Chapter 1 Worked Solutions

Chapter 1 worked solutions – Sequences and series
Solutions to Exercise 1A
1a Each term is 150 more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
850, 1000, 1150, 1300, 1450, 1600, 1750, 1900, 2050, 2200, 2350, 2500, 2650, 2800
1b Looking at the sequence from part (a), 𝑇9 = 2050.

Alex’s stamp collection first exceeded 2000 stamps after 9 months.
6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66
2b Each term is double the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192
2c Each term is 4 less than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
38, 34, 30, 26, 22, 18, 14
2d Each term is half the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

3 3
24, 12, 6, 3, 112, 4 , 8
2e Each term is the previous term multiplied by −1. The sequence is as follows:
−1, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1
2f Each term is squared. The sequence is as follows:

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49
𝑛
2g Each term is of the form 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛+1. The sequence is as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
, , , , , ,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2h Each term is the previous term divided by −2. The sequence is as follows:
1 1
16, −8, 4, −2, 1, − 2 , 4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

3a 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 − 2
𝑇1 = 5 − 2 = 3
𝑇2 = 10 − 2 = 8
𝑇3 = 15 − 2 = 13
𝑇4 = 20 − 2 = 18
3b 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛
𝑇1 = 51 = 5
𝑇2 = 52 = 25
𝑇3 = 53 = 125
𝑇4 = 54 = 625
3c 𝑇𝑛 = 6 − 2𝑛
𝑇1 = 6 − 2 = 4
𝑇2 = 6 − 4 = 2
𝑇3 = 6 − 6 = 0
𝑇4 = 6 − 8 = −2
3d 𝑇𝑛 = 7 × 10𝑛
𝑇1 = 7 × 10 = 70
𝑇2 = 7 × 100 = 700
𝑇3 = 7 × 1 000 = 7000
𝑇4 = 7 × 10 000 = 70 000
3e 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛3
𝑇1 = 13 = 1
𝑇2 = 23 = 8
𝑇3 = 33 = 27
𝑇4 = 43 = 64
3f 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑇1 = 1(2) = 2
𝑇2 = 2(3) = 6
𝑇3 = 3(4) = 12
𝑇4 = 4(5) = 20

3g 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
𝑇1 = (−1)1 = −1
𝑇2 = (−1)2 = 1
𝑇3 = (−1)3 = −1
𝑇4 = (−1)4 = 1
3h 𝑇𝑛 = (−3)𝑛
𝑇1 = (−3)1 = −3
𝑇2 = (−3)2 = 9
𝑇3 = (−3)3 = −27
𝑇4 = (−3)4 = 81
4a Start with 11 as the first term, and add 50 to find the next term:
11, 61, 111, 161
4b Start with 15 as the first term, then subtract 3 to find the next term:
15, 12, 9, 6
4c Start with 5 as the first term, then double it to find the next term:
5, 10, 20, 40
4d Start with −100 as the first term, then divide by 5 to find the next term:
4
−100, −20, −4, − 5
5 Each term is 5 more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62
5a Counting the number of terms:

𝟕, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟐𝟕, 32, 37, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62
5 terms are less than 30.
5b Counting the number of terms:

7, 12, 17, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟑𝟐, 𝟑𝟕, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62
4 terms lie between 20 and 40.

5c 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37, 42, 47, 𝟓𝟐, 57, 62
The tenth term is 52.
5d 37 is the 7th term.
5e This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

Put 𝑇𝑛 = 87
Then 87 = 5𝑛 + 2
85 = 5𝑛
𝑛 = 17
Hence 87 is the 17th term.
5f This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

Put 𝑇𝑛 = 201
Then 201 = 5𝑛 + 2
199 = 5𝑛
4
𝑛 = 39
5
Hence 201 is not a term of this sequence.
6 Each term is double the previous term:

3 1
, 1 2 , 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536
4
6a Counting the number of terms:

𝟑 𝟏
, 𝟏 𝟐 , 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟒𝟖, 𝟗𝟔, 𝟏𝟗𝟐, 𝟑𝟖𝟒, 768, 1536
𝟒
10 terms are less than 400
6b Counting the number of terms:

3 1
, 1 , 3, 6, 12, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟒𝟖, 𝟗𝟔, 192, 384, 768, 1536
4 2
3 terms are between 20 and 100.
6c 384 is the 10th term.

6d 192 is the 9th term.
6e Looking at the sequence:

Yes, 𝑇8 = 96
6f Looking at the sequence:

No, 100 is not a term in the sequence.
7a 𝑇𝑛 = 12 + 𝑛
𝑇1 = 12 + 1 = 13
𝑇2 = 12 + 2 = 14
𝑇3 = 12 + 3 = 15
𝑇4 = 12 + 4 = 16
𝑇5 = 12 + 5 = 17
The first term is 12, and every term after that is 1 more than the previous one.
7b 𝑇𝑛 = 4 + 5𝑛
𝑇1 = 4 + 5 = 9
𝑇2 = 4 + 10 = 14
𝑇3 = 4 + 15 = 19
𝑇4 = 4 + 20 = 24
𝑇5 = 4 + 25 = 29
The first term is 9, and every term after that is 5 more than the previous one.
7c 𝑇𝑛 = 15 − 5𝑛
𝑇1 = 15 − 5 = 10
𝑇2 = 15 − 10 = 5
𝑇3 = 15 − 15 = 0
𝑇4 = 15 − 20 = −5
𝑇5 = 15 − 25 = −10
The first term is 10, and every term after that is 5 less than the previous one.
7d 𝑇𝑛 = 3 × 2𝑛
𝑇1 = 3 × 2 = 6
𝑇2 = 3 × 4 = 12
𝑇3 = 3 × 8 = 24
𝑇4 = 3 × 16 = 48

𝑇5 = 3 × 32 = 96
The first term is 6, and every term after that is double the previous one.
7e 𝑇𝑛 = 7 × (−1)𝑛
𝑇1 = 7 × (−1)1 = −7
𝑇2 = 7 × (−1)2 = 7
𝑇3 = 7 × (−1)3 = −7
𝑇4 = 7 × (−1)4 = 7
𝑇5 = 7 × (−1)5 = −7
The first term is −7, and every term after that is the previous one multiplied by
−1.
1 𝑛
7f 𝑇𝑛 = 80 × (2)
1 1
𝑇1 = 80 × (2) = 40
1 2
𝑇2 = 80 × (2) = 20
1 3
𝑇3 = 80 × (2) = 10
1 4
𝑇4 = 80 × (2) = 5
1 5 1
𝑇𝑛 = 80 × (2) = 2 2
The first term is 40, and every term after that is half the previous term.
8a 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 40
Then 40 = 3𝑛 + 1
39 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 13
Hence 40 is the 13th term.
8b 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
Then 30 = 3𝑛 + 1
29 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 9.666666 ….
Hence this is not a term in the sequence as 9.666666 …. is not an integer

8c 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 100
Then 100 = 3𝑛 + 1
99 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 33
Hence this is a term in the sequence as 33 is an integer.
𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 200
Then 200 = 3𝑛 + 1
119 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 39.666666 ….
Hence this is not a term in the sequence as 39.666666 …. is not an integer.
𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 1000
Then 1000 = 3𝑛 + 1
999 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 333
Hence this is a term in the sequence as 333 is an integer.
9a 𝑇𝑛 = 10𝑛 − 6
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 44
Then 44 = 10𝑛 − 6
50 = 10𝑛
𝑛=5
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 200
Then 200 = 10𝑛 − 6
206 = 10𝑛
6
𝑛 = 20 10
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 306
Then 306 = 10𝑛 − 6
312 = 10𝑛
2
𝑛 = 31 10
Hence 200 and 306 are not terms in this sequence. 44 is the 5th term in the
sequence.
9b 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛2
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 40
Then 40 = 2𝑛2
20 = 𝑛2
𝑛 = 4.47214 …

Put 𝑇𝑛 = 72
Then 72 = 2𝑛2
36 = 𝑛2
𝑛=6
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 200
Then 200 = 2𝑛2
100 = 𝑛2
𝑛 = 10
Hence 40 is not a term in this sequence. 72 is the 6th term in this sequence, and
200 is the 10th term in this sequence.
9c 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 8
Then 8 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = log 2 8
𝑛=3
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 96
Then 96 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = log 2 96
𝑛 = 6.58496 …
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 128
Then 128 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = log 2 128
𝑛=7
Hence 96 is not a term in this sequence. 8 is the 3rd term in the sequence and
128 is the 7th term in the sequence.
10a 𝑇𝑛 = 10𝑛 + 4
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 100
Then 10𝑛 + 4 < 100
10𝑛 < 96
𝑛 < 9.6
Hence there are 9 terms less than 100.
10b 𝑇𝑛 = 10𝑛 + 4
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 56
Then 10𝑛 + 4 > 56
10𝑛 > 52
𝑛 > 5.2
Hence 𝑇6 = 64 is the first term greater then 56.

11a 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 5
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 100
Then 2𝑛 − 5 < 100
2𝑛 < 105
𝑛 < 52.5
Hence there are 52 terms less than 100.
11b 𝑇𝑛 = 7𝑛 − 44
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 100
Then 7𝑛 − 44 > 100
7𝑛 > 144
𝑛 > 20.57
Hence the first term greater than 100 is 𝑇21 = 103.
12a 𝑇1 = 5
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 12 = 5 + 12 = 17
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 + 12 = 17 + 12 = 29
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 + 12 = 19 + 12 = 41
12b 𝑇1 = 12
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 − 10 = 12 − 10 = 2
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 − 10 = 2 − 10 = −8
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 − 10 = −8 − 10 = −18
12c 𝑇1 = 20
1 1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = × 20 = 10
2 2
1 1
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 = × 10 = 5
2 2
1 1 1
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = × 5 = 2
2 2 2
12d 𝑇1 = 1
𝑇2 = −𝑇1 = −1 × 1 = −1
𝑇3 = −𝑇2 = −1 × −1 = 1
𝑇4 = −𝑇3 = −1 × 1 = −1

13a This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 21 − 16 = 5
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 5
13b This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

𝑇2 14
𝑟= = =2
𝑇1 7
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑟𝑇𝑛−1 = 2𝑇𝑛−1
13c This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2 − 9 = −7
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛−1 − 7
13d This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

𝑇2 4
𝑟= = = −1
𝑇1 −4
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑟𝑇𝑛−1 = −𝑇𝑛−1
14a 𝑇1 = sin 90° = 1

𝑇2 = sin 180° = 0
𝑇3 = sin 270° = −1
𝑇4 = sin 360° = 0
Terms are zero where 𝑛 is even.
14b 𝑇1 = cos 90° = 0

𝑇2 = cos 180° = −1
𝑇3 = cos 270° = 0
𝑇4 = cos 360° = 1
Terms are zero where 𝑛 is odd.
14c 𝑇1 = cos 180° = −1

𝑇2 = cos 360° = 1
𝑇3 = cos 540° = −1
𝑇4 = cos 720° = 1
No terms are zero.

14d 𝑇1 = sin 180° = 0

𝑇2 = sin 360° = 0
𝑇3 = sin 540° = 0
𝑇4 = sin 720° = 0
All terms are zero.
15a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 3𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 28
Then 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 = 28
𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 28 = 0
(𝑛 − 7)(𝑛 + 4) = 0
𝑛 = −4 or 7
But 𝑛 ≥ 1 so 𝑇7 = 28
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 70
Then 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 = 70
𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 70 = 0
(𝑛 − 10)(𝑛 + 7) = 0
𝑛 = 10 or −7
But 𝑛 ≥ 1 so 𝑇10 = 70
15b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 3𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 18
Then 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 < 18
𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 18 < 0
(𝑛 − 6)(𝑛 + 3) < 0
−3 < 𝑛 < 6
Now 𝑛 is an integer greater than or equal to 1.
1≤𝑛≤5
So there are 5 terms less than 18.
3
16a 𝑇𝑛 = 32 × 2𝑛
1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 1 2
3 1
Then × 2𝑛 = 1 2
32
𝑛
2 = 16
𝑛=4

1
So 𝑇4 = 1 2
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 96
3
Then 32 × 2𝑛 = 96
2𝑛 = 1024
𝑛 = 10
So 𝑇10 = 96
3
16b 𝑇𝑛 = 32 × 2𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 10
3
Then 32 × 2𝑛 > 10
2
2𝑛 > 106 6
By trial and error the lowest integer solution is 𝑛 = 7.
So 𝑇7 = 12 is the first term greater than 10
17a 𝑦 = 10𝑥 − 4
17b 𝑦 = 2𝑥−1 × 3

17c 𝑦 = 42 − 4𝑥
17d 𝑦 = 48 × 2−𝑥
17e Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.

17f 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥
17g 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
17h Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−2)5−𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.
18a 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + − + −
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1
= 1−
5
4
=
5
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ⋯+ −
1 2 2 3 𝑛 𝑛+1
1
= 1−
𝑛+1

𝑛+1−1
=
𝑛+1
𝑛
=
𝑛+1
1 1
18b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛 − 𝑛+1
𝑛+1−𝑛
=
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1
=
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
1 1
Then 𝑛(𝑛+1) = 30
30 = 𝑛2 + 𝑛
𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 30 = 0
(𝑛 + 6)(𝑛 − 5) = 0
𝑛 = −6 or 𝑛 = 5
1
But 𝑛 ≥ 1 so 𝑇5 = 30
𝑛−1
19a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 0.9
𝑛−1
Then 𝑛 = 0.9
𝑛 − 1 = 0.9𝑛
0.1𝑛 = 1
𝑛 = 10
So 𝑇10 = 0.9
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 0.99
𝑛−1
Then 𝑛 = 0.99
𝑛 − 1 = 0.99𝑛
0.01𝑛 = 1
𝑛 = 100
So 𝑇100 = 0.99

19b 𝑇𝑛+1 : 𝑇𝑛
𝑛+1−1 𝑛−1
= :
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−1
= :
𝑛+1 𝑛
So:
𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1
𝑛+1
𝑛−1 𝑛+1
= ×
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛2 − 1
=
𝑛2
𝑇𝑛 1 𝑛2 − 1 1
+ = + 2
𝑇𝑛+1 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛2 − 1 + 1
=
𝑛2
𝑛2
=
𝑛2
=1
1 2 𝑛−2 𝑛−1 1
19c 𝑇2 × 𝑇3 × … × 𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 3 × … × 𝑛−1 × =𝑛
𝑛
19d 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛−1

𝑛+1−1 𝑛−1−1
= −
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛−2
= −
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 + 1)
= −
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) − (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 + 1)
=
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 − 𝑛 − (𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 2)
2
=
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
2
= 2
𝑛 −1

20a 𝐹1 = 1
𝐹2 = 1
𝐹3 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 1 + 1 = 2
𝐹4 = 𝐹3 + 𝐹2 = 2 + 1 = 3
𝐹5 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹3 = 3 + 2 = 5
𝐹6 = 8
𝐹7 = 13
𝐹8 = 21
𝐹9 = 34
𝐹10 = 55
𝐹11 = 89
𝐹12 = 144
20b 𝐿1 = 1
𝐿2 = 3
𝐿3 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 1 + 3 = 4
𝐿4 = 𝐿3 + 𝐿2 = 3 + 4 = 7
𝐿5 = 𝐿4 + 𝐿3 = 4 + 7 = 11
𝐿6 = 18
𝐿7 = 29
𝐿8 = 47
𝐿9 = 76
𝐿10 = 123
𝐿11 = 199
𝐿12 = 322
20c The sum of two odd integers is even, and the sum of an even and an odd integer
is odd.
20d The first is 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, …, which is 2𝐹𝑛+1.

The second is 0, 2, 2, 4, 6, …, which is 2𝐹𝑛−1 .
21 Investigation question – answers will vary.
22a The 20th number is 10, and −20 is the 41st number on the list.

1 2 1 3 2
22b Start by writing down the successive diagonals 1, 2, 2 , 3, 2 , 3 , 4, 2 , 3 , 14, …
Then remove every fraction that can be cancelled because it has previously been
listed.
22c The number 𝑥 is not on the list because it differs from the 𝑛th number on the list
at the 𝑛th decimal place.

Solutions to Exercise 1B
3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28
1b Each term is 10 less than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
35, 25, 15, 5, −5, −15
1
1c Each term is 1 2 more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
1 1 1
4 2 , 6, 7 2 , 9, 10 2 , 12
2a Start at 3 and add 2. The sequence is as follows:

3, 5, 7, 9
2b Start at 7 and subtract 4. The sequence is as follows:

7, 3, −1, −5
2c Start at 30 and subtract 11. The sequence is as follows:

30, 19, 8, −3
2d Start at −9 and add 4. The sequence is as follows:

−9, −5, −1, 3
1
2e Start at 3 2 and subtract 2. The sequence is as follows:
1 1 1 1
3 2 , 1 2 , − 2 , −2 2
2f Start at 0.9 and add 0.7. The sequence is as follows:

0.9, 1.6, 2.3, 3.0
3a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 7 − 3 = 4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 11 − 7 = 4
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑑 = 4.

3b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 7 − 11 = −4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 3 − 7 = −4
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 11 and 𝑑 = −4.
3c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 34 − 23 = 11
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 45 − 34 = 11
3d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = (−7) − (−12) = 5
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−7) − (−2) = 5
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = −12 and 𝑑 = 5.
3e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 20 − (−40) = 60
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−10) − 20 = −30
Hence this sequence is not an AP, as the differences are not all the same.
3f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 11 − 1 = 10
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 111 − 11 = 100
3g 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = (−2) − 8 = −10
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−12) − (−2) = −10
3h 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 0 − (−17) = 17
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 17 − 0 = 17
1 1
3i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 7 2 − 10 = −2 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 5 − 7 2 = −2 2
1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑑 = −2 2.
4a 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑑 = 6
𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 6(𝑛 − 1)

= 7 + 6𝑛 − 6
= 1 + 6𝑛
𝑇11 = 1 + 6 × 11 = 67
4b 𝑎 = 15 and 𝑑 = −7
𝑇𝑛 = 15 − 7(𝑛 − 1)
= 15 − 7𝑛 + 7
= 22 − 7𝑛
𝑇11 = 22 − 7 × 11 = −55
1
4c 𝑎 = 10 2 and 𝑑 = 4
1
𝑇𝑛 = 10 2 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
1
= 10 2 + 4𝑛 − 4
1
= 6 2 + 4𝑛
1 1
𝑇11 = 6 2 + 4 × 11 = 50 2
5a 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑑 = 4
𝑇𝑛 = 1 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
= 1 + 4𝑛 − 4
= −3 + 4𝑛
5b 𝑎 = 100 and 𝑑 = −7
𝑇𝑛 = 100 − 7(𝑛 − 1)
= 100 − 7𝑛 + 7
= 107 − 7𝑛
5c 𝑎 = −13 and 𝑑 = 6
𝑇𝑛 = −13 + 6(𝑛 − 1)
= −13 + 6𝑛 − 6
= −19 + 6𝑛
6a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 16 − 6 = 10
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 26 − 16 = 10

6b 𝑇9 = 6 + 10(9 − 1)
𝑇9 = 86
𝑇21 = 6 + 10(21 − 1) = 206
𝑇100 = 6 + 10(100 − 1) = 996
6c 𝑇𝑛 = 6 + 10(𝑛 − 1)
= 6 + 10𝑛 − 10
= 10𝑛 − 4
7a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 11 − 8 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 14 − 11 = 3
𝑇𝑛 = 8 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
= 8 + 3𝑛 − 3
= 5 + 3𝑛
7b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 15 − 21 = −6
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 9 − 15 = −6
𝑇𝑛 = 21 − 6(𝑛 − 1)
= 21 − 6𝑛 + 6
= 27 − 6𝑛
7c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4 − 8 = −4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 2 − 4 = −2
7d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 1 − (−3) = 4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 5 − 1 = 4
𝑇𝑛 = −3 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
= −3 + 4𝑛 − 4
= 4𝑛 − 7

3 1
7e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 3 − 1 4 = 1 4
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 4 4 − 3 = 1 4
3 1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 1 4 and 𝑑 = 1 4.
3 1
𝑇𝑛 = 1 4 + 1 4 (𝑛 − 1)
3 1 1
= 14 + 14𝑛 − 14
1 1
= 14𝑛 + 2
1
= 4 (2 + 5𝑛)
7f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = −5 − 12 = −17
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = −22 − (−5) = −17
𝑇𝑛 = 12 − 17(𝑛 − 1)
= 12 − 17𝑛 + 17
= 29 − 17𝑛
7g 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2√2 − √2 = √2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 3√2 − 2√2 = √2
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = √2 and 𝑑 = √2.
𝑇𝑛 = √2 + √2(𝑛 − 1)
= √2 + 𝑛√2 − √2
= 𝑛√2
7h 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 9 − 4 = 5
𝑇4 − 𝑇3 = 16 − 9 = 7
1 1
7i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 1— 2 2 = 3 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 4 2 − 1 = 3 2
1 1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = −2 2 and 𝑑 = 3 2.
1 7
𝑇𝑛 = −2 2 + 2 (𝑛 − 1)
1 7 1
= −2 2 + 2 𝑛 − 3 2
7
= 2𝑛 − 6

8a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 160 − 165 = −5
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 160 − 165 = −5
𝑇𝑛 = 165 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
= 165 − 5𝑛 + 5
= 170 − 5𝑛
8b Put 𝑇𝑛 = 40
Then: 40 = 165 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
40 = 165 − 5𝑛 + 5
40 = 170 − 5𝑛
130 = 5𝑛
𝑛 = 26
There are 26 terms in the sequence.
8c Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
Then: 0 > 165 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
0 > 165 − 5𝑛 + 5
0 > 170 − 5𝑛
5𝑛 > 170
𝑛 > 34
The first negative term is 𝑇35 = −5
9a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 17 − 20 = −3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 14 − 17 = −3
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
Then: 0 > 20 − 3(𝑛 − 1)
0 > 20 − 3𝑛 + 3
0 > 23 − 3𝑛
3𝑛 > 23
𝑛 > 7.66 …
Hence the first negative term is 𝑇8 = −1
9b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 79 − 82 = −3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 76 − 79 = −3
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
Then: 0 > 82 − 3(𝑛 − 1)

0 > 82 − 3𝑛 + 3
0 > 85 − 3𝑛
3𝑛 > 85
𝑛 > 28.33 …
Hence the first negative term is 𝑇29 = −2
1 1
9c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 24 − 24 2 = − 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 23 2 − 24 = − 2
1 1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 24 2 and 𝑑 = − 2.
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
1 1
Then: 0 > 24 2 − 2 (𝑛 − 1)
1 1 1
0 > 24 2 − 2 𝑛 + 2
1
0 > 25 − 2 𝑛
1
𝑛 > 25
2
𝑛 > 50
1
Hence the first negative term is 𝑇51 = − 2
10a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 12 − 10 = 2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 14 − 12 = 2
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
Then: 30 = 10 + 2(𝑛 − 1)
30 = 10 + 2𝑛 − 2
30 = 8 + 2𝑛
22 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = 11
10b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 7 − 4 = 3
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 100
Then: 100 = 1 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
100 = 1 + 3𝑛 − 3
100= 3𝑛 − 2
102 = 3𝑛

𝑛 = 34
10c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 100 − 105 = −5

𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 95 − 100 = −5
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
Then: 30 = 105 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
30 = 105 − 5𝑛 + 5
30 = 110 − 5𝑛
−80 = −5
𝑛 = 16
10d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 92 − 100 = −8
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 84 − 92 = −8
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 4
Then: 4 = 100 − 8(𝑛 − 1)
4= 100 − 8𝑛 + 8
4 = 108 − 8𝑛
−104 = −8𝑛
𝑛 = 13
1 1
10e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = (−10 2) − (−12) = 1 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−9) − (−10 2) = 1 2
1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = −12 and 𝑑 = 1 2.
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 0
3
Then: 0 = −12 + 2 (𝑛 − 1)
3 3
0 = −12 + 2 𝑛 − 2
3 27
0 = 2𝑛 − 2
3 27
𝑛=
2 2
𝑛=9

10f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 5 − 2 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 8 − 5 = 3
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 2000
Then: 2000 = 2 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
2000 = 2 + 3𝑛 − 3
2000 = 3𝑛 − 1
2001 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 667
11a 𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 4𝑛
𝑇1 = 7 + 4 = 11
𝑇2 = 7 + 8 = 15
𝑇3 = 7 + 12 = 19
𝑇4 = 7 + 16 = 23
11b 𝑇25 + 𝑇50 = (7 + 4 × 25) + (7 + 4 × 50)

= 107 + 207
= 314
𝑇50 − 𝑇25 = (7 + 4 × 50) − (7 + 4 × 25)
= 207 − 107
= 100
11c 5𝑇1 + 4𝑇2 = 5(7 + 4 × 1) + 4(7 + 4 × 2)

= 5(11) + 4(15)
= 115
𝑇27 = 7 + 4 × 27 = 115
Hence, 5𝑇1 + 4𝑇2 = 𝑇27 .
11d Put 𝑇𝑛 = 815

Then 815 = 7 + 4𝑛
808 = 4𝑛
𝑛 = 202
Hence 815 is the 202nd term in this sequence.

11e Put 𝑇𝑛 = 1000

Then 1000 = 7 + 4𝑛
993 = 4𝑛
1
𝑛 = 248 4
Hence the last term less than 1000 is 𝑇248 = 999, and the first term greater than
1000 is 𝑇249 = 1003.
11f Put 𝑇𝑛 > 200

Then 200 < 7 + 4𝑛
193 < 4𝑛
1
𝑛 > 48 4
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 300
Then 300 > 7 + 4𝑛
293 > 4𝑛
1
𝑛 < 73 4
Hence, the terms 𝑇49 = 203, … , 𝑇73 = 299 are between 200 and 300. There are 25
terms between 200 and 300.
12a i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 16 − 8 = 8
𝑇3 − 𝑇 − 2 = 24 − 16 = 8
This is an AP with 𝑑 = 8 and 𝑎 = 8
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 8 + 8(𝑛 − 1)
= 8 + 8𝑛 − 8
= 8𝑛
12a ii Put 𝑇𝑛 > 500

Then: 8𝑛 > 500
𝑛 > 62.5
Hence the first term greater than 500 is 𝑇63 = 504
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 850
Then: 8𝑛 < 850
𝑛 < 106.25
Hence the last term less than 850 is 𝑇106 = 848
12a iii 106 − 63 + 1 = 44 gives 44 multiples of 8 between 500 and 850.

12b Considering the AP with 𝑎 = 11, 𝑑 = 11

𝑇𝑛 = 11 + 11(𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛 = 11𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 1000
11𝑛 > 1000
𝑛 > 90.9
Hence the first term above 1000 is 𝑇91 = 1001
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 2000
11𝑛 < 2000
𝑛 < 181.81
Hence the first term below 2000 is 𝑇181 = 1991
181 − 91 + 1 = 91 gives 91 multiples of 11 between 1000 and 2000
12c Considering the AP with 𝑎 = 7, 𝑑 = 7

𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 7(𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛 = 7𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 800
7𝑛 > 800
𝑛 > 114.28
Hence the first term above 800 is 𝑇115 = 805
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 2000
7𝑛 < 2000
𝑛 < 285.71
Hence the first term below 2000 is 𝑇285 = 1995
285 − 115 + 1 = 171 gives 171 multiples of 7 between 800 and 2000
13a 𝑇4 = 16 and 𝑎 = 7
Put 16 = 7 + (4 − 1)𝑑
16 = 7 + 3𝑑
9 = 3𝑑
𝑑=3
The first four terms in the sequence are 7, 10, 13, 16.

13b 𝑇11 = 108 and 𝑎 = 28

Put 108 = 28 + (11 − 1)𝑑
108 = 28 + 10𝑑
80 = 10𝑑
𝑑=8
𝑇20 = 28 + 8(20 − 1)
= 180
13c 𝑇20 = −6 and 𝑎 = 32

Put −6 = 32 + (20 − 1)𝑑
−6 = 32 + 19𝑑
−38 = 19𝑑
𝑑 = −2
𝑇100 = 32 − 2(100 − 1)
= −166
14a 𝑇1 = 500
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 300 = 500 + 300 = $800
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 + 300 = 800 + 300 = $1100
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 + 300 = 1100 + 300 = $1400
14b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 500 + (𝑛 − 1)(300)
= 500 + 300𝑛 − 300
= 200 + 300𝑛
𝑇15 = 200 + 300(15) = $4700
14c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 500 + (𝑛 − 1)(300)
= 500 + 300𝑛 − 300
= 200 + 300𝑛
14d Put 𝑇𝑛 < 10 000

200 + 300𝑛 < 10 000
300𝑛 < 9800
𝑛 < 32.666 …

So the maximum number of windows whose total cost is less than $10 000 is 32.
15a The track is 160 km before building resumes. It is 20 km longer one month later,
and each term is 20 km more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
180, 200, 220, …
15b 𝑇𝑛 = 180 + 20(𝑛 − 1)

𝑇12 = 180 + 20(12 − 1)
= 400
After 12 months, there is 400 km of track.
15c 𝑇𝑛 = 180 + 20(𝑛 − 1)

= 180 + 20𝑛 − 20
= 160 + 20𝑛
15d Put 𝑇𝑛 = 540

Then 540 = 160 + 20𝑛
380 = 20𝑛
𝑛 = 19
It took 19 months to complete the track.
16a 𝐴1 = 2000 × 1.06 = $2120

𝐴2 = 2120 × 1.06 = $2240
𝐴3 = 2240 × 1.06 = $2360
𝐴4 = 2360 × 1.06 = $2480
16b Put 𝐴1 = 2120

𝑎 + (1 − 1)𝑑 = 2120
𝑎 + 0 = 2120
𝑎 = 2120
Put 𝐴2 = 2240
𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑 = 2240
2120 + 𝑑 = 2240
𝑑 = 120

Hence 𝐴𝑛 = 2120 + 120(𝑛 − 1) = 2000 + 120𝑛

Thus 𝐴12 = 2000 + 120(12) = 3340
16c Put 𝑇𝑛 > 6000

2000 + 120𝑛 > 6000
120𝑛 > 4000
𝑛 > 33.33
Hence, it will take 34 years before the total amount exceeds $6000.
17a 𝑓(1) = 9, 𝑓(2) = 6, 𝑓(3) = 3

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 6 − 9 = −3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 3 − 6 = −3
This is an AP with 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = −3. Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 9 − 3(𝑛 − 1)
= 9 − 3𝑛 + 3
= 12 − 3𝑛
17b i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = −1 − (−3) = 2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 1 − (−1) = 2
This is an AP with 𝑎 = −3, 𝑑 = 2. Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= −3 + 2(𝑛 − 1)
= −3 + 2𝑛 − 2
= 2𝑛 − 5
The linear function that generates this is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5.

17b ii
18a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5𝑥 − 9 and 𝑑 = (5𝑥 − 5) − (5𝑥 − 9) = 4. Hence:

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 5𝑥 − 9 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4
= 5𝑥 − 9 + 4𝑛 − 4
= 5𝑥 + 4𝑛 − 13
Put 𝑇11 = 36
36 = 5𝑥 + 4(11) − 13
36 = 5𝑥 + 31
5 = 5𝑥
𝑥=1
18b This is an AP with 𝑎 = 16 and 𝑑 = (16 + 6𝑥) − 16 = 6𝑥. Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 16 + (𝑛 − 1) × 6𝑥
Put 𝑇11 = 36
36 = 16 + (11 − 1) × 6𝑥
36 = 16 + 60𝑥
20 = 60𝑥
1
𝑥=
3
19a This is an AP with 𝑎 = log 3 2 and
𝑑 = log 3 4 − log 3 2
𝑑 = log 3 ( 2 × 2) − log 3 2
𝑑 = log 3 2 + log 3 2 − log 3 2
𝑑 = log 3 2
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= log 3 2 + (𝑛 − 1) log 3 2
= log 3 2 + 𝑛 log 3 2 − log 3 2
= 𝑛 log 3 2

19b This is an AP with 𝑎 = log 𝑎 54 and

𝑑 = log 𝑎 18 − log 𝑎 54
𝑑 = log 𝑎 18 − log 𝑎 (3 × 18)
𝑑 = log 𝑎 18 − log 𝑎 3 − log 𝑎 18
𝑑 = − log 𝑎 3
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= log 𝑎 54 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑎 3)
= log 𝑎 (2 × 33 ) + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑎 3)
= log 𝑎 2 + 3 log 𝑎 3 − 𝑛 log 𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 3
= log 𝑎 2 + (4 − 𝑛) log 𝑎 3
19c This is an AP with 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 and

𝑑 = (2𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 3𝑦)
𝑑 = 𝑥 + 4𝑦
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑥 + 4𝑦)
= 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥 − 4𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 + (4𝑛 − 7)𝑦
19d This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 − 6√5 and

𝑑 = 1 + √5 − (5 − 6√5 )
𝑑 = −4 + 7√5
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 5 − 6√5 + (𝑛 − 1)(−4 + 7√5)
= 5 − 6√5 − 4𝑛 + 7√5𝑛 + 4 − 7√5
= 9 − 4𝑛 + (7𝑛 − 13)√5
19e This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1.36 and

𝑑 = −0.52 − 1.36
𝑑 = −1.88
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 1.36 + (𝑛 − 1)(−1.88)
= 3.24 − 1.88𝑛

19f This is an AP with 𝑎 = log 𝑎 3𝑥 2 = log 𝑎 3 + 2 log 𝑎 𝑥 and

𝑑 = log 𝑎 3𝑥 − log 𝑎 3𝑥 2
𝑑 = log 𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 3 − 2 log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑑 = −log 𝑎 𝑥
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑎 3 + 2 log 𝑎 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)(−log 𝑎 𝑥)
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑎 3 + (3 − 𝑛) log 𝑎 𝑥
20 This is an AP with 𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = −3. So 𝑇𝑛 = 100 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = 103 − 3𝑛.

Put 𝑇𝑛2 < 400
(103 − 3𝑛)2 < 400
10 609 − 618𝑛 + 9𝑛2 < 400
9𝑛2 − 618𝑛 + 10 209 < 0
By the quadratic formula, the solutions to the equation 9𝑛2 − 618𝑛 + 10209 = 0
are:
618 ± √6182 − 4 × 9 × 10209

𝑛= = 27.66, 41
2×9
Thus, as we want the region of the parabola below the axis,
27.66 < 𝑛 < 41
So for integer solutions
28 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 40
Hence, the 13 terms 𝑇28 = 19, … , 𝑇40 = −17 have squares less than 400.
21a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇1 = 𝑚 + 𝑏
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇2 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏
First term: 𝑎 = 𝑚 + 𝑏
Difference: 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏 − (𝑚 + 𝑏) = 𝑚

21b 𝑇1 = 𝑎 and 𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
For a linear function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 𝑚 + 𝑏 or 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑚
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏 becomes:
𝑚 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏
𝑏 + 𝑑 − 𝑏 = 2𝑚 − 𝑚
𝑚=𝑑
So the gradient is 𝑑 and the 𝑦-intercept is 𝑎 − 𝑚 or 𝑎 − 𝑑.
22a Take an arbitrary 𝜆 and 𝜇. For 𝑇𝑛 we have 𝑇𝑛 = 𝜆𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑑1 and for 𝑈𝑛 we
have 𝑈𝑛 = 𝜇𝑎2 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜇𝑑1 . Hence the sum of the sequences will be:
𝑇𝑛 + 𝑈𝑛
= 𝜆𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑑1 + 𝜇𝑎2 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜇𝑑1
= (𝜆𝑎1 + 𝜇𝑎2 ) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝜆𝑑1 + 𝜇𝑑2 )
This is the equation of an AP with 𝑎 = 𝜆𝑎1 + 𝜇𝑎2 , 𝑑 = 𝜆𝑑1 + 𝜇𝑑2
22b 𝐴(1, 0) has 𝑇𝑛 = 1 + (𝑛 − 1)(0) = 1 and thus is 1, 1, 1, …

𝐴(0, 1) has 𝑇𝑛 = 0 + (𝑛 − 1)(1) = 𝑛 − 1 and thus is 0, 1, 2 …
𝐴(𝑎, 𝑑) is:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 𝑎 + 0𝑑 + (0 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
= 𝑎(1 + 0𝑑) + 𝑑(0 + (𝑛 − 1)(1))
= 𝑎𝐴(1, 0) + 𝑑𝐴(0, 1)
Hence, 𝑇𝑛 is of the form 𝜆𝐴(1, 0) + 𝜇𝐴(0, 1) where 𝜆 = 𝑎 and 𝜇 = 𝑑.

Solutions to Exercise 1C
1a Each term is 2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
8, 16, 32
1
1b Each term is 3 of the previous term. The next three terms are:
1
3, 1, 3
1c Each term is 2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
−56, −112, −224
1
1d Each term is 5 of the previous term. The next three terms are:
4
−20, −4, − 5
1e Each term is −2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
−24, 48, −96
1f Each term is −2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
200, −400, 800
1g Each term is −1 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
−5, 5, −5
1
1h Each term is − of the previous term. The next three terms are:
10
1 1
1, − 10 , 100
1i Each term is 10 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
40, 400, 4000
2a Start with 12. Each term is 2 times the previous term. The sequence is:
12, 24, 48, 96

2b Start with 5. Each term is −2 times the previous term. The sequence is:
5, −10, 20, −40
1
2c Start with 18. Each term is of the previous term. The sequence is:
3
2
18, 6, 2, 3
1
2d Start with 18. Each term is − 3 of the previous term. The sequence is:
2
18, −6, 2, − 3
1
2e Start with 6. Each term is − 2 of the previous term. The sequence is:
3 3
6, −3, 2 , − 4
2f Start with −7. Each term is −1 times the previous term. The sequence is:
−7, 7, −7, 7
𝑇3 16
3a = =2
𝑇2 8
𝑇2 8
=4=2
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑟 = 2.
𝑇3 4 1
3b =8=2
𝑇2
𝑇2 8 1
= 16 = 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 16 and 𝑟 = .
2
𝑇3 6 3
3c =4=2
𝑇2
𝑇2 4
=2=2
𝑇1
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not all the same.

𝑇3 −10 1
3d = −100 = 10
𝑇2
𝑇2 −100 1
= −1000 = 10
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −1000 and 𝑟 = 10.
𝑇3 −20 1
3e = = −2
𝑇2 40
𝑇2 40 1
= −80 = − 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −80 and 𝑟 = − 2.
𝑇3 29
3f = 29 = 1
𝑇2
𝑇2 29
= 29 = 1
𝑇1
𝑇3 9
3g =4
𝑇2
𝑇2 4
= =4
𝑇1 1
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not all the same.
𝑇3 −14
3h = = −1
𝑇2 14
𝑇2 14
= −14 = −1
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −14 and 𝑟 = −1.
1
𝑇3 6 1
3i = =6
𝑇2 1
𝑇2 1
=6
𝑇1
1
4a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = 5 × 23
=5×8
= 40

4b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
1 3
𝑇4 = 300 × (10)
1
= 300 × 1000
3
= 10
4c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = −7 × 23
= −7 × 8
= −56
4d 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
1 3
𝑇4 = −64 × (2)
1
= −64 × 8
= −8
4e 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = 11 × (−2)3
= 11 × −8
= −88
4f 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = −15 × (−2)3
𝑇4 = −15 × −8
𝑇4 = 120
5a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 3
𝑇𝑛 = 1 × 3𝑛−1 = 3𝑛−1
5b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = 7
𝑇𝑛 = 5 × 7𝑛−1

1
5c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 with 𝑎 = 8, 𝑟 = 3
1
𝑇𝑛 = 8 × (− 3)𝑛−1
𝑇3 28
6a = 14 = 2
𝑇2
𝑇2 14
= =2
𝑇1 7
𝑇6 = 7 × 25
= 7 × 32
= 224
𝑇50 = 7 × 249
𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 7 × 2𝑛−1
𝑇3 90
7a = −30 = −3
𝑇2
𝑇2 −30
= = −3
𝑇1 10
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑟 = −3.
𝑇6 = 10 × (−3)5
= 10 × −243
= −2430
𝑇25 = 10 × (−3)24
= 10 × 324
𝑎 = 10 and 𝑟 = −3
𝑇𝑛 = 10 × (−3)𝑛−1

𝑇3 40
8a = 20 = 2
𝑇2
𝑇2 20
= 10 = 2
𝑇1
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
= 10 × 2𝑛−1
𝑇6 = 10 × 25
= 10 × 32
= 320
𝑇3 20 1
8b = 60 = 3
𝑇2
𝑇2 60 1
= 180 = 3
𝑇1
1
1 𝑛−1
= 180 × (3)
1 5
𝑇6 = 180 × (3)
1
= 180 × 243
20
= 27
𝑇3 100
8c =
𝑇2 81
𝑇2 81
= 64
𝑇1
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not the same.
𝑇3 65 13
8d = 50 = 10
𝑇2
𝑇2 50 10
= 35 =
𝑇1 7
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not the same.
𝑇3 12
8e = =4
𝑇2 3
𝑇2 3
= 3 =4
𝑇1
4
3
3
= 4 × 4𝑛−1

3
𝑇6 = 4 × 45
3
= 4 × 1024
= 768
𝑇3 −12 1
8f = −24 = 2
𝑇2
𝑇2 −24 1
= −48 = 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −48 and 𝑟 = 2.
1 𝑛−1
= −48 × (2)
1 5
𝑇6 = −48 × (2)
1
= −48 × 32
3
= −2
𝑇2 −1
9a = = −1
𝑇1 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −1

= 1 × (−1)𝑛−1
𝑇6 = 1 × (−1)5
= −1
𝑇2 4
9b = −2 = −2
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −2 and 𝑟 = −2

= −2 × (−2)𝑛−1
= (−2)𝑛
𝑇6 = (−2)6
= 64

𝑇2 24
9c = −8 = −3
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −8 and 𝑟 = −3

= −8 × (−3)𝑛−1
𝑇6 = −8 × (−3)5
= 1944
𝑇2 −30 1
9d = =−
𝑇1 60 2
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 60 and 𝑟 = − 2
1 𝑛−1
= 60 × (− 2)
1 5
𝑇6 = 60 × (− 2)
15
=− 8
𝑇2 512 1
9e = −1024 = − 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −1024 and 𝑟 = − 2
1 𝑛−1
= −1024 × (− 2)
1 5
𝑇6 = −1024 × (− 2)
= 32
3
𝑇2 −
8
9f = 1 = −6
𝑇1
16
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 16 and 𝑟 = −6
1
= 16 × (−6)𝑛−1
1
𝑇6 = 16 × (−6)5
= −486

10a 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛−1
64 = 2𝑛−1
26 = 2𝑛−1
𝑛−1=6
𝑛=7
Hence there are 7 terms in this finite sequence.
10b 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑇𝑛 = −3𝑛−1
−81 = −3𝑛−1
81 = 3𝑛−1
34 = 3𝑛−1
𝑛−1=4
𝑛=5
10c 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑟 = 5
𝑇𝑛 = 8 × 5𝑛−1
125 000 = 8 × 5𝑛−1
15 625 = 5𝑛−1
56 = 5𝑛−1
𝑛−1=6
𝑛=7
10d 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 7 × 2𝑛−1
224 = 7 × 2𝑛−1
32 = 2𝑛−1
25 = 2𝑛−1
𝑛−1=5
𝑛=6

10e 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = 7
𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 7𝑛−1
4802 = 2 × 7𝑛−1
2401 = 7𝑛−1
74 = 7𝑛−1
𝑛−1=4
𝑛=5
1
10f 𝑎 = 25 and 𝑟 = 5
1
𝑇𝑛 = 25 × 5𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 = 5−2 × 5𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛−3
625 = 5𝑛−3
54 = 5𝑛−3
𝑛−3=4
𝑛=7
11a 𝑇𝑛 = 25𝑟 𝑛−1

Put 𝑇4 = 200
25𝑟 4−1 = 200
𝑟3 = 8
𝑟=2
𝑇1 = 25
𝑇2 = 50
𝑇3 = 100
𝑇4 = 200
𝑇5 = 400
11b i 𝑇6 = 96, 𝑎 = 3
𝑎𝑟 5 = 96
3𝑟 5 = 96
𝑟 5 = 32
𝑟=2

11b ii 𝑇7 = 0.001, 𝑎 = 1000

𝑎𝑟 6 = 0.001
1000𝑟 6 = 0.001
𝑟 6 = 0.000 001
𝑟 = ±0.1
11b iii 𝑇6 = 32, 𝑎 = 32

𝑎𝑟 5 = −243
32𝑟 5 = −243
243
𝑟5 = −
32
3
𝑟=−
2
11b iv 𝑇7 = 40, 𝑎 = 5
5𝑟 6 = 40
𝑟6 = 8
𝑟 = ±√2
12a 𝑇1 = 50
𝑇2 = 100
𝑇3 = 200
𝑇4 = 400
𝑇5 = 800
𝑇6 = 1600
𝑇 100
𝑎 = 50, 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = =2
1 50
12b Put 𝑇𝑛 = 6400

25 × 2𝑛 = 6400
2𝑛 = 256
𝑛=8
Hence 𝑇8 = 6400
12c 𝑇50 × 𝑇25 = 25(2)50 × 25(2)25 = 252 × 275 = 54 × 275

𝑇50 ÷ 𝑇25 = 25(2)50 ÷ 25(2)25 = 225

12d 𝑇9 × 𝑇11 = 25(2)9 × 25(2)11 = 25 × 25 × (2)20 = 25 × 𝑇20
12e There are 6 terms, they are:

𝑇6 = 1600
𝑇7 = 3200
𝑇8 = 6400
𝑇9 = 12 800
𝑇10 = 25 600
𝑇11 = 51 200
12f 𝑇12 = 25 × 212 = 102 400 whereas

𝑇11 = 25 × 211 = 51 200. Hence 𝑇11 is the last term less than 100 000 and
𝑇12 = 102 400 is the first term greater than 100 000.
13 Start with 0.1. Each term is 2 times the previous term. The sequence is:
0.1, 0.2, 0.4, …
Hence, this is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.1 and 𝑟 = 2.
𝑇101 is equivalent to the thickness from 100 successive folds.
𝑇101 = 0.1 × 2100
2100
𝑇101 = mm ≑ 1.27 × 1023 km ≑ 1.34 × 1010 light years
10
This is close to the present estimate of the distance to the Big Bang.
14a 𝐴1 = 𝑃 × 1.07, 𝐴2 = 𝑃 × (1.07)2 , 𝐴3 = 𝑃 × (1.07)3
14b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑃 × 1.07 and 𝑟 = 1.07. Hence:

𝐴𝑛 = (𝑃 × 1.07) × (1.07)𝑛−1 = 𝑃 × (1.07)𝑛
14c By trial and error it will take 11 full years to double, 35 years to increase tenfold.
80
15a 𝑊1 = 20 000 × 100 = 20 000 × 0.8
80 80
𝑊2 = 20 000 × × = 20 000 × (0.8)2
100 100
80 80 80
𝑊3 = 20 000 × × × = 20 000 × (0.8)3
100 100 100

Hence, by observation:
𝑊𝑛 = 20000 × (0.8)𝑛
15b The first term below $2000 is 𝑊11 = 1717.99, hence it takes 11 years for the
value to fall below $2000.
𝑇 2√3 2 2√2
16a This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = = = = √2 and 𝑎 = √6.
1 √6 √2 2
𝑛−1 √6 𝑛 𝑛
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = √6(√2) = (√2) = √3(√2)
√2
𝑇 𝑎2 𝑥 3
16b This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑎𝑥 2 and 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥.
1
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎𝑥(𝑎𝑥 2 )𝑛−1
= 𝑎𝑥𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 2𝑛−2 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−1
𝑇 1 𝑦 𝑥
16c This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = − 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑎 = − 𝑦.
1 −
𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑛−2
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = (− ) ( ) = −( ) ( ) = −( ) = −𝑥 2−𝑛 𝑦 𝑛−2
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑇 2𝑥 2
17a This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = = 𝑥 and 𝑎 = 2𝑥.
1 2𝑥
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 2𝑥(𝑥) 𝑛−1
= 2𝑥 𝑛
Put 𝑇6 = 2
2𝑥 6 = 2
𝑥6 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
𝑇 𝑥2
17b This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 𝑥 4 = 𝑥 −2 and 𝑎 = 𝑥 4 .
1
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑥 4 (𝑥 −2 )𝑛−1 = 𝑥 4 𝑥 2−2𝑛 = 𝑥 6−2𝑛
Put 𝑇6 = 36
𝑥 6−12 = 36
𝑥 −6 = 36
𝑥 6 = 3−6
6
1 6
𝑥 =( )
3
1
𝑥=±
3

𝑇 2−12 𝑥
17c This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 2−16 𝑥 = 2−12+16 = 24 and 𝑎 = 2−16 𝑥.
1
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 2−16 𝑥(24 )𝑛−1 = 2−16 𝑥24𝑛−4 = 24𝑛−20 𝑥
Put 𝑇6 = 96
24(6)−20 𝑥 = 96
24 𝑥 = 96
16𝑥 = 96
𝑥=6
𝑇2 22
18a = 25 = 2−3
𝑇1
𝑇3 2−1
= 2 = 2−3
𝑇2 2
𝑇4 2−4
= = 2−3
𝑇3 2−1
Hence this is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑇1 = 25 and 𝑟 = 2−3.
= 25 × (2−3 )𝑛−1
= 25 × 23−3𝑛
= 28−3𝑛
18b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
= log 2 24 − log 2 96
= log 2 (3 × 23 ) − log 2 (3 × 25 )
= log 2 3 + 3 log 2 2 − (log 2 3 + 5 log 2 2)
= −2 log 2 2
= −2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2
= log 2 6 − log 2 24
= log 2 (3 × 2) − log 2 (3 × 23 )
= log 2 3 + log 2 2 − (log 2 3 + 3 log 2 2)
= −2 log 2 2
= −2
Hence this is an AP with common ratio 𝑟 = −2 and 𝑎 = 𝑇1 = log 2 96
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= log 2 96 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2)
= log 2 (3 × 25 ) + (𝑛 − 1)(−2)
= log 2 3 + 5 log 2 2 − 2(𝑛 − 1)

= log 2 3 + 5 − 2𝑛 + 2
= 7 − 2𝑛 + log 2 3
4 4
19a 𝑇1 = 𝑓(1) = 25 × 51 = 5
4
𝑇2 = 𝑓(2) = × 52 = 4
25
4
𝑇3 = 𝑓(3) = × 53 = 20
25
4
𝑇4 = 𝑓(4) = × 54 = 100
25
4
𝑇5 = 𝑓(4) = × 55 = 500
25
4
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛) = × 5𝑛
25
10
19b i This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = = 2, hence:
5
𝑇𝑛 = 5 × 2𝑛−1
5
= × 2𝑛
2
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 × 2𝑥
19b ii

𝑇𝑛 𝑘𝑏 𝑛
20a = 𝑘𝑏𝑛−1 = 𝑏
𝑇𝑛−1
Hence all terms have the same common ratio so this is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑏1 = 𝑘𝑏
and 𝑟 = 𝑏.
20b Suppose that 𝑇𝑛 is a GP with first term 𝑎 and ratio 𝑟. This means that 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 .
The exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟 𝑥−1 is such that 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛).
20c
𝑓(2) 𝑐𝑏 2
21a 𝑎 = 𝑓(1) = 𝑐𝑏, 𝑟 = 𝑓(1) = =𝑏
𝑐𝑏
First term is 𝑐𝑏 and common ratio is 𝑏.
21b We know for a sequence with first term 𝑎 and ratio 𝑟 that
𝑛−1
𝑟𝑛 𝑎
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑟 =𝑎× = × 𝑟𝑛
𝑟 𝑟
𝑎
Hence a generating function for this sequence would be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑟 × 𝑟 𝑥 .

22a
𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 𝑈𝑛
=
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑈𝑛−1
𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 𝐴𝑅 𝑛−1
= 𝑛−1−1 𝑛−1−1
𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑅
=
= 𝑟𝑅
Hence all term have the same common ratio of 𝑟𝑅.
The first term is 𝑉1 = 𝑇1 𝑈1 = 𝑎𝑟 1−1 𝐴𝑅1−1 = 𝑎𝐴.
22b Suppose that 𝑊𝑛 is a GP, then we have that:
𝑊𝑛 𝑊𝑛+2 = 𝑊𝑛+1 2
(𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛−1 )(𝑎𝑟 𝑛+1 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛+1 ) = (𝑎𝑟 𝑛 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛 )2
𝑎2 𝑟 2𝑛 + 𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛+1 + 𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛+1 𝑅 𝑛−1 + 𝐴2 𝑅 2𝑛 = 𝑎2 𝑟 2𝑛 + 2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛 + 𝐴2 𝑅 2𝑛
𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛+1 + 𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛+1 𝑅 𝑛−1 = 2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛−1 (𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) = 2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
(𝑅 2 +𝑟 2)
=
𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛−1
𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟𝑅
𝑅 2 − 2𝑅𝑟 + 𝑟 2 = 0
(𝑅 − 𝑟)2 = 0
𝑟=𝑅
Hence, if 𝑟 = 𝑅 then:
𝑊𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛−1
= 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1
= (𝑎 + 𝐴)𝑟 𝑛−1 where 𝑎 + 𝐴 ≠ 0

Solutions to Exercise 1D
1a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − 5 = 17 − 𝑚
2𝑚 = 22
𝑚 = 11
1b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − 32 = 14 − 𝑚
2𝑚 = 46
𝑚 = 23
1c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − (−12) = (−50) − 𝑚
2𝑚 = −62
𝑚 = −31
1d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − (−23) = 7 − 𝑚
2𝑚 = −16
𝑚 = −8
1e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
22 − 𝑚 = 32 − 22
22 − 𝑚 = 10
𝑚 = 12
1f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−5 − (−20) = 𝑚 − (−5)
15 = 𝑚 + 5
𝑚 = 10
𝑇2 𝑇
2a = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 18
=
2 𝑔
2
𝑔 = 36
𝑔 = 6 or − 6

𝑇2 𝑇
2b = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 3
=𝑔
48
2
𝑔 = 144
𝑔 = 12 or − 12
𝑇2 𝑇
2c = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 −90
=
−10 𝑔
2
𝑔 = 900
𝑔 = 30 or − 30
𝑇2 𝑇
2d = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 −2
=
−98 𝑔
2
𝑔 = 196
𝑔 = 14 or − 14
𝑇2 𝑇
2e = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
20 80
= 20
𝑔
20
=4
𝑔
4𝑔 = 20
𝑔=5
𝑇2 𝑇
2f = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
4 𝑔
=
−1 4
𝑔 = −16
3a i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 4 = 16 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 20
𝑥 = 10

𝑇2 𝑇
3a ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 16
=
4 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 64
𝑥 = 8 or − 8
3b i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 1 = 49 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 50
𝑥 = 25
𝑇2 𝑇
3b ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 49
=
1 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 49
𝑥 = 7 or − 7
3c i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 16 = 25 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 41
1
𝑥 = 20 2
𝑇2 𝑇
3c ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 25
=
16 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 400
𝑥 = 20 or − 20
3d i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − (−5) = −20 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = −25
1
𝑥 = −12 2

𝑇2 𝑇
3d ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 −20
=
−5 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 100
𝑥 = 10 or − 10
3e i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
10 − 𝑥 = 50 − 10
10 − 𝑥 = 40
𝑥 = −30
𝑇2 𝑇
3e ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
10 50
= 10
𝑥
10
=5
𝑥
5𝑥 = 10
𝑥=2
3f i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
12 − 𝑥 = 24 − 12
12 − 𝑥 = 12
𝑥=0
𝑇2 𝑇
3f ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
12 24
= 12
𝑥
12
=2
𝑥
2𝑥 = 12
𝑥=6
3g i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−1 − 𝑥 = 1 − (−1)
−1 − 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = −3

𝑇2 𝑇
3g ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
−1 1
= −1
𝑥
1
− 𝑥 = −1
𝑥=1
3h i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
6 − 𝑥 = −12 − 6
6 − 𝑥 = −18
𝑥 = 24
𝑇2 𝑇
3h ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
6 −12
=
𝑥 6
6
= −2
𝑥
−2𝑥 = 6
𝑥 = −3
3i i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
30 − 20 = 𝑥 − 30
10 = 𝑥 − 30
𝑥 = 40
𝑇2 𝑇
3i ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
30 𝑥
= 30
20
900
𝑥= 20
𝑥 = 45
3j i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
24 − (−36) = 𝑥 − 24
60 = 𝑥 − 24
𝑥 = 84

𝑇2 𝑇
3j ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
24 𝑥
− 36 = 24
576
𝑥=− 36
𝑥 = −16
3k i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
1
−3 − (− 4) = 𝑥 − (−3)
3
−2 4 = 𝑥 + 3
3
𝑥 = −5 4
𝑇2 𝑇
3k ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
−3 𝑥
1 = −3
−
4
𝑥
− 3 = 12
𝑥 = −36
3l i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−7 − 7 = 𝑥 − (−7)
−14 = 𝑥 + 7
𝑥 = −21
𝑇2 𝑇
3l ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
−7 𝑥
= −7
7
𝑥
− 7 = −1
𝑥=7
4a 𝑇𝑛 = 7 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Put 𝑇6 = 42
7 + (6 − 1)𝑑 = 42
7 + 5𝑑 = 42
5𝑑 = 42 − 7
5𝑑 = 35
𝑑=7

𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 7(𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛 = 7𝑛
𝑇1 = 7
𝑇2 = 14
𝑇3 = 21
𝑇4 = 28
𝑇5 = 35
𝑇6 = 42
4b 𝑇𝑛 = 27𝑟 𝑛−1
Put 𝑇4 = 8
8 = 27𝑟 4−1
8 = 27𝑟 3
8
𝑟3 =
27
2
𝑟=
3
𝑇1 = 27
𝑇2 = 18
𝑇3 = 12
𝑇4 = 8
4c 𝑇𝑛 = 48 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Put 𝑇5 = 3
3 = 48 + (5 − 1)𝑑
−45 = 4𝑑
1
𝑑 = −11
4
1
𝑇𝑛 = 48 − 11 (𝑛 − 1)
4
𝑇1 = 48
3
𝑇2 = 36
4
1
𝑇3 = 25
2
1
𝑇4 = 14
4

𝑇5 = 3
4d 𝑇𝑛 = 48𝑟 𝑛−1
Put 𝑇5 = 3
3 = 48𝑟 5−1
1
= 𝑟4
16
1
𝑟=±
2
1
When 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 3(2)𝑛−1
𝑇1 = 48
𝑇2 = 24
𝑇3 = 12
𝑇4 = 6
𝑇5 = 3
1
When 𝑟 = − 2
𝑇𝑛 = 3(−2)𝑛−1
𝑇1 = 48
𝑇2 = −24
𝑇3 = 12
𝑇4 = −6
𝑇5 = 3
5a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇10 = 18 gives 18 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑 (1)
𝑇20 = 48 gives 48 = 𝑎 + 19𝑑 (2)
Subtract (1) from (2):
30 = 10𝑑
𝑑=3
Substitute 𝑑 = 3 into (1):
18 = 𝑎 + 9 × 3
𝑎 = −9

5b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇5 = 24 gives 24 = 𝑎 + 4𝑑 (1)
𝑇9 = −12 gives −12 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 (2)
−36 = 4𝑑
𝑑 = −9
Substitute 𝑑 = −9 into (1):
24 = 𝑎 + 4 × −9
𝑎 = 60
5c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇4 = 6 gives 6 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 (1)
𝑇12 = 34 gives 34 = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 (2)
28 = 8𝑑
1
𝑑 = 32
1
Substitute 𝑑 = 3 2 into (1):
1
6 = 𝑎 + 3 × 32
1
𝑎 = −4 2
𝑇6 𝑎𝑟 6−1 𝑎𝑟 5
6a = 𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 𝑟 3
𝑇3
𝑇6 128
= =8
𝑇3 16
𝑟3 = 8
𝑟=2
𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 𝑎(2)2 = 4𝑎 and 𝑇3 = 16
4𝑎 = 16
𝑎=4
𝑇6 𝑎𝑟 6−1 𝑎𝑟 5
6b = 𝑎𝑟 2−1 = = 𝑟4
𝑇2 𝑎𝑟
𝑇6 27
= = 81
𝑇2 1
3
𝑟 4 = 81

𝑟 = 3 or − 3
When 𝑟 = 3,
𝑇6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 = 𝑎𝑟 5 = 𝑎(3)5 = 243𝑎 and 𝑇6 = 27
243𝑎 = 27
1
𝑎=9
When 𝑟 = −3,
𝑇6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 = 𝑎𝑟 5 = 𝑎(−3)5 = −243𝑎 and 𝑇6 = 27
−243𝑎 = 27
1
𝑎 = −9
𝑇9 𝑎𝑟 9−1 𝑎𝑟 8
6c = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 𝑟 4
𝑇5
𝑇9 24
= =4
𝑇5 6
𝑟4 = 4
𝑟 = √2 or −√2
When 𝑟 = √2,
4
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 𝑎(√2) = 4𝑎 and 𝑇5 = 6
4𝑎 = 6
3
𝑎=2
When 𝑟 = −√2,
4
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 𝑎(−√2) = 4𝑎 and 𝑇5 = 6
4𝑎 = 6
3
𝑎=2
7a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇3 = 7 gives 7 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 (1)
𝑇7 = 31 gives 31 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 (2)

24 = 4𝑑
𝑑=6
Substitute 𝑑 = 6 into (1):
7=𝑎+2×6
𝑎 = −5
𝑇8 = −5 + 7 × 6 = 37
7b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑑 = −7
𝑇10 = 3 gives 3 = 𝑎 + 9 × −7
3 = 𝑎 − 63
𝑎 = 66
𝑇2 = 66 − 7 = 59
𝑟=2
𝑇6 = 6 gives 6 = 𝑎 × 25
6 3
𝑎 = 32 = 16
3 3
𝑇2 = × 21 =
16 8
8a 3𝑛 > 1 000 000

ln 3𝑛 > ln 1 000 000
𝑛 ln 3 > ln 1 000 000
ln 1 000 000
𝑛>
ln 3
𝑛 > 12.575 …
The smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 13.
8b 5𝑛 < 1 000 000

ln 5𝑛 < ln 1 000 000
𝑛 ln 5 < ln 1 000 000
ln 1 000 000
𝑛<
ln 5
𝑛 < 8.584 …
The largest integer solution is 𝑛 = 8.


8c 7𝑛 > 1 000 000 000

ln 7𝑛 > ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛 ln 7 > ln 1 000 000 000
ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛>
ln 7
𝑛 > 10.64 …
The smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 11.
8d 12𝑛 < 1 000 000 000

ln 12𝑛 < ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛 ln 12 < ln 1 000 000 000
ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛<
ln 12
𝑛 < 8.339 …
The largest integer solution is 𝑛 = 8.
𝑇2 4 𝑇3 8
9a = 2 = 2 and =4=2
𝑇1 𝑇2
Hence the sequence is a GP with 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑎 = 2.
𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 2𝑛−1
= 21 × 2𝑛−1
= 2𝑛
9b 𝑇𝑛 < 1 000 000

2𝑛 < 1 000 000
log10 2𝑛 < log10 1 000 000
𝑛 log10 2 < log10 1 000 000
log10 1 000 000
𝑛< log10 2
𝑛 < 19.93 …
Hence there are 19 terms less than 1 000 000.
9c 𝑇𝑛 < 1 000 000 000

2𝑛 < 1 000 000 000
log10 2𝑛 < log10 1 000 000 000
𝑛 log10 2 < log10 1 000 000 000
log10 1 000 000 000
𝑛< log10 2

𝑛 < 29.8973 …
Hence there are 29 terms less than 1 000 000 000.
9d 𝑇𝑛 < 1020
2𝑛 < 1020
log10 2𝑛 < log10 1020
𝑛 log10 2 < 20
20
𝑛 < log 2
10
𝑛 < 66.43 …
Hence there are 66 terms less than 1020 .
9e Using the answers to parts b and c, there are 10 terms between 1 000 000 and
1 000 000 000.
9f Using the answers to parts c and d, there are 37 terms between 1 000 000 000
and 1020 .
𝑇2 14 1
10a = 98 = 7
𝑇1
1 1 𝑛−1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 98, 𝑟 = 7 so 𝑇𝑛 = 98 (7) .
𝑇𝑛 > 10−6
1 𝑛−1
98 ( ) > 10−6
7
1 𝑛−1 10−6
( ) >
7 98
1 𝑛−1 10−6
ln ( ) > ln
7 98
1 10−6
(𝑛 − 1) ln > ln
7 98
10−6
ln 1
98
𝑛−1< 1 (Note that ln 7 < 0, hence we must reverse the sign)
ln
7
𝑛 − 1 < 9.46 …
𝑛 < 10.46 …

Hence there are 10 terms greater than 10−6.
𝑇2 5 1
10b = 25 = 5
𝑇1
1 1 𝑛−1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 25, 𝑟 = 5 so 𝑇𝑛 = 25 (5) .
𝑇𝑛 > 10−6
1 𝑛−1
25 ( ) > 10−6
5
1 𝑛−1 10−6
( ) >
5 25
1 𝑛−1 10−6
ln ( ) > ln
5 25
1 10−6
(𝑛 − 1) ln > ln
5 25
10−6
ln
𝑛−1< 25
1
ln
5
𝑛 − 1 < 10.58 …
𝑛 < 11.58 …
Hence there are 11 terms greater than 10−6.
𝑇2 0.9
10c = = 0.9
𝑇1 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.9 so 𝑇𝑛 = (0.9)𝑛−1 .

𝑇𝑛 > 10−6
(0.9)𝑛−1 > 10−6
(𝑛 − 1) ln 0.9 > ln 10−6
ln 10−6
𝑛−1<
ln 0.9
𝑛 − 1 < 131.13 …
𝑛 < 132.13 …
Hence there are 132 terms greater than 10−6 .

11a This is a GP with 𝑇𝑛 = 0.97𝑛 , where 𝑇𝑛 is the intensity of the light, and 𝑛
represents the number of sheets of glass.
For 50 sheets of glass:
𝑇50 = 0.9750 = 0.22 or 22%
Hence the light’s intensity is reduced by 1 − 22% = 78% after passing through
50 sheets of glass.
11b 𝑇𝑛 < 0.01

0.97𝑛 < 0.01
ln(0.97𝑛 ) < ln(0.01)
𝑛 ln(0.97) < ln(0.01)
ln(0.01)
𝑛 > ln(0.97)
𝑛 > 151.19 …
𝑇152 = 0.97152 = 0.975 … %
Hence a minimum of 152 sheets of glass are required to reduce the light’s
intensity to below 1%.
12a 𝑇6 + 𝑇8 = 44
𝑎 + (6 − 1)𝑑 + 𝑎 + (8 − 1)𝑑 = 44
2𝑎 + 12𝑑 = 44 (1)
𝑇10 + 𝑇13 = 35
𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑 + 𝑎 + (13 − 1)𝑑 = 35
𝑎 + 9𝑑 + 𝑎 + 12𝑑 = 35
2𝑎 + 21𝑑 = 35 (2)
9𝑑 = −9 (2)−(1)
𝑑 = −1 (3)
2𝑎 + 12(−1) = 44 (3) in (1)
2𝑎 = 56
𝑎 = 28
So 𝑎 = 28 and 𝑑 = −1.
12b 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 = 4
𝑎𝑟 2−1 + 𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 4
𝑎𝑟 1 + 𝑎𝑟 2 = 4
𝑎𝑟(1 + 𝑟) = 4 (1)

𝑇4 + 𝑇5 = 36
𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 4 = 36
𝑎𝑟 3 (1 + 𝑟) = 36 (2)
𝑟2 = 9 (2) ÷ (1)
𝑟 = ±3
When 𝑟 = −3, (3)
𝑎(−3)(1 − 3) = 4 (3) in (1)
6𝑎 = 4
2
𝑎=
3
When 𝑟 = 3 (4)
𝑎(3)(1 + 3) = 4 (4) in (1)
12𝑎 = 4
1
𝑎=
3
2 1
So 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = −3, or 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3
12c 𝑇4 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇8 = −6
As this is an AP, 𝑇8 = 𝑇6 + 2𝑑 and 𝑇4 = 𝑇6 − 2𝑑, hence
𝑇6 + 2𝑑 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇6 − 2𝑑 = −6
3𝑇6 = −6
𝑇6 = −2
13a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
17 − (𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 + 15) − 17
18 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 = 20
𝑥 = 10
The numbers are: 9, 17, 25.
13b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
(𝑥 − 4) − (2𝑥 + 2) = 5𝑥 − (𝑥 − 4)
−𝑥 − 6 = 4𝑥 + 4
5𝑥 = −10

𝑥 = −2
The numbers are: −2, −6, −10.
13c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
5 − (𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 + 7) − 5
8 − 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2
3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2
The numbers are: −1, 5, 11.
13d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − (3𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 + 10) − 𝑥
−2𝑥 + 2 = 10
−2𝑥 = 8
𝑥 = −4
The numbers are: −14, −4, 6.
𝑇3 𝑇
14a = 𝑇2
𝑇2 1
𝑥 𝑥+1
=
𝑥+1 𝑥
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥=−
2
1 1 1
The numbers are: − 2 , 2 , − 2.
𝑇3 𝑇
14b = 𝑇2
𝑇2 1
5−𝑥 2
=
2 2−𝑥
(5 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) = 4
10 − 7𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 4
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 6) = 0

𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 6
When 𝑥 = 1, the numbers are: 1, 2, 4.
When 𝑥 = 6, the numbers are: −4, 2, −1.
15a i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
24 − 𝑥 = 96 − 24
24 − 𝑥 = 72
𝑥 = −48
The numbers are: −48, 24, 96.
𝑇2 𝑇
15a ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
24 96
= 24
𝑥
24
=4
𝑥
4𝑥 = 24
𝑥=6
15b i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 0.2 = 0.000 02 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 0.200 02
𝑥 = 0.100 01
The numbers are: 0.2, 0.100 01, 0.000 02.
𝑇2 𝑇
15b ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 0.000 02
=
0.2 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 0.000 004
𝑥 = 0.002 or − 0.002
The numbers are: 0.2, 0.002, 0.000 02 or 0.2, −0.002, 0.000 02.
15c i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
0.2 − 𝑥 = 0.002 − 0.2
−𝑥 = −0.398
𝑥 = 0.398
The numbers are: 0.398, 0.2, 0.002.

𝑇2 𝑇
15c ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
0.2 0.002
=
𝑥 0.2
0.2
= 0.01
𝑥
0.01𝑥 = 0.2
𝑥 = 20
The numbers are: 20, 0.2, 0.002.
15d i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 4) = (𝑥 + 11) − (𝑥 + 1)
5 = 10 FALSE
Hence, these numbers cannot form an AP.
𝑇2 𝑇3
15d ii =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑥+1 𝑥+11
=
𝑥−4 𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 11)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 44
2𝑥 + 1 = 7𝑥 − 44
5𝑥 = 45
𝑥=9
15e i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
(𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 − 2) = (5𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 + 2)
4 = 4𝑥 − 4
4𝑥 = 8
𝑥=2
𝑇2 𝑇
15e ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥+2 5𝑥−2
=
𝑥−2 𝑥+2
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) = (5𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 5𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4
0 = 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥
0 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 4)

𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4
The numbers are: −2, 2, −2 or 2, 6, 18.

15f i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − (√5 + 1) = (√5 − 1) − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 2√5
𝑥 = √5
The numbers are: √5 + 1, √5, √5 − 1.
𝑇2 𝑇
15f ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 √5−1
=
√5+1 𝑥
2
𝑥 = (√5 + 1)(√5 − 1)
𝑥2 = 5 − 1 = 4
𝑥 = −2 or 2
The numbers are: √5 + 1, −2, √5 − 1 or √5 + 1, 2, √5 − 1.
15g i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − √2 = √8 − 𝑥
𝑥 − √2 = 2√2 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 3√2
3
𝑥 = 2 √2
3
The numbers are: √2, 2 √2, √8.
𝑇2 𝑇
15g ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 √8
=
√2 𝑥
2
𝑥 = √2 × 8
𝑥 2 = √16
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = −2 or 2
The numbers are: √2, −2, √8 or √2, 2, √8.
15h i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 24 = 26 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 24 + 26
2𝑥 = 80
𝑥 = 40
The numbers are: 24 , 40, 26 .

𝑇2 𝑇
15h ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 26
=
24 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 210
𝑥 = 25 or −25
The numbers are: 24 , 25 , 26 or 24 , −25 , 26 .
15i i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 7 = −7 − 𝑥
𝑥=0
The numbers are: 7, 0, −7.
𝑇2 𝑇
15i ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 −7
=
7 𝑥
2
𝑥 = −49 This is a false statement.
These numbers cannot form a GP.
16a For a GP:

𝑇3 𝑇2
=
𝑇2 𝑇1
1 𝑏
=
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑏2 (1)
For an AP:
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
10 − 𝑎 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
2𝑎 − 𝑏 − 10 = 0 (2)
2
2𝑏 − 𝑏 − 10 = 0 (1) in (2)
(2𝑏 − 5)(𝑏 + 2) = 0
5 1 5 2 1
Hence 𝑏 = 2 = 2 2 and 𝑎 = (2) = 6 4 or 𝑏 = −2 and 𝑎 = (−2)2 = 4.
16b For a GP:

𝑇3 𝑇2
=
𝑇2 𝑇1

𝑎+𝑏 1
=
1 𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 (1)
For an AP:
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
1 1
𝑎−𝑏− = −𝑏
2 2
𝑎=1 (2)
1+𝑏 =1 (2) in (1)
𝑏=0
Hence 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0
17a For an AP, the terms must be of the form

𝑇1 = 𝑥 − 𝑑
𝑇2 = 𝑥
𝑇2 = 𝑥 + 𝑑
as given.
For a GP:
𝑇2 𝑇
= 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 𝑥+𝑑
=
𝑥−𝑑 𝑥
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑑)(𝑥 + 𝑑)
𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑑2
0 = −𝑑 2
𝑑2 = 0
𝑑=0
Hence 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇3 = 𝑥 so all terms are the same.
17b In an AP:
𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑

𝑇7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑
𝑇7 − 𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 − (𝑎 + 3𝑑) = 3𝑑
𝑇4 − 𝑇1 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 − (𝑎) = 3𝑑
So 𝑇7 − 𝑇4 = 𝑇4 − 𝑇1and thus 𝑇1 , 𝑇4 and 𝑇7 form an AP as they have the same
common difference.
17c In an GP:
𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇4 = 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑇7 = 𝑎𝑟 6
𝑇7 𝑎𝑟 6 𝑟 6
= = = 𝑟3
𝑇4 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑟 3
𝑇4 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑟 3
= = = 𝑟3
𝑇1 𝑎 1
𝑇 𝑇
So 𝑇7 = 𝑇4 and thus 𝑇1 , 𝑇4 and 𝑇7 form a GP as they have the same common ratio.
4 1
18a For an AP, the terms must be of the form:

𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑
To form a GP, terms must have the same common ratio so
𝑎 + 3𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑑
=
𝑎+𝑑 𝑎
𝑎(𝑎 + 3𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑑)2
𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑 2
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑑 2 = 0
𝑑(𝑎 − 𝑑) = 0
Hence 𝑑 = 0 or 𝑎 = 𝑑.
If 𝑑 = 0, then the AP sequence is constant.

If 𝑎 = 𝑑 then 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑛𝑇1 and so the terms are positive integer

multiples of the first term.
18b For an AP, the terms must be of the form:

𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑇5 = 𝑎 + 4𝑑
To form a GP, terms must have the same common ratio so
𝑎 + 4𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑑
=
𝑎+𝑑 𝑎
𝑎(𝑎 + 4𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑑)2
𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑 2
2𝑎𝑑 − 𝑑2 = 0
𝑑(2𝑎 − 𝑑) = 0
Hence 𝑑 = 0 or 𝑑 = 2𝑎.
If 𝑑 = 0, then the AP sequence is constant.
If 𝑑 = 2𝑎 then 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2𝑎 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝑎 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝑇1 and so the terms
are odd positive integer multiples of the first term.
18c For an AP, the terms must be of the form:

𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟
𝑇4 = 𝑎𝑟 3
To form an AP, terms must have the same common difference so
𝑎𝑟 3 − 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 − 𝑎
𝑟3 − 𝑟 = 𝑟 − 1
𝑟 3 − 2𝑟 + 1 = 0
(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 2 − 𝑟 − 1) = 0
Hence 𝑟 = 1 or 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 − 1 = 0
Using the quadratic formula:

1 ± √12 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑟=
2
1 ± √5
=
2
1 1 1 1
So 𝑟 = 1, + 2 √5 or − 2 √5
2 2
18d For the GP:

𝑇1 = 𝑎, 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟, 𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑆1 = 𝑎, 𝑆2 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟, 𝑆3 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2
However, each term is one more than the sum of all the previous terms.
𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 and 𝑇2 = 1 + 𝑆1 = 1 + 𝑎 so 𝑎𝑟 = 1 + 𝑎
1+𝑎
or 𝑟 = (1)
𝑎
𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 2 and 𝑇3 = 1 + 𝑆2 = 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 so
𝑎𝑟 2 = 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 (2)
Substituting (1) into (2):
1+𝑎 2 1+𝑎
𝑎×( ) =1+𝑎+𝑎×
𝑎 𝑎
(1 + 𝑎)2
=1+𝑎+1+𝑎
𝑎
(1 + 𝑎)2 = 𝑎(2 + 2𝑎)
1 + 2𝑎 + 𝑎2 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑎2
1 = 𝑎2
𝑎 = ±1
Substituting in (1):
1+𝑎 1+1
When 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = = =2
𝑎 1
1+𝑎 1−1
When 𝑎 = −1, 𝑟 = = = 0 (Not possible values for the GP.)
𝑎 −1
So the GP is 1, 2, 4, 8, …
19a The square of any real number cannot be negative so (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ≥ 0.


19b (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ≥ 0
𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ≥ 0
𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 + 4𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ≥ 4𝑎𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 ≥ 4𝑎𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 2√𝑎𝑏
1
(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≥ 2𝑎𝑏
2
𝑚≥𝑔
Hence 𝑔 ≤ 𝑚
1
19c Set 𝑎 = 1 for both sets of sequences so 𝑚 = 2 (1 + 𝑏) or 𝑏 = 2𝑚 − 1
1
If 𝑚 = 1 then 𝑔 = 2 (1 + 1) = 1 and 𝑏 = 2 × 1 − 1 = 1.
Hence we have that 1, 1, 1 is trivially an AP and a GP.

1
If 𝑚 = 5 then 𝑔 = 2 (1 + 5) = 3 and 𝑏 = 2 × 5 − 1 = 9.
Hence we have that 1, 5, 9 is an AP whilst 1, 3, 9 is a GP.
1
20a Put 𝑇13 = 2 𝑇1
1
𝑎𝑟 12 = 𝑎
2
1
𝑟 12 =
2
1
1 12
𝑟= (2) (taking 𝑟 > 0 as pipes do not have negative lengths)
1 7 7
7 1 12 1 12 2
20b 𝑇8 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 ((2) ) = 𝑇1 (2) ≑ 0.667𝑇1 ≑ 3 𝑇1
4
4 1 12 4
20c 𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 (2) ≑ 0.7937𝑇1 ≑ 5 𝑇1

3
20d Put 𝑇𝑛 = 4 𝑇1
3
𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎
4
1 𝑛−1
1 12 3
(( ) ) =
2 4
1−𝑛 3
2 12 =
4
By trial and error, the closest integer solution is 𝑛 = 6 so the sixth pipe is about
three-quarters of the length of the first pipe.
5
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 6 𝑇1
5
𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎
6
1 𝑛−1
1 12 5
(( ) ) =
2 6
1−𝑛 5
2 12 =
6
By trial and error, the closest integer solution is 𝑛 = 4 so the fourth pipe is about
five-sixths of the length of the first pipe.
2
2 1 12 8
20e 𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 (2) ≑ 0.8908𝑇1 ≑ 9 𝑇1
1
1
1 12 17
𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 ( ) ≑ 0.9439𝑇1 ≑ 𝑇
2 18 1

21a-d
21e ∠𝑂𝑇𝑀 = 90° because it is an angle in a semi-circle, so 𝑂𝑇 is a tangent.
As 𝑂𝑇 is a tangent, it follows that ∠𝑂𝑇𝐴 = ∠𝑂𝐵𝑇 as angle of a triangle inscribed

in a circle is equal to the angle formed by the opposing chord and tangent.
∠𝐵𝑂𝑇 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝑇 as they are the same angle. Hence 𝑂𝐴𝑇 and 𝑂𝑇𝐵 are equiangular
and thus similar. As 𝑂𝐴𝑇 and 𝑂𝑇𝐵 are similar triangles, by the equal ratio of
𝑂𝑇 𝑂𝐴
sides in similar triangles 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝑇 . Thus 𝑂𝑇 2 = 𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐵.

Solutions to Exercise 1E
1a 𝑆4 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 24
1b 𝑆4 = 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 = 80
1 1 3
1c 𝑆4 = 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 3 4
1d 𝑆4 = 32 − 16 + 8 − 4 = 20
2a 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 : by alternating positive and negative numbers

The sums are:
𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 −4 5 −6
𝑆𝑛 −2 3 −3
1
2b 81 + 27 + 9 + 3 + 1, 3 : dividing by 3
The sums are:

𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 3 1 1
3
𝑆𝑛 120 121 1
121
3

2c 30 + 20 + 10 + 0 − 10 − 20 : subtract 10
The sums are:
𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 0 −10 −20
𝑆𝑛 60 50 30
2d 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + 0.0001 + 0.00001 + 0.0000001 : dividing by 3

The sums are:
𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001
𝑆𝑛 0.1111 0.111 11 0.111 111
3a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 2 5 8 11 14 17 20
𝑆𝑛 2 7 15 26 40 57 77
3b
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 40 38 36 34 32 30 28
𝑆𝑛 40 78 114 148 180 210 238
3c
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 2 −4 6 −8 10 −12 14
𝑆𝑛 2 −2 4 −4 6 −6 8

3d
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 7 −7 7 −7 7 −7 7
𝑆𝑛 7 0 7 0 7 0 7
4a ∑6𝑛=1 2𝑛 = 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) + 2(4) + 2(5) + 2(6) = 42
4b ∑6𝑛=1(3𝑛 + 2) = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 = 75
4c ∑7𝑘=3(18 − 3𝑛) = 9 + 6 + 3 + 0 + (−3) = 15
4d ∑8𝑛=5 𝑛2 = 52 + 62 + 72 + 82 = 174
4e ∑4𝑛=1 𝑛3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 = 100
4f ∑5𝑛=0 2𝑛 = 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 = 63
4g ∑4𝑛=2 3𝑛 = 32 + 33 + 34 = 117
4h ∑31 𝑙 1 2
𝑙=1(−1) = (−1) + (−1) + ⋯ + (−1)
31
= (−1) + 1 + (−1) + ⋯ + (−1) = −1
4i ∑40
𝑙=1(−1)
𝑙−1
= (−1)0 + (−1)1 + ⋯ + (−1)39 = (1) + (−1) + ⋯ + (−1) = 0
4j ∑105
𝑛=5 4 = 4 + 4 … 4 = 101 × 4 = 404
4k ∑4𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 (𝑛 + 5) = 5 − 6 + 7 − 8 + 9 = 7
4l ∑4𝑛=0(−1)𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 5) = −5 + 6 − 7 + 8 − 9 = −7

5a By looking at the diagram, it forms the shape of a square. The area of a square,
with side length 𝑛, is 𝑛2 . Consequently, applying this logic, as the formation of the
first 𝑛 odd positive integers forms a square, the sum of them, which is equivalent
to the area of the square, is 𝑛2 .
5b The way to calculate the sum is using the equation below:

Sum = total elements in main diagonal + half of remaining elements
By looking at the picture,
Total elements in matrix: 𝑛2
Total elements in main diagonal: 𝑛
𝑛2 − 𝑛
Sum = 𝑛 +
2
2𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛
=
2
𝑛2 + 𝑛
=
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
5c 𝑇1 = 1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 2 = 3
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 + 3 = 6
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 + 4 = 10
𝑇5 = 𝑇4 + 5 = 15
𝑇6 = 𝑇5 + 6 = 21
𝑇7 = 𝑇6 + 7 = 28
𝑇8 = 𝑇7 + 8 = 36
𝑇9 = 𝑇8 + 9 = 45
𝑇10 = 𝑇9 + 10 = 55
𝑇11 = 𝑇10 + 11 = 66
𝑇12 = 𝑇11 + 12 = 78
𝑇13 = 𝑇12 + 13 = 91
𝑇14 = 𝑇13 + 14 = 105
𝑇15 = 𝑇14 + 15 = 120

6a
𝑇𝑛 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
𝑆𝑛 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
6b
𝑇𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
𝑆𝑛 2 6 14 30 62 126 254
6c
𝑇𝑛 −3 −5 −7 −9 −11 −13 −15
𝑆𝑛 −3 −8 −15 −24 −35 −48 −63
6d
𝑇𝑛 8 −8 8 −8 8 −8 8
𝑆𝑛 8 0 8 0 8 0 8
7a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑇𝑛 1 1 1 2 3 5 8 13
𝑆𝑛 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
7b
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑇𝑛 3 1 3 4 7 11 18 29
𝑆𝑛 3 4 7 11 18 29 47 76

8a 𝑆1 = 3 − 1 = 2
𝑆2 = 32 − 1 = 8
𝑆3 = 33 − 1 = 26
𝑆4 = 34 − 1 = 80
𝑆5 = 35 − 1 = 242
8b 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 2
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 8 − 2 = 6
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 26 − 8 = 18
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 80 − 26 = 54
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 242 − 80 = 162
8c 𝑆𝑛−1 = 3𝑛−1 − 1
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= (3𝑛 − 1) − (3𝑛−1 − 1)
= 3𝑛 − 3𝑛−1
= 3𝑛−1 (3 − 1)
= 2 × 3𝑛−1
9a 𝑆1 = 10
𝑆2 = 30
𝑆3 = 70
𝑆4 = 150
𝑆5 = 310
𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 10
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 30 − 10 = 20
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 70 − 30 = 40
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 150 − 70 = 80
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 310 − 150 = 160
𝑆𝑛−1 = 10(2𝑛−1 − 1)
= 10(2𝑛 − 1) − 10(2𝑛−1 − 1)
= 10(2𝑛 − 1 − 2𝑛−1 + 1)
= 10(2𝑛 − 2𝑛−1 )
= 10 × 2𝑛−1 (2 − 1)
10
= × 2𝑛 (1)
2
= 5 × 2𝑛

9b 𝑆1 = 16
𝑆2 = 96
𝑆3 = 496
𝑆4 = 2496
𝑆5 = 12496
𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 16
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 96 − 16 = 80
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 496 − 96 = 400
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 2496 − 496 = 2000
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 12496 − 2496 = 1000
𝑆𝑛−1 = 4(5𝑛−1 − 1)
= 4(5𝑛 − 1) − 4(5𝑛−1 − 1)
= 4(5𝑛 − 1 − 5𝑛−1 + 1)
= 4(5𝑛 − 5𝑛−1 )
= 4 × 5𝑛−1 (5 − 1)
= 4 × 5𝑛−1 (4)
= 16 × 5𝑛−1
3
9c 𝑆1 = 4
15
𝑆2 =
4
63
𝑆3 =
4
255
𝑆4 =
4
1023
𝑆5 =
4
3
𝑇1 = 𝑆1 =
4
15 3
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = − =3
4 4
63 15
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = − = 12
4 4
255 63
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = − = 48
4 4
1023 255
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = − = 192
4 4
1
𝑆𝑛−1 = 4 (4𝑛−1 − 1)

1 1
= (4𝑛−1 − 1) − (4𝑛−1 − 1)
4 4
1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
= (4 − 1) − (4 − 1)
4 4
1
= (4𝑛 − 4𝑛−1 )
4
1
= 4𝑛−1 (4 − 1)
4
= 4𝑛−2 (3)
= 3 × 4𝑛−2
10a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1) − 3(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 1 + 1)
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1 − (𝑛 − 1))
= 3𝑛(2)
= 6𝑛
𝑇1 = 6, 𝑇2 = 12, 𝑇3 = 18
10b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (5(𝑛 − 1) − (𝑛 − 1)2 )
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (5(𝑛 − 1) − (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1))
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (5𝑛 − 5 − 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 1)
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (−𝑛2 + 7𝑛 − 6)
= 6 − 2𝑛
𝑇1 = 4, 𝑇2 = 2, 𝑇3 = 0
10c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 4𝑛 − 4(𝑛 − 1)
=4
𝑇1 = 4, 𝑇2 = 4, 𝑇3 = 4
10d 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3
= (𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1))(𝑛2 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + (𝑛 − 1)2 )
= (𝑛2 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1)
= 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1
𝑇1 = 1, 𝑇2 = 7, 𝑇3 = 19

10e 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 1 − 3−𝑛 − (1 − 3−(𝑛−1) )
= 1 − 3−𝑛 − (1 − 31−𝑛 )
= 31−𝑛 − 3−𝑛
= 3−𝑛 (3 − 1)
= 3−𝑛 (2)
= 2 × 3−𝑛
2 2 2
𝑇1 = 3, 𝑇2 = 9, 𝑇3 = 27
10f 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
= ( ) − 1 − (( ) − 1)
7 7
1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
=( ) −( )
7 7
1 𝑛−1 1
=( ) ( − 1)
7 7
1 𝑛−1 6
=( ) (− )
7 7
𝑛−1
1 1
= −6 ( ) ( )
7 7
1 𝑛
= −6 ( )
7
6 6 6
𝑇1 = − 7, 𝑇2 = − 49, 𝑇3 = − 343
11a ∑40
𝑛=1 𝑛
3
1
11b ∑40
𝑛=1 𝑛
11c ∑20
𝑛=1(𝑛 + 2)
11d ∑12
𝑛=1 2
𝑛
11e ∑10 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛

11f ∑10
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
𝑛 or ∑10
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛−1
𝑛
12a 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 1 + 4 + 3 = 8
= 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 3 − ((𝑛 − 1)2 + 4(𝑛 − 1) + 3)
= 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 3 − (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 + 4𝑛 − 4 + 3)
= 2𝑛 + 3 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
12b 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 7(31 − 4) = −7
= 7(3𝑛 − 4) − 7(3𝑛−1 − 4)
= 7(3𝑛 − 3𝑛−1 )
= 7 × 3𝑛−1 (3 − 1)
= 7 × 3𝑛−1 (2)
= 14 × 3𝑛−1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
1
12c 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 1
1 1
= −
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑛−1 𝑛
= −
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
−1
= 𝑛(𝑛−1) for 𝑛 ≥ 2
12d 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − ((𝑛 − 1)3 + (𝑛 − 1)2 + (𝑛 − 1))
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)((𝑛 − 1)2 + (𝑛 − 1) + 1)
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 + 𝑛 − 1 + 1)
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1)
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛3 − 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 1)
= 3𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 1
The formula holds for 𝑛 = 1 when 𝑆0 = 0.

13a 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 21 = 2
= 2𝑛 − 2𝑛−1
= 2𝑛−1 (2 − 1)
= 2𝑛−1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
13b
𝑇𝑛 2 2 4 8 16 32 64
𝑆𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
13c The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 is the original function 𝑒 𝑥 . Remove the initial term 2 from
the sequence in part b, and the successive differences are the original sequence.
𝑇𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64
𝑆𝑛 4 8 16 32 64 128
𝑆𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64
14a 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3 = 𝑛3 − (𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1) = 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1
14b 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 13 = 1
= 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3
= 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
14c 𝑈1 = 𝑇1 = 1,
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛
= (3(𝑛 + 1)2 − 3(𝑛 + 1) + 1) − (3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1)
= (3𝑛2 + 6𝑛 + 3 − 3𝑛 − 3 + 1) − (3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1)
= 6𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 2

14d
𝑇𝑛 1 7 19 37 61 91
𝑆𝑛 1 6 12 18 24 30
14e The derivative of 𝑥 3 is the quadratic 3𝑥 2 , and its derivative is the linear function
6𝑥. Taking successive differences once gives a quadratic, and taking them twice
gives a linear function.
15a
10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 10
∑( − ) = − + − +⋯+ − = − = − =
𝑟 𝑟+1 1 2 2 3 10 11 1 11 11 11 11
𝑟=1
15b
1
√𝑘 + 1 + √𝑘
1 × (√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘)
=
(√𝑘 + 1 + √𝑘)(√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘)
√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘
=
(𝑘 + 1) − 𝑘
√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘
=
1
= √𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘
15
1
∑
𝑘=1
√𝑘 + 1 + √𝑘
15
= ∑(√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘)
𝑘=1
= √2 − √1 + √3 − √2 + √4 − √3 + √5 − √4 … + √16 − √15
= √16 − √1
= 4−1
=3

15c
4 4 4
∑ (∑ (∑ 𝑟𝑠𝑡))
𝑟=1 𝑠=1 𝑡=1
4 4
= ∑ (∑(𝑟𝑠 + 2𝑟𝑠 + 3𝑟𝑠 + 4𝑟𝑠))

𝑟=1 𝑠=1
4 4
= ∑ (∑ 𝑟𝑠(1 + 2 + 3 + 4))
𝑟=1 𝑠=1
4 4
= ∑ (∑ 10𝑟𝑠)
𝑟=1 𝑠=1
4
= ∑(10𝑟(1) + 10𝑟(2) + 10𝑟(3) + 10𝑟(4))

𝑟=1
4
= ∑ 10𝑟(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
𝑟=1
4
= ∑ 100𝑟
𝑟=1
= 100(1) + 100(2) + 100(3) + 100(4)
= 1000

Solutions to Exercise 1F
1 𝑆7 = 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20
𝑆7 = 20 + 17 + 14 + 11 + 8 + 5 + 2
2𝑆7 = 7 × 22 = 154
154
𝑆7 = = 77
2
2a 𝑛 = 100
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 100
1
𝑆100 = × 100(100 + 1) = 5050
2
2b 𝑛 = 50
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 99
1
𝑆50 = × 50(99 + 1) = 2500
2
2c 𝑛 = 50
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 2, 𝑙 = 100
1
𝑆50 = × 50(100 + 2) = 2550
2
2d 𝑛 = 100
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 3, 𝑙 = 300

1
𝑆100 = × 100(300 + 3) = 15 150
2
2e 𝑛 = 50
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 101, 𝑙 = 199
1
𝑆50 = × 50(101 + 199) = 7500
2
2f 𝑛 = 9000
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 1001, 𝑙 = 10000
1
𝑆100 = × 100(100 + 1) = 49 504 500
2
1
3a 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(10 + 5 × 10) = 3(60) = 180
1
3b 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(16 + 5 × 2) = 3(26) = 78
1
3c 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(−6 + 5 × −9) = 3(51) = −153
1
3d 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(−14 + 5 × −12) = 3(−74) = −222
4a 𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 3
1
𝑆12 = × 12(4 + 11 × 3) = 6(37) = 222
2

4b 𝑎 = 40, 𝑑 = −7
1
𝑆21 = × 21(80 + 20 × −7) = 10.5(−60) = −630
2
4c 𝑎 = −6, 𝑑 = 4
1
𝑆200 = × 200(−12 + 199 × 4) = 100(784) = 78 400
2
4d 𝑎 = 33, 𝑑 = −3
1
𝑆23 = × 23(66 + 22 × −3) = 11.5(0) = 0
2
4e 𝑎 = −10, 𝑑 = 2.5
1
𝑆13 = × 13(−20 + 12 × 2.5) = 6.5(−10) = 65
2
4f 𝑎 = 10.5, 𝑑 = −0.5
1
𝑆40 = × 40(21 + 39 × −0.5) = 20(1.5) = 30
2
5a 150 = 50 + (𝑛 − 1)1
100 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 101
𝑆101 = 50.5(50 + 150) = 50.5(200) = 10 100
5b 92 = 8 + (𝑛 − 1)7
84
=𝑛−1
7
𝑛 = 13
𝑆13 = 6.5(8 + 92) = 6.5(100) = 650

5c 60 = −10 + (𝑛 − 1)7
70
=𝑛−1
7
𝑛 = 11
𝑆11 = 5.5(−10 + 60) = 5.5(50) = 275
5d 301 = 4 + (𝑛 − 1)3
297
=𝑛−1
3
𝑛 = 100
𝑆100 = 50(4 + 301) = 50(305) = 15 250
5e 51.5 = 6.5 + (𝑛 − 1)4.5

45
=𝑛−1
4.5
𝑛 = 11
𝑆11 = 5.5(6.5 + 51.5) = 5.5(58) = 319
2 1 2
5f 13 3 = −1 3 + (𝑛 − 1)1 3
15
=𝑛−1
5
3
𝑛 = 10
1 2 1 2
𝑆10 = 5 (−1 + 13 ) = 5 (12 ) = 61
3 3 3 3
6a 1000 = 2 + (𝑛 − 1)2
998
=𝑛−1
2
𝑛 = 500
𝑆500 = 250(2 + 1000) = 250(1002) = 250 500

6b 3000 = 1000 + (𝑛 − 1)1

2000 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 2001
𝑆2001 = 1000.5(1000 + 3000) = 1000.5(4000) = 4 002 000
1
6c 𝑆40 = 2 × 40(2 + 39 × 4) = 20(158) = 3160
1
6d 𝑆12 = 2 × 12(20 + 11 × 20) = 6(240) = 1440
7a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑑 = 10 − 5 = 5. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(5) + 5(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (10 + 5𝑛 − 5)
2
𝑛
= (5 + 5𝑛)
2
7b This is an AP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑑 = 13 − 10 = 3. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(10) + 3(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (20 + 3𝑛 − 3)
2
𝑛
= (17 + 3𝑛)
2
7c This is an AP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑑 = 7 − 3 = 4. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(3) + 4(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (6 + 4𝑛 − 4)
2
𝑛
= (2 + 4𝑛)
2
= 𝑛(1 + 2𝑛)

7d This is an AP with 𝑎 = −9 and 𝑑 = −4 − (−9) = 5. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(−9) + 5(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (−18 + 5𝑛 − 5)
2
𝑛
= (5𝑛 − 23)
2
1 1
7e This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑑 = 4 2 − 5 = − 2. Hence:
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛 1
= (2(5) + (− ) (𝑛 − 1))
2 2
𝑛 𝑛 1
= (10 − + )
2 2 2
𝑛
= (21 − 𝑛)
4
7f This is an AP with 𝑎 = (1 − √2) and 𝑑 = 1 − (1 − √2) = √2. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(1 − √2) + √2(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (2 − 2√2 + 𝑛√2 − √2)
2
𝑛
= (2 + 𝑛√2 − 3√2)
2
8a 𝑛 positive integers are: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ….

𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 1
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2 + (𝑛 − 1))
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2

8b Odd positive integers are: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ⋯

𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2 + (𝑛 − 1)2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 + 2𝑛 − 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛)
2
= 𝑛2
8c Positive integers divisible by 3 are: 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + ⋯

𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 3
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (6 + (𝑛 − 1)3)
2
1
= 𝑛(3𝑛 + 3)
2
3
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
8d Odd positive multiples of 100 are: 100 + 300 + 500 + 700 + ⋯

𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = 200
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (200 + (𝑛 − 1)200)
2
1
= 𝑛(200 + 200𝑛 − 200)
2
1
= 𝑛(200𝑛)
2
= 100𝑛2

9a 15 × 0 + 15 × 2 + 15 × 4 + 15 × 6 + 15 × 8 + 15 × 10 = 450
450
The mean number of legs is = 5. No creature has this number of legs.
90
6+17
9b 1200 × ( ) + 100 × 30 + 60 = 16 860 years
2
9c His earnings are a GP with 𝑎 = 28 000, 𝑟 = 1600 and 𝑛 = 10. Hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆10 =
𝑟−1
28 000(160010 − 1)
=
1600 − 1
= $352 000
10a When 𝑘 = 1: 𝑎 = 598

When 𝑘 = 200: 𝑙 = 200
200 = 598 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2)
398
− =𝑛−1
−2
𝑛 = 200
𝑆200 = 100(598 + 200) = 100(798) = 79 800
10b When 𝑘 = 1: 𝑎 = 90
When 𝑘 = 61: 𝑙 = −90
−90 = 90 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)
0
=𝑛−1
3
𝑛=1
𝑆1 = 0.5(90 − 90) = 0.5(0) = 0

10c When 𝑘 = 1: 𝑎 = −47

When 𝑘 = 40: 𝑙 = 70
70 = −47 + (𝑛 − 1)3
117
=𝑛−1
3
𝑛 = 40
𝑆40 = 20(−47 + 70) = 20(23) = 460
10d When 𝑘 = 10: 𝑎 = 53

When 𝑘 = 30: 𝑙 = 153
153 = 53 + (𝑛 − 1)5
100
=𝑛−1
5
𝑛 = 21
𝑆21 = 10.5(53 + 153) = 10.5(206) = 2163
11a For the AP:

𝑎 = log 𝑎 2
𝑑 = log 𝑎 4 − log 𝑎 2
= log 𝑎 22 − log 𝑎 2
= 2 log 𝑎 2 − log 𝑎 2
= log 𝑎 2
For the last term:
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑎 1024
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = log 𝑎 1024
log 𝑎 2 + (𝑛 − 1) log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 1024
𝑛 log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 1024
𝑛 log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 210
𝑛 log 𝑎 2 = 10 log 𝑎 2
𝑛 = 10

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
1
𝑆10 = × 10 × (log 𝑎 2 + log 𝑎 1024)
2
= 5(log 𝑎 2 + 10 log 𝑎 2)
= 5 × 11 log 𝑎 2
= 55 log 𝑎 2
11b For the AP:

𝑎 = log 5 243
𝑑 = log 5 81 − log 5 243
= log 5 34 − log 5 35
= 4 log 5 3 − 5 log 5 3
= − log 5 3
For the last term:
1
𝑇𝑛 = log 5
243
1
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = log 5
243
log 5 243 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = log 5 3−5
log 5 35 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = log 5 3−5
5 log 5 3 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = −5 log 5 3
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = −10 log 5 3
𝑛 − 1 = 10
𝑛 = 11
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
1 1
𝑆11 = × 11 × (log 5 243 + log 5 )
2 243
11
= (log 5 243 − log 5 243)
2
=0

11c For the AP:

𝑎 = log 𝑏 36
𝑑 = log 𝑏 18 − log 𝑏 36
18
= log 𝑏
36
1
= log 𝑏
2
= − log 𝑏 2
For the last term:
9
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑏
8
9
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = log 𝑏
8
9
log 𝑏 36 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏
8
9
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏 − log 𝑏 36
8
9
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏 ( ÷ 36)
8
1
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏
32
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏 2−5
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = −5 log 𝑏 2
𝑛−1=5
𝑛=6
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
1 9
𝑆6 = × 6 × (log 𝑏 36 + log 𝑏 )
2 8
9
= 3 log 𝑏 (36 × )
8
81
= 3 log 𝑏 ( )
2
= 3 (log 𝑏 81 − log 𝑏 2)

= 3 (log 𝑏 34 − log 𝑏 2)
= 3 (4log 𝑏 3 − log 𝑏 2)
11d For the AP:

27
𝑎 = log 𝑥
8
9 27
𝑑 = log 𝑥 − log 𝑥
4 8
9 27
𝑑 = log 𝑥 ( ÷ )
4 8
9 8
𝑑 = log 𝑥 ( × )
4 27
2
𝑑 = log 𝑥
3
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1 27 2
𝑆10 = × 10 × (2 log 𝑥 + (10 − 1) log 𝑥 )
2 8 3
27 2
= 5 (2 log 𝑥 + 9 log 𝑥 )
8 3
27 2 2 9
= 5 (log 𝑥 ( ) + log 𝑥 ( ) )
8 3
36 29
= 5 (log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 9)
26 3
36 × 29
= 5 log 𝑥 ( 6 )
2 × 39
23
= 5 log 𝑥 ( )
33
= 5 (log 𝑥 23 − log 𝑥 33 )
= 5 (3log 𝑥 2 − 3log 𝑥 3)
= 15 (log 𝑥 2 − log 𝑥 3)

𝑛
12a 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
10
−5 = (−23 + 𝑙)
2
−1 = −23 + 𝑙
𝑙 = 22
𝑛
12b 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
40 1
28 = (𝑎 + 8 )
2 2
28 1
=𝑎+8
20 2
28 1
𝑎= −8
20 2
= −7.1
𝑛
12c 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
8
348 = (2(5) + (8 − 1)𝑑)
2
87 = 10 + (8 − 1)𝑑
87 = 10 + 7𝑑
7𝑑 = 77
𝑑 = 11
𝑛
12d 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
15 2
−15 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) )
2 7
2
−2 = (2𝑎 + (15 − 1) )
7
2
−2 = (2𝑎 + (14) )
7
−2 = 2𝑎 + 4
2𝑎 + 4 = −2
2𝑎 = −6
𝑎 = −3

13a 𝑎 = 60, 𝑑 = −8, 𝑛 = 𝑛

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (120 + (𝑛 − 1)(−8))
2
𝑛
= (120 − 8𝑛 + 8)
2
𝑛
= (128 − 8𝑛)
2
= 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)
13b i 0 = 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)
Either 4𝑛 = 0 and therefore 𝑛 = 0
or 16 − 𝑛 = 0 and 𝑛 = 16
Therefore, 16 terms.
13b ii To make it negative, it would be more than 16 terms.
13c 220 = 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)

220 = 64𝑛 − 4𝑛2
0 = −4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 − 220
0 = −4(𝑛2 − 16𝑛 + 55)
0 = −4(𝑛 − 11)(𝑛 − 5)
Therefore, either 5 terms or 11 terms.
13d −144 = 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)

−144 = 64𝑛 − 4𝑛2
0 = −4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 + 144
0 = −4(𝑛2 − 16𝑛 − 36)
0 = −4(𝑛 − 18)(𝑛 + 2)
Therefore, 𝑛 = 18 or 𝑛 = −2, but 𝑛 must be a positive integer

13e 156 < 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)

0 < −4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 − 156
0 < −4(𝑛2 − 16𝑛 + 39)
0 < −4(𝑛 − 13)(𝑛 − 3)
0 > (𝑛 − 13)(𝑛 − 3)
3 < 𝑛 < 13
Therefore, 𝑛 = 4, 5, 6, … , 12.
13f 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛) > 256

−4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 − 256 > 0
−4(𝑛2 + 16𝑛 − 64) > 0
(𝑛 − 8)2 < 0
𝑆𝑛 > 256 gives (𝑛 − 8)2 < 0, which has no solutions.
Therefore, the sum cannot exceed 256.
14a 𝑎 = 42, 𝑑 = 40 − 42 = −2. Hence:

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 × 42 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2))
2
1
= 𝑛(84 − 2𝑛 + 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(86 − 2𝑛)
2
= 𝑛(43 − 𝑛)
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑛(43 − 𝑛) = 0
𝑛 = 0 or 43
Hence 43 terms.

14b 𝑎 = 60, 𝑑 = 57 − 60 = −3. Hence:

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 × 60 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3))
2
1
= 𝑛(120 − 3𝑛 + 3)
2
1
= 𝑛(123 − 3𝑛)
2
3
= 𝑛(41 − 𝑛)
2
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 0
3
𝑛(41 − 𝑛) = 0
2
𝑛(41 − 𝑛) = 0
𝑛 = 0 or 41
Hence 41 terms.
14c 𝑎 = 45, 𝑑 = 51 − 45 = 6. Hence:

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 × 45 + (𝑛 − 1) × 6)
2
1
= 𝑛(90 + 6𝑛 − 6)
2
1
= 𝑛(84 + 6𝑛)
2
= 𝑛(42 + 3𝑛)
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 14)
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 153
3𝑛(𝑛 + 14) = 153
3𝑛2 + 42𝑛 = 153
3𝑛2 + 42𝑛 − 153 = 0
𝑛2 + 14𝑛 − 51 = 0
(𝑛 + 17)(𝑛 − 3) = 0
𝑛 = −17 or 3
Hence 3 terms.

1 1 1
14d 𝑎 = 2 2, 𝑑 = 3 − 2 2 = 2. Hence:
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1 1 1
= 𝑛 (2 × 2 + (𝑛 − 1) × )
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 𝑛 (5 + 𝑛 − )
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 𝑛 (4 + 𝑛)
2 2 2
1
= 𝑛(9 + 𝑛)
4
1
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 22 2
1 1
𝑛(9 + 𝑛) = 22
4 2
𝑛(9 + 𝑛) = 90
𝑛2 + 9𝑛 − 90 = 0
(𝑛 + 15)(𝑛 − 6) = 0
𝑛 = 6 or −15
Hence 6 terms.
15a Put 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑙) = 0
2
𝑛
(𝑎 + 32) = 0
2
𝑎 = −32
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −32 + (𝑛 − 1)(4) = 4𝑛 − 36
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑙 = 32
4𝑛 − 36 = 32
4𝑛 = 68
𝑛 = 17
15b Put 𝑆𝑛 = 55
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑙) = 55
2
𝑛
(𝑎 − 10) = 55 (1)
2

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑙 = −10
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = −10
𝑎 − 3𝑛 + 3 = −10
𝑎 − 3𝑛 = −13
𝑎 = 3𝑛 − 13 (2)
Substituting this into (1) gives
𝑛
(3𝑛 − 13 − 10) = 55
2
3𝑛2 − 23𝑛 = 110
3𝑛2 − 26𝑛 − 110 = 0
23 ± √232 − 4(3)(−110)
𝑛=
2(3)
23 ± 43
=
2(3)
10
= 11, −
3
So 𝑛 = 11 as 𝑛 must be a positive integer.
Substituting this into (2) gives 𝑎 = 20.
16a The number of logs in a row is an AP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑑 = 1

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(20 + (𝑛 − 1) × 1)
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 19)
2
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 390
1
390 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 19)
2
780 = 𝑛2 + 19𝑛
𝑛2 + 19𝑛 − 780 = 0

(𝑛 − 20)(𝑛 + 39) = 0
𝑛 = 20 is the only positive solution, hence there are 20 rows, the bottom row will
have 𝑇20 = 10 + (20 − 1) × 1 = 29 logs.
16b Distance per second is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑑 = 10.

Hence the total distance travelled after 𝑛 seconds is:
1
𝑆𝑛 = 2 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
1
= 𝑛(2 × 5 + (𝑛 − 1) × 10)
2
= 5𝑛2
For a total distance of 245 m, set 𝑆𝑛 = 245, hence:
245 = 5𝑛2
𝑛2 = 49
𝑛 = ±7
As time is positive, it will be 7 seconds until the stone hits the ground.
16c The distance with each trip and back forms an AP with 𝑎 = 20 × 2 = 40 and
𝑙 = 30 × 2 = 60.
Now, 𝑆𝑛 = 550 and hence:
1
550 = 2 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
1100 = 𝑛(40 + 60)

𝑛 = 11
So there are 11 trips.
Now considering one way trips:
𝑇11 = 30
30 = 20 + (11 − 1)𝑑
10 = 10𝑑
𝑑=1
So the deposits are 1 km apart.

17a 𝑇4 + 𝑇1 = 16
𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 = 16
2𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 16 (1)
𝑇3 + 𝑇8 = 4
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 4
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 4 (2)
6𝑑 = −12 (2) − (1)
𝑑 = −2 (3)
2𝑎 − 6 = 16 (3) in (1)
𝑎 = 11
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑆10 = 5(2 × 11 + 9 × −2)
= 5(22 − 18)
= 20
17b 𝑆10 = 0
1
× 10 × (2𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑) = 0
2
5(2𝑎 + 9𝑑) = 0
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 0 (1)
𝑇10 = −9
𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑 = −9
𝑎 + 9𝑑 = −9 (2)
𝑎=9 (1) − (2)
Substituting 𝑎 = 9 into (2) gives:
9 + 9𝑑 = −9
9𝑑 = −18
𝑑 = −2
𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 9

𝑇2 = 𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑 = 9 − 2 = 7
17c 𝑆16 = 96
1
(16)(2𝑎 + (16 − 1)𝑑) = 96
2
8(2𝑎 + 15𝑑) = 96
2𝑎 + 15𝑑 = 12 (1)
𝑇2 + 𝑇4 = 45
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 45
2𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 45 (2)
11𝑑 = −33 (1) − (2)
𝑑 = −3
Substituting 𝑑 = −3 into (1) gives:
2𝑎 + 15(−3) = 12
2𝑎 = 57
1
𝑎 = 28
2
1 1
𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 28 + 3(−3) = 19
2 2
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
𝑆4 = 2 (2 × 28 + 3 × −3)
2
= 2(57 − 9)
= 96
18a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 24 and 𝑛 = 24. Hence:

24
1 + 2 + ⋯ + 24 = 𝑆24 = (1 + 24) = 300
2

1 𝑛
18b This is an AP with 𝑎 = 𝑛, 𝑙 = 𝑛 and 𝑛 = 𝑛. Hence:
1 2 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 1+𝑛 𝑛+1
+ + ⋯ + = 𝑆𝑛 = ( + ) = ( )=
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛 2
1 1 2 1 2 3
18c The sequence is (1) + (2 + 2) + (3 + 3 + 3) + ⋯
Now the number of terms in each set of brackets is 1, 2, 3, …

1 1 2 1 2 3 1 24
Hence, using part a, we see that ( ) + ( + ) + ( + + ) + ⋯ + ( + ⋯+ )
1 2 2 3 3 3 24 24
will have 300 terms. Rearranging this sequence, and using part b we get:
1+1 2+1 3+1 24 + 1
+ + + ⋯+
2 2 2 2
1
= (1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 + ⋯ + 24 + 1)
2
1
= ((1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1) + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 24))
2
1
= (24 + 300)
2
= 162
19a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 𝑛, 𝑛 = 𝑛 and hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
𝑛
= (1 + 𝑛)
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
1
19b i 𝑆𝑛 = 2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) is divisible by 5 if 𝑛 is divisible by 5 (in which case 𝑛 ends in 0 or
5) or 𝑛 + 1 is divisible by 5 (in which case 𝑛 ends in 4 or 9).
19b ii 𝑆𝑛 is even if 𝑛 is divisible by 4 or 𝑛 + 1 is divisible by 4 (in which case the

remainder is 3 when 𝑛 + 1 is divided by 4).
19c i 29 is prime, so 𝑆𝑛 is divisible by 29 if 𝑛 is divisible by 29 or 𝑛 + 1 is divisible by

1
29. So the smallest value of 𝑛 is 𝑛 = 28. 𝑆28 = 2 × 28 × 29 = 14 × 29

19c ii We want prime factors of 7 and 5 in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛. So we
require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by 7 and the
other by 5. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement
is 𝑛 = 14.
1
𝑆14 = × 14 × 15 = 7 × 15 = 7 × 5 × 3
2
19c iii We want prime factors of 2 and 13 in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛. So
we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by 2 and
the other by 13. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this
requirement is 𝑛 = 12.
1
𝑆12 = × 12 × 13 = 6 × 13 = 3 × 2 × 13
2
19c iv We want prime factors of 2 and 19 in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛. So
we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by 2 and
the other by 19. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this
requirement is 𝑛 = 19.
1
𝑆19 = × 19 × 20 = 19 × 10 = 19 × 2 × 10
2
19c v We want two distinct prime numbers (eg 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,…) in order to obtain the
smallest value of 𝑛. So we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one
is divisible by a prime number and the other by a different prime number. By
trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement is 𝑛 = 3 where
𝑆𝑛 is divisible by the two distinct primes 2 and 3.
1
𝑆3 = ×3×4 =3×2
2
19c vi We want three distinct prime numbers in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛.
So we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by one
or more distinct prime numbers and the other by one or more different prime
numbers. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement is
𝑛 = 11 where 𝑆𝑛 is divisible by the three distinct primes 2, 3 and 11.
1
𝑆11 = × 11 × 12 = 11 × 6 = 11 × 2 × 3
2

19c vii We want four distinct prime numbers in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛.
So we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by one
or more distinct prime numbers and the other by one or more different prime
numbers. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement is
𝑛 = 20 where 𝑆𝑛 is divisible by the three distinct primes 2, 3, 5 and 7.
1
𝑆20 = × 20 × 21 = 10 × 21 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 7
2

Solutions to Exercise 1G
1 3𝑆6 = (2 × 3) + (6 × 3) + (18 × 3) + (54 × 3) + (162 × 3) + (486 × 3)
= 6 + 18 + 54 + 162 + 486 + 1458
𝑆6 = 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + 162 + 486
3𝑆6 − 𝑆6 = (6 − 2) + (18 − 6) + (54 − 18) + (162 − 54) + (486 − 163)
+ (1458 − 486)
2𝑆6 = 1456
𝑆6 = 728
2 If one speaker was going to St Ives, the rest are going the other way:
Number going other way = 70 + 71 + 72 + 73 + 74
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 7
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × (75 − 1)
𝑆5 =
7−1
= 2801
3a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 7 − 1)
𝑆7 =
𝑟−1
1 × (37 − 1)
𝑆7 =
3−1
= 1093
3b GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 7 )
𝑆7 =
1−𝑟
1 × (1 − (−3)7 )
𝑆7 =
1 − (−3)
= 547

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × (210 − 1)
𝑆10 =
2−1
= 1023
1(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
2−1
= 2𝑛 − 1
4b GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
2 × (35 − 1)
𝑆5 =
3−1
= 242
2(3𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
3−1
= 3𝑛 − 1
4c GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = 10
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
−1 × (105 − 1)
𝑆5 =
10 − 1
= −11 111
−1(10𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
10 − 1
1
=− 9 (10𝑛 − 1)

4d GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = 5
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
−1 × (55 − 1)
𝑆5 =
5−1
= −781
−1(5𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
5−1
1
= − 4 (5𝑛 − 1)
4e GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 × (1 − (−2)10 )
𝑆10 =
1 − (−2)
= −341
1(1 − (−2𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−2)
1
= 3 (1 − (−2)𝑛 )
4f GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = −3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 × (1 − (−3)5 )
𝑆5 =
1 − (−3)
= 122
2(1 − (−3𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−3)
1
= 2 (1 − (−3)𝑛 )

4g GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = −10

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
−1 × (1 − (−10)5 )
𝑆5 =
1 − (−10)
= −9091
−1(1 − (−10)𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−10)
1
= − 11 (1 − (−10)𝑛 )
4h GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = −5
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
−1 × (1 − (−5)5 )
𝑆5 =
1 − (−5)
= −521
−1(1 − (−5)𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−5)
1
= − 6 (1 − (−5)𝑛 )
1
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 10
8 × ((2) − 1)
𝑆10 =
1
2−1
1
8 × (1024 − 1)
=
1
−2
1
= −16 ( − 1)
1024

1023
= 16 ( )
1024
1023
=
64
1 𝑛
8 ((2) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1
2−1
1 𝑛
= −16 (( ) − 1)
2
1 𝑛
= 16 (1 − ( ) )
2
1
5b GP with 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 6
9 × (( ) − 1)
3
𝑆6 =
1
3−1
1
9 × (729 − 1)
=
2
−3
27 1
=− ( − 1)
2 729
27 −728
=− ( )
2 729
364
=
27
1 𝑛
9 ((3) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1
3−1
27 1 𝑛
= − (( ) − 1)
2 3

27 1 𝑛
= (1 − ( ) )
2 3
1
5c GP with 𝑎 = 45 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 5
45 × ((3) − 1)
𝑆5 =
1
3−1
1
45 × (243 − 1)
=
2
−3
135 1
=− ( − 1)
2 243
135 −242
=− ( )
2 243
605
=
9
1 𝑛
45 ((3) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1
3−1
135 1 𝑛
= − (( ) − 1)
2 3
135 1 𝑛
= (1 − ( ) )
2 3
2 3
5d GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
2 3 5
× ((
3 2) − 1)
𝑆5 =
3
2−1

2 243
× ( 32 − 1)
= 3
1
2
4 1
= ( − 1)
3 1024
4 211
= ( )
3 32
211
=
24
2 3 𝑛
× ((
3 2) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
3
2−1
4 3 𝑛
= (( ) − 1)
3 2
1
5e GP with 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑟 = − 2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 10
8 × (1 − (− 2) )
𝑆10 =
1
1 − (− 2)
1
8 × (1 − 1024)
=
3
2
16 1023
= ( )
3 1024
341
=
64
1 𝑛
8 × (1 − (− 2) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 2)
16 1 𝑛
= (1 − (− ) )
3 2

1
5f GP with 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = − 3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 6
9 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆6 =
1
1 − (− 3)
1
9 × (1 − 729)
=
4
3
27 728
= ( )
4 729
182
=
27
1 𝑛
9 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 3)
27 1 𝑛
= (1 − (− ) )
4 3
1
5g GP with 𝑎 = −45 and 𝑟 = − 3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 5
−45 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆5 =
1
1 − (− 3)
1
−45 × (1 − 243)
=
4
3
135 242
=− ( )
4 243
305
=−
9

1 𝑛
−45 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 3)
1
−45 × (1 − (− 3)𝑛 )
=
4
3
135 1 𝑛
=− (1 − (− ) )
4 3
2 3
5h GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = − 2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 3 5
× (1 − (−
3 2) )
𝑆5 =
3
1 − (− 2)
2 243
× (1 + 32 )
= 3
5
2
4 275
= ( )
15 32
55
=
24
2 3 𝑛
× (1 − (−
3 2) )
𝑆𝑛 =
3
1 − (− 2)
2 3 𝑛
× (1 − (−
3 2) )
=
5
2
4 3 𝑛
= (1 − (− ) )
15 2

6a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.2

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(1.2𝑛 − 1)
=
1.2 − 1
1.2𝑛 − 1
=
0.2
= 5(1.2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆10 = 5(1.210 − 1) ≑ 25.96
6b GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 0.95

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1(1 − 0.95𝑛 )
=
1 − 0.95
1 − 0.95𝑛
=
0.05
= 20(1 − 0.95𝑛 )
𝑆10 = 20(1 − 0.95𝑛 ) ≑ 8.025
6c GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.01

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(1.01𝑛 − 1)
=
1.01 − 1
1.01𝑛 − 1
=
0.01
= 100(1.01𝑛 − 1)
𝑆10 = 100(1.0110 − 1) ≑ 10.46

6d GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 0.99

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1(1 − 0.99𝑛 )
=
1 − 0.99
1 − 0.99𝑛
=
0.01
= 100(1 − 0.99𝑛 )
𝑆10 = 100(1 − 0.9910 ) ≑ 9.562
7a i Number of grains in last square = 263
7a ii GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × (264 − 1)
𝑆64 =
2−1
𝑆64 = 264 − 1
Number of grains in whole chessboard = 264 − 1
7b 1 L = 1−12 km3 = 3 × 104 grains

Volume of wheat
264 −1
= 3×104 litres
= 6.148 × 1014 litres

= 1−12 × 6. 148 × 1014 km3
= 615 km3

8a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = √2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × ((√2)𝑛 − 1)
=
√2 − 1
((√2)𝑛 − 1) √2 + 1
= ×
√2 − 1 √2 + 1
𝑛
((√2) − 1) (√2 + 1)
=
2−1
𝑛
= ((√2) − 1) (√2 + 1)
10
𝑆10 = ((√2) − 1) (√2 + 1)
= (32 − 1)(√2 + 1)
= 31(√2 + 1)
8b GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = −√5

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 × (1 − (−√5)𝑛 )
=
1 − (−√5)
2(1 − (−√5)𝑛 ) 1 − √5
= ×
1 + √5 1 − √5
𝑛
2 (1 − (−√5) ) (1 − √5)
=
1−5
1 𝑛
= − (1 − (−√5) ) (1 − √5)
2
1 𝑛
= (1 − (−√5) ) (√5 − 1)
2
1 10
𝑆10 = (1 − (−√5) ) (√5 − 1)
2
= −1562(√5 − 1)

9a 𝑇1 = 3 × 21 = 6
𝑇2 = 3 × 22 = 12
𝑇3 = 3 × 23 = 24
GP with 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
6 × (27 − 1)
𝑆7 =
2−1
= 6 × 127
= 762
9b 𝑇1 = 32 = 9
𝑇2 = 33 = 27
𝑇3 = 34 = 81
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
9 × (36 − 1)
𝑆6 =
3−1
9
= 2 × 728
= 3276
9c 𝑇1 = 3 × 22 = 12
𝑇2 = 3 × 21 = 6
𝑇3 = 3 × 20 = 3
1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟

1 8
12 × (1 − (2) )
𝑆8 =
1
1−2
1 8
= 2 × 12 × (1 − ( ) )
2
255
= 24 ( )
256
6120
=
256
765
=
32
1
10a 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 8
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 162
1 4
𝑟 = 162
8
𝑟 4 = 1296
𝑟 = ±6
1 3 9
When 𝑟 = 6, first five terms are: 8 , 4 , 2 , 27, 162
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 5
(6 − 1)
𝑆6 = 8
6−1
1
= (7776 − 1)
40
3
= 194 8
1 3 9
When 𝑟 = −6, first five terms are: 8 , − 4 , 2 , −27, 162
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1
8 ((−6)5 − 1)
𝑆6 =
(−6) − 1

1
=− (−7776 − 1)
56
7
= 138 8
3
10b 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = − 4
𝑇4 = 𝑎𝑟 3 = 6
3
− 𝑟3 = 6
4
𝑟 3 = −8
𝑟 = −2
3
− 4 ((−2)𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
−2 − 1
3
− 4 ((−2)6 − 1)
𝑆6 =
−2 − 1
3
− 4 ((−2)6 − 1)
=
−2 − 1
63
=
4
3
= 15
4
10c 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 0.08, 𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 0.4

0.08𝑟 = 0.4
𝑟=5
𝑎𝑟 = 0.08
5𝑎 = 0.08
𝑎 = 0.016
0.016(5𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
5−1
0.016(58 − 1)
𝑆8 =
4
= 1562.496

10d 𝑟=2
𝑆8 = 1785
𝑎(28 − 1)
1785 =
2−1
1785 = 255𝑎
𝑎=7
1
10e 𝑟 = − 2, 𝑆8 = 425
1 8
𝑎 (1 − (− 2) )
425 =
1
1 − (− 2)
85
425 = 𝑎
128
𝑎 = 640
1 9
11a i Amount = 6 × (2) ≑ 0.011 72 tonnes
1
11a ii GP with 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 9
6 × ((2) − 1)
𝑆9 =
1
−1
2
1 9
6 ((2) − 1)
=
1
−2
1
= −12 ( − 1)
512
6132
=
512
≑ 11.98 tonnes

1 12
11b Amount = 20 × (2) = 4.9 × 10−3 g
11c i GP with 𝑎 = 𝑃 and 𝑟 = 1.1

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑃 × (1.110 − 1)
𝑆10 =
1.1 − 1
𝑃 × (1.110 − 1)
=
0.1
= 10𝑃(1.110 − 1)
11c ii 𝑆10 = 10𝑃(1.110 − 1)

900 = 10𝑃(1.110 − 1)
90 = 𝑃(1.110 − 1)
𝑃 = $56.47
12a For the Abletown Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 1.05, hence:

5000((1.05)6 − 1)
𝑆6 =
1.05 − 1
5000((1.05)6 − 1)
=
0.05
= 100 000((1.05)6 − 1)
= 34 010
For the Bush Creek Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 0.95, hence:
5000((0.95)6 − 1)
𝑆6 =
0.95 − 1
5000((0.95)6 − 1)
=
−0.05
= −100 000((0.95)6 − 1)
= 26 491

12b For the Abletown Show, 𝑇𝑛 = 5000 × (1.05)𝑛−1

For the Bush Creek Show, 𝑇𝑛 = 5000 × (0.95)𝑛−1
Put 5000 × (1.05)𝑛−1 > 10 × 5000 × (0.95)𝑛−1
(1.05)𝑛−1 > 10 × (0.95)𝑛−1
(1.05)𝑛−1
> 10
(0.95)𝑛−1
1.05 𝑛−1
( ) > 10
0.95
1.05 𝑛−1
ln ( ) > ln 10
0.95
1.05
(𝑛 − 1)ln ( ) > ln 10
0.95
ln 10
𝑛−1>
1.05
ln
0.95
ln 10
𝑛> +1
1.05
ln
0.95
𝑛 > 24.0066 …
The number attending the Abletown Show first exceeds ten times the number
attending the Bush Creek show in the 25th year.
12c For the Abletown Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 1.05, hence:

5000((1.05)25 − 1)
𝑆25 =
1.05 − 1
5000((1.05)25 − 1)
=
0.05
= 100 000((1.05)25 − 1)
= 238 635

For the Bush Creek Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 0.95, hence:

5000((0.95)25 − 1)
𝑆25 =
0.95 − 1
5000((0.95)25 − 1)
=
−0.05
= −100 000((0.95)25 − 1)
= 72 261
238 635
Thus, the ratio is ≑ 3.30.
72 261
14
13a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 7, 𝑟 = = 2, hence:
2
7(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = = 7(2𝑛 − 1)
2−1
13b Put 𝑆𝑛 = 1785

7(2𝑛 − 1) = 1785
2𝑛 − 1 = 255
2𝑛 = 256
2𝑛 = 28
𝑛=8
13c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 7 × 2𝑛−1

Put 𝑇𝑛 < 70 000
7 × 2𝑛−1 < 70 000
2𝑛−1 < 10 000
(𝑛 − 1) ln 2 < ln 10 000
ln 10 000
𝑛−1<
ln 2
𝑛 < 14.28 …
Hence there are 14 terms less than 70 000.

13d Put 𝑆𝑛 > 70 000

7(2𝑛 − 1) > 70 000
2𝑛 − 1 > 10 000
2𝑛 > 10 001
By trial and error the lowest integer solution is 14, hence, the first 𝑆𝑛 greater
than 70 000 is 𝑆14 = 114 681.
Alternatively:
𝑛 ln 2 > ln 10 001
ln 10 001
𝑛>
ln 2
𝑛 > 13.28 …
13e Need to prove that: 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 7

𝑆𝑛 = 7(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛+1 − 7 = 7 × 2𝑛+1−1 − 7 = 7 × 2𝑛 − 7 = 7(2𝑛 − 1) = 𝑆𝑛
as required
14a For the GP of powers of 3, 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3.

𝑇1 = 3 is the first term greater than 2.
For the last term less than 1020 :
𝑇𝑛 < 1020
3 × 3𝑛−1 < 1020
3𝑛 < 1020
𝑛 < log 3 1020
𝑛 < 41.91 …
Hence there are 41 powers of 3.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
14b 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1
3(3𝑛 − 1)
=
3−1
3 𝑛
= (3 − 1)
2
Hence the smallest value of 𝑛 for which 𝑆𝑛 > 1020 is:
3 𝑛
(3 − 1) > 1020
2
2
3𝑛 − 1 > × 1020
3
2
3𝑛 > × 1020 + 1
3
2
𝑛 > log 3 ( × 1020 + 1)
3
𝑛 > 41.5 …
Hence the smallest value for which 𝑆𝑛 > 1020 is 42.
15a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = 2.

5(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
2−1
5(2𝑛 − 1)
315 =
2−1
2𝑛 − 1 = 63
2𝑛 = 64
2𝑛 = 26
𝑛=6
15b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = −2.

5((−2)𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
(−2) − 1
5((−2)𝑛 − 1)
−425 =
−3
(−2)𝑛 − 1 = 255
(−2)𝑛 = 256
(−2)𝑛 = (−2)8
𝑛=8
1
15c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 18, 𝑟 = 3.
1 𝑛
18 (1 − (3) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1−3
1 𝑛
8 18 (1 − (3) )
26 =
9 1
1−
3
1 𝑛 242
1−( ) =
3 243
1 𝑛 1
( ) =
3 243
1 𝑛 1 5
( ) =( )
3 3
𝑛=5
1
15d This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = − 2.
1 𝑛
48 (1 − (− 2) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 2)
1 𝑛
1 48 (1 − (− 2) )
32 =
4 3
2
1 𝑛 129
1 − (− ) =
2 128
1 𝑛 1
(− ) = −
2 128
𝑛=7

16a The terms in the numerator form an AP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑑 = 2.

The sum of these terms is given by:
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(4 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛 + 2)
2
= 𝑛2 + 𝑛
The terms in the denominator form an AP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑑 = 2.
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛)
2
= 𝑛2
Thus the 𝑛th term of the sequence is:
𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
𝑇𝑛 = =
𝑛 𝑛
16b The terms in the numerator form an GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(2𝑛 − 1)
=
2−1
= 2𝑛 − 1
The terms in the denominator form an GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑑 = 4.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(4𝑛 − 1)
=
3−1
4𝑛 − 1
=
3
Thus the 𝑛th term of the sequence is:
2𝑛 − 1
𝑇𝑛 =
4𝑛 − 1
3
3(2𝑛 − 1)
=
(22 )𝑛 − 1
3(2𝑛 − 1)
=
(2𝑛 )2 − 1
3(2𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑛
(2 − 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
3
=
2𝑛 +1
17a 𝑆2𝑛 : 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 2𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
:
𝑟−1 𝑟−1
(𝑟 2𝑛 − 1): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)(𝑟 𝑛 + 1): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑛 + 1): 1
𝑆12 : 𝑆6 = 65: 1
(𝑟 6 + 1): 1 = 65: 1
Hence:
𝑟 6 + 1 = 65
𝑟 6 = 64
𝑟 = ±2

17b ∑𝑛: 𝑆𝑛
𝑎((𝑟 2 )𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
:
𝑟2 − 1 𝑟−1
𝑟 2𝑛 − 1 𝑟 𝑛 − 1
:
𝑟2 − 1 𝑟 − 1
(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)(𝑟 𝑛 + 1) 𝑟 𝑛 − 1
:
(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1) 𝑟−1
𝑟𝑛 + 1
:1
𝑟+1
(𝑟 𝑛 + 1): (𝑟 + 1)
17c 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑇2𝑛 = 𝑆2𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛

𝑅𝑛 : 𝑆𝑛
(𝑆2𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛 ): 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 2𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
( − ):
𝑟−1 𝑟−1 𝑟−1
((𝑟 2𝑛 − 1) − (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
(𝑟 2𝑛 − 𝑟 𝑛 ): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑟 𝑛 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑟𝑛: 1
𝑅8 : 𝑆8 = 1: 81
𝑟 8 : 1 = 1: 81
1
𝑟 8: 1 = :1
81
1
𝑟8 =
81
1
𝑟=±
√3
1 1
𝑟 = 3−2 or −3−2

18 𝑆10 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇10 = 2
Hence:
𝑎(𝑟 10 −1)
=2 (1)
𝑟−1
𝑆30 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇10 + 𝑇11 + ⋯ + 𝑇30 = 2 + 12 = 14

Hence:
𝑎(𝑟 30 −1)
= 14 (2)
𝑟−1
𝑟 30 −1
=7 (2) ÷ (1)
𝑟 10 −1
(𝑟 10 )3 − 1
=7
𝑟 10 − 1
(𝑟 10 − 1)((𝑟 10 )2 + 𝑟 10 + 1)
=7
𝑟 10 − 1
(𝑟 10 )2 + 𝑟 10 + 1 = 7
(𝑟 10 )2 + 𝑟 10 − 6 = 0
(𝑟 10 + 3)(𝑟10 − 2) = 0
𝑟 10 = 2 (note that 𝑟 10 > 0 and hence 𝑟 10 = −3 is not a solution)
Substituting this into (1) gives:
𝑎(2 − 1)
=2
𝑟−1
𝑎
=2
𝑟−1
Thus we conclude that:
𝑇31 + 𝑇32 + ⋯ + 𝑇60
= 𝑆60 − 𝑆30
𝑎(𝑟 60 − 1)
= − 14
𝑟−1
𝑎
= × (𝑟 60 − 1) − 14
𝑟−1
𝑎
= 2 × ((𝑟 10)6 − 1) − 14 (as 𝑟−1 = 2)
= 2(26 − 1) − 14 (as 𝑟 10 = 2)
= 112

19 Since 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 we have that 𝑙𝑟 = 𝑇𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑎𝑟 𝑛 − 𝑎
=
𝑟−1
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
=
𝑟−1
𝑎−𝑟𝑙
= as required
1−𝑟
19a i This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 2, 𝑙 = 1 048 576. Hence:

𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎 1 048 576 × 2 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = = = 2 097 151
𝑟−1 2−1
1 1
19a ii This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 3, 𝑙 = 2187. Hence:
1 1
𝑎 − 𝑟𝑙 1 − 2187 × 3 6560
𝑆𝑛 = = =
1−𝑟 1 4374
1−3
19b Put 𝑆𝑛 = 85
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
= 85
𝑟−1
64𝑟 − 1
= 85
𝑟−1
64𝑟 − 1 = 85𝑟 − 85
21𝑟 = 84
𝑟=4
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 85
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
= 85
𝑟−1
1(4𝑛 − 1)
= 85
4−1

1(4𝑛 − 1)
= 85
3
4𝑛 − 1 = 255
4𝑛 = 256
𝑛=4
19c Put 𝑆𝑛 = −910

𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
= −910
𝑟−1
𝑙(−3) − 5
= −910
(−3) − 1
𝑙(−3) − 5 = −910 × −4
−3𝑙 − 5 = 3640
−3𝑙 = 3645
𝑙 = −1215
Put 𝑆𝑛 = −910
5((−3)𝑛 − 1)
= −910
−3 − 1
5(−3)𝑛 − 5 = 3640
5(−3)𝑛 = 3645
(−3)𝑛 = 729
(−3)𝑛 = (−3)6
𝑛=6
20a For the first GP, 𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 3𝑛 = (2 × 3) × 3𝑛−1 so 𝑎 = 2 × 3 = 6 and 𝑟 = 3.

For the second GP, 𝑇𝑛 = 3 × 2𝑛 = (3 × 2) × 2𝑛−1 so 𝑎 = 3 × 2 = 6 and 𝑟 = 2.
Thus, the sum is given by:
6(3𝑛 − 1) 6(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = +
3−1 2−1

6(3𝑛 − 1) 6(2𝑛 − 1)
= +
2 1
= 3 × 3𝑛 − 3 + 6 × 2𝑛 − 6
= 3 × 3𝑛 + 6 × 2𝑛 − 9
20b The term consists of an AP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 2 and a GP with 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 = 2. Hence

the sum is:
1 2(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2 × 5 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2) +
2 2−1
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛 + 8) + 2(2𝑛 − 1)
2
= 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 2 × 2𝑛 − 2
= 2 × 2𝑛 + 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 − 2
20c Put 𝑇1 = 10
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑏 × 2 = 10
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 2𝑏 = 10 (1)
Put 𝑇2 = 19
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑏 × 22 = 19
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 4𝑏 = 19 (2)
Put 𝑇3 = 34
𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑏 × 23 = 34
𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 8𝑏 = 34 (3)
Hence:
𝑑 + 2𝑏 = 9 (2) − (1) = (4)
𝑑 + 4𝑏 = 15 (3) − (2) = (5)
Subtracting (4) from (5) gives:
2𝑏 = 6
𝑏=3
Substituting 𝑏 = 3 into (4) gives 𝑑 = 3.
Substituting 𝑏 = 3, 𝑑 = 3 into (1) gives 𝑎 = 1.
Hence, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑑 = 3.

Hence 𝑇𝑛 is formed by the sum of the terms of an AP with 𝑎 = 1 + 3 = 4, 𝑑 = 3

and a GP with 𝑎 = 3 × 2 = 6, 𝑟 = 2. Thus the total sum is:
1 6(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2 × 4 + (𝑛 − 1) × 3) +
2 2−1
1
= 𝑛(3𝑛 + 5) + 6(2𝑛 − 1)
2
3 5
= 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 6 × 2𝑛 − 6
2 2
3 5
= 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6 + 6 × 2𝑛
2 2

Solutions to Exercise 1H
1a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 18 6 2 2 2 2
3 9 27
𝑆𝑛 18 24 26 2 8 26
26 26 26
3 9 27
𝑎 18 18 3
1b 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 2 = 2 (18) = 27
1− ( )
3 3
26 1
1c 𝑆∞ − 𝑆6 = 27 − 26 27 = 27
2a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 24 −12 6 −3 1 3
1 −
2 4
𝑆𝑛 24 12 18 15 1 3
16 15
2 4
𝑎 24 24 2
2b 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 3 = 3 (24) = 16
1−(− )
2 2
3 1
2c 𝑆∞ − 𝑆6 = 16 − 15 =
4 4

1
3a 𝑎 = 8, 𝑟 = 2, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
8
=
1
1−2
8
=
1
2
= 16
1
3b 𝑎 = −4, 𝑟 = 2, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−4
=
1
1−2
−4
=
1
2
= −8
1
3c 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = − 3, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1
1 − (− 3)
1
=
4
3
3
=
4

1
3d 𝑎 = 36, 𝑟 = − 3, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
36
=
1
1 − (− 3)
36
=
4
3
= 27
1
3e 𝑎 = 60, 𝑟 = − 2, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1
1 − (− 2)
60
=
3
2
2
= 60 ×
3
= 40
−12 1
3f 𝑎 = 60, 𝑟 = = − 5, hence:
60
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
60
=
1
1 − (− )
5
60
=
6
5
5
= 60 ×
6
= 50

1
(− ) 1
2
4a 𝑟= = − 2, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = 1 so:
1
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1
1 − (− 2)
1
=
3
2
2
=
3
6
4b 𝑟 = − 4 = −1.5, hence there is no limiting sum as |𝑟| > 1.
4 1
4c 𝑟 = 12 = 3, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = 12 so:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
12
=
1
1−3
12
=
2
3
3
= 12 ×
2
= 18

100 1
4d 𝑟 = 1000 = 10, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = 1000 so:
1000
𝑆∞ =
1
1 − 10
1000
=
9
10
10 000
=
9
1
= 1111
9
2
5 1
4e 𝑟= = − 5, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = −2 so:
−2
−2
𝑆∞ =
1
1 − (− )
5
−2
=
6
5
−10
=
6
5
=−
3
−1
4f 𝑟= = −1, hence there is no limiting sum as |𝑟| > 1.
1
5a The ball must travel 8 metres downwards to the ground, then it bounces back up
1
to half the height which is 8 × 2 = 4 m. This means a total of 8 + 4 = 12 m is
travelled down-and-up.
Successive down-and-up distances are formed by taking the previous down-and-
up distance and then halving the distance to go down and halving the distance to
go back up. This means that each successive down and up sequence is half that of
1
the previous. Hence it forms a GP with 𝑟 = 2.

5b The distance travelled in each up-and-down sequence is given by a GP with

1
𝑎 = 12 and 𝑟 = 2. Thus the total distance travelled is given by:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
12
=
1
1−2
12
=
1
2
= 24
Ball ‘eventually’ travelled 24 metres.
6a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 10 10 10 10 10
𝑆𝑛 10 20 30 40 50 60
𝑆𝑛 → ∞ as 𝑛 → ∞
6b
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 −10 10 −10 10 −10
𝑆𝑛 10 0 10 0 10 0
𝑆𝑛 oscillates between 0 and 10 as 𝑛 → ∞
6c
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 20 40 80 160 320
𝑆𝑛 10 30 70 150 310 630
𝑆𝑛 → ∞ as 𝑛 → ∞

6d
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 −20 40 −80 160 −320
𝑆𝑛 10 −10 30 −50 110 −210
𝑆𝑛 oscillates between larger and larger positive and negative numbers as 𝑛 → ∞
40 1
7a For the series 𝑎 = 80 and 𝑟 = =
80 2
1 4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 80(1−( ) )
2
Thus 𝑆4 = = 1 = 150
1−𝑟 1−
2
𝑎 80 80
and 𝑆∞ = = 1 = 1 = 160
1−𝑟 1−
2 2
So 𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = 160 − 150 = 10
10 1
7b For the series 𝑎 = 100 and 𝑟 = 100 = 10.
1 4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 100(1−( ) ) 1
10
Thus 𝑆4 = = 1 = 111 10
1−𝑟 1−
10
𝑎 100 100 1000 1

and 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 9 = = 111 9
1− ( ) 9
10 10
1 1 1
So 𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = 111 9 − 111 10 = 90
−80 4
7c For the series 𝑎 = 100 and 𝑟 = = − 5.
100
4 4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 100(1−(− ) ) 164
5
Thus 𝑆4 = = 4 =
1−𝑟 1−(− ) 5
5
𝑎 100 100 500

and 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 4 = 9 =
1−(− ) ( ) 9
5 5
500 164 34
So 𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = − = 22 45
9 5

8a The numbers installing reflective house numbers in each subsequent month is

20% of that in the previous month. This is equivalent to multiplying the number
in the previous month by 20% = 0.2. Hence, this gives us a GP as all terms have a
common ratio of 0.2.
8b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 10 000 × 0.2 = 2000 and 𝑟 = 0.2

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
2000
=
1 − 0.2
= 2500
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
8c 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1
2000(0.24 − 1)
𝑆4 =
0.3 − 1
= 2496
𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = 2500 − 2496 = 4
9a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1000 and 𝑟 = 0.9.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1000
=
1 − 0.9
1000
=
0.1
= 10 000
Thus the advertisements will eventually bring in 10 000 sales.
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 1000(1−0.910 )
9b The first 10 advertisements 𝑆10 = = = 6513.2…
1−𝑟 1−0.9
Thus 𝑆∞ − 𝑆10 = 10 000 − 6513.2 … ≑ 3487

10a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.01.

As |𝑟| = 1.01 > 1, no limiting sum exists.
10b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.01−1 .

As |𝑟| = 1.01−1 < 1, there is a limiting sum which is:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1 − 1.01−1
1
=
1
1 − 1.01
1
=
1.01 1
−
1.01 1.01
1
=
0.01
(1.01)
1.01
=
0.01
= 101
4√5 1
10c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 16√5 and 𝑟 = 16√5 = 4.
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
16√5
=
1
1−4
16√5
=
3
4
4
= (16√5)
3
64√5
=
3

√7
10d This is a GP with 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = .
7
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
7
=
√7
1− 7
7
=
7 − √7
7
49
=
7 − √7
49 7 + √7
= ×
7 − √7 7 + √7
49(7 + √7)
=
49 − 7
49(7 + √7)
=
42
7(7 + √7)
=
6
2√2 √2
10e This is a GP with 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑟 = − =− .
4 2
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
4
=
√2
1 − (− 2 )
4
=
√2
1+ 2
8
=
2 + √2
8 2 − √2
= ×
2 + √2 2 − √2
8(2 − √2)
=
4−2
8(2 − √2)
=
2
= 4(2 − √2)

2√5 2
10f This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑟 = − =− .
5 √5
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
2
1 − (− )
√5
5
=
2
1+
√5
5√5
=
√5 + 2
5√5 √5 − 2
= ×
√5 + 2 √5 − 2
5√5(√5 − 2)
=
5−4
= 5√5(√5 − 2)
= 25 − 10√5
= 5(5 − 2√5)
3√10 √10 √10

10g This is a GP with 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = = . But 𝑟 = > 1 and hence there is no
9 3 3
limiting sum.
10h This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1 − √3.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1 − (1 − √3)
1
=
√3
√3
=
3

11a
∞
1 𝑛 1 1 1
∑( ) = + 2+ 3+⋯
3 3 3 3
𝑛=1
1 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3, hence the sum is given by:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
= 3
1
1−3
1
=3
2
3
=2
11b
∞
1 𝑛 7 7 7
∑7×( ) = + 2+ 3+⋯
2 2 2 2
𝑛=1
7 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = 2, hence the sum is given by:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
7
= 2
1
1−2
7
=2
1
2
=7
11c
∞
3 𝑛 3 3 2 3 3
∑ 40 × (− ) = −40 ( ) + 40 ( ) − 40 ( ) + ⋯
5 5 5 5
𝑛=1

120 3
This is a GP with 𝑎 = − = −24 and 𝑟 = − 5, hence the sum is given by:
5
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−24
=
3
1 − (− )
5
−24
=
8
5
= −15
12a The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑟 = 𝑥.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
1−𝑥
Hence solving the equation gives:
𝑆∞ = 10
5
= 10
1−𝑥
5 = 10 − 10𝑥
10𝑥 = 5
1
𝑥=
2
12b The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑟 = −𝑥.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
1 − (−𝑥)
5
=
1+𝑥
𝑆∞ = 15

5
= 15
1+𝑥
5 = 15 + 15𝑥
15𝑥 = −10
2
𝑥=−
3
1
12c The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑟 = .
3
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑥
=
1
1−3
𝑥
=
2
3
3𝑥
=
2
𝑆∞ = 2
3
𝑥=2
2
4
𝑥=
3
1
12d The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑟 = − 3.
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑥
=
1
1 − (− 3)
𝑥
=
4
3
3𝑥
=
4


𝑆∞ = 2
3
𝑥=2
4
8
𝑥=
3
𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎𝑟 𝑎
13a The first sequence is a GP with common ratio = = 𝑟, 𝑆∞ = .
𝑎𝑟 𝑎 1−𝑟
𝑎𝑟 2 −𝑎𝑟
The second sequence is a GP with common ratio −𝑎𝑟 = = −𝑟,
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−(−𝑟) = 1+𝑟.
𝑎𝑟 4 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎
The third sequence is a GP with common ratio 𝑎𝑟 2 = = 𝑟 2 , 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 2.
𝑎
𝑎𝑟 5 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑎𝑟
The fourth sequence is a GP with common ratio 𝑎𝑟 3 = = 𝑟 2 , 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 2.
𝑎𝑟
Hence the ratio of limiting sums is given by:

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑟
: : :
1 − 𝑟 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2 1 − 𝑟2
1 1 1 𝑟
: : :
1 − 𝑟 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2
2
1 − 𝑟 2 1 − 𝑟 2 1 − 𝑟 2 𝑟(1 − 𝑟 2 )
: : :
1 − 𝑟 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2 1 − 𝑟2
(1 + 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟) (1 + 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟)
: : 1: 𝑟
1−𝑟 1+𝑟
1 + 𝑟: 1 − 𝑟: 1: 𝑟
1 𝑎 48
13b i This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = 2 so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 96
1−
2
1 𝑎 48 48
13b ii This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = − 2 so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 3 = 32
1−(− ) 2
2
1 1 2 𝑎 48
13b iii This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = 4 = (2) so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 64
1−
4

1 1 2 𝑎 24
13b iv This is a GP with 𝑎 = 24, 𝑟 = 4 = (2) so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 32
1−
4
The ratio of the sequences is 96: 32: 64: 32 = 3: 1: 2: 1

1 1 1 3 1 1
If we apply the above formula we obtain 1 + 2 : 1 − 2 : 1: 2 = 2 : 2 : 1: 2 = 3: 1: 2: 1
which is the same as directly calculating the ratio. So we have verified the
formula proven above.
14a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = 𝑥.

For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |𝑥| < 1 or −1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑎 7
So 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−𝑥.
6𝑥 2
14b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 2𝑥 and 𝑟 = = 3𝑥.
2𝑥
1 1
For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |3𝑥| < 1 or − 3 < 𝑥 < 3
𝑎 2𝑥
So 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−3𝑥.
14c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 𝑥 − 1.

For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |𝑥 − 1| < 1 or −1 < 𝑥 − 1 < 1 or 0 < 𝑥 < 2
1 1
So 𝑆∞ = 1−(𝑥−1) = 2−𝑥.
14d This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑥.

For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |1 + 𝑥| < 1 or −1 < 1 + 𝑥 < 1 or −2 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑎 1 1
So 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−(1+𝑥) = − 𝑥.
15a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 − 1

To have a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1, so:
|𝑥 2 − 1| < 1
−1 < 𝑥 2 − 1 < 1
0 < 𝑥2 < 2

Hence:
−√2 < 𝑥 < √2 and 𝑥 ≠ 0 (since 𝑥 2 ≠ 0)

𝑎 1 1
𝑆∞ = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − (𝑥 − 1) 2 − 𝑥 2
2
1
15b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1+𝑥 2.
To have a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1, so:

1
| |<1
1 + 𝑥2
1 < |1 + 𝑥 2 |
𝑥 2 + 1 > 1 or 𝑥 2 + 1 < −1
Hence:
𝑥 2 > 0 or 𝑥 2 < −2 (not possible)
Thus there is a limiting sum for 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑎 1 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑆∞ = = = =
1−𝑟 1− 1 1 + 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2
1+𝑥 2
16a We know that a GP has a limiting sum if |𝑟| < 1; that is:
−1 < 𝑟 < 1
−1 < −𝑟 < 1
1−1< 1−𝑟 < 1+1
0 < 1 − 𝑟 < 2 as required.
16b Suppose that we have 𝑎 = 8, 𝑆∞ = 2

8
=2
1−𝑟
1 1
=
1−𝑟 4
1−𝑟 =4

This does not lie in the bound 0 < 1 − 𝑟 < 2 and thus we can conclude that there
is no limiting sum.
1 1
16c Since 0 < 1 − 𝑟 < 2, then 1−𝑟 > 2
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
𝑆∞ = 𝑎 ×
1−𝑟
1
𝑆∞ > 𝑎 ×
2
1
𝑆∞ > 𝑎
2
16d Note that if 𝑎 < 0

1 1
> 2 becomes
1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
<
1−𝑟 2
1
So 𝑆∞ < 2 𝑎
1
16d i Since 𝑎 > 0, 𝑆∞ > 2 𝑎
1
𝑆∞ > ×6
2
𝑆∞ > 3
1
16d ii Since 𝑎 < 0, 𝑆∞ < 2 𝑎
1
𝑆∞ < × (−8)
2
𝑆∞ < −4
1
16d iii Since 𝑎 > 0, 𝑆∞ > 2 𝑎

1
16d iv Since 𝑎 < 0, 𝑆∞ < 2 𝑎
17a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑣 and 𝑟 = 𝑣

𝑎 𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑆∞ = =
1−𝑟 1−𝑣
𝑣
17b 𝑤 = 1−𝑣
𝑤 − 𝑤𝑣 = 𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑣 + 𝑤𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑣(1 + 𝑤)
𝑤
𝑣=
1+𝑤
𝑤2
17c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑤 and 𝑟 = − = −𝑤
𝑤
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑤
=
1 − (−𝑤)
𝑤
=
1+𝑤
=𝑣 (from part b)
1 1
1 3 3 1
17d If 𝑣 = 3 then 𝑤 = 1 = 2 = 2.
1−
3 3
Hence the limiting sum is:

𝑤
𝑆∞ =
1+𝑤
1
= 2
1
1+2

1
=2
3
2
1
=
3
=𝑣
18a 𝑆∞ = 5𝑇1
𝑎
= 5𝑎
1−𝑟
1
=5
1−𝑟
1
1−𝑟 =
5
4
𝑟=
5
18b 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 6
6
𝑟=𝑎
𝑆∞ = 27
𝑎
= 27
1−𝑟
𝑎
= 27
6
1−𝑎
𝑎2
= 27
𝑎−6
𝑎2 = 27𝑎 − 162
𝑎2 − 27𝑎 + 162 = 0
(𝑎 − 9)(𝑎 − 18) = 0
𝑎 = 9 or 𝑎 = 18
6 2
When 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = 9 = 3, the first three terms are 9, 6 and 4.
6 1
When 𝑎 = 18 and 𝑟 = 18 = 3, the first three terms are 18, 6 and 2.

18c 𝑆∞ − 𝑆1 = 5𝑇1
𝑆∞ − 𝑇1 = 5𝑇1
𝑆∞ = 6𝑇1
𝑎
= 6𝑎
1−𝑟
1
=6
1−𝑟
1
=1−𝑟
6
1
𝑟 =1−
6
5
𝑟=
6
5
Hence the ratio of the sum of the terms is 𝑟 = 6.
18d The sum of all terms from the third term on is equal to the sum of all terms with
the sum of the first two terms subtracted from it. That is:
𝑆 = 𝑆∞ − 𝑆2
𝑎 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 2 )
= −
1−𝑟 1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟 2
= −
1−𝑟 1−𝑟
𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 2
=
1−𝑟
𝑎𝑟 2
=
1−𝑟
18d i 𝑆 = 𝑇1
𝑎𝑟 2
=𝑎
1−𝑟
𝑟2
=1
1−𝑟
𝑟2 = 1 − 𝑟
𝑟2 + 𝑟 − 1 = 0

Using the quadratic formula:
−1 ± √12 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑟=
2(1)
−1 ± √1 + 4
=
2
−1 ± √5
=
2
1
But 𝑟 = − 2 − √5 < −1, so it is not a possible solution, hence the solution is
1 1
𝑟 = − + √5
2 2
18d ii 𝑆 = 𝑇2
𝑎𝑟 2
= 𝑎𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟2
=𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟2 = 𝑟 − 𝑟2
2𝑟 2 − 𝑟 = 0
𝑟(2𝑟 − 1) = 0
1
𝑟 = 0 or 2 but 𝑟 ≠ 0
1
Hence, 𝑟 = 2.
18d iii 𝑆 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝑎𝑟 2
= 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟2
= 1+𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟 2 = (1 + 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟)
𝑟2 = 1 − 𝑟2
2𝑟 2 = 1
1
𝑟2 =
2

1
𝑟=±
√2
1 √2 1 √2
𝑟= × or 𝑟 = − ×
√2 √2 √2 √2
√2 √2
𝑟= or 𝑟 = −
2 2
4 4
19 Suppose we consider the sequence 4 + + … which is the extension of the
3 9
sequence to the left of the term.
4 1
Starting at the first term after 4, the sequence has 𝑎 = 3, 𝑟 = 3 and hence:
4
𝑆∞ = 3
1
1−3
4
= 3
2
−3
= −2
This is the same as the limiting sum found in the calculation in the question.
Hence the ‘meaning’ of this sum can be given as the sum of all terms in the
sequence ‘prior’ to the first term.

Solutions to Exercise 1I
1a 0. 3̇ = 0.333 … = 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + ⋯
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.3 and 𝑟 = 0.1. Hence:
𝑎 0.3 0.3 3 1
0. 3̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9 3
1b 0. 1̇ = 0.111 … = 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ⋯

𝑎 0.1 0.1 1
0. 1̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
1c 0. 7̇ = 0.777 … = 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + ⋯

𝑎 0.7 0.7 7
0. 7̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
1d 0. 6̇ = 0.666 … = 0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006 + ⋯

𝑎 0.6 0.6 6 2
0. 6̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9 3
2a 0. 2̇7̇ = 0.2727 … = 0.27 + 0.0027 + 0.000027 + ⋯

𝑎 0.27 0.27 27 3
0. 2̇7̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11
2b 0. 8̇1̇ = 0.8181 … = 0.81 + 0.0081 + 0.000081 + ⋯

𝑎 0.81 0.81 81 9
0. 8̇1̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11

2c 0. 0̇9̇ = 0.0909 … = 0.09 + 0.0009 + 0.000009 + ⋯

𝑎 0.09 0.09 9 1
0. 0̇9̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11
2d 0. 1̇2̇ = 0.1212 … = 0.12 + 0.0012 + 0.000012 + ⋯

𝑎 0.12 0.12 12 4
0. 1̇2̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 33
2e 0. 7̇8̇ = 0.7878 … = 0.78 + 0.0078 + 0.000078 + ⋯

𝑎 0.78 0.78 78 26
0. 7̇8̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 33
2f 0. 0̇27̇ = 0.027027 … = 0.027 + 0.000027 + 0.000000027 + ⋯

𝑎 0.027 0.027 27 1
0. 0̇27̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 37
2g 0. 1̇35̇ = 0.135135 … = 0.135 + 0.000135 + 0.000000135 + ⋯

𝑎 0.135 0.135 135 5
0. 1̇35̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 37
2h 0. 1̇85̇ = 0.185185 … = 0.185 + 0.000185 + 0.000000185 + ⋯

𝑎 0.185 0.185 185 5
0. 1̇85̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 27

3a 12. 4̇ = 12.444 … = 12 + 0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + ⋯

All terms after 12 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.4 and 𝑟 = 0.1. Hence:
𝑎 0.4 0.4 4
12. 4̇ = 12 + 𝑆∞ = 12 + = 12 + = 12 + = 12
1−𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
3b 7. 8̇1̇ = 7.8181 … = 0.81 + 0.0081 + 0.000081 + ⋯

All terms after 7 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.81 and 𝑟 = 0.01. Hence
𝑎 0.81 0.81 9
7. 8̇1̇ = 7 + 𝑆∞ = 7 + =7+ = 7+ =7
1−𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 11
3c 8.46̇ = 8.466 … = 8.4 + 0.06 + 0.006 + ⋯

All terms after 8.4 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.06 and 𝑟 = 0.1. Hence:
𝑎 0.06 0.06 6 7
8.46̇ = 8.4 + 𝑆∞ = 8.4 + = 8.4 + = 8.4 + = 8.4 + =8
1−𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 90 15
3d 0.23̇6̇ = 0.23636 … = 0.2 + 0.036 + 0.00036 + ⋯

0.23̇6̇ = 0.2 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 0.2 +
1−𝑟
0.036
= 0.2 +
1 − 0.01
0.036
= 0.2 +
0.99
2
= 0.2 +
55
11 2
= +
55 55
13
=
55
4a 0. 9̇ = 0.99999 … = 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + 0.0009 + ⋯

0.09
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.9 and 𝑟 = = 0.1, so the sum will be:
0.9
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
0.9
=
1 − 0.1
0.9
=
0.9
=1
Thus 0. 9̇ = 1
4b 2.79̇ = 2.799999 … = 2.7 + 0.09 + 0.009 + 0.0009 + ⋯

0.009
All terms after 2.7 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.09 and 𝑟 = = 0.1, so the sum will be
0.09
𝑎 0.09 0.09
𝑆∞ = = = = 0.1
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9
Hence 2.79̇ = 2.7 + 𝑆∞ = 2.7 + 0.1 = 2.8
5a 0. 9̇57̇ = 0.957 957 957 … = 0.957 + 0.000 957 + 0.000 000 957 + ⋯
𝑎 0.957 0.957 957 29
0. 9̇57̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 303
5b 0. 2̇475̇ = 0.247 524 75 … = 0.2475 + 0.000 0247 5 + ⋯

𝑎 0.2475 0.2475 2475 25
0. 2̇475̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.0001 0.9999 9999 101
5c 0. 2̇30 769̇ = 0.230 769 230 769 … = 0.2307 69 + 0.000 002 307 69 + ⋯
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.230 769 and 𝑟 = 0.000 01. Hence:
𝑎 0.230 769 0.230 769 230 769 3
0. 2̇30 769̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.000 01 0.999 99 99 999 13

5d 0. 4̇28 571̇ = 0.428 571 … = 0.428 571 + 0.000 004 285 71 + ⋯

This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.230 769 and 𝑟 = 0.000 01. Hence:
𝑎 0.428 571 0.428 571 428 571 3
0. 4̇28571̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.000 01 0.999 99 999 990 7
5e 0.255̇7̇ = 0.255 757 575 7 … = 0.25 + (0.0057 + 0.000 057 + ⋯ )

The bracketed terms form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.0057 and 𝑟 = 0.01. Hence:
0.255̇7̇ = 0.25 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 0.25 +
1−𝑟
1 0.0057
= +
4 1 − 0.01
1 0.0057
= +
4 0.99
1 57
= +
4 9900
211
=
825
5f 1.10̇37̇ = 1.103 703 703 7 … = 1.1 + (0.0037 + 0.000 003 7 + ⋯ )

1.10̇37̇ = 1.1 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 1.1 +
1−𝑟
0.0037
= 1.1 +
1 − 0.001
0.0037
= 1.1 +
0.999
10989 37
= +
9990 9990
14
=1
135
5g 0.00̇0 271̇ = 0.000 271 002 710 027 1 …

= 0.000 271 + 0.000 000 002 71 + 0.000 000 000 000 027 1 + ⋯
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.000 271 and 𝑟 = 0.0001. Hence:

0.00̇0 271̇ = 𝑆∞
𝑎
=
1−𝑟
0.000 271
=
1 − 0.0001
0.000 271
=
0.9999
1
=
3690
5h 7.77̇1 428 5̇ = 7.771 428 571 428 571 428 5 …

= 7.7 + (0.071 428 5 + 0.000 007 142 85 + ⋯ )
The bracketed terms form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.071 428 5 and 𝑟 = 0.000 01. Hence:
0.00̇0 271̇ = 7.7 + 𝑆∞

𝑎
= 7.7 +
1−𝑟
0.071 428 5
= 7.7 +
1 − 0.000 01
0.071 428 5
= 7.7 +
0.999 99
27
=7
35
6 √2 = 1.414 213 562 … which has no obvious repeating pattern.
If √2 were a recurring decimal, then we could use the methods of this section to
write it as a fraction.
1 1 1
7a Notice that 9 = 0. 1̇, 99 = 0. 0̇1̇, 999 = 0. 0̇0̇1̇, and so on. If the denominator of a
fraction can be made a string of nines, then the fraction will be a multiple of one
of these recurring decimals.
7b Periods: 1, 6, 1, 2, 6, 3, 3, 5, 4, 5 = 0. 9̇, 5. 9̇, 0. 9̇, 1. 9̇, 5. 9̇, 2. 9̇, 2. 9̇, 4. 9̇, 3. 9̇, 4. 9̇
8a 0.469̇ = 0.469 999 999 9 …

= 0.46 + (0.009 + 0.0009 + 0.000 09 + ⋯ )

0.469̇ = 0.46 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 0.46 +
1−𝑟
0.009
= 0.46 +
1 − 0.01
0.009
= 0.46 +
0.9
1
= 0.46 +
100
= 0.46 + 0.01
= 0.47
8b The infinite string of 9s can be removed and the last digit that is not a 9 is
increased by 1.
8c The last digit of any decimal can be reduced by 1 and then all following terms
replaced with an infinite string of 9s.
8d The fourth sentence should be changed to, ‘Imagine that each real number 𝑇𝑛 in
the sequence is written as an infinite decimal string of digits 0. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . .. , where
each 𝑑 represents a digit. Add an infinite string of zeroes to every terminating
decimal, and if there is an infinite string of 9s, rewrite the decimal as a
terminating decimal.’
9-10 Answers are contained in the question.

Chapter 1 Review
1 The first 12 terms of the sequence are:
50, 41, 32, 23, 14, 5, −4, −13, −22, −31, −40, −49
1a The positive terms are 50, 41, 32, 23, 14, 5

Counting, there are a total of 6.
1b The terms between 0 and 40 are 32, 23, 14, 5

Counting, there are a total of 4.
1c 𝑇10 = −31
1d 𝑇8 = −13
1e No, extending the sequence gives:

50, 41, 32, 23, 14, 5, −4, −13, −22, −31, −40, −49, −58, −67, −76, −85, −95, −104 …
which does not contain −100.
1f 𝑇11 = −40
2a 𝑇1 = 58 − 6(1) = 52
𝑇20 = 58 − 6(20) = −62
𝑇100 = 58 − 6(100) = −542
𝑇1 000 000 = 58 − 6(1 000 000) = −5 999 942
2b Solving 𝑇𝑛 = 20
58 − 6𝑛 = 20
6𝑛 = 38
𝑛 = 6.33 …

As 𝑛 is not an integer, 20 is not a term in the sequence.
Solving 𝑇𝑛 = 10
58 − 6𝑛 = 10
6𝑛 = 48
𝑛=8
Thus 𝑇8 = 10 is a term.
Solving 𝑇𝑛 = −56
58 − 6𝑛 = −56
6𝑛 = 114
𝑛 = 19
Thus 𝑇19 = −56 is a term.
Solving 𝑇𝑛 = −100
58 − 6𝑛 = −100
6𝑛 = 158
𝑛 = 26.33 …
As 𝑛 is not an integer, −100 is not a term in the sequence.
2c 𝑇𝑛 < −200
58 − 6𝑛 < −200
6𝑛 > 258
𝑛 > 43
Hence the first term less than −200 is 𝑇44 = −206.
2d 𝑇𝑛 > −600
58 − 6𝑛 > −600
6𝑛 < 658

𝑛 < 109.666
Hence the last term greater than −600 is 𝑇109 = −596
3a 𝑆1 = 𝑇1 = 4
𝑆2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑆1
Hence:
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 11 − 4 = 7
Similarly:
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 18 − 11 = 7
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 25 − 18 = 7
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 32 − 25 = 7
𝑇6 = 𝑆6 − 𝑆5 = 39 − 32 = 7
Hence giving the sequence:
4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, …
3b 𝑆1 = 𝑇1 = 0
𝑆2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑆1
Hence:
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 1 − 0 = 1
Similarly:
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 3 − 1 = 2
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 6 − 3 = 3
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 10 − 6 = 4
𝑇6 = 𝑆6 − 𝑆5 = 15 − 10 = 5
𝑇7 = 𝑆7 − 𝑆6 = 21 − 15 = 6
Hence giving the sequence:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …

3c 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 12 + 5 = 6
= 𝑛2 + 5 − ((𝑛 − 1)2 + 5)
= 𝑛2 + 5 − (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 + 5)
= 2𝑛 − 1 for 𝑛 > 1
3d 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 31 = 3
= 3𝑛 − 3𝑛−1
= 3𝑛−1 (3 − 1)
= 2 × 3𝑛−1 for 𝑛 > 1
4a
6
∑(𝑛2 − 1) = 8 + 15 + 24 + 35 = 82
𝑛=3
4b
2
∑ (5𝑛 − 3) = −13 + (−8) + (−3) + 2 + 8 = −15

𝑛=−2
4c
6
∑(−1)𝑛 = 1 + (−1) + 1 + (−1) + 1 + (−1) + 1 = 1

𝑛=0
4d
6
1 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 63
∑( ) = + + + + =
2 2 4 16 32 64 64
𝑛=1

5a The first eight terms are:

𝑇1 = 5 × (−1)1 = −5
𝑇2 = 5 × (−1)2 = 5
𝑇3 = 5 × (−1)3 = −5
𝑇4 = 5 × (−1)4 = 5
𝑇5 = 5 × (−1)5 = −5
𝑇6 = 5 × (−1)6 = 5
𝑇7 = 5 × (−1)7 = −5
𝑇8 = 5 × (−1)8 = 5
Thus the sequence is:
−5, 5, −5, 5, −5, 5, −5, 5
5b The sum of first seven terms is:

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) −5(1 − (−1)7 ) 5(2)
𝑆7 = = =− = −5
1−𝑟 1 − (−1) 2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) −5(1 − (−1)8 ) 5(0)
𝑆8 = = =− =0
1−𝑟 1 − (−1) 2
5c For this particular sequence, one simply adds −5 if the previous term is 0 and
adds 5 if the previous term was −5. This means that 𝑇𝑛 = −5 if 𝑛 is odd and
𝑇𝑛 = 0 of 𝑛 is even.
5d Noting that 𝑇𝑛 = −5 if 𝑛 is odd and 𝑇𝑛 = 0 if 𝑛 is even.

𝑇20 = 0
𝑇75 = −5
𝑇111 = −5
6a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 83 − 76 = 7
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 90 − 83 = 7
Hence there is a common difference between the terms so it is an AP with
common difference of 7.

6b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 100 − (−21) = −121

𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−21) − (−142) = −121
Hence there is a common difference between the terms so it is an AP with
common difference of −121.
6c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 9 − 4 = 5
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑇3 9
= = 2.25
𝑇2 4
𝑇2 4
= =4
𝑇1 1
There is no common ratio nor common difference. Hence it is neither an AP nor a
GP.
6d
𝑇3 54
= =3
𝑇2 18
𝑇2 18
= =3
𝑇1 6
Hence as there is a common ratio, this is a GP with 𝑟 = 3.
6e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 10 − 6 = 4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 15 − 10 = 5
𝑇3 15 3
= =
𝑇2 10 2
𝑇2 10 5
= =
𝑇1 6 3
There is no common ratio nor common difference. Hence it is neither an AP nor a
GP.

6f
𝑇3 12 1
= =−
𝑇2 −24 2
𝑇2 −24 1
= =−
𝑇1 48 2
1
Hence as there is a common ratio, this is a GP with 𝑟 = − 2.
7a 𝑎 = 23, 𝑑 = 35 − 23 = 12
7b Since 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 23 + 12(𝑛 − 1)

𝑇20 = 23 + 20(20 − 1) = 251
𝑇600 = 23 + 20(600 − 1) = 7211
7c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 23 + 12(𝑛 − 1) = 23 + 12𝑛 − 12 = 11 + 12𝑛
7d If 143 is a term, then:

143 = 11 + 12𝑛
12𝑛 = 132
𝑛 = 11
As 𝑛 is a positive integer, 143 is a term.
If 173 is a term, then:
173 = 11 + 12𝑛
12𝑛 = 162
𝑛 = 13.5
As 𝑛 is not a positive integer, 173 is not a term.

7e In order for the term to be greater than 1000, we must have:

𝑇𝑛 > 1000
11 + 12𝑛 > 1000
12𝑛 > 989
𝑛 > 82.4
So the smallest integer that satisfies this inequality is 𝑛 = 83.
Hence the first term greater than 1000 is 𝑇83 = 1007.
In order for the term to be less than 2000 we must have:

11 + 12𝑛 < 2000
12𝑛 < 1989
𝑛 < 165.75
The largest integer that satisfies this inequality is 𝑛 = 165.
Hence the last term less than 2000 is 𝑇165 = 1991.
7f 165 − 83 + 1 = 83 (count both 𝑇83 and 𝑇165 )
8a The amount charged forms an AP with 𝑎 = 20, 𝑑 = 16
8b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 20 + 16(𝑛 − 1) = 20 + 16𝑛 − 16 = 4 + 16𝑛
8c Note that as at most $200 can be spent:

𝑇𝑛 ≤ 200
4 + 16𝑛 ≤ 200
16𝑛 ≤ 196
𝑛 ≤ 12.25
Hence the largest number of cases that can be bought is 12. Furthermore, as
𝑇12 = 196, the twelve cases will cost a total of $196, hence, there will be $4 left in
change.

8d 𝑇𝑛 = 292
4 + 16𝑛 = 292
16𝑛 = 288
𝑛 = 18
Hence the neighbour purchased 18 cases.
100
9a 𝑎 = 50, 𝑟 = =2
50
9b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 50 × 2𝑛−1 (or 25 × 2𝑛 )
9c 𝑇8 = 50(2)8−1 = 6400, 𝑇12 = 50(2)12−1 = 102 400
9d If 1600 is a term, then:

1600 = 50(2)𝑛−1 ,
32 = 2𝑛−1
𝑛−1=5
𝑛=6
As 𝑛 is a positive integer, 1600 is a term.
If 4800 is a term, then:

4800 = 50(2)𝑛−1
96 = 2𝑛−1
As 96 is not a power of 2, 𝑛 cannot be a positive integer. This means that 4800 is
not a term.
9e 𝑇4 × 𝑇5 = 50 × 24−1 × 50 × 25−1 = 320 000

9f 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 < 10 000 000

50 × 2𝑛−1 < 10 000 000
2𝑛−1 < 200 000
𝑛 − 1 < log 2 200 000
𝑛 < log 2 200 000 + 1
𝑛 < 18.6
Hence, rounding down, we can conclude that there are 18 terms.
10a The number of visitors on each subsequent day, is given by multiplying the
1
number on the previous day by 3, hence, by definition we are describing a GP
1
with 𝑎 = 486, 𝑟 = 3.
10b 486, 162, 54, 18, 6, 2 (we do not go further as fractions here are nonsensical)
10c 4 days (there are 4 terms greater than 10 in the above sequence)
10d
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆6 =
1−𝑟
1 6
486 (1 − (3) )
=
1
1−3
1 6
486 (1 − (3) )
=
2
3
= 728
Total number of visitors was 728.

10e
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
486
=
1
1−3
= 729
The ‘eventual’ number of visitors is 729.
11a Since terms 1 and 2 and terms 2 and 3 must have the same difference we have:
𝑥 − 15 = 135 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 150
𝑥 = 75
11b Since terms 1 and 2 and terms 2 and 3 must have the same ratio we have:
𝑥 135
=
15 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 135 × 15
𝑥 2 = 2025
𝑥 = ±45
12a For this AP, 𝑎 = 51, 𝑑 = 11 so:

1
𝑆41 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= × 41 × (2 × 51 + (41 − 1) × 11)
2
= 11 111

12b For this AP, 𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = −25 so:

1
𝑆41 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= × 41 × (2 × 100 + (41 − 1) × −25)
2
= −16 400
12c For this AP, 𝑎 = −35, 𝑑 = 3 so:

1
𝑆41 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= × 41 × (2 × −35 + (41 − 1) × 3)
2
= 1025
13a 𝑎 = 23 and 𝑑 = 27 − 23 = 4
Thus, we find the number of terms by solving the equation:
199 = 23 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4
176 = 4(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 − 1 = 44
𝑛 = 45
Hence:
1 1
𝑆45 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙) = × 45 × (23 + 4) = 4995
2 2
13b 𝑎 = 200 and 𝑑 = 197 − 200 = 3

−100 = 200 + (𝑛 − 1) × −3
−300 = −3(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 − 1 = 100
𝑛 = 101

Hence:
1 1
𝑆101 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙) = × 101 × (200 − 100) = 5050
2 2
1 1
13c 𝑎 = 12 and 𝑑 = 12 2 − 12 = 2

1
50 = 12 + (𝑛 − 1) ×
2
1
38 = (𝑛 − 1)
2
𝑛 − 1 = 76
𝑛 = 77
Hence:
1 1
𝑆77 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙) = × 77 × (12 + 50) = 2387
2 2
14a For this GP, 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 2, hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 3(26 − 1)
𝑆6 = = = 189
𝑟−1 2−1
14b For this GP, 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑟 = −2, hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 6((−2)6 − 1)
𝑆6 = = = −1092
𝑟−1 −2 − 1
1
14c For this GP, 𝑎 = −80 and 𝑟 = 2, hence:
1 6
−80 ((2) − 1)
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 1
𝑆6 = = = −157
𝑟−1 1 2
2−1

48 1
15a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 240 and 𝑟 = 240 = 5.
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
240
=
1
1−
5
240
=
4
5
5
= × 240
4
= 300
9 3
15b 𝑟= = − < −1, so there is no limiting sum.
−6 2
−135 1
15c This is a GP with 𝑎 = −405 and 𝑟 = = − 3.
405
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−135
=
1
1 − (− 3)
−130
=
4
3
3
= × (−130)
4
3
= −303
4
(2+𝑥)2
16a This is a GP with common ratio 𝑟 = = 2 + 𝑥.
2+𝑥
In order to have a limiting sum we must have |𝑟| < 1 and hence |2 + 𝑥| < 1. This
implies that −1 < 2 + 𝑥 < 1 and so there will be a limiting sum if −3 < 𝑥 < −1.
16b
𝑎 2+𝑥 2+𝑥 2+𝑥
𝑆∞ = = = =−
1 − 𝑟 1 − (2 + 𝑥) −𝑥 − 1 1+𝑥

17a 0. 3̇9̇ = 0.393 939 … = 0.39 + 0.0039 + 0.000 039 + ⋯

𝑎 0.39 0.39 39 13
0. 3̇9̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 33
17b 0. 4̇68̇ = 0.468 468 … = 0.468 + 0.000 468 + 0.000 000 468 + ⋯
𝑎 0.468 0.468 468 52
0. 0̇27̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 111
17c 12.304̇5̇ = 12.304 545 454 5 …

= 12.30 + 0.0045 + 0.000045 + 0.00000045 + ⋯
12.304̇5̇ = 12.30 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 12.30 +
1−𝑟
0.045
= 12.30 +
1 − 0.01
0.045
= 12.30 +
0.999
445
= 12.30 +
999
335
= 12
1100
67
= 12
220
18a 𝑇2 = 21
𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑 = 21
𝑎 + 𝑑 = 21 (1)
𝑇9 = 56
𝑎 + (9 − 1)𝑑 = 56
𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 56 (2)
7𝑑 = 35 (2) − (1)

𝑑=5 (3)
𝑎 + 5 = 21 (3) in (1)
𝑎 = 16
𝑇100 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 16 + (100 − 1) × 5 = 511
18b 𝑇3 = 10
𝑎 + (3 − 1)𝑑 = 10
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 10 (1)
𝑇12 = −89
𝑎 + (12 − 1)𝑑 = −89
𝑎 + 11𝑑 = −89 (2)
9𝑑 = −99 (2) − (1)
𝑑 = −11 (3)
𝑎 + 2(−11) = 10 (3) in (1)
𝑎 = 32
Hence:
1 1
𝑆20 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = × 20 × (2 × 32 + (20 − 1)(−11)) = −1450
2 2
18c 𝑇3 = 3
𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 3
𝑎𝑟 2 = 3 (1)
𝑇8 = −96
𝑎𝑟 8−1 = −96
𝑎𝑟 7 = −96 (2)
𝑟 5 = −32 (2) ÷ (1)
𝑟 = −2 (3)
𝑎(−2)2 = 3 (3) in (1)
3
𝑎=
4
Hence:
3
𝑇6 = (−2)6−1 = −24
4
18d We are given that 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 1 and that 𝑆10 = −215

Hence:
𝑆10 = −215
1
× 10 × (2 × 1 + (10 − 1) × 𝑑) = −215
2
5(2 + 9𝑑) = −215
2 + 9𝑑 = −43
9𝑑 = −45
𝑑 = −5
1
18e The AP has 𝑎 = 4 2 and 𝑑 = −1.
If 𝑆𝑛 = 8 where 𝑛 is the number of terms:

1 1
𝑛 (2 × 4 + (𝑛 − 1) × −1) = 8
2 2
𝑛(9 − 𝑛 + 1) = 16
𝑛(10 − 𝑛) = 16
10𝑛 − 𝑛2 = 16
𝑛2 − 10𝑛 + 16 = 0
(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 8) = 0
Thus there are either 2 or 8 terms.

18f
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
60
45 =
1−𝑟
60
1−𝑟 =
45
4
1−𝑟 =
3
4
𝑟 =1−
3
1
𝑟=−
3
18g 𝑆10 = 682

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
= 682
𝑟−1
𝑎((−2)10 − 1)
= 682
−2 − 1
𝑎(1024 − 1)
= 682
−3
−3
𝑎 = 682 × = −2
1023
𝑇4 = −2 × (−2)3 = 16

Chapter 1 Worked Solutions

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What are some examples of different types of sequences discussed in the document?

What are some examples of different types of sequences discussed in the document?

What is the process for finding the nth term of a sequence?

What is the process for finding the nth term of a sequence?

Chapter 1 worked solutions – Sequences and series

1b Looking at the sequence from part (a), 𝑇9 = 2050.

2b Each term is double the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

2d Each term is half the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

2f Each term is squared. The sequence is as follows:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 2

5a Counting the number of terms:

5b Counting the number of terms:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 3

5d 37 is the 7th term.

5e This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

5f This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

6 Each term is double the previous term:

6a Counting the number of terms:

6b Counting the number of terms:

6c 384 is the 10th term.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 4

6d 192 is the 9th term.

6e Looking at the sequence:

6f Looking at the sequence:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 5

© Cambridge University Press 2019 6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 7

© Cambridge University Press 2019 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019 9

13a This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

13b This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

13c This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

13d This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

14a 𝑇1 = sin 90° = 1

14b 𝑇1 = cos 90° = 0

14c 𝑇1 = cos 180° = −1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 10

14d 𝑇1 = sin 180° = 0

© Cambridge University Press 2019 11

© Cambridge University Press 2019 12

17e Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 13

17h Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−2)5−𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 14

© Cambridge University Press 2019 15

19d 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛−1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 16

20d The first is 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, …, which is 2𝐹𝑛+1.

21 Investigation question – answers will vary.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 17

© Cambridge University Press 2019 18

2a Start at 3 and add 2. The sequence is as follows:

2b Start at 7 and subtract 4. The sequence is as follows:

2c Start at 30 and subtract 11. The sequence is as follows:

2d Start at −9 and add 4. The sequence is as follows:

2f Start at 0.9 and add 0.7. The sequence is as follows:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 19

© Cambridge University Press 2019 20