Sterilization ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ‬

‫• ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺗ�ﻝ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﺯﺍﻟ��ﺔ ﻛ��ﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧ��ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳ��ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘ��ﺔ ﻣ��ﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳ��ﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻪ ﺳﻭﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳ�ﻁ ﺑﻳﺋ�ﺔ ﻏﺫﺍﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳ��ﻝ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔ��ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣ��ﺎﻛﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳ��ﻁﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺣ��ﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺣﺟﺎﻣﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﺈﺗﺑ�ﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﻌﺗﻣ�ﺩ ﻋﻠ�ﻰ ﺃﺳ�ﺱ ﻓﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳ�ﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬
 ‫ﺃ – ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ‪Dry heat :‬‬
‫‪sterikization‬‬
‫– ﺃﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻥ ‪Hot air ovens :‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺄﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻥ ﻳﺳﺧﻥ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺗﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪5 180-160‬ﻡ ﻭﻳﺗﺭﻙ ﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪-2‬‬
‫‪3‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻠﻭﺛﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺟﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻷﻛﺳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺻﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﻭﺃﻁﺑﺎﻕ ﺑﺗﺭﻱ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﺗﺑﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﻳﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺻﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺃﻁﺑﺎﻕ ﺑﺗﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺣﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻏﻁﺎء ﻳﺣﻛﻡ ﻏﻠﻘﻪ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺗﻠﺧﺹ ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺛﻡ ﻳﺣﻛﻡ ﻗﻔﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻧﺎ ﻧﺑﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺈﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻳﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﻭﻳﺗﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﻟﺑﺭﺩ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺟﻳﺎ ً ﺣﺗﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺗﺟﻧﺑﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻛﺳﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻱ‬
 ‫– ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ‪Incineration :‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪heat‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺻﺑﺎﺡ ﺑﻧﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺇﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻘﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺗﺳﺧﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﻣﺭﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺭﻓﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻳﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺧﻥ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻔﻘﺩ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻌﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺧﻥ ﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﻳﻬﻠﻙ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺭﻙ ﻟﺗﺑﺭﺩ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺛﻭﺍﻥ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻳﺔ‬
 ‫• – ﺍﻟﺗﻬﻠﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻟﻲ ‪Alcohol flaming :‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻣﺷﺭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻘﻁ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺹ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﻐﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺣﻭﻝ ﺇﻳﺛﺎﻧﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺛﻡ ﻳﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻓﻳﺷﺗﻌﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺓ ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺗﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ‬
 ‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ‪Moist heat :‬‬
‫• ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼﻝ ﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﺳﺗﻐﻝ ﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺿﻐﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻠﻐﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﺧﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ ) ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻛﺗﻳﺭﻳﺎ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺍﺋﻝ (‬
 ‫• – ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﻼﻑ ‪Autoclave :‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻐﻝ ﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻝء ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﻼﻑ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ‪ .‬ﻓﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪5 100‬ﻡ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻱ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ً ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻟﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺗﺭﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﻣﻔﺭﺩﻩ ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻠﻣﺱ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻً ﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﻻ ﺗﺧﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻛﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﻱ ) ‪5 121‬ﻡ‬
‫( ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﺷﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ (ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻛﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺣﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻳﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻗﻔﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻭﻕ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺧﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺷﺗﺭﻁ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻏﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﻁﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﻼﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻳﻣﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻠﺹ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺑﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺣﺔ‬
 ‫• ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺣﺟﺯ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺷﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺛﻘﻭﺑﻬﺎ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ‪Filtration‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﺭﺷﺣﺎﺕ ﺑﻛﺗﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺛﻘﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺭﺍﻋﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺭﺷﻳﺢ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﻭﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻝ ﻳﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺷﺢ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﺭﺷﻳﺣﻪ ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺻﻧﻊ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﺷﻣﺑﺭﻻﻧﺩ ‪ Chamberland filter :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺻﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ – 2‬ﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﺑﻳﺭﻛﻔﻳﻠﺩ ‪ Berkefeld filter :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺻﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﺎﺗﻭﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ – 3‬ﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﻋﺟﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺱ ‪ Plaster of paris filter :‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺻﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺟﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﺱ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺑﺭﻳﺗﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺳﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺃﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﻣﺎﻏﻧﻳﺳﻳﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬ﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﺯﺍﻳﺗﺱ ‪ Seitz filter :‬ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺑﺳﺗﺱ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ – 5‬ﻣﺭﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ sintered glass filter :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺷﺢ ﻣﺻﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ – 6‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺷﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﻳﺔ ‪ Membrane filter or molecular filter :‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ‪ Millipore filter‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻏﺷﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺻﻧﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻠﻭﺯ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻳﺛﻳﻝ ‪Ethyl alcohol‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﺛﻳﻝ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ %70-50‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﻬﻳﺭ ﺍﻷﻳﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺳﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻛﺣﻭﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ‪ Dehydration‬ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺛﺭ ‪ Coagulation‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﻔﺫ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﻳﺅﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﻧﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻟﻳﻙ ‪Phenol or Carbolic acid‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ %5-2‬ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ ﻷﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺃﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺿﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺋﺑﻘﻳﻙ ‪(2Mercuric chloride ( HgCl‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺋﺑﻘﻳﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ %0.1‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ ﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻳﺎء ﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺃﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺿﺩ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﻧﺑﺎﺗﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﻁﺋﺔ ﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺑﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﻌﺔ ‪Radiation‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ‪:Radiation‬‬
‫• ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻲ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺛﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ‬
‫• ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﻡ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺣﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺑﺋﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﻌﺯﻯ ﺗﺎﺛﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺳﻳﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺛﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪DNA‬‬
‫• ﻳﻣﺛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻧﻳﺔ ‪ ,X-ray‬ﺍﺷﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ ) Gamma ray‬ﺍﺷﻌﺔ ﻣﺅﻳﻧﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ( ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﻳﺔ )ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺅﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ(‬