Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 39 views

    Physics 1:: Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Cao Gia Bảo
    The document outlines the course Physics 1: Mechanics. It covers topics like kinematics, dynamics, Newton's laws of motion, work and energy, momentum, and rotation. Key aspects include motion in one and two dimensions, constant acceleration, freely falling objects, and the use of equations to describe velocity, position, and acceleration over time. Assignments, exams, textbook, and expectations are also noted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Physics 1:: Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Cao Gia Bảo
    39 views25 pages
    The document outlines the course Physics 1: Mechanics. It covers topics like kinematics, dynamics, Newton's laws of motion, work and energy, momentum, and rotation. Key aspects include motion in one and two dimensions, constant acceleration, freely falling objects, and the use of equations to describe velocity, position, and acceleration over time. Assignments, exams, textbook, and expectations are also noted.

    Original Title

    Lecture01_P1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document outlines the course Physics 1: Mechanics. It covers topics like kinematics, dynamics, Newton's laws of motion, work and energy, momentum, and rotation. Key aspects include motion in one and two dimensions, constant acceleration, freely falling objects, and the use of equations to describe velocity, position, and acceleration over time. Assignments, exams, textbook, and expectations are also noted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views25 pages

    Physics 1:: Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Cao Gia Bảo
    The document outlines the course Physics 1: Mechanics. It covers topics like kinematics, dynamics, Newton's laws of motion, work and energy, momentum, and rotation. Key aspects include motion in one and two dimensions, constant acceleration, freely falling objects, and the use of equations to describe velocity, position, and acceleration over time. Assignments, exams, textbook, and expectations are also noted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 25

    Physics 1: Mechanics

    Phan Bảo Ngọc

    office: A1.512B, email: pbngoc@hcmiu.edu.vn


    HCMIU, Vietnam National University
    website:

    http://www.hcmiu.edu.vn/webdirectory/Home/profile/pbngoc.aspx
    ●  No of credits: 02 (30 teaching hours)
    ●  Textbook: Halliday/Resnick/Walker (2011) entitled
    Principles of Physics, 9th edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
    Course Requirements
    ●  Attendance + Discussion + Homework: 15%
    ●  Assignment: 15%
    ●  Mid-term exam: 30%
    ●  Final: 40%
    Preparation for each class
    ●  Read text ahead of time
    ●  Finish homework
    Questions, Discussion
    ●  Wednesday’s morning and afternoon: see the secretary of
    the department (room A1.413) for appointments
    Part A Dynamics of Mass Point
    Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
    Chapter 2 Force and Motion (Newton’s Laws)

    Part B Laws of Conservation


    Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical Energy
    ü Midterm exam after Lecture 6
    Chapter 4 Linear Momentum and Collisions

    Part C Dynamics and Statics of Rigid Body


    Chapter 5 Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis
    ü Assignment given in Lecture 11
    Chapter 6 Equilibrium and Elasticity
    Chapter 7 Gravitation
    ü Final exam after Lecture 12
    Part A Dynamics of Mass Point
    Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
    1. 1. Motion in One Dimension
    1.1.1. Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
    1.1.2. One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
    1.1.3. Freely Falling Objects
    1. 2. Motion in Two Dimensions
    1.2.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
    1.2.2. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
    Projectile Motion
    1.2.3. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
    1.2.4. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
    Measurements
    ●  Use laws of Physics to describe our understanding of
    nature

    ●  Test laws by experiments

    ●  Need Units to measure physical quantities

    ●  Three SI “Base Quantities”:


    –  Length – meter – [m]
    –  Mass – kilogram – [kg]
    –  Time – second – [s]
    Systems:
    –  SI: Système International [m kg s]
    –  CGS: [cm gram second]
    1.1. Motion in one dimension
    Kinematics
    ●  Kinematics – describes motion

    ●  Dynamics – concerns causes of motion


    ! !
    F = ma
    dynamics kinematics

    To describe motion, we need to measure:

    –  Displacement: Δx = xt – x0 (measured in m or cm)


    –  Time interval: Δt = t – t0 (measured in s)
    1.1.1. Position, Velocity and Acceleration
    A. Position: determined in
    a reference frame
    Space vs. time graph

    t=0 s: x=-5 m
    t=3 s: x=0 m
    Δx=0-(-5)=5 m

    Two features of displacement:


    - its direction (a vector)
    - its magnitude

    Motion of an armadillo
    B. Velocity: (describing how fast an object moves)
    B.1. Average velocity:
    Δx x 2 − x1
    vavg = =
    Δt t 2 − t1
    Unit: m/s or cm/s

    The νavg of the armadillo:

    6m
    v avg = = 2m/s
    3s
    B.2. Average speed:

    total distance
    s avg =
    Δt
    Note: average speed does not include direction
    • If a motorcycle travels 20 m in 2 s,
    then its average velocity is:

    • If an antique car travels 45 km in 3 h,


    then its average velocity is:
    Sample Problem (average velocity vs average speed):

    A car travels on a straight road for 40 km at 40 km/h. It then


    continues in the opposite direction for another 20 km at 40 km/h.
    (a) What is the average velocity of the car during this 60 km
    trip?

    (b) What is the average speed? (Midterm Exam 2010)

    (a) Δx x f − x i
    vavg = =
    Δt t f − t i
    x f − x i = 20 km
    40 20 xi xf
    t f − ti = + = 1.5 h 20
    40 40 vavg = = 13.3 (km/h)
    1.5
    total distance 40 + 20
    (b) s avg = = = 40 (km/h)
    Δt 1.5
    B.3. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
    The average velocity at a given instant (Δt → 0), which
    approaches a limiting value, is the velocity:

    Δx(t) dx(t)
    v(t) = lim =
    Δt →0 Δt dt
    x Tangent line The slope
    (tanθ) of the
    θ tangent line
    xi
    gives v(t)

    0 ti t

    Speed is the magnitude of velocity, ex: v=±40 km/h, so


    s=40 km/h
    Sample Problem :
    The position of an object described by:
    x = 4-12t+3t2 (x: meters; t: seconds)
    (1) What is its velocity at t =1 s? v=dx/dt=-12+6t=-6 (m/s)
    (2) Is it moving in the positive or negative direction of x
    just then? negative
    (3) What is its speed just then? S=6 (m/s)
    (4) Is the speed increasing or decreasing just then?
    0<t<2: decreasing; 2<t: increasing
    (5) Is there ever an instant when the velocity is zero? If
    so, give the time t; if not answer no. t=2 s
    (6) Is there a time after t= 3 s when the object is moving
    in the negative direction of x? if so, give t; if not,
    answer no. no
    C. Acceleration:
    C1. Average acceleration:
    The rate of change of velocity:
    Δv v 2 − v1
    a avg = =
    Δt t 2 − t1
    Unit: m/s2 (SI) or cm/s2 (CGS)
    C2. Instantaneous acceleration:
    At any instant:
    Δv(t) dv(t) d ⎛ dx ⎞ d 2 x
    a(t) = lim = = ⎜ ⎟ = 2
    Δt →0 Δt dt dt ⎝ dt ⎠ dt
    à The derivative of the velocity (or the second one of
    the position) with respect to time.
    1.1.2. Constant acceleration:
    dv
    a= = a const
    dt
    t
    è v = v 0 + ∫ adt è v = v0 + a(t − t 0 )
    t0

    If t0=0: v = v0 + at (1)

    dx t t
    v= è x = x 0 + ∫ vdt = x 0 + ∫ [v 0 + a(t − t 0 )]dt
    dt t0 t0

    a(t − t 0 ) 2
    x = x 0 + v0 (t − t 0 ) +
    2
    1 2
    If t0=0: x = x 0 + v 0 t + at (2)
    2
    Specialized equations:
    From Equations (1) & (2):

    2 2
    v - v = 2a(x - x 0 )
    0

    1
    x − x 0 = (v0 + v)t
    2
    1 2
    x − x 0 = vt − at
    2
    Problem 27:
    An electron has a=3.2 m/s2

    At t (s): v=9.6 m/s

    Question: v at t1=t-2.5 (s) and t2=t+2.5 (s)?

    Key equation: v = v0+at (v0 is the velocity at 0 s)

    ●  At time t: v = v0+at

    ●  At t1: v1=v0+at1 à v1=v+a(t1-t)=9.6+3.2x(-2.5) =1.6 (m/s)

    ●  At t2: v2=v0+at2 à v2=v+a(t2-t)=9.6+3.2(2.5)=17.6 (m/s)


    1.1.3. Freely falling objects:
    •  “Free-fall” is the state of an
    object moving solely under the
    influence of gravity.
    •  The acceleration of gravity near
    the Earth’s surface is a constant,
    g=9.8 m/s2 toward the center
    of the Earth.

    Free-fall in vacuum

    Free-fall on the Moon


    y
    Example (must do):
    A ball is initially thrown upward along a y axis,
    with a velocity of 20.0 m/s at the edge of a
    50-meters high building.
    (1) How long does the ball reach its
    maximum height?
    (2) What is the ball’s maximum height?
    (3) How long does the ball take to return
    to its release point? And its velocity
    at that point?
    (4) What are the velocity and position
    of the ball at t=5 s?
    (5) How long does the ball take to hit
    the ground? and what is its
    velocity when it strikes the ground?

    Using two equations: v = v0 + at


    1 2
    y = y 0 + v 0 t + at
    2
    v0 = 20.0 m/s, y0 = 0, a = -9.8 m/s2 y
    We choose the positive direction is upward
    (1) How long does the ball reach its
    maximum height?
    v = v0 + at = v 0 − gt
    At its maximum height, v = 0:
    v 0 20
    t= = = 2.04 (s)
    g 9. 8
    (2) What is the ball’s maximum height?
    1 2
    y = y 0 + v 0 t + at
    2
    1 2
    y max = 0 + 20 × 2.04 + (-9.8)(2.04)
    2
    y max = 20.4 (m)
    We can use: y
    2 2
    v − v0 = 2a( y − y0 )
    At the ball’s maximum height:

    2
    0 −20 = −2 × 9.8 × ymax
    ymax = 20.4 (m)
    (3) How long does the ball take to return
    to its release point? And its velocity
    at that point?
    1 2
    y = y 0 + v 0 t + at
    2
    At the release point: y = 0
    1
    0 = 0 + 20t − 9.8t 2
    2
    t = 0 or t = 4.08 (s)
    So: t = 4.08 (s)
    y
    v = v0 + at = v 0 − gt
    v = 20 − 9.8(4.08) = −20 (m/s)
    You can also use:
    2 2
    v − v0 = 2a( y − y0 )
    2 2
    v = v0 ⇒ v = −v0 : downward

    (4) What are the velocity and position


    of the ball at t=5 s?

    v = v 0 − gt = 20 - 9.8 × 5 = −29.0 (m/s)


    1
    y = 20t − 9.8t 2 = −22.5 (m)
    2
    (5) How long does the ball take to hit y
    the ground? and what is its
    velocity when it strikes the ground?

    When the ball strikes the ground, y = -50 m


    1 2
    y = 20t − 9.8t = −50
    2
    t = 5.83 (s); t = −1.75 (s)

    so t = 5.83 (s)
    v = v 0 − gt = 20 - 9.8 × (5.83) = −37.1 (m/s)
    Keywords of the lecture:

    1. Displacement (m): measuring the change in position of an object


    in a reference frame
    Δx = xt – x0 (one dimension)

    2. Velocity (m/s): describing how fast an object moves

    v = Δx/Δt

    3. Acceleration (m/s2): measuring the rate of change of


    velocity
    a = Δv/Δt
    Homework:
    (1) Read Sec. 2-10.

    (2) From page 30: Problems 1-6, 16, 20, 29-31, 33,
    46, 48, 50

    You might also like