legend off, and you can also reverse the color
table for tuning, for example, the visualization of the mesh quality.
• For Contour plots that use filled contours, there is now an option to fill or exclude
surfaces outside of the contour levels.
Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3b
MODEL NODES ARE NOW COMPONENT NODES

The Model nodes (as they were called in previous versions), which contained separate
model components in a model file, are called Component nodes in version 4.4.
14 | RELEASE NOTES
CHANGES TO PARAMETRIC SWEEPS
Old models that use stationary parametric sweeps are loaded with the Reuse solution
for previous step list set to Yes. The Run continuation for list is set to the parameter used,
unless the continuation algorithm would not have been used for this model in previous
versions (for example, if multiple parameters are used or if the parameter list is not
monotonous).
CHANGES TO THE PHYSICS SELECTION IN STUDY SETTINGS

The names of the states of a physics in the physics tree, which you can modify under
Physics and Variables Selection in the study steps’ settings windows, have changed:
• Provide Degrees of Freedom is now called Disable in Solvers.

• Disable is now called Disable in Model.
REVISED FORMULATION FOR LAMINAR INFLOW AND LAMINAR OUTFLOW

The formulations of the laminar inflow and laminar outflow conditions have been
corrected. The modified formulation will give a more accurate mass flux. Some models
may now produce a slightly different flow field.
Laminar inflow and laminar outflow are available in the fluid flow physics interfaces in
the following modules:
• Batteries and Fuel Cells Module

• CFD Module
• Corrosion Module
• Electrochemistry Module
• Electrodeposition Module
• Heat Transfer Module
• Microfluidics Module
• Plasma Module
• Subsurface Flow Module
NEW DEFAULT FOR GRAPHICS OPTIMIZATION

Under Graphics and Plot Windows in the Preferences dialog box, the default settings in
the Optimize for list is now Quality instead of Performance.
VE L O C I T Y / A C C E L E R A T I O N I N T E G R A T I O N V A R I A B L E
For the Solid Mechanics interface (and all related multiphysics interfaces) and the
Truss interface, a help variable u0 (velocity integration variable) is used in Prescribed
Velocity and Prescribed Acceleration features for Time Dependent study types. This
variable computes the displacement for each point where the condition is prescribed.
It has been changed to use the full feature scope in order to avoid collisions in cases
where several such features exist within the same model component. As a result, when
opening and running any old model that uses such features together with a segregated
solver, an error message appears, stating that not all dependent variables occur in at
least one of the segregated solver steps. The relevant action is to manually add the
velocity integration variable to the segregated step containing the corresponding
displacement field. Alternatively, you can regenerate any affected solver sequence.
MATH LIBRARIES ON AMD PROCESSORS

MKL is now the default math library on AMD processors. Switching to the ACML
math library for AMD processors might improve performance in some cases.
Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3a
ERROR ESTIMATION CHANGES IN THE SOLVERS

The Automatic method for Check error estimate for direct linear solvers and for Validate
error estimate has changed. For nonlinear problems and for time-dependent problems
the underlying nonlinear solver does not accept terminating for a linear solution step
that does not fulfill the error estimate (unless the step size is very small). The
motivation for this change is that the old method can lead to premature termination
of the nonlinear solution process, which in some cases introduces a large error for the
computed solution.
This change can cause the solvers to take more nonlinear steps for stationary problems
and more time steps for time-dependent problems, and it may also lead to convergence
problems. For such cases, use the No method to obtain the old behavior. However,
doing so can hide numerical problems and potentially lead to large numerical errors.
TE R M I N A T I O N C R I T E R I O N F O R S T A T I O N A R Y S O L VE R S
The default termination criterion for stationary solvers has changed. In 4.3a the
settings corresponded to Solution; now the default is Solution or residual. This change
in default termination criterion might affect models created in earlier versions of
COMSOL if you regenerate the solver sequence in 4.4.
16 | RELEASE NOTES
BACKWARD EULER INITIALIZATION TIME STEP
A new setting in the Advanced section of the settings window for the Time-Dependent
Solver, called Fraction of initial step for Backward Euler, provides an option for entering
a dimensionless quantity that determines the size of the time step for the backward
Euler method (in terms of the initial step). This value can improve the accuracy of the
initialization step but can also affect the start-up of some models. The default value is
0.001 (this differs from earlier versions, which used a value of 1). When opening
models created in version 4.3a or earlier, the value for this fraction is set to 1 to
maintain compatibility with those versions.
LOADING EXTERNAL PHYSICS BUILDER JAR FILES

External physics builder JAR archives compiled with earlier versions of COMSOL
include a manifest file that contains a reference to the CDO library, which has been
removed. To load such JAR files in version 4.4, you must first do one of the following:
• Delete the META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file in the archive source on the file

system, and then recompile the JAR archive.
• Manually remove the line with org.eclipse.emf.cdo in the META-INF/
MANIFEST.MF file in the JAR archive. You can do so directly in a file archive
manager such as 7-Zip or similar.
HIGHLIGHTING GEOMETRY OBJECTS WHEN DRAWING IN 2D

When you have drawn one geometry object on top of another object, toggling of the
highlighting of these objects occurs when you click several times. It is important that
you click without moving the cursor in a position where the objects overlap in order
to toggle. For example, if you draw a circle (C1) and then draw another smaller circle
(C2) inside of C1, then a first click on C2 may highlight C1, while a second click,
without moving the cursor, highlights C2. In previous versions, you would move the
cursor after the first click in order to highlight C2.
Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3
N E W TE R M I N O L O G Y F O R C O N S T R A I N T TY P E S
The following constraint types have new names in version 4.4:
• Bidirectional, symmetric is now Apply reaction terms on: All physics (symmetric).
• Unidirectional is now Apply reaction terms on: Individual dependent variables.
WEAK CONSTRAINTS UPDATE FOR THE LAMINAR FLOW INTERFACE
The weak constraint formulations for the following boundary conditions has been
updated:
• Symmetry
• The Slip option in the Wall feature
These boundary conditions are now formulated using the same set of Lagrange
multipliers as all the other boundary conditions in the Laminar Flow interface. The
Lagrange multiplier un_lm has been removed.
Models saved in version 4.3 will include un_lm until the model is re-solved. In some
cases, occurrences of un_lm in the solver sequence must be replaced manually. This is
the case if un_lm was the only Lagrange multiplier component in a segregated group
or the only Lagrange multiplier component of a Vanka smoother. Alternatively, you
can generate a new automatic solver sequence. Models saved in versions earlier than
4.3 must either be re-solved in version 4.4 for postprocessing, or opened and re-saved
in version 4.3 before being opened in version 4.4.
AUTOMATICALLY CREATED IDENTITY/CONTACT PAIRS

The pairs created by the Form Assembly feature in the geometry can differ from their
form in 4.3 for certain 3D and 2D geometries. The pairs should now be the same for
the CAD and COMSOL representations.
18 | RELEASE NOTES
AC / D C M o dule
New Functionality in Version 4.4
NONLINEAR MAGNETIC MATERIALS DATABASE

A database of 165 ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials is now included in the
AC/DC Module. The database contains BH-curves and HB-curves, enabling the use
of material properties in the magnetic fields formulations. The curve data is densely
sampled and has been processed to eliminate hysteresis effects. Outside of the range of
experimental data, linear extrapolation is used for maximal numerical stability.
NEW USER INTERFACES FOR INDUCTION HEATING

The workflow for setting up simulations with induction heating has been significantly
improved with the introduction of a dedicated Multiphysics node in the Model
Builder. The new interfaces are appropriate when each of the constitutive physics can
be modeled separately. Because the electrical time scales of a typical inductive process
are on the order of thousands of cycles per second, whereas the temperature fields vary
on the order of seconds, it is appropriate to model the electrical problem in the
frequency domain, and the thermal problem in the time domain, or stationary domain.
The new Inductive Heating interface brings up interfaces for computing the induced
currents and losses via the Magnetic Fields interface and the temperature rise via the
Heat Transfer interface. It also adds a Multiphysics node, which keeps track of the
couplings between the physics. The magnetic fields and the heat transfer problems can
also be solved separately.
AC/DC MODULE | 19
Acoustics Module
AEROACOUSTICS WITH THE LINEARIZED EULER EQUATIONS

The new Linearized Euler physics interfaces compute the acoustic variations to
pressure, velocity, and density for a given background mean flow. They solve for the
linearized Euler equations, including the energy equation, with the assumptions that
the background flow is an ideal gas (or is well approximated by an ideal gas) and that
there are no thermal or viscous losses. The Linearized Euler physics interfaces are
available for time domain, frequency domain, and eigenfrequency studies. Application
examples include analyzing the propagation of noise from jet engines, modeling the
attenuation properties of mufflers in the presence of non-isothermal flow, and the
study of gas flow meters. These are all situations where a gas background flow
influences the propagation of acoustic waves in the fluid.
NEW STRUCTURE FOR PRESSURE ACOUSTICS FLUID MODELS

The fluid models for pressure acoustics are now organized into Pressure Acoustics,
Poroacoustics, and Narrow Region Acoustics. The Dipole and Monopole domain
sources are now available under the More menu.
Poroacoustics
For poroacoustics, the fluid models are now given names conforming with industry
standards: Delany-Bazley-Miki and Johnson-Champoux-Allard. In addition, the
defaults and organization of parameters have been streamlined.
Narrow Region Acoustics

For Narrow Region Acoustics, two options are available: Wide duct approximation and
Very narrow circular duct. In addition, the defaults and organization of parameters
have been streamlined.
New Models in Version 4.4

• Sedan Interior Acoustics: This is a model of the acoustics inside a sedan—that is,
inside a typical hard-top family car. The model sets up sources at loudspeaker
locations as well as impedance conditions to model soft absorbing surfaces (seats
and carpet). The model shows plots of the pressure, sound pressure level, and
20 | RELEASE NOTES
intensity inside the car. The frequency response at given points inside the cabin is
also determined.
Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3a and Older

• The old style perfectly matched layer (PML) that is located under the physics node
will be discontinued in the next version of COMSOL. From the next version on
only the PMLs defined under the Definitions node are supported.
• In order for the old style perfectly matched layer (PML) to be backward compatible,
the PML feature must be placed after any domain Monopole source, domain Dipole
source, or Background Pressure Field features.

• The symbols for the acoustics monopole (Qm; was Q) and dipole (qd; was q)
volume sources in pressure acoustics have changed.
• The default value for the Typical wave speed property in the Acoustic-Piezoelectric
Interaction, Frequency Domain interface has changed to 343 m/s.
ACOUSTICS MODULE | 21
Batteries & Fuel Cells Module
New and Improved Functionality in Version 4.4
PE R M E A B I L I T Y TE N S O R F O R T H E B R I N K M A N E Q U A T I O N S
For porous media flow, the Brinkman equations extend the well-known Darcy’s law.
New in version 4.4 is support for an anisotropic permeability tensor. Different domains
can have different anisotropic materials and the tensor components can even vary
spatially.
POINT AND LINE MASS SOURCES

A point source can be used to simulate a source distributed over a very small volume.
While it can be applied to points in 3D or on the symmetry axis in axisymmetric
models, its actual effect is distributed throughout the close vicinity of the point. The
size of the distribution depends on the mesh and strength of the source—a finer mesh
spreads the source over a smaller region but results in a more extreme pressure value.
A line source in 3D and 2D axisymmetric models represents a source emanating from
a tube with a very small cross-sectional area. Line sources can be added to lines in 3D,
to the symmetry axis in 2D axisymmetric models, and to points in 2D, for which they
represent the cross section of a tube of very small area.
Point and line mass sources for fluid flow are included as contributions to the
continuity equation. This functionality has been added to the Reacting Flow in Porous
Media, Diluted Species interface.
Backward Compatibility With Version4.3
B RI NK MA N E Q U ATION S A ND FRE E A ND PO RO U S M E DIA FL OW

The momentum equations in the Brinkman Equations interface and the Free and
Porous Media Flow interface have been corrected. The term Qbr·up2in the right
hand side previously lacked the factor 1p2, where p is the porosity.
REACTING FLOW INTERFACE NAME CHANGE

The Reacting Flow interfaces have been renamed Reacting Flow in Porous Media.
Opening a model using either the Reacting Flow, Diluted Species or the Reacting
Flow, Concentrated Species interface, the interface is renamed Reacting Flow in
Porous Media.
22 | RELEASE NOTES
WE A K CO NS TRA IN TS UPDATE F OR FL UID F LOW IN TER FA CES
The weak constraint formulations for some boundary conditions in the following
interfaces have been updated:
• Laminar Flow
• Brinkman Equations
• Free and Porous Media Flow
See CFD Module for details.
MOBILITY
In physics user interfaces modeling migration (Transport of Diluted Species; Transport
of Concentrated Species; Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Diluted Species; Reacting
Flow in Porous Media, Concentrated Species; Tertiary Current Distribution; and
Nernst-Planck) anisotropic mobility is now supported, and the mobility can be set to
follow the Nernst-Einstein relation. The default setting when making new models has
been changed to use the Nernst-Einstein relation. Model files for Java generated prior
to 4.3b using Migration will have to be modified manually to account for these
changes.
BATTERIES & FUEL CELLS MODULE | 23

CAD Import Module and LiveLink
Products for CAD
New Functionality in the CAD Import Module and LiveLink
Products for CAD in Version 4.4
GEOMETRY REPRESENTATION
When the Geometry representation list in the Geometry node’s settings window is set to
COMSOL kernel, the geometry operations that require the CAD Import Module are
no longer visible. When the software suggests to change the geometry representation,
a dialog box appears where you can confirm this.
There is a new preference on the Geometry page in the Preferences dialog box: The
When opening an existing model list under Geometry representation. By default, it is set
to Use model’s kernel. If you change it to Convert to COMSOL kernel, you will get a
possibility to rebuild the geometry using the COMSOL kernel when opening a model
made with the CAD Import Module. The corresponding API methods are
ModelUtil.setOpenGeometryKernel and ModelUtil.getOpenGeometryKernel.
The Geometry preference Switch kernel automatically and the corresponding API
methods ModelUtil.setAutoSwitchGeometryKernel and
ModelUtil.getAutoSwitchGeometryKernel available in earlier versions have been
removed.
CAD IMPORT MODULE GEOMETRY KERNEL UPGRADE

The CAD Import Module and the LiveLink™ products for CAD utilizes the
Parasolid® geometry kernel from Siemens PLM for solid modeling operations,
geometry repair, and defeaturing. (Without these products, a COMSOL-native
geometry modeling kernel is used.) The CAD Import Module released with
COMSOL 4.4 includes an upgraded version of the Parasolid kernel and as a result a
number of stability issues have been fixed, which makes import of CAD models and
solid operations more robust.
24 | RELEASE NOTES
New Functionality in LiveLink™ for In vento r ® in Version 4.4
IMPROVED SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchronizing the geometry between Inventor and COMSOL now also includes the
synchronization of material selections. Selections that contain synchronized geometry
objects (bodies) are created in COMSOL based on the material definitions from the
CAD design. The selections get their names from the material name in Inventor. Use
these selections as input for geometry features requiring object selections or for any
model definitions, physics, or material settings requiring domain selections. The
LiveLink node contains a table with a list of the synchronized selections.
New Functionality in LiveLink™ for So lid Wo rk s ® in Version 4.4
IMPROVED SYNCHRONIZATION
Expanding on the functionality that synchronizes selections based on material
assignments to the CAD design in SolidWorks, the LiveLink™ interface now adds
support for user-defined selections. In the added COMSOL Selections interface in
SolidWorks, you can define selections that are synchronized to the COMSOL model.
You can choose to synchronize selections for bodies, faces, edges, or points, which
become selections in the model when the design is synchronized with the COMSOL
Desktop. Setting up a model becomes more efficient as you can also create selections
from features of the Model Builder or from components of an assembly.
CAD IMPORT MODULE AND LIVELINK PRODUCTS FOR CAD | 25

CFD Module
WA L L R O U G H N E S S F O R TU R B U L E N T F L OW
For modeling surface roughness of walls in turbulent flow, there are now two
roughness models available: Sand Roughness and Generic Roughness. The Wall
roughness feature modifies the turbulence wall functions and is available for the
k-epsilon and k-omega turbulence models in the CFD Module. The Sand Roughness
model is commonly used in engineering applications and introduces a single parameter
for the equivalent sand roughness height. The Generic Roughness model is more
general and has, in addition to the roughness height, a roughness parameter, which
you can use to model other types of roughness. The default value for the roughness
parameter corresponds to that for sand roughness.
Wall functions for rough walls have been implemented for the following physics
interfaces:
• Single-Phase Flow
- Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon
- Turbulent Flow, k-omega
• Single-Phase Flow, Rotating Machinery
- Turbulent Flow, k-epsilon
- Turbulent Flow, k-omega
• Bubbly Flow, Turbulent Bubbly Flow
• Mixture Model, Turbulent Flow
• Turbulent Two-Phase Flow, Level Set
• Turbulent Two-Phase Flow, Phase Field
• Fluid-Structure Interaction interface with a turbulence model selected
spatially.
26 | RELEASE NOTES
DRAG MODEL FOR NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLES
In addition to the previously available drag models, Schiller-Naumann,
Hadamard-Rybczynski, and Gidaspow, there is now a new Haider-Levenspiel drag
model for nonspherical particles. This new drag model is available for the following
physics interfaces:
• Mixture Model
• Euler-Euler Model
• Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow (requires the Particle Tracing Module)
The settings are somewhat different for each physics interface. The drag model
requires the sphericity, Sp, which is a measure of how spherical a particle is. For a
spherical particle Sp, while nonspherical particles have Sp1. Nonspherical
particles typically result in higher drag than spherical particles.
PO INT AND LINE MAS S SOURCES

continuity equation. This functionality has been added to the following physics
interfaces for fluid flow:
• Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Diluted Species (requires the Batteries & Fuel Cells
Module, CFD Module, or Chemical Reaction Engineering Module)
• Two-Phase Flow (requires the CFD Module or the Microfluidics Module)
• Rotating Machinery, Fluid Flow (requires the CFD Module or the Mixer Module)
CFD MODULE | 27
• Fluid-Structure Interaction (requires the Structural Mechanics Module or the
MEMS Module)
• Two-Phase Flow, Moving Mesh (requires the Microfluidics Module)
OUTLET BOUNDARY CONDITION

The Outlet boundary condition for fluid flow has been revised for improved mass
conservation as well as faster and more robust convergence. The new Outlet feature
has only one Pressure option, which corresponds to the Normal Stress option from
earlier versions. In addition to specifying the pressure, there are two new options for
specifying a normal flow and suppressing backflow:
• Normal flow prescribes a zero tangential velocity at the outlet. This condition can
be expected if the outlet represents a straight pipe or channel. However, it is not
selected by default because the flow can be disturbed upstream of the outlet,
potentially altering the solution significantly.
• Suppressing backflow reduces the tendency for fluid to enter the domain from the
outside. It does not completely prevent backflow, and in the case that backflow
occurs, this option locally decreases the specified pressure. Controlling backflow is
important when combining fluid flow with other transport equations, such as mass
and heat transport. If the flow reverses, the outlet boundary condition for the
transport equations is no longer valid; this can lead to convergence problems or
nonphysical solutions. The Suppress backflow option is therefore selected by
default.
The Outlet boundary condition has been revised for the new version in the following
physics interfaces in the CFD Module:
• Two-Phase Flow
• Level-Set
• Phase-Field
• Non-Isothermal Flow and Conjugate Heat Transfer
• Reacting Flow
28 | RELEASE NOTES
• Reacting Flow in Porous Media
- Diluted Species
- Concentrated Species
• Rotating Machinery, Single-Phase Flow
• Fluid-Structure Interaction (requires the Structural Mechanics Module or the
MEMS Module)
This change is valid for laminar flow, Stokes flow, and turbulent flow when applicable.
The Outlet boundary condition from previous versions still exists but has been
excluded from the physics context menu. Models created in previous versions retain
the old Outlet feature, but adding a new Outlet node gives them the new functionality.
B U BBL E - I N D U C E D TU R B U L E N C E I N B U BBL Y F L OW
Equation terms accounting for bubble-induced turbulence in the Turbulent Bubbly
Flow interface are now added correctly. As a result, models with Turbulent Bubbly
Flow now show higher levels of turbulence.
MIXTURE MODEL EQUATION FORMULATION

The Mixture Model equation formulation has been revised to increase the accuracy
and facilitate the solution of a number of problem setups. As a consequence of the
revision, old models can return slightly different results in the new version than they
did in the previous versions. As a part of the revision, a penalty diffusion on the
dispersed phase has been deactivated because after the other revisions, it made the
equation system too nonlinear and therefore more difficult to make it converge.
However, you can still activate the penalty diffusion in the Advanced section of the
Mixture Model settings.
FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
The Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) multiphysics interface has been updated. The
separate vWall field is no longer required and has been removed. FSI models from 4.3
CFD MODULE | 29
and earlier versions that include Time Dependent study steps will be affected in the
following way:
• Model files for Java will fail. Any reference to the vWall field must be removed.
• Models older than 4.3 (that is, 4.2a and older) must either clear their
time-dependent solutions when opened in 4.4. An alternative procedure is to:
- Open the model in version 4.3.
- Right-click any study with a time-dependent study step and select

Update Solution.
- Save the model.

- Open the model in version 4.4.
FSI models with only stationary study steps will not be affected. Note that vWall will
still be available as a variable. Hence, references to fsi.vWall made in, for example,
another physics still work.


The Reacting Flow interfaces have been renamed Reacting Flow in Porous Media. If
you open a model using either the Reacting Flow, Diluted Species or the Reacting
Porous Media.
WEAK CONSTRAINTS UPDATE FOR FLUID FLOW INTERFACES

The weak constraint formulations for the following boundary conditions in the
following interfaces has been updated:
Laminar Flow and Creeping Flow

• Symmetry
• The Slip boundary condition in the Wall feature
Turbulent Flow, k-  and Turbulent Flow, k- 

• Symmetry
• The Wall functions boundary condition in the Wall feature
30 | RELEASE NOTES
• The Moving wall (wall functions) boundary condition in the Wall feature
Turbulent Flow, low-Re k-  and Turbulent Flow, Spalart-Allmaras

• Symmetry
• The Slip option in the Wall feature
Rotating Machinery
• Symmetry
• The Wall functions boundary condition in the Wall feature (turbulent flow only)
• The Moving wall (wall functions) boundary condition in the Wall feature (turbulent
flow only)
• Rotating Wall (turbulent flow only)
Bubbly Flow
• Symmetry
• The Slip boundary condition for the liquid phase in the Wall feature
• The Wall functions boundary condition for the liquid phase in the Wall feature
(turbulent flow only)
Mixture Model
• Symmetry
• The Slip boundary condition for the mixture in the Wall feature
• Wall functions boundary condition for the mixture in the Wall feature (turbulent
flow only)
Euler-Euler Model, Laminar Flow

• Symmetry
• The Slip boundary condition for either phase in the Wall feature
• The Slip boundary condition for either phase in the Inlet feature
Brinkman Equations and Free and Porous Media Flow

• Symmetry
Two-Phase Flow, Level Set

• Symmetry
CFD MODULE | 31
• The Wetted wall boundary condition in the Wall feature
• The Moving wetted wall boundary condition in the Wall feature
• The Wall function boundary condition in the Wall feature (turbulent flow only)
flow only)
Two-Phase Flow, Phase Field

• Symmetry
• The Wall function boundary condition in the Wall feature (turbulent flow only)
flow only)
Non-Isothermal Flow and Conjugate Heat Transfer

• Symmetry
• The Wall functions boundary condition in the Wall feature (turbulent flow k- and
turbulent flow k- only)
flow k- and turbulent flow k- only)
High Mach Number Flow

• Symmetry
• The Wall functions boundary condition in the Wall feature (turbulent flow k- only)
flow k- only)
These boundary conditions are now formulated using the same set of Lagrange
multipliers as all the other boundary conditions for the dependent velocity variables.
The previously used Lagrange multiplier un_lm has been removed.
When you open models saved in version 4.3, they include un_lm until the model is
re-solved. In some cases, occurrences of un_lm in the solver sequence must be replaced
manually. This is the case if un_lm was the only Lagrange multiplier component in a
segregated group or the only Lagrange multiplier component of a Vanka smoother.
Alternatively, you can generate a new automatic solver sequence. Models saved in
32 | RELEASE NOTES
versions previous to version 4.3 must either be re-solved in version 4.4 for
postprocessing, or opened and re-saved in version 4.3 before being opened in version
4.4.
Weak constraints for the Interior Wall feature are no longer available.
R EV I S I O N O F T H E TU R B U L E N C E M O D E L S
The formulations of some variables in the turbulence models have been revised in
order to improve accuracy. Models using a turbulence model can display a different
convergence behavior in version 4.4 than in version 4.3 and the result can differ
slightly between the versions.
CFD MODULE | 33
Chemical Reaction Engineering
Module
SUPPORT FOR FLASH CALCULATIONS

The Chemical Reaction Engineering Module now includes the ability to perform flash
calculations as part of its Thermodynamics interface. A flash calculation determines
the equilibrium state between phases in a system of one or several chemical species and
phases, when the system has been subjected to a large decrease in pressure, usually
caused by passing through a throttling device. Using inputs provided by CAPE-OPEN
thermodynamic libraries, COMSOL can perform flash calculations of multicomponent
mixtures and couple these calculations to other physics involved in your chemical
process simulations.
GLOBAL QUANTITIES FOR FLOW AT BOUNDARIES

A variety of averaged global quantities for inflow and outflow boundaries have been
introduced and made accessible during postprocessing and to use in multiphysics
couplings:
• The total mass flow and average pressure within Darcy’s Law calculations of fluid
flow
• The total mass flow at the outlet when modeling laminar flow
• The cup-mixing temperature when modeling non-isothermal flow
• The averaged mass fraction when modeling the transport of both dilute and
concentrated species
spatially.
POINT AND LINE MASS SOURCES

34 | RELEASE NOTES
continuity equation. This functionality has been added to the Reacting Flow in Porous
Media, Diluted Species interface.
BRINKMAN EQUATIONS AND FREE AND POROUS MEDIA FLOW


The Reacting Flow interfaces have been renamed Reacting Flow in Porous Media. If
you open a model that uses either the Reacting Flow, Diluted Species or the Reacting
Porous Media.
WE A K CO NS TRA IN TS UPDATE F OR FL UID F LOW IN TER FA CES

• Laminar Flow
MOBILITY
In physics user interfaces modeling migration (Transport of Diluted Species; Transport
of Concentrated Species; Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Diluted Species; Reacting
Flow in Porous Media, Concentrated Species; and Nernst-Planck Equations)
CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING MODULE | 35

anisotropic mobility is now supported, and the mobility can be set to following the
Nernst-Einstein relation. The default setting when making new models has been
changed to use the Nernst-Einstein relation. Model files for Java generated prior to
4.3b using Migration will have to be modified manually to account for these changes.
36 | RELEASE NOTES
Corrosion Module
PRIMARY CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION INTERFACES

You can specify that you want to model primary current distribution in the physics
interfaces for corrosion by choosing the new Corrosion, Primary interface. Previously,
you had to specify this from the Corrosion, Secondary interface.
ACCURATE BOUNDARY FLUXES

Two new variables, nIs and nIl, are now available for accurately computing the
normal current density in the electrode and electrolyte phases, respectively.
spatially.
New Model in Version 4.4
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
Metallic structures are susceptible to atmospheric corrosion when they are exposed to
humid air containing salt particles. This model simulates atmospheric galvanic
corrosion of an aluminum alloy in contact with steel. The electrolyte film thickness
depends on the relative humidity of the surrounding air and the salt load density of
NaCl crystals on the metal surface. The Secondary Current Distribution interface is
used in the model with parametric sweeps for relative humidity and salt load density.
The limiting current density for the oxygen reduction reaction is evaluated using
empirical expressions for diffusivity and the solubility of O2 in the electrolyte solution.
CORROSION MODULE | 37


• Laminar Flow
MOBILITY
In physics user interfaces modeling migration (Transport of Diluted Species; Tertiary
Current Distribution, Nernst-Planck; and Corrosion, Tertiary Nernst-Planck)
anisotropic mobility is now supported, and the mobility can be set to follow the
38 | RELEASE NOTES
ECAD Import Module
ODB++ IMPORT
By implementing import of the ODB++ format, the functionality of the ECAD Import
Module is expanded to include support for one of the most popular formats for
transferring printed circuit board (PCB) data. Using this new import capability you can
now extract geometrical data from an ODB++ file and use it to create a geometry of
the PCB for simulation in COMSOL. Geometry import in the ECAD Import Module
now supports the additional file extensions: .zip, .tar, .tgz, .gz, and .Z for the ODB++
file format.
ECAD IMPORT MODULE | 39

Electrochemistry Module

spatially.
ELECTROCHEMICAL GLUCOSE SENSOR

Electrochemical glucose sensors use amperometric methods to measure the
concentration of glucose in a sample. This example models the diffusion of glucose and
ferri/ferrocyanide redox mediators in a unit cell of electrolyte above an interdigitated
electrode. The sensor gives a linear response over a suitable range of concentrations.
The Electroanalysis interface is used to couple the chemical species transport to the
electrolysis at the working and counter electrodes, and the glucose is oxidized by the
glucose oxidase enzyme in the solution according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
40 | RELEASE NOTES
E le c t r o de po s i t i on Mod u l e
New and Improved User Interfaces and Features in 4.4
PRIMARY CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION INTERFACES

You can specify that you want to model primary current distribution in the physics
interfaces for corrosion by choosing the new Electrodeposition, Primary interface.
Previously, you had to specify this from the Electrodeposition, Secondary interface.

spatially.
ELECTROCOATING ON A CAR DOOR

This model simulates the primary current distribution of the electrocoating of a car
door. The distribution of the deposited paint’s thickness becomes more uniform due
to the paint’s high resistivity. A varying film resistance together with a constant
electrolyte conductivity are used to describe the charge transport in the electrolyte.
BRINKMAN EQUATIONS AND FREE AND POROUS MEDIA FLOW

ELECTRODEPOSITION MODULE | 41
• Laminar Flow
MOBILITY
In physics user interfaces modeling migration (Transport of Diluted Species; Tertiary
Current Distribution, Nernst-Planck; and Electrodeposition, Tertiary Nernst-Planck)
42 | RELEASE NOTES
Fatigue Module
THERMAL FATIGUE
The Fatigue Module has added functionality for thermal fatigue through two families
of fatigue models: one predicts fatigue based on the inelastic strains, and the other
predicts fatigue based on the dissipated energy. Both models are also suitable for
low-cycle fatigue prediction in ductile materials.
Energy-Based Fatigue Models

The energy-based fatigue option provides fatigue models that are based on energy
dissipation. Two models are available:
• Morrow
• Darveaux
The Morrow model uses pointwise fatigue life evaluation, while the Darveaux model
computes fatigue life based on volume-averaged energy dissipation. The Darveaux
model is only available at the domain level, while the Morrow model is available on all
dimensional levels. The volume average of the Darveaux model can be evaluated in two
ways: for the Individual domains option, each individual geometric domain is
evaluated separately; for the Entire selection option, the volume average is evaluated
over all geometric domains simultaneously. Because the Darveaux model separates the
total life into crack initiation and crack propagation, it is possible to evaluate the
number of cycles necessary for each event.
In both these fatigue models, different types of energy change can be evaluated. The
following are predefined:
• Creep dissipation density

• Plastic dissipation density
• Total dissipation density
• User defined
The first three options require that the evaluated material be modeled with nonlinear
materials, and that the calculation of energy dissipation is enabled using the Advanced
Physics Options. The User defined option allows you to specify a custom energy
density variable and use it in one of the above models. This can be done by combining
FATIGUE MODULE | 43
existing energy variables or by defining new energy variables based on equations using
one of the Mathematics interfaces for PDEs and ODEs.
Coffin-Manson Type Strain-Based Fatigue Models

The family of strain-based models has been extended with a model based on the
Coffin-Manson relation. This model is frequently used for low-cycle fatigue
evaluation. It has been modified so that different types of inelastic strains can be used
in the Coffin-Manson relation. The following strain types are available:
• Effective creep strain

• Effective plastic strain
• User defined
The User defined option allows you to evaluate all the other strains defined in any of
the structural interfaces or to evaluate a customized strain expression based on
equations using one of the Mathematics interfaces for PDEs and ODEs. This makes it
possible to evaluate different shear and normal strain components. It is even possible
to evaluate different creep contributions, such as secondary creep, when simulating
fatigue. The original Coffin-Manson relation is obtained by selecting Effective plastic
strain as the Inelastic strain option.
THERMAL FATIGUE IN A SOLDER JOINT OF A SURFACE MOUNT RESISTOR

A new tutorial model shows a surface mount resistor subjected to accelerated thermal
cycling. A cycled temperature change of 50 °C takes place over a two-minute period
and is followed by a dwell of three minutes. Thermal stresses are introduced by the
differences in thermal expansion in different parts of the assembly. The solder joint that
connects the resistor to the printed circuit board is the weakest link in the assembly. It
responds nonlinearly to changes in both temperature and time, and is modeled using
the Garofalo creep material model. To assess the structural integrity of the component,
a fatigue analysis is made based on creep strain and dissipated energy. Several cycles of
heating and cooling are simulated, followed by a fatigue study.
44 | RELEASE NOTES
Geomechanics Module
PLASTICITY HARDENING DATA FROM MATERIAL

There is now a From material selection option for the Hardening function list in the
Plasticity node. This makes it easier to build your own material libraries with
elastoplastic material properties.
DISSIPATED PLASTIC ENERGY DENSITY

Dissipated plastic energy can now be computed for Creep, Plasticity, and
Viscoelasticity, which are all available as subnodes for a Linear Elastic Material node.
However, doing such a computation adds one extra degree of freedom to the solving
process, which requires extra computational resources. You can control whether to
compute the dissipated plastic energy or not by enabling and disabling it in the Energy
Dissipation section in the Linear Elastic Material and Hyperelastic Material settings
windows. This section is only displayed if Advanced Physics Options is enabled.
GEOMECHANICS MODULE | 45
Heat Transfer Module
NEW METHODS FOR RADIATION IN PARTICIPATING MEDIA

Two new fast and memory-efficient methods are available for Radiation in Participating
Media:
• Rosseland approximation
• P1 approximation
These are approximate methods and are not as accurate or as general as the discrete
ordinate method, which has been available since earlier versions of the software. Yet
they solve simulations with radiation in participating media much faster. The Rosseland
approximation is only available with the full Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids interfaces,
not in the radiation-only interface for participating media. Both methods are also
available for 2D axisymmetric geometries. As a matter of comparison, the verification
model Radiative Heat Transfer in Finite Cylindrical Media solves in a couple of
seconds using the P1 approximation method—as opposed to more than two hours
with the discrete ordinate method.
H E A T TR A N S F E R I N B I O L O G I C A L T I S S U E W I T H D A M A G E I N T E G R A L
ANALYSIS
Tissue necrosis (permanent damage or death of living tissue) occurs if either of the
following conditions is met:
• Too much thermal energy has been absorbed

• A critical temperature has been exceeded (typically boiling)
The Damaged Integral Analysis is utilized in medical treatment and surgical methods
based on tissue heating. Thermal energy absorption is often modeled by so-called
damage integrals. The Biological Tissue interface in the Heat Transfer Module
includes two forms of damage integral: Temperature threshold and Energy absorption.
The Temperature threshold form is a simple integrated inequality representing how

long tissue has been above a certain temperature. User-defined parameters include
46 | RELEASE NOTES
Damage temperature, Damage time, and Necrosis temperature. In this case, tissue
necrosis is assumed to occur under the following circumstances:
• When the tissue temperature exceeds a given damage temperature for more than a
certain time period
• Instantly after the tissue temperature exceeds the necrosis temperature
The energy absorption form uses an Arrhenius type expression to directly estimate
absorbed energy. User-defined parameters include Frequency factor and Activation
energy for the integrated Arrhenius equation.
The material properties of the damaged tissue take into account the influence of tissue
damage. The conductivity and the effective heat capacity (density multiplied by heat
capacity at constant pressure) are modified with respect to the volume fraction of
necrotic tissue. Six new generic biomaterials are available in the material library shipped
with the Heat Transfer Module: Bone, Fat, Liver, Muscle, Prostate, and Skin.
The new physics interface for heat transfer in biological tissue is available for Heat
Transfer in Solids as well as for any multiphysics combination where this physics
interface participates, including the following:
• Joule Heating
• Induction Heating
• Microwave Heating
• Laser Heating
• Thermal Stress
• Joule Heating and Thermal Expansion
Two models, Microwave Cancer Therapy and Tumor Ablation, which are available in
the Model Library of the Heat Transfer Module, have been updated with the new
damage integral analysis.
THE THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT MULTIPHYSICS NODE

The new Thermoelectric Effect multiphysics interface is available in the Heat Transfer
Module. It is a multiphysics combination of the Electric Currents and Heat Transfer
in Solids interfaces. Choosing the interface from the Model Wizard will subsequently
add a dedicated Multiphysics node in the Model Builder to allow you to control the
couplings between the individual physics. Alternatively, you can start with the
individual physics, such as the Electric Currents interface, and then add the Heat
H E A T TR A N S F E R M O D U L E | 47
Transfer in Solids interface later on, which will automatically also add the Multiphysics
node.
Two thermoelectric materials have been added to the Material Library: bismuth
telluride and lead telluride.
NEW METHODS AND VA RIABLES FOR HEAT AND ENERGY BALANCES

The mathematical formulations for heat transport computations have been enhanced.
This has resulted in revised variables for heat and energy balances. In addition, heat
fluxes on boundaries can now be computed with increased accuracy.
Variables for Boundary Fluxes

For boundary fluxes, the following variables now provide the accurate value of fluxes
when they are available:
• ndflux: normal convective heat flux;

• ntflux: normal total heat flux;
• nteflux: normal total energy flux.
These boundary flux variables are available in all physics interfaces for Heat Transfer
and all multiphysics interfaces that include Heat Transfer. The new method is active by
default, but can be switched off by clearing the Compute boundary fluxes check box in
the Discretization section of the physics interfaces for heat transfer. To display the
Discretization section, enable it from the Show menu in the Model Builder toolbar. If
this check box is not selected, then the computations of fluxes on boundaries are
performed by extrapolating values from within neighboring finite elements. This was
the method used in COMSOL 4.3b and earlier versions.
Variables for Global Heat and Energy Balances

Energy balance is now easier and faster to check through the introduction of new
global variables. Evaluating these scalar quantities replaces the need for integrating all
the contributions to the energy balance over domains, boundaries, edges, and points.
The following global variables have been added to Heat Transfer in Solids, Heat
Transfer in Fluids, Heat Transfer in Porous Media, Heat Transfer with Phase Change,
and Heat Transfer in Biological Tissue interfaces:
• dEiInt: total accumulated heat power

• dEi0Int: total accumulated energy power
• ntfluxInt: total net heat power
• ntefluxInt: total net energy power
48 | RELEASE NOTES
• QInt: total heat source
• WInt: total work source
• WnsInt: total fluid losses
The following global variables have been added to most heat transfer boundary
conditions:
• Tave: weighted average temperature

• ntfluxInt: total net heat power
• ntefluxInt: total net energy power
• ntfluxInt_u: total net heat power, upside
• ntefluxInt_u: total net energy power, upside
• ntfluxInt_d: total net heat power, downside
• ntefluxInt_d: total net energy power, downside
LINE AND POINT HEAT SOURCES ON AXIS OF SYMMETR Y

For 2D axisymmetric models, you can now define line and point heat sources on the
axis of symmetry. The previous point heat source has been replaced by a line heat
source applicable at points and now provides a Total Line Power option. The Line Heat
Source on Axis is applicable on the symmetry axis only. The Line Heat Source feature is
applicable at points and represents a line revolved about the axis of symmetry. This
feature is not applicable on the symmetry axis. The Point Heat Source on Axis feature is
a point source that is applicable only at points on the symmetry axis. In 2D, the Point
Heat Source has been replaced by a Line Heat Source that can be applied at points. It
now provides a Total Line Power option through the selection of thickness and multiple
points, representing lines.
H E A T TR A N S F E R I N PO RO U S M E D I A
Coordinate Systems for Anisotropic Porous Media

For Heat Transfer in Porous Media, it is now possible to choose any coordinate system
from the Definitions node. This is useful when defining heat transfer in anisotropic
materials where the thermal conductivity varies with the direction.
Better Usability: Heat Transfer in Porous Media With a List of Fluid Materials
You can now easily define multiple porous materials using material selections, and then
link the fluid material property to another material from the domain material list. This
avoids multiple instances of the Heat Transfer in Porous Media feature.
H E A T TR A N S F E R I N T H I N S H E L L S
The Heat Transfer in Thin Shells interface has several important updates. It has been
combined with the Deformed Geometry interface for time-dependent studies. This is
useful when, for example, modeling a growing shell where matter is added during the
simulation. The names of features in Heat Transfer in Thin Shells have been
consolidated. Heat sources and heat fluxes are now called Heat Source and Heat Flux
and come with dedicated icons that indicate which dimension they apply to. Heat
Transfer in Thin Shells is now also available for 2D and 2D axisymmetric models.
FA N, INTERIOR FAN, GRIL LE, SCREEN, AND VACUUM PUMP BOUNDAR Y

CONDITIONS
The boundary conditions Fan, Interior Fan, Grille, Screen, and Vacuum Pump are now
available in both CFD Module and Heat Transfer Module.
ACCURATE FLUXES UPDATED

The specific accurate flux variables have been removed. The standard variables now
evaluate:
• With accurate flux method when the Compute boundary fluxes is selected in the
Discretization section on the interface.
• With the extrapolated method when it is unselected.
The variables with the _acc suffix can be replaced by the following variables:
• Normal conductive heat flux:

- ndflux_acc -> ndflux (at all boundaries)
- ndflux_acc_u -> ndflux_u (at interior boundaries only)
- ndflux_acc_d -> ndflux_d (at interior boundaries only)
• Normal total heat flux:

- ntflux_acc -> ntflux (at all boundaries)
- ntflux_acc_u -> ntflux_u (at interior boundaries only)
- ntflux_acc_d -> ntflux_d (at interior boundaries only)
• Normal total energy flux:
- nteflux_acc -> nteflux (at all boundaries)

- nteflux_acc_u -> nteflux_u (at interior boundaries only)
- nteflux_acc_d -> nteflux_d (at interior boundaries only)
50 | RELEASE NOTES
These variables are available for Heat Transfer interfaces and their multiphysics
combinations, which include Non Isothermal Flow, High Mach Number Flow, and
Slip Flow.
The previous variables names, with a _acc at the end, remain available but are
considered obsolete and will be removed in future versions.
MPH-files that are opened in COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4 automatically use updated
variable names. However, if evaluating these variables is needed, it is necessary to
update the solution once. After that, no additional manipulation is needed.
For Model files for Java using COMSOL Multiphysics API, an manual update of
variables names is recommended. Even though former variable names are still handled
in the present version, future versions will not support them.
INTERIOR FLUXES UPDATED

Issues in the interior flux variable definitions have been fixed.
The heat fluxes ncflux_u, ncflux_d, ntrlflux_u, ntrlflux_d, nteflux_u, and

nteflux_d, defined on interior boundaries, now use the upside and downside normal
vectors un and dn instead of n.
The interior conductive heat fluxes ndflux_u and ndflux_d are now
-uflux_spatial(T) and -dflux_spatial(T), so that they return outgoing upside
flux and outgoing downside flux.
RADIATION IN PARTICIPATING MEDIA

qw, qin and qout have been replaced by qr_net, qr_in, and qr_out, which are
defined by:
• qr_in = -qin, is always > 0

• qr_out = qout, is always > 0
• qr_net = qr_in-qr_out = -qw, is positive when the domain receives more
radiation than it emits.
For backward compatibility the older variables, qw, qin, and qout remain available.
TH ERMAL PERFORMANCE OF WIND OWS, FO LL OWING NORM ISO

1077-2:22012
These benchmark models reproduce the ten test cases from the ISO 10077-2:2012
standard for thermal performance of windows. Thermal performance is evaluated
through thermal conductance and transmittance, and results are validated against
published data.
DISK-STACK HEAT SINK

This model shows the cooling effects of a disk-stack heat sink on an electronic
component. The heat sink consists of several thin aluminum disks stacked around a
central hollow column. Such a configuration allows for the air cooling of the surfaces
of aluminum fins.
THERMAL EFFECTS OF THE SUN AS AN EXTERNAL HEAT RADIATION

SOURCE
This model, containing a beach umbrella and two styrofoam coolers, simulates the
thermal effects of the sun using an external heat radiation source. The simulation runs
from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. During part of the day, the umbrella protects the box from the
sun irradiation. This model uses the external radiative heat source feature with the solar
position option. The sun’s position and shadow effects are automatically updated
during the simulation.
COOLING AND SOLIDIFICATION OF METAL MODEL

This example shows a continuous casting process using the Heat Transfer with Phase
Change and Surface-to-Ambient radiation interfaces. Liquid metal is poured into a
mold of uniform cross section. The outside of the mold is cooled and the metal
solidifies as it flows through it. When the metal leaves the mold, it is completely
solidified on the outside, but is still liquid inside. The metal will continue to cool and
eventually solidify completely, at which point it can be cut into sections. This model
does not compute the flow field of the liquid metal; it is assumed that the velocity of
the metal is constant throughout. The phase transition from molten to solid state is
modeled using a temperature-dependent specific heat. Techniques for reaching
convergence and selecting a proper mesh are addressed in this highly nonlinear model.
52 | RELEASE NOTES
THERMOELECTRIC LEG MODEL
This model of a thermoelectric leg shows Peltier cooling. It is a verification model that
demonstrates how to use the new Thermoelectric Effect multiphysics interface and
reproduces results available in literature.
INTERIOR FLUXES UPDATED

Because the interior flux variable definitions have been revised, models that use interior
fluxes in definition, physics interfaces, or postprocessing show different results in
version 4.4 than in earlier versions.
IMPROVED ENERGY BALANCE

Changes introduced in the equation formulation to enable better energy balance may
slightly modify the results.
Among the changes, the reference enthalpy, HRef, the value of which is defined up to
a constant, is now set to 0 J/kg at the reference temperature and pressure. This
changes the absolute values of the enthalpy and several variables based on it. In
particular, the value of the convective heat flux is changed. Even the sign may be
changed in some cases. However, the quantity of interest, the net convective heat flux,
is identical because the shift induced by the change of HRef applies for the enthalpy
definition at the inlet as well as at the outlet.
H E A T TR A N S F E R I N P O RO U S M E D I A
Old models using the Porous feature will supported in COMSOL Multiphysics
interface. It is however recommended to replace this feature by Heat Transfer in
Porous Media (see Obsolete Features and Variables). For a model using the API,
it will be needed to update the model to use Heat Transfer in Porous Media.
SURFACE TO SURFACE RADIATION

The surface radiosity, previously named J, is now named ht.J by default (assuming
that ht is the physics interface tag).
Models created using versions 4.3 and 4.3a that contain surface-to-surface radiation
support the old syntax in multiphysics interfaces. It is, however, recommended that
you update the models to use the new syntax. Models created in a version before 4.2a
need to be opened in version 4.3 or 4.3a and resaved before being opened in 4.4.
For a model using the API, you must update the model to use the new syntax.
RADIATION IN PARTICIPATING MEDIA

The radiative intensity variables names, previously named I1 and so on, became ht.I1
(when there are less than 10 discrete directions) or ht.I01 (when there are 10 or
more discrete directions) by default.
Models created in versions 4.3 and 4.3a that include radiation in participating media
support the old syntax in multiphysics interfaces. It is, however, recommended that
you update the models to use the new syntax. Models created in a version before 4.2a
need to be opened in version 4.3 or 4.3a and resaved before being reopened in 4.4. In
addition, for all versions, it may be necessary to regenerate the default solver to get the
correct solver settings.
The S2 quadrature in 2D has been replaced by the LSE symmetric quadrature. It has
been updated so that it coincides with the other quadratures. LSE symmetric
quadratures were already used for S4, S6, and S8 in 2D and for all 3D quadratures.
This quadrature update can result in significant changes in 2D models using S2
quadrature. However, the theoretical error is not different and the 2D and 3D
implementations are now consistent.
THE DEFAULT MOD EL LIST HAS BEEN REMOVED

Heat transfer user interfaces no longer have the default model list. This list was used
to change the default feature for heat transfer models. You can obtain a similar result
by adding the corresponding domain feature immediately below the default feature
and setting its domain selection to All domains.
Any model files for Java that modify the default model value require a manual update.
I M P ROVE D S T A B I L I Z A T I O N O F H E AT T R A N S F E R I N S O L I D S
The streamline diffusion stabilization for Heat Transfer in Solids and Biological
Tissue features has been improved. It now accounts for contributions from linear
source terms from the Heat Source, Out-of-Plane Convective Cooling, Out-of-Plane
Radiation, and Out-of-Plane Heat Flux features. This improves the robustness of the
54 | RELEASE NOTES
convergence when these contributions are large. This change may modify the
convergence behavior of existing models.
FRAME SELECTION IN DISCRETIZATION SECTION

The Frame type list, which was previously available when moving mesh was detected,
has been removed. The frame type is now controlled by the features.
UPDATE OF FEATURE VARIABLE NAMES

In order to avoid name conflicts between feature variable names some of them have
been renamed. This change concerns contributive features. Because they are
contributing, it is possible to have similar features active on the same boundary. To
make it possible to distinguish the variables from each feature, the feature scope has
been introduced in the variable name so that variable names now use a prefix. These
changes affect the following feature variables:
• Heat flux
• Out-of-plane heat flux
• Convective cooling
• Out of plane convective cooling
• Boundary heat source
• Heat source
• Line heat source
• Point heat source
• Edge/Point heat flux
• Electrochemical reaction heat flux
• Reaction heat flux
For example, in a Boundary Heat Source feature, ht.surf has been renamed into
ht.bhs1.surf (assuming that ht is the physics interface tag). In the Heat Flux
feature, the variable that was previously named ht.q0_hf1 is now ht.hf1.q0.
Any model files for Java that use the old variable names in expressions (such as
expressions used for plotting or data evaluation that include such old variable names)
need to be updated manually.
NEW DEFAULT FLUID FEATURES AND OPAQUE SUBFEATURE

All Model MPH-files created in version 4.3 are converted to appear and behave the
same way as in 4.4.
Due to these new default features, model files for Java can be simplified. In addition,
model files for Java that add the Fluid feature or the Opaque subfeature with the
default tag require a manual update to avoid duplicate tag conflicts.
WEAK CONSTRAINTS UPDATE FOR FLUID FLOW USER INTERFACES

• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent Flow, k-
• Turbulent Flow, low-Re k-
• Non-Isothermal Flow
• Conjugate Heat Transfer
See the CFD Module Release Notes for details.
Weak constraints for the Interior Wall feature are no longer available.
R E V I S I O N T O T H E TU R B U L E N C E M O D E L S
The formulations of some variables in the turbulence models have been revised in
order to improve accuracy. Simulations using a turbulence model can display a
different convergence behavior in version 4.4 compared to version 4.3, and the
numerical result can differ slightly between the versions.
Obsolete Features and Variables

The following features are still supported when models created in older versions are
loaded in version 4.4. However, they will be removed in future versions. Hence, you
should replace them by the new corresponding feature.
• Porous Matrix is replaced by Heat Transfer in Porous Media.

• Infinite Element domain feature should be removed and Infinite Element Domain
should be declared in the Definitions node.
• Electrochemical Heat Flux is replaced by Boundary Heat Source.
• Reaction Heat Flux is replaced by Boundary Heat Source.
• Heat Transfer in Participating Media is replaced by Heat Transfer with Radiation in
Participating Media.
56 | RELEASE NOTES
The table below contains a list of variables that are available but obsolete. They should
each be replaced by the new corresponding expressions because they will be removed
in future versions.
TABLE 1-1: OBSOLETE VARIABLES AND CORRESPONDING EXPRESSIONS
OBSOLETE VARIABLE CORRESPONDING EXPRESSION
qin -qr_in
qout qr_out
qw -qr_net
ndflux_acc ndflux
ndflux_acc_u ndflux_u
ndflux_acc_d ndflux_d
ntflux_acc ntflux
ntflux_acc_u ntflux_u
ntflux_acc_d ntflux_d
nteflux_acc nteflux
nteflux_acc_u nteflux_u
nteflux_acc_d nteflux_d
MEMS Module
I M P R OVE D WO R K F L OW F O R T H E R M A L S T R E S S A N D J O U L E H E A T I N G
The new Multiphysics nodes improve modeling workflow, making it possible to
progressively increase the complexity of the system being modeled. For instance, you
can now begin by solving a simple thermal problem and then add the structural effects
and thermal stress coupling. It is still possible to add the thermal and structural effects
simultaneously using the Thermal Stress physics option in the Model Wizard; this
option automatically adds the Heat Transfer in Solids and Solid Mechanics interfaces
together with the appropriate Multiphysics nodes for multiphysics couplings.
This same functionality has also been included in the Joule Heating and Thermal
Expansion interface. Once again, the contributing physics interfaces can be added one
at a time, and their couplings managed from the Multiphysics node. Selecting the Joule
Heating and Thermal Expansion interface in the Model Wizard sets up the Heat
Transfer in Solids, Solid Mechanics, and Electric Currents interfaces together with the
Multiphysics node. This approach makes it straightforward to activate or deactivate the
contributing interfaces. Consequently, you can choose to solve the same model for
each physics individually, for a combination of multiphysics couplings, or for all three
at the same time.
G R A V I T Y, C E N T R I F U G A L , C O R I O L I S , A N D E U L E R F O R C E S
Mass forces and loads such as gravity, centrifugal forces, Coriolis forces, and Euler
forces can now be added using two new options: Gravity and Rotating Frames. These
options make it easy to define loads that act on all objects having mass—that is,
domains with mass density, point masses, added mass, rigid connectors with mass, and
so on. The forces and loads are added from the domain level even though they may be
automatically applied to features at boundaries, edges, and points.
The Rotating Frame feature includes all types of fictitious forces occurring in a rotating
system. By default, Centrifugal force and Spin-softening are included.
Because Added Mass can be used to describe load effects that are not true structural
masses, sometimes the contribution from Added Mass is not wanted. The option to
include or exclude the contribution is controlled in a new section called Frame
Acceleration Forces.
58 | RELEASE NOTES
NEW ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING WHETHER SOURCE AND DESTINATION
ARE IN CONTACT
The detection of contact on a contact pair is now based on the structural mechanics
interface results, which improves the accuracy of the contact definition. Consequently,
in any pair feature, use a contact pair only when the component contains an active
structural mechanics contact pair feature. In other cases, use an identity pair. Only
one contact pair is supported for each boundary pair feature.
RF MEMS SWITCH
This model analyzes an RF MEMS switch consisting of a thin micromechanical bridge
suspended over a dielectric layer. A DC voltage greater than the pull-in voltage is
applied across the switch, causing the bridge to collapse onto the dielectric layer and
increasing the capacitance of the device. A penalty-based contact force is implemented
to model the contact forces as the bridge comes into contact with the dielectric. The
dielectric itself is represented by a spatially varying function for the dielectric constant
between the two terminals.

For models using contact, plot expressions are not updated when you open an old
model where the pair names have been edited manually. Also, opening an old model
where a pair name has been manually edited might affect the solver configuration. It
is recommended that you regenerate a new default solver configuration.
MEMS MODULE | 59
Microfluidics Module
REVISED FORMULATION FOR LAMINAR INFLOW AND LAMINAR OUTFLOW

The formulation of the laminar inflow and laminar outflow conditions has been
corrected. The modified formulation will give a more accurate mass flux. Some models
may produce a slightly different flow field. Laminar inflow and laminar outflow are
available in the fluid flow physics interfaces.
OUTLET BOUNDARY CONDITION

The Outlet boundary condition for fluid flow has been revised for improved mass
conservation as well as faster and more robust convergence. The new Outlet feature
has only one Pressure option, which corresponds to the Normal Stress option of earlier
versions. In addition to specifying the pressure, there are two new options for
specifying a normal flow and suppressing backflow:
• Normal flow prescribes a tangential velocity of zero at the outlet. This condition can
be expected if the outlet represents a straight pipe or channel. However, it is not
selected by default because the flow can be disturbed upstream of the outlet,
potentially altering the solution significantly.
• Suppressing backflow reduces the tendency for fluid to enter the domain from the
outside. It does not completely prevent backflow, and in the case that backflow
occurs, this option locally decreases the specified pressure. Controlling backflow is
important when combining fluid flow with other transport equations, such as mass
and heat transport. If the flow reverses, the outlet boundary condition for the
transport equations is no longer valid; this can lead to convergence problems or
nonphysical solutions. The Suppress backflow option is therefore selected by
default.
The Outlet boundary condition has been revised for the new version in the following
physics interfaces in the Microfluidics Module:
• Two-Phase Flow, Moving Mesh

• Slip Flow
This change is valid for laminar flow, Stokes flow, and turbulent flow when applicable.
The Outlet boundary condition from previous versions still exists but has been
60 | RELEASE NOTES
excluded from the physics context menu. Models created in previous versions retain
the old Outlet feature, but new Outlet nodes that are added have the new functionality.
spatially.
PO INT AND LINE MAS S SOURCES

continuity equation. This functionality has been added to the following physics
interfaces for fluid flow in the Microfluidics Module:
• Two-Phase Flow
• Two-Phase Flow, Moving Mesh (requires the Microfluidics Module)
MICROCHANNEL DISPERSION OPTIMIZATION

This new example model shows how to optimize the shape of a curved microchannel
to improve the performance of a chemical species detector downstream of the curve.
The shape of the channel is defined as a set of Bézier curves, which depend on five
optimization parameters. The model computes the values of these parameters to
minimize the difference in the time it takes for the fluid moving along the inner and
outer walls of the channel to reach the detector. The model uses the new gradient-free
optimization solver for bound optimization by quadratic approximation
(BOBYQA), a trust region gradient-free optimization solver written by Professor
M.J.D Powell (Cambridge).
MICROFLUIDICS MODULE | 61
The Free Molecular Flow and Transitional Flow user interfaces now form the
Molecular Flow Module. A Molecular Flow Module license is required to use these
interfaces.

MOBILITY
In physics user interfaces modeling migration (Transport of Diluted Species)
62 | RELEASE NOTES
M i xe r M o dule
Introduction
The Mixer Module is a new add-on module to the CFD Module.
The Mixer Module is designed for modeling mixers with rotating parts, which are used
in many industrial processes in the fine chemicals, consumer products, pharmaceutical,
and food industries. These mixers are usually used for multiple purposes and often in
batch processes.
Key Functionality
The Mixer Module adds the following key functionality on top of the CFD Module:
• Rotating Machinery, Non-Isothermal Flow interface

• Rotating Machinery, Reacting Flow interface
• Rotating Machinery, Turbulent flow interface with k-omega and low-Re k-epsilon
turbulence models.
• Free surface computation
MIXER MODULE | 63
Molecular Flow Module
MONTE CARLO RECONSTRUCTION OF NUMBER DENSITY

It is possible to model molecular flows using a particle-based approach with the
Particle Tracing Module. A new model has been added that compares the computed
number density in an S-bend geometry. This model uses a particle-based approach and
the Free Molecular Flow physics interface. While the results are in good agreement,
the particle-based approach introduces statistical noise and takes more than 100 times
longer to solve. This shows the advantage of the angular coefficient method in the
Molecular Flow Module over the particle-based approach.
64 | RELEASE NOTES
Multibody Dynamics Module
FIXED JOINT, DISTANCE JOINT, AND UNIVERSAL JOINT

Three additional joint types have been added to the Multibody Dynamics interface:
Fixed Joint, Distance Joint, and Universal Joint. They are available under More Joints
in the Joints menu. These new joint types differ from the ones already available in that
they are more abstract and do not have any subnodes. Below is a summary of the new
joint types:
• A Fixed Joint welds two parts together.

• A Distance Joint is similar to a rigid link with ball joints at the ends, but the distance
may change because it is possible to set a variable in the Extension field.
• A Universal Joint is also known as a Cardan joint.
JOINTS WITH FRICTION

It is now possible to add friction to the Prismatic, Hinge, Cylindrical, Screw, Planar,
and Ball joint types. It is only possible to include friction in multibody dynamics
models using time-dependent studies.
MULTIBODY DYNAMICS MODULE | 65

Nonlinear Structural Materials
Module
PLASTICITY HARDENING DATA FROM MATERIAL

There is now a From material selection option for the Hardening function list in the
Plasticity node. This makes it easier to build your own material libraries with materials
that have elastoplastic properties.
DISSIPATED PLASTIC ENERGY DENSITY

Dissipated plastic energy can now be computed for Creep, Plasticity, and
Viscoelasticity, which are all available as subnodes for a Linear Elastic Material node.
However, doing such a computation adds one extra degree of freedom to the solving
process, which requires extra computational resources. You can control whether you
want to compute the dissipated plastic energy or not. It can be enabled and disabled
in the Energy Dissipation section in the Linear Elastic Material and Hyperelastic
Material settings windows. This section is only displayed if Advanced Physics Options
is enabled.
66 | RELEASE NOTES
Optimization Module
NEW OPTIMIZATION SOLVERS

Two new optimization solvers expand the scope of the Optimization Module. One of
the solvers (BOBYQA) is a gradient-free method and can be applied to a great variety
of optimization problems, including those that vary one or more geometry dimensions
of a CAD model. The other solver (MMA) requires the derivatives to be computed and
is more limited in its scope but, when applicable, converges much faster.
Gradient-Free Optimization Solver: Bound Optimization by Quadratic Approximation

The new bound optimization by quadratic approximation (BOBYQA) method is a
trust region gradient-free optimization solver. The method uses an iteratively
constructed quadratic approximation of the objective function that is valid in a region
around the current iterate—the trust region. This solver is very efficient in that it
requires fewer objective function evaluations than early-generation gradient-free
optimization solvers. The method supports simple bounds but not general constraints,
and it is expected to outperform the Nelder-Mead and coordinate search methods as
the number of control variables grow.
The following gradient-free methods are available in COMSOL version 4.4:
• Coordinate search
• Monte Carlo
• Nelder-Mead
• BOBYQA
You can access these optimization methods from the Optimization study type. Control
parameters are not limited to geometric dimensions but can represent nearly any
quantity in a model, including parameters controlling the mesh.
Gradient-Based Optimization Solver: Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA)

The method of moving asymptotes (MMA) is a gradient-based optimization solver
written by Professor K. Svanberg at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm,
Sweden. It is designed with topology optimization in mind. The method is called
GCMMA in the literature and is available in the Optimization Module under the name
MMA.
OPTIMIZATION MODULE | 67
The following gradient-based methods are available in COMSOL version 4.4:
• SNOPT
• MMA
• Levenberg-Marquardt

The Optimization check box in the Stationary and Time Dependent study steps have
been removed. Instead, use the Optimization study step. The Optimization check box
does appear in models created in earlier versions of COMSOL where you have selected
that check box.
68 | RELEASE NOTES
P a r ti c le T r a c i n g Mod u l e
EFFICIENT CALCULATION OF PARTICLE-FIELD AND FLUID-PARTICLE

INTERACTIONS
A new approach to modeling particle-field and fluid-particle interactions is now
available. In this approach, the particle trajectories are computed using a
time-dependent study step, and the fields in the surrounding medium are computed
using a stationary study step. These two steps are repeated until a self-consistent
solution for the particle trajectories and the surrounding fields is reached. This
procedure greatly reduces the number of model particles needed to model systems
operating under steady-state conditions, like charged particle beams. The new
approach makes it easy to quantify the amount of beam spreading occurring due to its
self potential.
In the settings for the Charged Particle Tracing interface, changing the Release Type
to Static causes all release features to provide a specified charged particle current.
Similarly, in the Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow interface, changing the Release Type
to Static causes all release features to provide a specified mass flow rate. The Particle
Field Interaction or Fluid Particle Interaction feature then computes the space charge
or force density exerted by the particles.
New solver nodes are available to compute the self-consistent interaction between
particles and fields. The addition of the For and End For nodes to a Solver sequence
allows a part of the sequence to run in a continuous loop. This approach allows the
particle trajectories to be computed with a time-dependent solver and the fields with a
stationary solver.
RELEASING PARTICLES IN A CONE

It is now possible to specify the initial velocities of released particles in a cone with a
user-specified angle between 0 and 180 degrees. Below is an overview of the new
options and actions available:
• When using the Release from Grid or Release features, a new option, Constant speed,
cone is available in the Initial velocity settings.
• You can specify the initial speed of the particles, the direction of the cone axis, and
the cone angle.
P A R T I C L E TR A C I N G M O D U L E | 69
• By releasing particles in a cone, it is now much easier to create models involving jets
or sprays of incoming particles.
• The Constant speed, cone setting can be thought of as a generalization of the
Constant speed, hemispherical and Constant speed, spherical settings; the latter two
corresponding to the special cases of a 90-degree cone and a 180-degree cone,
respectively.
ELASTIC COLLISION COUNTERS

It is now possible to count the number of elastic collisions between a model particle
and background gas particles simply by selecting a check box. The following changes
have been made:
• When the Collision Model is set to Monte Carlo in the settings for the Elastic
Collision Force feature, a new section called Collision Statistics becomes available.
• In the Collision Statistics section, clicking the Count Collisions check box
introduces a new degree of freedom for each particle, which is increased by one
every time an elastic collision occurs.
• The variable introduced by the Count Collisions check box applies only to a specific
Elastic Collision Force feature; this makes it possible to separately count the
collisions of a model particle with several different background species.
NEW DRAG MODEL: HAIDER-LEVENSPIEL

A new option, Haider-Levenspiel, is available to compute the drag force for
nonspherical particles. The mathematical model employed is similar to the
Schiller-Naumann option, except the sphericity of the particles is taken into account.
Nonspherical particles typically result in higher drag than spherical particles.
REIN ITIAL IZAT IO N OF AUXILIAR Y DEPEN DENT VARIABL ES

The Velocity Reinitialization and Elastic Collision Force features can now reinitialize
auxiliary dependent variables whenever a velocity reinitialization takes place. In the
settings for the Velocity Reinitialization feature, a new section, New Value of Auxiliary
Dependent Variables, is available. Reinitialization can be activated or deactivated
separately for each variable. The New Value of Auxiliary Dependent Variables section
is also available in the settings for the Elastic Collision Force feature when the Collision
Model is set to Monte Carlo. Use this section to reinitialize auxiliary variables every
time a collision occurs.
In 2D and 2D axisymmetric models, the out-of-plane velocity component can be

reinitialized as well. As a consequence, when the Collision Model is set to Monte Carlo
70 | RELEASE NOTES
in 2D and 2D axisymmetric geometries, the results are now just as accurate as full 3D
models.
STATISTICS FOR EACH RELEASE FEATURE

The total number of particles released by a given release feature is now available as a
variable to use in equations and evaluate during results processing. This provides a
convenient means of tracking the number of particles released from each feature, even
when using a mesh-based initial position.
MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, AND AVERAGE OPERATORS

Minimum, maximum, and average operators are now available for the particles. These
operators allow you to use the following in equations, as stop conditions, or during
results processing:
• Minimum value of a variable, evaluated over all particles

• Maximum value of a variable, evaluated over all particles
• Average value of a variable, evaluated over all particles
These variables typically evolve over time and can be used, for example, in stop
conditions to terminate the simulation when the average kinetic energy of the particles
reaches some threshold. They have been added for the Newtonian and Lagrangian
formulations.
ELECTRON BEAM DIVERGENCE

This new model simulates the propagation of charged particle beams at high currents
where the space charge force generated by the beam significantly affects the trajectories
of the charged particles. Perturbations to these trajectories, in turn, affect the space
charge distribution. The Charged Particle Tracing interface includes an iterative
procedure to efficiently compute the strongly coupled particle trajectories and electric
field for systems operating under steady-state conditions. Such a procedure reduces the
required number of model particles by several orders of magnitude, compared to
methods based on explicit modeling of Coulomb interactions between the beam
particles. A mesh refinement study confirms that the solution agrees with the analytical
expression for the shape of a nonrelativistic, paraxial beam envelope.
This model requires the Particle Tracing Module and the AC/DC Module.
P A R T I C L E TR A C I N G M O D U L E | 71
I O N D R I F T VE L O C I T Y B E N C H M A R K
The drift velocity of Ar+ is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation in which the
elastic collisions of argon ions with ambient neutrals are modeled explicitly. This model
uses data from energy-dependent collision cross-section experiments. The average ion
velocity values are consistent with the experimental data over a wide range of reduced
electric field magnitudes. This agreement suggests that Monte Carlo simulations of
elastic collisions between particles can be applied to a wide variety of devices.
ION FUNNEL
This model investigates the focusing effect of an electrodynamic ion funnel. Because
of their ability to operate at high background gas pressures, ion funnels are often used
to improve the sensitivity of devices such as ion mobility spectrometers and mass
spectrometers through coupling. The model uses a Monte Carlo collision setting to
simulate the interaction of ions with the neutral background gas.
This model requires the Particle Tracing Module and the AC/DC Module.
72 | RELEASE NOTES
Plasma Module
THERMAL DIFFUSION OF ELECTRONS

The thermal diffusion of electrons contributes to electron current density, and this
phenomenon can now be included in plasma simulations. Thermal diffusion is
available as a property in the following physics interfaces: Capacitively Coupled Plasma,
DC Discharge, Drift Diffusion, Inductively Coupled Plasma, and Microwave Plasma.
The additional contribution to the current density only makes a difference when the
electron diffusivity is nonconstant (that is, a function of the electron temperature).
This option is only available for the finite element formulation.
PLASMA MODULE | 73
RF Module
TR A N S I T I O N B O U N D A R Y C O N D I T I O N F O R H I G H C O N D U C T I V I T Y
The Transition boundary condition formulation has been improved to handle the case
of an interior boundary that has very high material conductivity. You cam use this
boundary condition to model a layer of metal that is much thinner than any of the
other model dimensions.
INTERIOR PO R T BOUNDAR Y CONDIT IO NS

When modeling electromagnetic wave sources in the RF Module, port boundary
conditions are usually set at the exterior boundaries of a model to represent a source
that is located outside the modeling space. However, sometimes it is more convenient
to place the source inside the modeling domain. The new Slit Port introduces the
capability to place a source at an interior boundary. This source can be a
domain-backed or PEC-backed slit port:
The PEC-backed slit port introduces two boundary conditions at an interior

boundary. On one side of the boundary, the PEC condition is applied; on the other
side, you can use any of the regular port boundary conditions to excite a field
propagating away from the boundary. The direction in which the field propagates away
from the boundary is specified by the Port Orientation.
The domain-backed slit port, on the other hand, is a transparent boundary. It can
excite a wave propagating away from the boundary, and any wave incident upon the
domain-backed port passes through unimpeded. The domain-backed slit port is also
useful for modeling periodic problems. When modeling structures that have many
higher-order diffraction orders, such as gratings, you must account for each diffracted
order with a separate port boundary condition. For 3D structures, diffraction can even
occur in multiple planes. However, sometimes you may only want to know the bulk
transmittance and reflectance of a periodic structure. In this case, you can use a
domain-backed slit port. The slit port can insert an incident plane wave, entering at
any angle, such that any wave reflected back toward the port passes through and into
a PML placed behind it. The PML absorbs all of the higher-order modes
simultaneously.
74 | RELEASE NOTES
DEPOSITED POR T POWER
In many microwave heating applications, it is desirable to control the amount of power
that is deposited into the model. When you specify the deposited power, a feedback
condition is added to the model and the applied power is adjusted so that the desired
power is deposited within the model. This functionality has applications in biomedical
RF heating, plasma modeling, and other areas.
NUMERIC POR T BOUNDAR Y MODE ANALYSIS WITH IMPEDANCE

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The Numeric Port boundary condition is used to compute the fields at a boundary to
a waveguide where the field distributions cannot be computed analytically (such as
rectangular, coaxial, or circular ports). These numeric port calculations can now
consider the impedance boundary condition. The impedance boundary condition
accounts for the effect of lossy walls, instead of assuming that the walls are perfect
electric conductors. They can also account for the periodic boundary condition.
GAUSSIAN BEAM BACKGROUND FIELD

The scattered field formulation is used to compute the scattering of electromagnetic
fields off of an object. Typically, a uniform plane wave is specified as the background
field, but the new Gaussian beam background field makes it possible to specify a
Gaussian beam, propagating along one of the axis directions, of a specified beam waist
and focal point. The polarization of the beam can also be specified.
NEW USER INTERFACES FOR MICROWAVE HEATING

The new multiphysics functionality introduced in COMSOL 4.4 has made it easier to
set up simulations involving microwave and RF heating. A dedicated Multiphysics
node is added when the Microwave Heating multiphysics interface is chosen from the
Model Wizard, along with the appropriate Electromagnetic Waves interface and the
Heat Transfer in Solids interface.
The new multiphysics approach makes it possible to model the constitutive physics
separately to understand a model’s reactions to the contributing physics before
considering the effects in a coupled multiphysics problem. This approach is also
appropriate for managing the Study sequence when solving for electromagnetic waves
in the frequency domain followed by the heat transfer in the time domain or stationary
domain. Under the Multiphysics node you can keep track of the microwave heat
sources on domains and boundaries as well as temperature nonlinearities in all of the
material properties.
RF MODULE | 75
ADDIT IO N AL A N TEN N A VA RIA BL ES
It is now possible to extract the antenna gain (in linear and dB scale), the axial ratio
(in linear and dB scale), and the far-field variables in terms of theta and phi, elevation,
and azimuthal angles.

The following models have been moved from the RF Module Model Library to the
Wave Optics Module Model Library:
• Beam Splitter
• Photonic Crystal
• Scattering on Substrate
• Optical Scattering Off of a Gold Nanosphere
• Dielectric Slab Waveguide
• Fabry-Perot Cavity
76 | RELEASE NOTES
Semiconductor Module
HETEROJUNCTION BOUNDARY CONDITION

A heterojunction boundary condition is made available for interior boundaries by
default. It determines the conditions for continuity of the normal component of the
electric field and currents for homojunctions and heterojunctions. Two heterojunction
models are defined:
• The continuous quasi-Fermi model (the default), which ensures current continuity
by forcing both sides of the junction to have equal quasi-Fermi energies.
• The thermionic emission model, which defines the thermionic currents generated
by the potential barrier created by the junction of dissimilar materials.
SUPPORT FOR SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS

The Semiconductor interface now supports the small-signal analysis, frequency
domain study type. This study type enables the calculation of the AC device response,
and therefore the computation of quantities such as the output conductance and the
transconductance.
IMPACT IONIZATION
In regions where the electric field perpendicular to the direction of current flow is
high, electrons and holes are generated by impact ionization, which the
Semiconductor Module now supports. This makes it possible to model avalanche
effects in photodiodes and avalanche breakdown in MOSFETs. Initially, the
current-voltage relation is linear (the ohmic region). As the drain-source voltage
increases, the extracted current begins to saturate (the saturation region). As the
drain-source voltage is further increased, the relation enters the breakdown region,
where the current increases exponentially for small increases in the applied voltage.
This effect is due to impact ionization.
FIELD-DEPENDENT MOBILITY MODELS

Field-dependent mobility models are now available. Such mobility models allow for
the decrease in the mobility of the holes and electrons according to an empirical model.
There are two field-dependent mobility models available: the Caughey-Thomas model
and the Lombardi surface model. The Caughey-Thomas model is generally applicable
SEMICONDUCTOR MODULE | 77
for all types of semiconductor devices. The mobility of the electrons and holes is
reduced with the increase of the component of the electric field parallel to the current
flow. In contrast to the constant mobility case, this behavior inhibits current flow. The
Lombardi surface model is applicable for modeling variations in mobility in the vicinity
of surfaces—for example, under the gate of a MOSFET.
INCOMPLETE IONIZATION
The Dopant Ionization settings include a new option for incomplete ionization. At
low temperatures in silicon and at room temperature for wide bandgap
semiconductors, not all of the donors and acceptors are ionized. In these cases, the
ionization of the donors and acceptors must be computed as a function of temperature.
The dopant ionization is a function of the donor and acceptor energies and their
corresponding degeneracy factors. A user-defined option is also available and makes it
possible to specify the ionization ratio directly as a function.
FINITE ELEMENT BASED LOGARITHMIC FORMULATION

Because of the high degree of nonlinearity inherent in the drift-diffusion equations, the
electron and hole number densities can span 10 orders of magnitude over a very small
distance. This can create numerical instabilities when using the finite element method,
for example, for negative concentrations. One way of handling this from a numerical
point of view is to solve for the logarithm of the electron and hole number density. This
formulation has been added to the Semiconductor interface as an additional
discretization option.
PHYSICS-BASED MESHING FOR SEMICONDUCTOR SIMULATIONS

You can now use physics-based meshing in the Semiconductor interface. A very fine
mesh is automatically generated for ohmic contact, thin insulator gate, and Schottky
boundaries. This removes the need to manually create mesh sequences based on the
settings in your model. The defaults have been carefully tuned for balancing accuracy
and speed. Physics-based meshing is the new default and is recommended for all
semiconductor models.
METAL CONTACT BOUNDARY CONDITION

The Metal Contact boundary condition includes the Schottky contact and Ohmic
Contact boundary conditions from previous versions, now renamed the Ideal Schottky
Contact and Ideal Ohmic Contact. This more general feature is a parent feature for
both the Ideal Ohmic Contact (the case of a highly doped semiconductor with
negligible barrier thickness) and the Ideal Schottky Contact (the case of a thermionic
emission for large barrier thickness), which are ideal cases of metal contacts.
78 | RELEASE NOTES
TE R M I N A L S F O R G A T E S
The Thin Insulator Gate boundary condition is now defined using terminals. Three
terminal options are available:
• Voltage
• Charge
• Circuit
IMPROVED CIRCUIT COUPLING

The Circuit option for the terminal type in the Metal Contact and the Thin Insulator
Gate boundary conditions is now much easier to use. In the Electrical Circuits
interface you can simply select the appropriate terminal in the External I vs. U,
External U vs. I, or External I-Terminal feature. No additional equation contributions
need to be added.
NEW MATERIALS FOR THE MATERIAL LIBRARY

The material library in the Semiconductor Module now includes these materials:
• Al(x)Ga(1-x)As
• GaN (Wurtzite)
• GaN (Zinc Blende)
• GaP
• GaSb
• InAs
• InP
• InSb
CONTINUITY SETTINGS FOR DOPING AND FOR NONLINEAR FEATURES

The new Continuity Settings enable ramping parameters to gradually introduce
quantities into the equation system. For example, the doping concentration or the
thermionic current can be slowly turned on, which makes it easier to solve strongly
nonlinear models. To use this setting, you have to use the study extensions setting and
ramp the continuation parameter as part of the intended study steps. The
Continuation settings for introducing, for example, a thermionic current to the system
provide three options:
• No continuation.
SEMICONDUCTOR MODULE | 79
• Use interface continuation parameter, which links the continuation settings of the
feature to an interface level continuation parameter (Cp) defined in the
Semiconductor interface node. This makes it possible to ramp up multiple equation
terms simultaneously.
• User-defined, which makes it possible for you to define a specific parameter for the
doping continuation.
I M P ROVE D I N I T I A L VA L U E S S P E C I F I C AT I O N
There are now several ways to specify the initial conditions for the potential and
concentration of electrons and holes. This added flexibility makes it easier to obtain a
converged solution. The Initial Values options are:
• Default: Automatically chooses a proper Initial Value depending on the

discretization method. For the finite volume method it is equivalent to the
Equilibrium conditions, while for the finite element method it is equivalent to the
Intrinsic concentrations.
• Equilibrium conditions: The field variables for electron concentration (N), hole
concentration (P), and potential (V) are set to their calculated equilibrium values.
• Equilibrium carriers only: This has the same settings as Equilibrium conditions,
but you can specify the initial value of the potential field (V).
• Intrinsic concentrations: The field variables for electron concentration (N) and
hole concentration (P) have their initial values set to the intrinsic concentration. You
can specify the potential field (V).
• User-defined: Three user inputs are displayed for each field variable: electron
concentration (N), hole concentration (P), and potential (V).
These options maximize flexibility for models that require different initial values.
VAR IABLES FOR COMPUT ING CURRENTS AND CURRENT COMPONENTS

The following new current variables for holes and electrons are available for display in
the plot menu:
• Drift current density

• Diffusion current density
• Thermal diffusion current density
The norm and log of the norm of these quantities are also available.
80 | RELEASE NOTES
Structural Mechanics Module
FAST CONTACT WITH THE PENALTY METHOD

A new approximate penalty contact method is now available, which is more robust and
converges faster than the standard augmented Lagrangian formulation. It avoids
solving for the degrees of freedom associated with the contact pressure and negates the
need for a special segregated solver. While expediting the solving process, the penalty
formulation does not converge toward a zero gap distance between contact surfaces,
and the formulation that estimates contact pressure is not as precise as the heavy-duty
augmented Lagrangian formulation. The contact pressure and friction force
formulations are independent of each other. The desired contact method can be
selected in the new Contact Pressure Method and Tangential Force Method sections
of the Contact settings window. For the penalty contact method, the penalty factor
needs to be set by the user. For the normal pressure, it is also possible to define an
offset. This means that the gap overclosure can be reduced if a good estimate for the
contact pressure can be given. For the Friction feature, it is possible to inherit the
penalty factor from the parent in cases where the normal contact pressure also uses the
penalty method.
G R A V I T Y, C E N T R I F U G A L , C O R I O L I S , A N D E U L E R F O R C E S
You can now add mass forces and loads such as gravity, centrifugal forces, Coriolis
forces, and Euler forces using two new options: Gravity and Rotating Frames. This
makes it easy to define loads that act on all objects having mass: domains with mass
density, point masses, added mass, rigid connectors with mass, and so on. The forces
and loads are added from the domain level, even though they can be automatically
applied to features at boundaries, edges, and points. Load cases are supported.
The Rotating Frame node includes all types of fictitious forces occurring in a rotating
system. By default, Centrifugal force and Spin softening are included.
Because Added Mass can be used to describe load effects that are not true structural
masses, sometimes the contribution from Added Mass is not wanted. The option to
include or exclude the contribution is controlled in a new section called Frame
Acceleration Forces.
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS MODULE | 81

NEW MULTIPHYSICS NODE FOR THERMAL STRESS
COMSOL version 4.4 introduces Multiphysics nodes to facilitate the modeling of
multiphysics applications such as thermal stresses. These nodes provide better control
over modeling and allow you to increase workflow complexity by adding individual
single-physics interfaces. Adding the Thermal Stress interface from the Model Builder
now adds the Solid Mechanics and Heat Transfer in Solids interfaces along with the
Multiphysics node, which is tailor-made for simulating the physics couplings involved
in thermal stress. Alternatively, if you have already set up the Solid Mechanics interface
and performed some modeling, you can then add the Heat Transfer in Solids interface.
The Multiphysics node is then automatically added to the Model Builder.
The Joule Heating and Thermal Expansion interface also comes with a new
Multiphysics node. Adding this interface directly from the Model Wizard adds the
Electric Currents, Heat Transfer in Solids, and Solid Mechanics interfaces to the
Model Builder together with the Multiphysics node. Alternatively, you can add the
contributing physics interfaces sequentially to increase the model’s complexity. Once
the second physics interface has been added, the Multiphysics node shows up in the
Model Builder. The possibilities for defining multiphysics couplings increases once the
third physics interface is added. Various simulations can then be run on the model,
including variations in the multiphysics couplings, as you can activate and deactivate
these couplings on the fly through the Multiphysics node.
SOLID-SHELL-BEAM CONNECTIONS
A suite of solid-shell-beam connections makes it much easier to set up models that mix
solids, shells, and beams. The connections are available as several different options:
For 3D models:
• Connect a shell edge to a solid boundary

• Connect a shell boundary to a solid boundary (also known as “cladding”)
For 2D models:
• Connect a beam point to a solid boundary

• Connect a beam edge to a solid boundary
82 | RELEASE NOTES
In all cases, the connection is created by adding two features, one in each physics
interface:
• A Shell Connection or a Beam Connection in a Solid Mechanics interface to connect

a solid to a shell or a beam.
• A Solid Connection in a Shell or Beam interface to connect a shell or beam to a
solid.
RIGID DOMAIN FEATURE

A new feature called Rigid Domain has been added to the Solid Mechanics interface,
replacing the Rigid Domain subnode under Rigid Connector. The Rigid Domain is
available for the Solid Mechanics and Multibody Dynamics interfaces. It has several
advantages when compared to the previously-available Rigid Domain subnode,
including:
• It is a proper material model and overrides other material models such as Linear
Elastic.
• It has its own degrees of freedom, which can be initialized with Initial Values.
• It has its own specialized constraints and loads boundary conditions in the form of
subnodes.
• It is very easy to define a location using the centroid of selected surfaces, edges, or
points to initialize, prescribe, or apply a load.
• It supports structural load boundary conditions such as gravity, rotating frame, body
load, and spring foundation.
• It automatically eliminates non-applicable structural constraint boundary
conditions.
• It creates automatic continuity with the neighboring material models.
• It has its own global postprocessing variables as well as domain postprocessing
variables, similar to other material models.
• It is possible to plot results inside of Rigid Domains.
TIMOSHENKO BEAMS
The formulation of the beam element has been changed completely, so that
incorporation of shear flexibility (so-called Timoshenko theory) can be taken into
account. This is in addition to the previously-available Euler-Bernoulli beams.
Timoshenko beams are used when the cross-sectional dimensions are large relative to
the beam length but still thin enough for a beam approximation to be used. In the case

of Timoshenko theory, shear correction factors must be given in addition to the other
cross section data.
VISCOELASTICITY IMPROVEMENTS
A new Viscoelasticity subnode is available for the Linear Elastic Materials nodes. This
subnode allows for the seamless extension of linear elastic models with viscoelastic
properties. The combination of the Linear Elastic Material and Viscoelasticity nodes
replaces the Linear Viscoelastic Material feature available in earlier versions. With the
new formulation, it is no longer necessary to use the viscoelastic initialization step in
the Solver node.
Two new viscoelastic material models are available: the Standard Linear Solid model
and the Kelvin-Voigt model, in addition to the Generalized Maxwell Model, which
was available in previous versions.
The Static stiffness property allows you to choose between Long-term or

Instantaneous stiffness in stationary analyses.
The Thermal Effects section now includes two new formulations to prescribe the
time-shift for thermorheologically simple solids: Arrhenius and User defined shifts.
This is in addition to the already-available Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) shift
function.
NEW ALGORITHM FOR DETECTING WHETHER SOURCE AND DESTINATION

ARE IN CONTACT
The detection of contact on a contact pair is now based on the structural mechanics
interface results, which improves the accuracy of the contact definition. Consequently,
in any pair feature, use a contact pair only when the component contains an active
structural mechanics contact pair feature. In other cases, use an identity pair. Only
one contact pair is supported for each boundary pair feature.
Updated Model in Version 4.4
ROTATING BLADE
This rotordynamics tutorial model has been updated and now uses the built-in
Rotating Frame loads rather than the expressions for Body Load.
84 | RELEASE NOTES
• If an old model using the Beam interface is opened, the Euler-Bernoulli formulation
is used. The Beam Formulation selection is still shown but cannot be changed from
Euler-Bernoulli. If Advanced Physics Options is enabled, then the new section
Backward Compatibility is shown. If you clear the Use pre 4.4 formulation check box,
then the new formulation is used. Doing so enables the use of Timoshenko beams,
but you must manually handle solver settings like segregation and scaling. This
legacy option does not support beams mixed with solids or shells in cases where the
same names for degrees of freedom were used in both physics interfaces.
• For models using contact, plot expressions are not updated when you open an old
model where the pair names have been edited manually. Also, opening an old model
where a pair name has been manually edited might affect the solver configuration.
It is recommended that you regenerate a new default solver configuration.

• In the Solid Mechanics physics (SolidMechanics), the property
ControlsSpatialFrame no longer exists, and COMSOL now always assumes that
the displacements control the spatial frame. Remove all lines setting the value of
ControlsSpatialFrame. See Support Knowledge Base article 1156.
• When opening old models that include contact, the penalty factor control is set to
User defined and the contact normal penalty factor to the expression used in the
model.

Subsurface Flow Module
spatially.


• Laminar Flow
86 | RELEASE NOTES
Wave Optics Module
LASER HEATING
A new Laser Heating multiphysics interface has been introduced, which combines the
Electromagnetic Waves, Beam Envelopes, and Heat Transfer in Solids interfaces. The
Laser Heating multiphysics interface utilizes a new dedicated Multiphysics node in the
Model Builder in a similar way to Joule Heating (COMSOL Multiphysics), Induction
Heating (AC/DC Module), and Microwave Heating (RF Module). The beam
envelope method formulation is appropriate for beams of light that have a slowly
varying envelope, such as beams along an optical fiber. The Laser Heating multiphysics
interface couples the electromagnetic losses with the heat transfer in solids. The
temperature variation can be computed in time or under steady-state conditions.
Material dependency on temperature can also be considered; for example, thermal and
optical material properties can depend directly on temperature.
The Multiphysics node also provides much better control over modeling your
multiphysics applications. This is epitomized by the Activation and Deactivation
features within the Multiphysics node, which make it possible to model single-physics
applications separately. Alternatively, combinations of two of the three contributing
physics interfaces can be simulated using this feature.
USER-DEFINED PHASE FUNCTIONS FOR THE BEAM ENVELOPES

FORMULATION
The Beam Envelopes formulation can solve for the electromagnetic field envelope
assuming that the propagation vector of the fields is approximately known everywhere
in the domain. It is especially memory efficient for problems where the field envelope
varies slowly relative to the wavelength and the direction of propagation is known. It
is now possible to explicitly enter a phase function in different domains, which is useful
if the beam is changing directions.
MATCHED BOUNDARY CONDITION

The new Matched boundary condition in the Beam Envelopes formulation is perfectly
transparent to a wave of known direction. Because the wave-vector is typically known
at the boundaries when using the Beam Envelopes interface, this boundary condition
WAVE O PT I C S M O DU L E | 87
introduces less artificial reflections than the Scattering boundary condition and
requires less memory than the Perfectly Matched Layer domain truncation.
GAUSSIAN BEAM BACKGROUND FIELD

The scattered field formulation is used to compute the scattering of electromagnetic
fields off of an object. Typically, a uniform plane wave is specified as the background
field, but the new Gaussian beam background field makes it possible to specify a
Gaussian beam, propagating along one of the axis directions, of a specified beam waist
and focal point. You can also specify the polarization of the beam.
INTERIOR PO R T BOUNDAR Y CONDIT IO NS

When modeling wave sources, port boundary conditions are usually set at the exterior
boundaries of a model to represent a source that is located outside the modeling space.
However, sometimes it is more convenient to place the source inside the modeling
domain. In the Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency Domain interface, the new Slit Port
introduces the ability to place a source at an interior boundary. This source can be a
domain-backed or PEC-backed slit port:
• The PEC-backed slit port introduces two boundary conditions at an interior

boundary. On one side of the boundary, the PEC condition is applied; on the other
side, you can use any of the regular port boundary conditions to excite a field
propagating away from the boundary. The direction in which the field propagates is
specified by the Port Orientation.
• The domain-backed slit port, on the other hand, is a transparent boundary. It can
excite a wave propagating away from the boundary, and any wave incident upon the
domain-backed port passes through unimpeded. The domain-backed slit port is also
useful for modeling periodic problems. When modeling structures that have many
higher-order diffraction orders, such as gratings, you must account for each
diffracted order with a separate port boundary condition. For 3D structures, there
can even be diffraction into multiple planes. However, sometimes you might not be
interested in considering each diffracted order separately; you may only want to
know the bulk transmittance and reflectance of a periodic structure. In this case, a
domain-backed slit port can be used. The slit port can insert an incident plane wave,
coming in at any angle, and any wave reflected back toward the port passes through
and into a PML placed behind it. The PML absorbs all of the higher-order modes
simultaneously.
88 | RELEASE NOTES
NUMER IC POR T BOUNDAR Y MODE ANALYSIS IMPROVEMENTS
The Numeric Port boundary condition is used to compute the fields at a boundary to
a waveguide where the field distributions cannot be computed analytically (such as at
rectangular, coaxial, or circular ports). These numeric port calculations can now
consider the impedance boundary condition. The impedance boundary condition
considers the effect of lossy walls, instead of assuming that the walls are perfect electric
conductors. The periodic boundary condition can also be considered.
WAVE O PT I C S M O DU L E | 89
Material Library
New Materials and Material Data in Version 4.4
• There is new data for the following aerospace alloys: GTD111 DS, Rene N5,
CMSX-4,CMSX-486, B-1900, PWA 1480, and In-738LC. This data was provided
by Chromalloy Gas Turbine Corporation.
• The following materials and properties are now available: 2.25Cr-1Mo, A106 grade
B, 9Cr-1Mo, A333 grade 6, A533 Gr B, A508 Cl3, A302 GrB, GRCop-84,
2025 Al, and several rare earth silicates.
90 | RELEASE NOTES
LiveLink for MATLAB ®
New Functionality in COMSOL 4.4
EXPORT PLOT DATA FOR DELAYED PLOTTING

Exporting plot data to a data structure using the command mphplot is now supported
for all plot types. This enables delayed plotting of the data, and the option to plot
additional data together with the exported data structure.
Known Issues
The option to plot on a server by starting a COMSOL server with the option
-graphics is not supported for Mac.
L I V E L I N K F O R M AT L A B ® | 91
L i v e L i nk f o r Exc el ®
EXPORT OF FIELD-DEPENDENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

The export of material properties stored in an Excel file to a COMSOL material library
now includes the export of field-dependent properties. This includes, for example,
temperature-dependent properties and material properties such as the B-H curve.
PARAMETRIC SWEEPS
You can now extract the parameter values for a parametric sweep to a range of cells in
a worksheet. You can also edit the parameters and update the model with the new
values.
CONNECTING TO A COMSOL SERVER

The LiveLink™ for Excel® now allows computations to take place on a different
computer running a COMSOL Server. This makes it possible, for example, to connect
from Excel and the COMSOL Desktop to the COMSOL Server at the same time.
92 | RELEASE NOTES
The COMSOL API for use with Java ®
COMSOL 4.4 API Changes
PHYSICS INTERFACES
The default Initial Value feature in the following interfaces have been extended
- Transport of Concentrated Species

- Reacting Flow in Porous Media (rfcs)
- Reacting Flow
- Rotating Machinery, Reacting Flow
Previously, only the initial mass fractions could be specified. Now the initial values
can be specified in terms of mass fractions, mole fractions, molar concentrations,
number densities, or densities. Opening an old Model MPH-file, Mixture
specification is set to Mass fractions, and the mass fractions specified are entered in
the respective text fields. In old model files for Java, commands specifying the initial
value of a mass fraction return an error in version 4.4. To specify the initial mass
fraction of a species w2, which is the second in the list of species (seen in the
Dependent Variables section when clicking the interface), change the COMSOL
Java command
model.physics("chcs").feature("init1").set("w2", 1, "0.1");
into
model.physics("chcs").feature("init1").set("w0", 2, "0.1");
• The Pressure Acoustics, Frequency Domain interface and the Boundary Mode
Acoustics interface have a new default feature. If the default feature has been edited
in a Java file, the following line should be added to the Java file to obtain the old
behavior:
model.physics("acpr").feature().create("pam1",
"PressureAcousticsModel").selection().all();
for Pressure Acoustics, Frequency Domain, or

model.physics("acbm").feature().create("pam1",
"PressureAcousticsModel").selection().all();
for Boundary Mode Acoustics.

This line should be added directly after the line where the physics interface is
created.
THE COMSOL API FOR USE WITH JAVA® | 93

• For models using contact, the variable field name in the solver settings for the old
contact variables is different than in earlier versions. For example:
- In version 4.4: mod1_solid_contact_old_p1, mod1_solid_cm_old_p1.
- In earlier versions: mod1_solid_contact_p1_old, mod1_solid_cm_p1_old.
COMSOL 4.3b API Changes

Physics Interfaces
• The Crosswind diffusion formulation has been updated for all physics user
interfaces supporting Crosswind diffusion. Models solved with the new formulation
can give different results than models solved in version earlier than 4.3b. Java files
can be modified to retain old crosswind formulations. Please contact support for
details.
• The default settings have changed for the Background Pressure Field in the Pressure
Acoustics interfaces. Add the following line to obtain the old behavior of this
feature:
model.physics("acpr").feature("bpf1").set("c", 1, "acpr.c_c");
• In the Acoustics Module, the Far-Field Calculation feature is no longer available in
1D and 1D axisymmetry.
• The shape function property border has been deprecated and replaced by order.
COMSOL 4.3a API Changes
GENERAL API CHANGES

• Class files compiled with COMSOL 4.3 or earlier need to be recompiled if they
contain code that changes the contents of model.selection().
• The solutionintitle property governs whether to show solution information in
plot titles. But since solution information has never been shown for 1D plots,
regardless of the content of the property, the property has been removed from 1D
plot groups.
FLUID FLOW INTERFACES API

• Fluid flow features in the CFD Module and Microfluidics Module that previously
created a scalar Lagrange multiplier field with default name model.un_lm. now
create a vectorial Lagrange multiplier field with default name model.u_lm. The
94 | RELEASE NOTES
default component names in 3D are model.u_lm, model.v_lm and model.w_lm
respectively. Java files must be updated accordingly.
• Weak constraints for the Interior Wall feature are no longer available. Any references
to its weak constraint parameter (weakConstraints) or Lagrange multipliers must
be removed.
• The Automatic setting for the Pseudo time stepping property now sets the variable
<phtag>.locCFL to the built-in variable CFLCMP, which in turn triggers a PID
regulator via the automatic solver suggestions. Here, <phtag> is the physics
interface tag. Java files where pseudo time stepping is active and have local CFL
number set to Automatic must be modified by adding the command
model.physics(<tag>).prop("PseudoTimeProperty").set("CFLNumbExpr"
, 1, "Manual");
before calling a solver.

• In the Acoustics Module, the far-field variables pfar and Lp_far have new names
with full scope. They are now referred to as acpr.ffc1.pfar and
acpr.ffc1.Lp_far, respectively. Any model files for Java that use the old variable
names in expressions (such as expressions used for plotting or evaluation that
include such old variable names) require a manual update.
• The following methods
model.physics(<tag>).feature(<ftag>).params();
model.physics(<tag>).prop(propname).params();
are depreciated and replaced by the methods

model.physics(<tag>).feature(<ftag>).param();
model.physics(<tag>).prop(propname).param();
COMSOL 4.2a API Changes

• Class files compiled with COMSOL 4.1 or lower version need to be recompiled.
• The far-field feature in the Electromagnetic Waves interface has changed from being
a boundary feature with a boundary selection only, to a domain feature with a
domain selection. It also has a subfeature—a boundary selection.
• The dependent variable associated with gauge fixing in the Magnetic Fields,
Magnetic and Electric Fields, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transient
Electromagnetic Waves interfaces is now unique to each interface. It is no longer

available in the model scope, for example, mod1.psi. Instead the gauge fixing field
is only available in the interface scope, for example, as mod1.mf.psi.
• In the scattered field formulation in the Electromagnetic Waves interface, the
scattered field is no longer available in the model scope (for example, mod1.relEx).
Instead the scattered field is only available in the interface scope as, for example,
mod1.emw.relEx.
• In the Solid Mechanics interfaces (SolidMechanics, PiezoelectricDevices,

AcousticStructure, Poroelasticity, ThermallyInducedStresses,
JouleHeatingThermalExpansion, TransientAcousticStructure,
FluidStructureInteraction), tensors in local coordinate systems (el, eel, Sl,
si, and ei) have new names. The coordinates of the local system (for example x1,
x2, x3) are no longer used. Instead 1, 2, and 3 are used together with double
indexing for all components. As an example, elX2 is replaced by el22 and elx2x3
is replaced by el23. The tensors si and ei are now called Sil and eil.
• In the Darcy’s Law interface and the Richards’ Equation interface in the Subsurface
Flow Module, the compressibility of fluid is now a material parameter and no longer
has a default value. If the default value was used, you now have to set the value. The
following example sets the permeability to the old default value:
model.physics("dl").feature("smm1").set(chif_mat,userdef);
model.physics("dl").feature("smm1").set(kappa,4e-10);
• In the Poroelasticity interface in the Subsurface Flow Module, the compressibility

of fluid and the Biot-Willis coefficient are now material parameters and no longer
have a default value. If the default value was used you now have to set the value. The
following example sets the permeability to the old default value:
model.physics("dl").feature("smm1").set(chif_mat,userdef);
model.physics("dl").feature("smm1").set(kappa,4e-10);
• The Level Set and Phase Field interfaces now include the Initial Interface feature by
default. If you have a model that was created in an earlier version of COMSOL, it
will fail to create a feature with the same tag name.

The following changes were made to the COMSOL API between version 4.0a and 4.1:
• In version 4.0a the property nonlin in the stationary solver could have the values
auto, on, off, and linearized. The default in most cases was auto, but in some
cases, specifically in a frequency-domain study, the default was linearized. In
version 4.1 the possible values are auto, on, off, and linper, with auto as default,
96 | RELEASE NOTES
except in the Frequency Domain, Linearized study step where the default is
linper. The value linearized can still be set, but this is treated as auto. If the
problem is linear and the linearization point is zero, auto should give the same
solution as linearized. For nonlinear problems where the linearization point is
zero, the solution given by auto might be slightly different, and probably more
accurate, while changing to off should give exactly the same solution as
linearized. When there is a nonzero linearization point, it is relevant to use the
linper option. This option works like linearized except that source terms that
contribute to the linearized problem must be enclosed by the linper operator.
• In the Darcy’s Law interface, Brinkman interface, Richards’ Equation interface, and
Poroelasticity interface (in the CFD Module and Subsurface Flow Module), the
permeability and porosity are now material parameters and no longer have a default
value. If the default values were used in a model file for Java, you now have to set
the value. The following example sets the permeability to the old default value:
model.physics("dl").feature("dlm1").set(kappa_mat,userdef);
model.physics("dl").feature("dlm1").set(kappa,3e-11);
• The pressure variable in solid mechanics, typically solid.pw, now only gets
allocated degrees of freedom for incompressible materials. If you have referred to it,
for example, during segregation in the solver, the code will have to be changed to
remove the field.
• The solution to eigenvalue and eigenfrequency problems may now appear in a
different order.
• The Batteries & Fuel Cells Module’s boundary feature,
BoundaryReactionCoefficient, is tagged by rc instead of brc by default. This
means that files that explicitly refer to the old default tag name must be modified to
refer to the new tag name.
COMSOL 4.0a Java API Changes

The following changes were made to the COMSOL API between version 4.0 and 4.0a:
• The load face parameter (Fph) of the Phase feature in AcousticStructure,

TransientAcousticStructure, ThermallyInducedStresses,
SolidMechanics, JouleHeatingThermalExpansion, Poroelasticity, and
FluidStructureInteraction has changed interpretation from degrees to radians.
• The physics.field() of Beam and Truss are not backward compatible with 4.0.
Scalar fields are now vector fields.

• The variables for strain and stress in the Shell interface have been renamed.
Variable names that began with a lowercase s now begin with an uppercase S. For
variables names that ended in lowercase l (L), the letter was moved to the third
position. For example, emXXl is now emlXX.
• Force loads on solids and trusses have been moved from the material to the spatial
frame. This implies that the index notation of some variables has changed from
uppercase XYZ to lowercase xyz.
• The acoustics interfaces (PressureAcoustics, TransientPressureAcoustics,
AcousticStructure, and TransientAcousticStructure) have been moved from the
material to the spatial frame. This implies that index notation of vector variables has
changed from uppercase XYZ to lowercase xyz.
This concludes the release notes for COMSOL Multiphysics version 4.4.
98 | RELEASE NOTES

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Comsol Multiphysics ®

Other useful links include:

• Support Center: www.comsol.com/support

Part number: CM010001

COMSOL® version 4.4 introduces all-new COMSOL Desktop environments,

Major New Functionality in Version 4.4

NEW COMSOL DESKTOP FUNCTIONALITY

NEW MULTIPHYSICS COUPLING METHODS

The following multiphysics phenomena are available as Multiphysics subnodes for

General New Functionality

HIGHLIGHTING AND PICKING GEOMETRIC ENTITIES

IMPROVED HELP SYSTEM

NEW FUNCTIONS, OPERATORS, AND UNITS

STORAGE OF LICENSES USED

PROGRAMMING OF GEOMETRY SEQUENCES

ADDITIONAL NEW GEOMETRY FUNCTIONALITY

IMPROVED SWEPT MESHES

EXPORT OF MESHES ON NASTRAN FORMAT

New Functionality for Physics Interfaces

IMPROVED PARAMETRIC SWEEP AND PARAMETR IC SOLVER

• Parametric Sweep: This is a parametric variation using either a Parametric Job or a

• A plain parametric sweep is always performed, instead of using the continuation

For backward compatibility, see Changes to Parametric Sweeps below.

Distributed auxiliary sweeps on cluster now support distributing parameter sweeps

TIME UNITS IN TIME-DEPENDENT STUDIES

New and Improved Results and Visualization Functionality

Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3b

MODEL NODES ARE NOW COMPONENT NODES

CHANGES TO THE PHYSICS SELECTION IN STUDY SETTINGS

• Provide Degrees of Freedom is now called Disable in Solvers.

REVISED FORMULATION FOR LAMINAR INFLOW AND LAMINAR OUTFLOW

• Batteries and Fuel Cells Module

NEW DEFAULT FOR GRAPHICS OPTIMIZATION

MATH LIBRARIES ON AMD PROCESSORS

Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3a

ERROR ESTIMATION CHANGES IN THE SOLVERS

LOADING EXTERNAL PHYSICS BUILDER JAR FILES

• Delete the META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file in the archive source on the file

HIGHLIGHTING GEOMETRY OBJECTS WHEN DRAWING IN 2D

Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3

AUTOMATICALLY CREATED IDENTITY/CONTACT PAIRS

NONLINEAR MAGNETIC MATERIALS DATABASE

NEW USER INTERFACES FOR INDUCTION HEATING

AEROACOUSTICS WITH THE LINEARIZED EULER EQUATIONS

NEW STRUCTURE FOR PRESSURE ACOUSTICS FLUID MODELS

Narrow Region Acoustics

New Models in Version 4.4

Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3a and Older

Backward Compatibility With Version 4.3

POINT AND LINE MASS SOURCES

Backward Compatibility With Version4.3

B RI NK MA N E Q U ATION S A ND FRE E A ND PO RO U S M E DIA FL OW

REACTING FLOW INTERFACE NAME CHANGE

See CFD Module for details.

BATTERIES & FUEL CELLS MODULE | 23

CAD IMPORT MODULE GEOMETRY KERNEL UPGRADE

New Functionality in LiveLink™ for So lid Wo rk s ® in Version 4.4

CAD IMPORT MODULE AND LIVELINK PRODUCTS FOR CAD | 25

PO INT AND LINE MAS S SOURCES