CLASSIS REPTILIA: ORDO TESTUDINATA

By :
Name : Anang Yanuar Ramadhan
Student ID : B1B015015
Entourage :I
Group :3

HERPETOLOGY LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

According to Modesto & Anderson (2004) Reptiles are a group of tetrapod

animals composed of living animals today such as turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards
without tails, lizards, and extinct tuatara and their relatives. The study of traditional
reptile groups, historically combined with modern amphibians, is called herpetology.
As an amniota, reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes that serve as a protection
and transport of nutrients, in response to adaptation to a dry environment (Sander,
2012). Reptiles include ectoterm animals because they require an external heat
source to perform their metabolic activities. In areas exposed to sufficient sunlight,
reptiles are often found sunbathing in the morning to reach the required body
temperature (Halliday and Adler 2000).
One order of these reptiles is testudinata, which in other languages is turtles
and tortoises, in Indonesian is tortoise. Turtles are different from other reptiles,
which have a protective organ such as a shield called a carapace (back shield) and a
plastron (abdominal shield). This shield consists of a scale that is a modified
epidermal layer. The size of the tortoise ranges from 11-185 cm. The shape and
structure of the shield consists of two kinds: the hard shield and the soft shield.
(Halliday and Adler 2000).

B. Objectives

The objectives of Classis Reptilia: Ordo Testudinata laboratory activity are:

1. Knowing some Ordo Testudinata member
2. Study of important character in Ordo Testudinata identification member
3.
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Reptiles are a group of vertebrates that adapt to a dry place on the ground. A
common feature of this class that distinguishes it from other classes is that its entire
body is covered by dry skin or scales. This skin covers the entire surface of the body
and in some members can peel or make a total skin change that is in subordo Ophidia
members and partial skin exfoliation on members of the suborder of Lacertilia,
whereas in the Order of Chelonia and Crocodilia the scales almost never experience
the turn or peeling. The body of Reptila is generally covered by scales of various
shapes that are modifications of the outer layer of skin (epidermis) hardened by horn
substances, and sometimes equipped with bone plates in the lower layer (osteoderm).
The argument on Reptiles generally also does not contain sweat glands . The
outermost layer of the gore-like integument does not contain nerve cells and blood
vessels. The surface of the epidermal layer undergoes keratinization which would be
lost if the animal changed skin (Radiopoetro, 2008). According Widiyadi (2009),
Reptile class is divided into four orders namely, Order Testudinata, order Crocodilia,
Order of Sphenodontida and Order Squamata.
The Testudinata order has a partially modified skeleton to Carapace (dorsal
shield) and plastron (ventral shield). The formation of carapaks is a unique variation
in vertebrates rib growth, coupled with a program of hardened skin. The plastron
comes from a different way, as it comes from the final migratory population of a
neural pial cell that shows the same origin as the facial bone. The carapace initiated
by the protrusion of the mesoderm and ectoderm of the skin cells is known as the
carapacial ridge (CR) (Kaplinsky et al., 2013). This apex will unite on the side of the
body with a plastron. His body widened, jaws not toothed and replaced with a snout
containing horn substances. Head with neck, tail and leg protruding out between
karapaks and plastron. The lateral eye is complemented by eyelids and membrane
niktitas. Quadrate bone can not be moved. Live at sea, in fresh water, or on land.
Examples are Turtles, Turtles and Bulus.
Turtle is a member of the Testudinata Order, where it has the characteristic of
the front and back limbs shaped like a paddle. Turtle is one of the protected fauna
because of its endangered species. There are 6 of 7 species of sea turtle in the world.
Of the six types of penyutersebut, 5 types of which are Green Crane (Chelonia
mydas), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricate), Penyu Lekang (Lepidochelys
olivaceae), Leatherback Turtle (Dermocelyscoriaceae), and Turtle Turtle (Caretta
caretta) breed in Indonesia. The only species of the Piper (Natatorepresus) are known
to breed in Australia, but are often found in Indonesian waters foraging (Pradana et
al., 2013).
 III. MATERIAL AND METHOD

A. Material

Tools that used in Classis Reptilia: Ordo Testudinata laboratory activity are
loop, aquarium, Ordo Testudianata identification guide book, flashlight, camera, and
stationary.
Material that used are some species from Ordo Testudianata which is
Chelonia mydas., Chelodina siebenrocki, and Siebenrockiella crassicolis.

B. Method

Method that used in this laboratory activity are:

1. Specimen is put in the specimen tube, then taken some of dorsal and ventral part
photo.
2. Specimen SVL is measued and some character is observed which are : body
posture, color pattern (living specimen), head character, finger legs, specific
character like webbing, jaw keratinization, dan another specific character.
3. All data is written in log book.
 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

1. Chelonia mydas

Figure 4.1. Chelonia mydas Figure 4.2. Chelonia mydas

(Dorsal Part) (Ventral Part)

Table 4.1.Meristik Morphology Analysis Data (Chelonia mydas)

Meristik Character Amount
Vertebral 5
Costa 8
Dorsal shield Nuchal 1
(Carapace) Supracaudal 2
Marginal 22
Inframarginal 22
Gular 1
Abdomen Humeral 2
Pectoral 2
shield
Abdominal 4
(Plastron) Femoral 2
Anal 2
Head skin Prefrontal 2
Frontal 1
Parietal 1
Supraocular 8

Chelonia mydas description:

1. Neck can be inserted into the shield
2. The fore limb is paddle shaped
 3. The back shield is broken, the abdominal shield with the inframarginal pieces
are well formed (large). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheloniidae
4. 4-piece kostal pairs
5. The muzzle is covered by a pair of prefrontal scales
6. Edge of the horizontal back shield, front legs covered with medium-sized
scales, little scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chelonia
7. Marginal on the hind legs are not curved upwards, the puppies have a shell of
black back shaft entirely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chelonia mydas
2. Chelodina siebenrocki

Figure 4.2. Chelodina Figure 4.4. Chelodina

siebenrocki (Ventral part) siebenrocki (Dorsal pat)

Table 4.2. Meristik Morphology Analysis Data (Chelodina siebenrocki)

Karakter Meristik Jumlah
Vertebral 5
Dorsal shield Costal 8
Nuchal 1
(Carapace) Marginal 22
Supracaudal 2
Gular 2
Humeral 2
Pectoral 4
Abdominal
Abdominal 2
shield Femoral 2
Anal 2
(Plastron)
Intragular 1
Axillar 2
Intragular 1

Chelodina siebenrocki description:

 1. The head can not be inserted into the shield, the surface of the abdominal
shield by intergular maintenance in the middle of the gular region. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chelidae
2. Intergular pieces are not related to the edge of the abdominal shield, the glar
pairs meet in the middle on the front of the shield, the front legs with four
nails, the neck relatively long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chelodina
3. Long neck over 75% shield length, back shield is relatively long, head length
is relative twice the width.
4. Head without black lines, the back between the thighs with the rectum there
is no nodule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chelodina siebenrocki
3. Siebenrockiella crassicollis

Figure 4.5. Siebenrockiella Figure 4.6. Siebenrockiella

crassicollis (Ventral part) crassicollis (Dorsal part)

Tabel 4.3. Meristik Morphology Analysis Data (Siebenrockiella crassicollis)

Meristik Character Amount
Vertebral 5
Costal 8
Nuchal 1
Dorsal shield
Supracaudal 2
(Carapace) Marginal 20
Inframargina 24
l
Gular 2
Humeral 2
Perisai Perut Pectoral 2
(Plastron) Abdominal 2
Femoral 2
Anal 2

Deskripsi Siebenrockiella crassicollis:

1. The neck can be inserted into the shield
 2. The fore limb is not paddle shaped
3. The shield backs up and slits, not flattened
4. Head covered with skin, webbed toes, only filled with thickened scales,
relatively long leg palms, long and pointed nails, living in water, shield is not
high.
5. Feet with fingers partially to full membrane, coated by scales, scalp is
generally slippery or fragmented like scales, small to large sizes, abdominal
shields are not red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geoemydidae

B. Discussion

Result that obtained in Classis Reptilia: Ordo Testudinata laboratory activity

are some familia from ordo Testudinata. These are Chelonia mydas from Chelonidae
Familia, Siebenrockiella crassicollis from Geoemydidae Familia, and Chelodina
siebenrocki from Chelidae Familia. In addition, in this lab activity also conducted
observations on the body character of each species.
Chelonidae is a family of subordo Pleurodira. This family can be recognized
from its neck that can not be inserted into its shield, and its shield section has
intergular pieces. This familia is considered more primitive than a turtle that can hide
its neck in a shield. It is estimated that his ancestors have existed since 223 million
years ago, based on the fossils of the Chelodina Genus, Elseya, and Emydura. The
Chelodina genus is identified from the forefoot with four nails, intergular pieces
unrelated to the relatively long edge of the shield. The genus is divided into two, ie
turtles with long necks and heads that are also relatively long and the second group is
a tortoise with a long neck length and the head is relatively short and larger
(Iskandar, 2008). In this lab, the species representing the Chelonidae family are
Chelonia mydas, with the following classifications:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Reptillia
Ordo : Testudinata
Famili : Chelonidae
Genus : Chelonia
Species : C. mydas

Green turtles (Chelonia mydas L) are the most common species of turtles
found and live in tropical seas. Can be recognized from the shape of a small head and
its dull beak. Apparently the name of the green turtle is not because the scales are
green, but the color of the fat under the scales is green. His body can be gray,
blackish or brownish. There is a pair of prefrontal or scales on the head. Having
unopposed dorsal shields, it has four longitudinal side scales on the head surface
from head to tail (costal scute), where the first side scales do not touch the Nuchal.
At the edge of the carapace there are 12 pairs of Marginal Scutes, flat front legs like
paddles, there is a nail on the big front foot (Pradana, 2013).

Turtle long neck (Chelodina siebenrocki) has physical features like: the long
black head; a broad flat black shell and sometimes tipped-spotted. Plastron is
blackish brown, ranging from light to pale, evenly and randomly, the color of the
plastron fades aged. This Chelidae family growth can reach the size of 30 cm. This
animal with a beautiful eye pattern can be found in eastern Indonesia (papua). The
turtle comes from the southern coast of PNG adjacent to Merauke (Werner, 1901)
The classification of the snake-necked tortoise according to Werner, 1901 is:
Kingdom: Animal
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptiles
Order: Testudinata
Family: Chelidae
Genus: Chelodina
Species: Chelodina siebenrocki
Siebenrockiella crassicollis (commonly known as black marsh turtle, smiling
terrapin, and Siamese temple turtle, among others) is a freshwater turtle endemic to
Southeast Asia. BAdult black marsh turtles are usually small to medium-sized,
averaging at around 17 cm (6.7 in) in length and rarely exceeding 20 cm (7.9 in). The
plastron (the ventral shell) is not hinged and has a shallow U-shaped notch in the pair
of anal scutes. The bridge (the parts connecting the abdominal and pectoral scutes of
the plastron to the carapace) is approximately the same length as the rear part of the
plastron (consisting of the femoral and anal scutes). Both the bridge and the plastron
can be entirely black, dark brown, or yellowish with splotches or patterns of darker
colors. The forelimbs are covered with large transverse scales. Both the forelimbs
and the hind limbs are webbed, reflecting their largely aquatic habits. The necks of
black marsh turtles are characteristically thick, forming a collar around the head
when it is retracted into the shell. All of the limbs, the tail, and the neck are dark gray
to black. The head is broad with a short upwardly pointed snout. It is mostly black on
top with cream to yellow markings around the eyes and at the throat. It also has a
pair of pale white to yellow spots just behind the tympanum, usually hidden behind
the folds of the neck. The powerful jaws are pale yellow to pale brown in color and
curves upwards, earning it the charming name of 'smiling terrapin' (Hilton, 2000).

The classification of Siebenrockiella crassicollis according to Iverson, 1992

is as follows :
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Reptilia
Order : Testudinata
Familia : Geoemydidae
Genus : Siebenrockiella
Species : Siebenrockiella crassicollis
 V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on result and discussion, it can be concluded that:

1. The important character for Testudinata Ordo identification are limb shape,
whether or not the head may be in the carapace, the shape of the carapace, and
the number of scales present in the carapace, plastron, or head.
2. Getting 3 familia from Testudninata Order, which are Chelonidae,
Geoemydidae, and Cheliidae
3. Chelonidae Familia member which is Chelonia mydas.
4. Geoemydidae Familia member which is Siebenrockiella crassicollis
5. Chelidae Familia member, which is Chelodina siebenrocki.

B. Suggestion

The suggestion of this laboratory activity is better to use more variety in

specimen.
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