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English for Academic and Professional Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments
supported by properly cited factual evidences

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: MA. SUZITTE S. TACORDA

Editors: GINA B. PANTINO

SONIA V. PRENSADER
JOSALIE T. TONIO
LORAINE T. CHIONG

Reviewers: GINA B. PANTINO and

Masbate City Division headed by
JEANETTE ROMBLON

Illustrator / Layout Artist: JOHN MICHAEL SARTE

www.shsph.blogspot.com

SHS

English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 2
DEFENDS A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING
REASONABLE ARGUMENTS SUPPORTED BY
PROPERLY CITED FACTUAL EVIDENCES

This instructional material was developed based from the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELC) in English for Academic and Professional
Purposes in response to the new normal scheme in learning delivery of the
Department of Education. This module was collaboratively reviewed by educators
and program specialists in the Regional Office V. We encourage teachers and
other educational stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at ____________________.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

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Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE LESSON

Welcome to this module!

In everyday life, people take sides and form opinions on anything that involves
them. However, defending your point by simply saying, “Because I think so” won’t help you make
a case. When we face an issue and are challenged to make a stand, it is necessary for us to support
it with logical arguments. It is therefore important that you learn how to properly outline your
thoughts and make valid arguments.
You will take part in a larger debate by stating your arguments and proposed course
of action. Interesting and challenging, right? In this module, you are expected to determine
different kinds of logical fallacy, identify factors on authenticity and validity of
evidences/information and defend your stand on a particular issue by presenting reasonable
arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences. You can do it! Good luck!

I. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly

cited factual evidences

● determine different kinds of logical fallacy

● identify factors on authenticity and validity of evidences/information
● present reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand

II. VOCABULARY LIST

Let’s enrich your vocabulary with these terms that you will encounter throughout this
lesson.
● Stand - viewpoint
● Claims - these are statements that support the author’s stand; ARGUMENT
● Evidences - these are proofs or evidences to strengthen the author’s claim
● Fallacy - an error in reasoning which weakens an argument
● Counterclaims – arguments opposing a stand

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III. PRE-TEST
True or False

Instructions: Read the statement below. If it is true, draw . If it is false, draw

Write your answers in a paper or in your notebook.
1. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that invalidates an argument.
2. Opinions are better than facts in supporting an argument.
3. Statistics can be used as evidence to support an argument.
4. Evidence from expert interviews can strengthen your stand.
5. Bandwagon occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the
character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument.

IV. LEARNING CONCEPTS

Take a glance on the picture below. Then, answer the question:

“Which would you follow, the decision that your mind is saying or the choice that your
heart is dictating?”
In this case whichever your choice, you have to
defend it with reasonable arguments and factual
evidences.

http://www.pinterest.at/pin/211880357453253536/
Retrieved: July 15, 2020 1:34 P.M

Every now and then, we find the need to take a stand on an issue. How do we defend
this stand? How do we convince others about the soundness of our position?

Study the picture below.

Claim
Argument
Stand Credible
Sources

Note: You have to remember

these three facts. These are
important elements to
accomplish the tasks later.

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A. LOGICAL FALLACIES

What are these logical fallacies? Why is there a need for you to be familiar with it?
LOGICAL FALLACIES are ERRORS IN REASONING that INVALIDATE AN
ARGUMENT. As a critical thinker you have to identify and examine fallacies and manipulative
language. It is therefore important that you know some of the common fallacies.
Study the types of fallacy and its example:

Fallacy Description Example

False Dilemma Occurs when an arguer presents Either you fully devote
his/her argument as one of only yourself to company or
two options despite the you quit.
presence of multiple
possibilities
Appeal to Ignorance Occurs when something is The writer does not talk
instantly concluded to be true about the connection
just because it is not proven to between the victim’s killer
be false, and vice versa and his sister, so there
must be none.
Slippery Slope Occurs when a series of If we ban computer shops,
increasingly superficial and then students will not be
unacceptable consequences is able to do research. And if
drawn they do not have tools for
research, these students
will fail their subjects.
Complex Question Occurs when two or more “Have you stopped
points are rolled into one and cheating on exams?”
the reader is expected to accept
or reject both at the same time,
when one point may be
satisfactory while the other is
not
Appeal to Force Occurs when a threat, instead of If you do not admit that
reasoning is used to argue evolution is not real, we
will isolate you from the
group.
Appeal to Pity Occurs when the element of Please do not fire me for
pity is used instead of logical being absent all month; I
reasoning have a sick mother and a
special child to support.
Appeal to Occurs when unpleasant You can’t believe that
Consequences consequences of believing colonialism is bad,
something are pointed out to because if it were, then we
show that the belief is false would not be civilized.

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Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is Most Filipinas want to
considered to be valid because have fair skin because
it is what the majority thinks they think they look
beautiful. Therefore,
having fair skin must be
the real standard of
beauty.
Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to I cannot accept your
refute an argument by attacking argument because, unlike
the character of a person instead me, you were not educated
of attacking the ideas of the at Harvard University.
argument
Appeal to Authority Occurs when the argument Bill Gates, the co-founder
quotes an expert who’s not of Microsoft, recommends
qualified in the particular the effective fabric
subject matter softening properties of
Downy fabric softener.
Anonymous The authority in question is not Experts claim that eating
mentioned or named peanuts causes pimples.
Authority

Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not Martha, the foreigner from
significant enough to support a France is very impolite.
generalization about a French people are mean
population and rude.
False Analogy Occurs when a writer assumes Drugs are like massages:
that two concepts that are they make you feel good.
similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways
Accident Occurs when a general rule is Jaywalking is not allowed,
applied to a situation, even so you should not have
when it should be an exception done that even when you
were being chased by
terrorists.
Post Hoc It is an informal fallacy that Dina saw cat when they
states: “Since event A followed went home. Along the
event B, event A must have way, they crashed into a
been caused by event B.” tree. The black cat must be
the reason why they met
an accident.
Wrong Direction Occurs when the direction Liver damage leads to
between cause and effect is alcoholism.
reversed
Complex Cause Occurs when the explanation We were not able to solve
for an event is reduced to one the problem because of
thing when there are other limited time, even if all the
factors which also contributed other groups were able to
to the event do so.
Irrelevant Conclusion Occurs when an argument We must support the fight
which is supposed to prove for gender equality

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something concludes between men and women.
something else instead Women have suffered
enough violence at home.
Violence against women
must be stopped.
Straw Man Occurs when the position of the Opponent: We should
opposition is twisted so that it is relax the law governing
easier to refute the allowed smoking areas
in the city.
Fallacy: We should not do
so, because the number of
smokers might increase.
Affirming the Any argument of the form: If A If you are drinking wine,
Consequent is true then B is true; If B is true you have a problem.
therefore A is true Therefore, if you have a
problem, you are drinking
wine.
Denying the Any argument of the form: If A If you are drinking wine,
Antecedent is true then B id true; If A is not you have a problem.
true then B is not true Therefore, if you are not
drinking wine, you do not
have a problem.
Inconsistency Occurs when arguments Frank is older than Jake,
contradict one another Jake is older than Noli and
Noli is older than Frank.
Source: Barrot, J. T. (2016). Academic Reading & Writing for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc.

Warning: Do not use these kinds of logical fallacies when you defend your stand. It
weakens your arguments.
So, what are the things that you have to do in order to refrain from these fallacies? Study
the next topic.
B. FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY OF EVIDENCES/INFORMATION

While there is a wealth of information found in various sources electronically or non-

electronically, you should also keep in mind that not all of these pieces of information are accurate,
relevant, valid or credible. Hence, it is important to evaluate sources of information that you plan
to include in your academic writing venture.

Note: There is always a risk that the sources taken from the Internet or anywhere else have biased
or incorrect information, so you have to evaluate and filter your sources before using them.
The following are some of the criteria assessing whether the source is suitable to use for
academic purposes. The criteria include relevance, authority, currency, contents and location of
sources.

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1. Relevance of the Source
● How well does the source support your stand?
● You can check the title, table of contents, summary, introduction or
headings of the text to have a sense of its content.

2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications
● Is the author’s name identified?
● Is the author’s background, education or training related to the topic?
● If the source does not have an author, think twice before using it.
● Legitimate academic texts must include citations. Citations demonstrate
that the writer has thoroughly researched the topic and is not plagiarizing
the material.

3. Currency/Date of Publication
● What is the date of the publication?
● In most fields, the data from the older publications may no longer be valid.
As much as possible, the date pf publication should be at most five years
earlier.

4. Contents/Accuracy of Information
● Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or bibliography
or works cited section?
● You do not want to use source that is disputable, so make sure to verify your
findings with multiple sources.

5. Location of Sources
● Where was the source published? Was it published digitally or in print?
● Is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable news source as
www.nytimes.com or www.economist.com?
● Does it provide complete publication information such as author/s, editor/s,
title, date of publication and publisher?
● What is the URL of the website?
● Avoid using blogs or personal homepage and wiki sites (Wikipedia,
Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
● If the URL includes the top-level domain .edu, then that means that it has
been published by an academic institution such as university
● Common URLs include .gov (government), .org (organizations), .com
(commercial sites) and .net (network infrastructures). In academic writing,
reputable sites are those with .edu, .gov, .net and .org in URL.
Source: Barrot, J, T. & Sipacio P.J (2016). Communicative Today English for Academic
and Professional Purposes for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc.

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Remember: Aside
from your
Add on: claim/argument, you
have to discuss
Pieces of evidence to strengthen the author’s claims: counter arguments.
Evidence from surveys, library research These are the
and experiments arguments opposing a
stand.
Evidence from informant interviews
(those who have direct experience related to
the problem/issue
Evidence from expert interviews

Source: Valdez, P. N. M. (2016). English for the Globalized

Classroom Series: English for Academic and Professional
Purposes. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

C. PRESENTATION OF REASONABLE ARGUMENTS AND FACTUAL

EVIDENCES TO DEFEND A STAND

Guidelines in presentation of reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand:

● C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended

● A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue
● T - akes a firm stand on the issue
● L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand
● C -onsider your audience/reader
Source: English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide

Reminder: If nurses have T.L.C for Tender Love and Care then, you have C.A.T.L.C for
guidelines in presentation of your arguments.

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Study the example using the guide questions:

Guide Questions:

1. What is the topic?

2. What is the stand of the
writer?
3. Look at the explanation
and evidence. Are there
any connections?
4. How did the writer

show the conclusion?

V. PRACTICE TASK I

VI.

Instructions: Read each statement below and identify what it describes by choosing the
word in the word pool. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Logical Attacking the

Bandwagon False Hasty
Fallacies Person Dilemma Generalization

Irrelevant
Complex Wrong
False Analogy Post Hoc Direction
Conclusion
Cause

1. These are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument.

2. It occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed.
3. It occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options
despite the presence of multiple possibilities.
4. We must support the clean and green program of the government. Mountaineers
have suffered climbing on the mountains.
5. I cannot accept your argument because unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard
University.
6. We were not able to solve the problem because of limited time even if all the other
groups were able to do so.
7. It occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority
thinks.
8. It occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are
also similar in other ways.
9. Juan saw a black cat when they went home. Along the way, they crashed into a tree.
The black cat must be the reason why they met an accident.

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10. It occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization
about a population.

Never stop doing great!

PRACTICE TASK II

Task 2: Modified True or False

Instructions: Write T if the statement is true. If it is false change the underlined word
with the correct one. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
1. The criteria for assessing whether a source is suitable to use for academic purposes
are: relevance, authority, currency contents and references.
2. Sources not written by experts are not valid.
3. Sources published online should always be used as reference.
4. Sources that are personal and editable such as blogs and Wikipedia are acceptable.
5. Sources that have no relevance to your academic paper should not be used.
6. Evidence from surveys, library research and experiments can strengthen your
argument.
7. Evidence from informant interviews (those who have direct experience related to
the problem/issue is acceptable.
8. Evidence from expert interviews is credible.
9. Outdated sources should not be considered.
Task 3: Mind Map
Instructions: Complete the mind map below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper.

13.

12.
14.

Guidelines in
presentation of
11. reasonable arguments 15.
and factual evidences
to defend a stand

Stop worrying about the pot holes in the road and enjoy the journey! You’re doing
great!

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PRACTICE TASK III

TASK 4: Choose Who-One!

Instructions: Fill out the box with the needed information. Have a brief yet clear answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
Situation Your mother is in critical condition while laboring your
youngest sibling and according to the doctor only one has the
chance to survive. Because of this, the doctor is asking you
to decide as to who should be kept alive.
STAND/POSITION

EXPLANATION

EVIDENCE

CONCLUSION

After you accomplish the task go back to the guidelines earlier. Assess your output in Task 4.
Are you reminded with the logical fallacies? Did you use powerful explanation or argument?
Did you use the C.A.T.L.C?
Nice! Now, you are ready for the next task. Good luck!

Task 5: D. Y. S. (Defend Your Stand)

Instructions: Given the issue, write your stand. Defend it using your claims/arguments.
For each argument, give an evidence. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Example: Cycling to commute to work or school

Stand: In favor
Argument: Health benefits, environment-friendly
Evidence: Cycling as a mode of transport should be promoted since it has several health
benefits. It’s easy on the joints. When you sit on a bike, you put your weight on a pair
of bones in the pelvis called the ischial tuberosities. “That makes it good for anyone
with joint pain or related stiffness,” says Dr. Clare Safran-Norton, a physical therapist
at Harvard -affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital. In addition, it can save non-
renewable resources. According to the Encyclopedia of Energy, bicycles can cover a
given distance using one-thousandth of the fuel that an automobile uses. It cuts down
on greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change and reduces pollutants.

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Begin here:

1. Issue: Use of Social Media Websites in school

Stand: ______________________________
Argument: __________________________
Evidence:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________Issue:
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020
Stand: ______________________________
Argument: __________________________
Evidence:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

2. Issue: Who is a better leader: Someone who is loved or someone who is feared?

Stand: ______________________________
Argument: __________________________
Evidence:
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Evaluate the output using the rubric below.

Content: 15%

Organization: 10%

Grammar and Mechanics: 10%

35%

To be successful, you must decide exactly what you want to accomplish, then
resolve to pay the price to get it. You’re almost done! Great job!

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VII. POST TEST

Instructions: Choose ONE of the issues below. Create an essay, then state and defend

your stand. Give at least 3 claims/arguments; each argument should have at least two

evidences. Write your essay in a separate sheet of paper.

http://www.labmate- http://blaque.co.za/brands-that- http://www.healthline.com/health

online.com/news/laboratory- are-tackling-social-issues/ -news/war-on-drugs-a-failure-
productsbreaking-news/is-covid- Retrieved: July 16, 2020 4:34 un-concludes
19-man-made-or-natural/51980 P.M. Retrieved: July 16, 2020 4:30
Retrieved: July 8, 2020 1:20 P.M. A.M.

Evaluate the output using the rubric below.

VGE GE SE LE N
5 4 3 2 1
CONTENT (30%)
Paper clearly states the position of the writer.
Arguments reflect higher level of thought.
Paper uses evidence from reputable sources.
There are sufficient pieces of evidence to
support the claim.
Paper is free from logical fallacies.
Paper aligns the arguments to the target
readers’ beliefs, attitude, values and
motivations.
ORGANIZATION (10%)
Ideas are correctly placed which improves the
paper’s organization.
Flow of ideas is smooth and easy to read

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Total

Legend: VGE - To a very great extent; GE - To a great extent; SE - To some extent;

Wish for it. Hope for it. Dream for it. But by all means: DO IT!

VIII. ASSIGNMENT/ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

A. Reflect on the learning that you gained after taking up this lesson by completing
the given chart:

What were your misconceptions about What new or additional learning have
the topic prior to taking up this lesson? you had after taking up this lesson in
terms of skills, content and attitude?
I thought… I learned that…

B. Answer the questions:

1. What is a position paper? How to do you write a position paper?

You have successfully finished this module! Great job! Congratulations!

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ANSWER KEY
PRE-TEST. or
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PRACTICE TASK I
Task 1: Word Pool
1. Logical Fallacies
2. Wrong Direction
3. False Dilemma
4. Irrelevant conclusion
5. Attacking the Person
6. Complex Cause
7. Bandwagon
8. False Analogy
9. Post Hoc
10. Hasty Generalization
PRACTICE TASK II
Task 2: Modified True or False
1. True
2. Location of Sources
3. True
4. Not always
5. Not acceptable
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. True
Task 3: Mind Map
11. C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended
12. A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue
13. T - akes a firm stand on the issue
14. L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand
15. C -onsider your audience/reader
PRACTICE TASK III
Task 4. Choose Who-One. Answers may vary.
Task 5: D.Y.S. Answers may vary
POST TEST
Answers may vary.

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REFERENCES

Barrot, J. T. (2016). Academic Reading & Writing for Senior High School.C&E Publishing,
Inc.

Barrot, J, T. & Sipacio P.J (2016). Communicative Today English for Academic and
Professional Purposes for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc.

Valdez, P. N. M. (2016). English for the Globalized Classroom Series: English for Academic
and Professional Purposes. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide

Articles
The top 5 benefits of cycling. (2016, August). Retrieved from
http://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-top-5benefits-of-cycling

Benefits of Cycling. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.walkandrollpeel.ca/cycling /benefits.htm

Images
[Brain Vs. Heart].(n.d.).http://www.pinterest.at/pin/211880357453253536/

[Death Penalty].(n.d.).http://blaque.co.za/brands-that-are-tackling-social-issues/

[Drugs].(n.d.).http://www.healthline.com/health-news/war-on-drugs-a-failure-un-concludes

[Photograph of bats].(n.d.).http://www.labmate-online.com/news/laboratory-products/3/breaking-
news/is-covid-19-man-made-or-natural/51980

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